Ompok Bimaculatus Rearing Potential with Feed Attractants Used in Aquaculture

Available online at www.ijpab.com Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7194 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) Review Article

Ompok bimaculatus Rearing Potential with Feed Attractants Used in Aquaculture

Priya Rawat1, Siddhnath2, Shiv Mohan Singh2*, Ravikant Bharti2, Narendra Verma3 and Bhogeshwar Chirwatkar4 1Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University 2Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS Kolkata 3College of Fisheries Kishanganj, Bihar Animal Sciences University 4Science and Technology Resource Centre, Gondwana University, Gadchiroli *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 5.11.2018 | Revised: 10.12.2018 | Accepted: 17.12.2018

ABSTRACT IUCN red listed Ompok bimaculatus rearing plays pivotal role in aquaculture. Inclusion of diets with attractants as an alternative for the cellulose replacement gives hope to rear the carnivore species with lesser mortality. Chemo-attractants like betaine, inosine monophospahte, DL- alanine, tryptophan can be supplemented in diet which results in growth increament in fish. The fishes can feed with supplementation with natural attractants viz. dried tubifex, dried earthworm and fish meal. Attractant supplementation in diet results in the improvement in terms of weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), total biomass and performance index and survivability. Right inclusion rate of suitable attractant (or in combination) at right stocking density for optimum days has to be worked out in region specific manner to bridge the gap of demand and supply of this IUCN red listed species.

Key words: Ompok bimaculatus, Attractants, Chemo-attractant, Natural attractant, L- tryptophan, Betaine.

INTRODUCTION In inland fish production, India is constantly at Global fish production has grown steadily in the second position after China with the the last five decades, with food fish supply production of 4.3 mt82. In 2015-16, there was increasing at an average annual rate of 3.2 around 10.8 million tonnes fish production in percent, outpacing world population growth at the country, which is around 6.4 per cent of 1.6percent, resulting in increasing average per total fish production of the world. From the capita availability. World per capita apparent last decade, where the average annual growth fish consumption increased from an average of rate of export of fish and fisheries production 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 20 kg in 201482. The in the world remaining 7.5 per cent, Indian total world fish production was 167 million remain at the first place with an average tonnes in 2014 which was approximately 10 annual growth rate of 14.8 per cent in the million tonnes higher as compared to 201282. export of fisheries product.

Cite this article: Rawat, P., Siddhnath, Singh, S.M., Bharti, R.K., Verma, N., Chirwatkar, B., Ompok bimaculatus Rearing Potential with Feed Attractants Used in Aquaculture, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(6):

621-634 (2018). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7194

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 1. Importance of the species quantity of iron suitable for body and also Ompok bimaculatus, commonly known as contain more protein and low fat which are Pabda, is an indigenous species and recently easily digestible. These fishes are more gaining its commercial importance owing to its popular as diet for rapid development of health good taste, nutritional value and high market at and after the time of sickness. Catfish help rate. The fish is well preferred to the people of to increase body energy and also an excellent North East India, West Bengal, Bihar and as source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, well as Bangladesh due to its rich lipoprotein vitamin and mineral etc. content and soft bony structure42,9. It is a 2. Description of the species highly priced fish ranges between of US$ 7-18 2.1. Systematic position per kg in the market21. It is also seen Kingdom: Animalia frequently in the international ornamental fish Phylum: Chordata trade as two-spot glass catfish due to a round Subphylum: Vertebrata black blotch above and behind the base of the Class: Actinopterygii pectoral fin and another at the base of the tail. Order: Siluriformes It can thrive well in shallow water bodies Family: Siluridae which makes them more preferred species to Genus: Ompok be cultured in seasonal water bodies which are Species: O. bimaculatus mostly prevailed in North-eastern hilly region. 2.2. Identifying characters of Ompok Unlike other catfish, the species is pretty shy bimaculatus and peaceful in nature and goes well in poly  Elongate body is strongly compressed culture system utilizing all ecological zones  Head depressed and snout rounded within pond environment enhancing the  Mouth is superior (Lower jaw is 45 maximum standing crop . In an experiment longer than upper) conducted by ICAR, Tripura centre on  Two pairs of barbells are present. monoculture of Pabda which showed the Maxillary barbells extend posterior to -1 production and net profit of 2202 kg ha and (or slightly beyond) anal fin base -1 Rs. 5, 82, 273 ha respectively after 8 months  Nostrils widely separated from each of rearing. Under well maintained culture other systems, O. bimaculatus attains a size of 85-  Teeth found on jaws and vomer 21 120 g in 7-8 months . Small floating cages  Caudal fin is deeply forked and its made of locally available, low-cost materials upper lobe long could also be used for rearing this high value  Dorsal side grey, a transverse blackish fish. The fish has great potential to be spot present, behind the operculum on considered as a suitable candidate for the lateral line, caudal stripped with aquaculture species and system diversification. black spots; besides, there are purple Diversification of aquaculture provides a way and yellowish spots throughout the to supplement the growing demand for fish. body System diversification and species  Anal fin with 57 or 58 branched diversification are the two major ways to meet rays71. the demand for alternative fish species other 2.3. Present status of Ompok than IMCs. Pabda, being one of the most bimaculatus preferred fish fits in both the diversification The catfish Ompok bimaculatus11, locally models. Qayyum and Qasim69 and Debnath et known as Pabda (butter catfish), is an al.21, have reported Ompok bimaculatus to indigenous freshwater small fish belonging to become mature at the end of first year of its the family Siluridae of the order Siluriformes7. life and the size of maturity is 10-12 cm. This catfish commonly available in beels, Nutritional value of this fish is more than that ponds, rivers and inundated fields as well as of many large species of fish. They have much streams and lakes with an extensive Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 622

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 geographical distribution in India, Bangladesh, some observations on the food and feeding Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Burma41,9. But over habits19, fecundity, breeding and reproductive the last few decades its wild population is biology35,4, development46 and nutrient declining rapidly (> 50%) as a result of several requirement64, no published information in anthropogenic factors like indiscriminate details is available on this species. fishing during the breeding season, wide use of 2.4. Feed and feeding habits pesticide and siltation in habitat15,9. Different study on the food and feeding habit Owing to reduced abundance and restricted of Ompok bimaculatus, shows slightly distribution, this species is endangered in different results but nearly same. Sivakami80, Bangladesh39 and India12, also globally Arthi et al.6, and Mishra et al.56, have reported categorized as near threatened40 and facing it as an omnivorous fish whereas Hanjavanit high risk of extinction49. Killing of fry and and Sangpradub27 and Sangpradub et al.76, fingerlings, use of illegal fishing gear, have described it as a carnivorous fish. pollution and siltation are also key causes for Rainboth72 documented that Ompok the declining of this species36. Lack of definite bimaculatus feed on crustaceans, fish and information on the biological aspects of this molluscs while Sangpradub et al.76, have threatened fish species of the river system has reported insectivorous nature of this fish hampered the planning and implementation of species. Sivakami81 also has observed its species specific conservation and management preference mainly for insects in his study at strategies7. Bhavanisagar reservoir, Tamil Nadu. Being highly demanded and priced, However, the cannibalistic tendencies the fish is prioritized recently by the National gradually diminish after the above period. Rao Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), and Karamchandani73 reported high feeding India with an aim of dual purposes, firstly, a activity during pre and post spawning period. new species for aquaculture diversification in It has been observed crustacean/fish flesh not India and other neighbouring countries; only form choice food of the species but also secondly, its culture may be used for helps in attaining proper gonadal maturation. conservation and restocking programs which 3. Challenges in larval rearing may provide quality brood stock for breeding The fish larva is a newly hatched, earliest programs. In aquaculture, the fish did not stage of an animal that undergo receive much attention till date due to metamorphosis, differing markedly in form insufficiency of gravid stocks for and appearance from the adult. Most delicate experimentation and shortage of information stage and possess maximum chance of regarding the breeding, larval rearing and mortality. It depends on yolk sac reserve for a culture technology of the fish12,8. certain period and then starts feeding on For conservation the fish, NBFGR natural available food. Fish larvae are very with consultation with Govt. of Tripura has susceptible during the early stages of declared O. bimaculatus as the State Fish of development and require variety of optimal Tripura, India with an effort to develop biotic and abiotic factors to survive, develop commercial-scale hatcheries for providing and grow properly. Newly hatched larvae plentiful larvae. normally carry a yolk sac which serves as In India, Ompok bimaculatus was first nutrient store for further development that tend spawned by Sridhar et al.83, O. bimaculatus, to be small and influenced by a variety of they could produce 1.75 lakh of spawn out of determinants. Finding prey items of 117 nos. of female but documentation was appropriate size and nutritional characteristics made for the production of stockable seed18. is a difficult challenge in the wild and one of Akhteruzzaman et al.4, developed a viable the primary concerns in the culture of larvae. induced breeding technique of pond-reared There are several reasons for mortality during pabda for the first time in Bangladesh. Except larval rearing. Among them aggression and Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 623

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 cannibalism contribute significantly to aquaculture systems. There is a need to mortality in aquaculture settings, even where maximize the feed consumption and reduce the conditions appear to be ideal32,10. The feed wastage for the economic success of prevalence of aggression and cannibalism in a aquaculture. This can be achieved by use of larval rearing can be attributed to intrinsic feed attractants to enhance feed intake, growth genetic effects that result in the heterogeneous and nutrient utilization in aquaculture growth of larvae in addition to extrinsic factors practices. Supplementation of artificial, dry that mediate the aggressive behaviour of diets with attractants (feeding stimulants) can larvae. Cannibalism accounts for 15-90% of increase acceptability, and consequently the the total mortalities that occur during the larval consumption of low palatable diets by fry and rearing phase of finfish due to the aggressive fingerlings, which can increase growth rate behaviour of fish larvae caused by their high and productivity. This practice can also reduce growth and food consumption feeding time and feed wastage, while rate32,10.Nevertheless, considering the improving water quality and environmental vulnerability of fish larvae, it is always safety50. difficult to identify and meet nutritional 5. Types of attractants requirements. Apart from these issues, several Dietary feeding stimulants are essential to other factors may affect the larval rearing, viz. elicit an acceptable and rapid feeding response  Small size of the larvae reducing the .Two type of feed attractants may be effective distance the larvae can travel, considered for use in aqua feed and they can as well as the size of the particle that be classified as natural and chemo attractants. can be consumed 5.1. Natural attractants  Extremely fast growth rates and Natural ingredient sources which exhibit minimal nutritional reserves attractant or feeding stimulant properties are  Undeveloped digestive system, which called natural attractants and these are present may not digest and assimilate some in impure or crude form. Examples are mussel food sources as efficiently as a fully flesh, shrimp meal and waste, short-necked developed fish20 clam flesh, blood worms, certain terrestrial  In addition, larval rearing of oligochaete worms, marine fish oils, fish meal, O.bimaculatus has many other fish soluble, fish protein hydrolysates and 5,33,85,29,84,28,53,55 problems, such as: soybean protein hydrolysates .  Proper larval rearing system including 5.2. Chemo-attractants feeding protocol has not been These are purified or synthetic substances; developed they can be extracted from natural attractants.  Cannibalism is reported Their common physiochemical properties are non-volatile, low molecular weight (<1,000  Larval diet has not been standardised kilodaltons), nitrogen-containing, amphoteric,  Optimal use of different dietary water soluble, heat stable etc. They generally supplement in larval food has not been include L-amino acids viz. glycine, alanine, studied. proline and histidine2,29. Chemoattractant also 4. Relevance of attractants to includes nucleosides, betaine, and aquaculture nucleotides66,53. A food particle should deliver the necessary 6. Role of attractants nutrients in a form that can easily be consumed  Increased initial palatability and by the fish which will result in more efficient consumption, which results in reduced feed production and increased profits. Substances input (complete consumption) and improved incorporated in feed at low level to enhance overall nutrient mass transfer30. feed intake, growth and utilization are called as feed attractants. Feed contributes more than  Reduced levels of uneaten or wasted feed 50% of the cost of production in intensive which results in improved feed conversion, Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 624

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 water quality, both potentially enhancing Chabbert et al.14, found that diets containing growth rate51. 60g/kg feeding stimulant had a beneficial  Increased feed performance and growth rate effect in terms of growth, homogenous size which results in reduced leaching, excreted distribution and feed intake in elvers and glass nitrogen, more variation possible in feed eels of Anguilla anguilla which were fed with formulation62. two types of feeding stimulants (FS) that were  Reduced time in weaning from living prey to based on processed marine feeding stimulants inert feeds75. (MBFS) and yeast proteins feeding stimulant  Reduced dietary levels of expensive feed (YBFS). Elvers fed with 60 g /kg MBFS and ingredients which results in improved cost YBFS diets grew 11.9% and 5.6% faster than benefit increased byproduct usage1,54,48. the control group. 16 The use of feed attractant in manufactured Changan et al. , also studied the food aqua feed has received considerable attention intake, growth performances, body in the recent years. composition and digestive ability of 7. Effect of attractant on different Huchotaimen which were improved by feeding parameters the basal diets along with the attractants @ 7.1. Effect of attractant on growth 0.2% dimethyl-β-propiothetin, 0.2% McGoogan and Gatlin54 reported that glycine trimethylamine oxide and 0.2% betaine, (2%) supplementation enhanced growth and respectively, but there were no changes in feed efficiency of red drum fed with soybean growth parameters by supplementing 0.05% meal-based diets. Gomes et al.26, also showed sodium-5’-inosinate whereas the immune that soy protein concentrate-based diets response was improved. 88 reduced the feed intake of European sea bass Xue and Cui studied the effects of but addition of an amino acid attractant several feeding stimulants on Gibel carp mixture improved feed intake, growth and feed (Carassius auratus gibelio) fed diets with or efficiency of fish fed with soy protein without replacement of fish meal (FM) by concentrate-based diets. meat and bone meal (MBM) and found that Betaine has been shown to act as a feed Gibel carp fed with the FM diet had higher attractant in Red sea bream, Chrysophyrys feed intake than those fed the MBM diet, but major25 and European eel, Anguilla anguilla53 the difference was significant only in the which showed a positive result. experiments on betaine, glycine and L- Rahimabadi et al.70, studied the effect methionine. None of the tested feeding of different levels of dietary betaine on growth stimulants showed feeding enhancing effects performance, food efficiency and survival rate in FM diets. All feeding stimulants showed of pike perch fingerlings. Fishes were fed feeding enhancing effects in MBM diets, and with live food, biomar without betaine, 1% the optimum inclusion level was 0.5% for betaine added to biomar and 2% betaine added betaine, 0.1% for glycine, 0.25% for L-lysine, to biomar in 1000 l concreted tanks. It has 0.1% for L-methionine, 0.25% for L- been found that higher weight gain, SGR and phenylalanine and 0.1% for squid extract. The FCR has been found in the group of fishes fed squid extract had the strongest stimulating with 2% betaine added to biomar. effect among all the stimulants tested. Kolkovski et al.48, studied the effect of The key factor in weaning fish larvae krill hydrolysate as a feed attractant in two or juveniles to dry diets is the attractiveness of fresh water fish species yellow perch Perca food. Feed attractiveness and stimulation of flavescens and lake white fish fish ingestion involve physical stimuli such as Coregonusclupea formis. Krill hydrolysate colour, and movement of food as well as coated diet increased growth of yellow perch chemical stimuli such as smell and taste of 47 juvenile by 31% compared to control diet food particles . which is fed with live artemia. Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 625

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Nunes et al.60, studied behavioral response of Hashim et al.31, studied supplementation of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different feed artificial diets for Catfish (Clarias attractants.The study was carried in three macrocephalus) fry with tubifex. Three-week- phases, including an initial stage (Phase I) to old fry were fed with experimental diets at validate the methodology and apparatus used, protein levels of 30% and 35% fish meal here FMBO (fishmeal–Brazilian origin ) and dominant and 35% and 40% soybean dominant FMPO (fishmeal–Peruvian origin) showed the types for 8 weeks. Nine treatments were tested best result among seven different stimulatory with four treatments consisting wholly of raw materials (SRM) used. In Phase-2 nine experimental diets, one of tubifex (control) commercially available attractants were and the remaining four diets supplemented compared, among them 4 attractants viz. with live tubifex. Fishes fed with live tubifex complex of amino acids with enzymatically showed better growth and feed efficiency than digested bivalve mollusk (CAA), condensed those reared without supplemented diets. It has fish soluble protein (CFSP), squid liver meal been seen those on the 30% and 35% fish meal (SLM), whole squid protein hydrolysate dominant feed showed significantly better (WSPH) have shown best effects. In phase-3, growth and feed conversion than those fed @ the best four commercial attractants selected 35% and 40% soybean dominant diet. This were compared under 0.5% and 1.0% levels study indicates that supplementation of and found that both CFSP and CAA at 1.0% artificial diets with live tubifex at 2% body level were significantly more chosen by weight can effectively promote growth and shrimp than other attractants used. feed conversion efficiency of the Mohanta et al.57, observed potential of Clariasmacro cephalus fry. earthworm as dietary protein source for Labeo 52 Lim et al. , studied the potential of rohita advanced fry. Three iso-nitrogenous and betaine, taurine, nucleotide and nucleoside as iso-caloric experimental diets have been feeding stimulant for juvenile Oxyeleotris prepared and were fed ad libitum for 35 days. marmoratus through behavioural assays using Earthworm was used in three forms viz. whole agar gel pellets. It has been found that earthworm, earthworm custard and pelleted Ingestion rates of both inosine and inosine 5’ earthworm diet. It has been found that monophosphate disodium were significantly significantly improved weight gain, food highest but inosine was identified as the most conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein potent feeding stimulant even at the lower efficiency ratio in case of pelleted earthworm concentrations tested in the study. diet. 67 87 Prayogi studied the effect of Tusche et al. , studied effect of earthworm meal supplementation in the diet on different dietary levels of potato protein concentrate (PPC) supplemented with feed quail’s growth performance in attempt to attractants on growth performance of rainbow replace the usage of fish meal. Four iso- trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).Five diets were nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets have been formulated by partial and total replacement of prepared with the inclusion level of 0, 5, 10, FM(fish meal) protein (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% 15% earthworm meal. It has been concluded and 100%) with PPC and one experimental that 10% supplementation gave a good growth diet without PPC as control. Blood meal and performance of the quail because it has high synthetic amino acid mixture were BW gain and low feed conversion. supplemented as feed attractants. Experimental 7.2. Effect of attractant on palatability diets were fed twice per day until apparent Some studies in fish have shown that inclusion satiation for 56 days. It has been found that use of attractants led to improved feed palatability of feed attractants (80 g/kg blood meal, 10 and intake. This has been demonstrated in 22 g/kg synthetic amino acids) increased seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax , striped bass, 61 inclusion levels of PPC up to 60% without any Morone saxatilis , olive flounder, 17 negative effects on fish performance. Paralichthys olivaceus , nile tilapia, O. Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 626

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 niloticus24 and Indian major carp, Labeo post-larval stage; they had a very strong effect rohita78. on the survival and growth rate of the African Nagel et al.59, found that blue mussel catfish. meal improved the palatability of rapeseed Incorporation of betaine in the diet of protein-based diets for turbot. He used blue Labeo rohita fingerlings was studied by mussel as a feed attractant in diet Shankar et al.78, which reveals the supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4% or 8%. After incorporation of betaine @ 0.25% is best in experiment, it is found that with increasing terms of survival. mussel meal inclusion, the daily feed intake Murthy et al.58, studiedthe efficiency of and specific growth rate for turbot has betaine as a feed attractant on growth, survival increased. and feed utilization of common carp Kader et al.43, studied complete (Cyprinuscarpio). Betaine was incorporated @ replacement of fishmeal (FM) by dehulled 0.25% and 0.50% and fed for 60 days. Diet soybean meal(DSM) with crude attractants supplemented with 0.25% betaine showed supplementation in diets for red sea bream, higher growth in terms of specific growth rate, Pagrus major. Fishmeal was gradually survival, and food conversion rate and protein replaced @ 70, 80, 90 and 100% with DSM. efficiency ratio. All the replacement diets (except the control, Sarkar et al.77, studied the FM100%) were supplemented with 10% FS performance of different types of diets on (fish soluble), 5% KM (krill meal) and 5% SM larval rearing of endangered Chitala chitala (squid meal) to complement amino acid profile .Fifteen days old post-hatchlings were stocked of the test diets and as palatability enhancer. for 28 days in a 30 L recirculatory tanks using Fishes were stocked in 100-l polycarbonate eight different diets i.e. live feed (tubifex circular tanks at a rate of 15 fish per tank and worms, chironomous larvae, zooplanktons,), fed upto satiation twice a day for 56 days. The dry feed (dry tubifex, spirulina, daphnia) and growth parameters were significantly better in other non-conventional feed (fish eggs and fish fed diet with 70% and 80% replacement boiled egg-yolk). It was found that specific compared to other diets. There were no growth rate (SGR) and survivability were significant difference in feed efficiency ratios, highest in post-hatchlings of C.chitalafed on protein efficiency ratios and proximate live tubifex worms. compositions among dietary treatments. Hung et al.38, studied larval rearing of 7.3. Effect of attractant on survivability Pangasiusbocourtiusing artemianauplii, Yilmaz89 found that when 4 days old African cladoceran, trout starter diet and tubifex. It has catfish larvaeClariasgariepinus were fed with been concluded that artemianauplii and tubifex trout starter diet, minced beef liver, fresh water worms resulted the same survival rates .The mussel, dried tubifex, DL-alanine and betaine study confirmed the feasibility of completely supplemented trout starter, artemia nauplii and replacing artemianauplii by tubifex worms. a combined diet consisting of boiled chicken Przyby et al.68, studied effect of betaine (in the egg yolk, minced mussel and dried tubifex as form of betafin) on carp fry rearing in ponds. the first feed after yolk absorption for a week. Three isonitrogenousand isocaloricdiets have At the end of the experiment, it was observed been prepared. BETAFIN preparation that DL-alanine and betaine supplementation containing 96% of betaine was added to the did not improve the larval growth and experimental feeds @0.15 and 0.2%. It has compared to other feeds but in ten days old been found that the best food conversion ratio postlarvae, DL-alanine and betaine and the highest survival rate were obtained in supplementation improved the growth and 0.2% supplementation. survival rates. It has been found that DL- Artificial feeds are reported to result in alanine and betaine did not have any attracting low growth, large growth variation and role in the pre-larval stage, however, in the associated with the resulting size variation, a Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 627

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 decreased survival44,34. Recently in Japan the Hoglund et al., studied suppression of use of 'artificial' feeds is replacing an aggressive behaviour in juvenile Atlantic cod increasing part of the Tubifex spp. traditionally (Gadus morhua) by L-tryptophan used for the first feeding of A. japonica glass supplementation. They have found that dietary eels. These feeds are reported to give a supplementation with the serotonin precursor; survival of 70-90% and a growth comparable L-tryptophan (TRP) suppresses aggression. A to Tubifex. significant decrease in aggressive acts was Pavadiet al.65, found that a seen after changing to TRP-supplemented combination of natural flavour extracts feed. The mean number of aggressive acts was (choline, chloride and BHT), amino acids also significantly lower in the TRP-treated (alanine, valine, glycine, proline, serine and group compared to a control group not histidine, glutamic acid, tyrosine and betaine) receiving TRP treatment. It has been seen that @ 0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% levels in the diet of juvenile Atlantic cod are highly aggressive and freshwater prawn juveniles has promoted the supplementing the feed with TRP affects growth, survival and feed utilization in prawn central 5-HT (serotonin)signalling systems and and recommended a level of 10 g/kg diet to be reduces the aggressive behaviour. optimum. Papoutsoglou et al.63, studied the 8. Importance of Tryptophan effect of dietary L-tryptophan and tank colour Tryptophan is one of the essential amino acids on growth performance of rainbow trout for fish and is required for a wide variety of (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles reared in a metabolic activities. As it is found in lowest recirculating water system. Fishes were reared concentrations in most animals including fish, for 11 weeks in black, light blue and white it plays a rate-limiting role in protein tanks and fed either a commercial diet (CD) or synthesis74. Hence, the dietary tryptophan the same diet supplemented with tryptophan (2 requirement is low compared with other g/100 g diet). Tryptophan supplemented diet essential amino acids. Apart from being a resulted in depressed growth, increased food structural component of all proteins, consumption and food conversion ratio, tryptophan is a precursor for synthesis of decreased body protein and increased body serotonin, melatonin and niacin. This amino lipid, reduced liver total lipids and a marked acid is also known to be a stress suppressor in increase in hepatosomatic index. It was some species. concluded dietary supplementation of 8.1. Tryptophan : As a stress tryptophan failed to act as a stress-releasing suppressor and control cannibalism factor and probably evoked an amino acid Hseu et al.37, studied the effect of exogenous imbalance. tryptophan (TRP) on cannibalism, survival and Tejpal et al.86, studied that dietary growth in juvenile grouper, Epinephelus supplementation of L-tryptophan mitigates coioides. Diets supplemented with TRP @ crowding stress and augments the growth in 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% were fed to 38-day-old Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Four diets juvenile groupers in 200 liter tank @750 fish containing 0, 0.68, 1.36 or 2.72% L- per tank for 10 days. These diets were tryptophan were fed to fishes stocked in two effective in increasing the levels of 5-HT in different stocking densities @3% for 60 days. the brain of groupers which results in slightly It has been found that L-tryptophan lower cannibalism than in controls. However, supplemented groups have higher growth, body weight and total length of fishes fed with SGR and PER in both the stocking densities. TRP were significantly smaller than those of Cortisol level was found to be significantly control. It has been found that cannibalism higher in the high density group than the low among juvenile groupers could be mitigated to density. Gradual supplementation of L- the best by the oral administration of TRP @ tryptophan in diet significantly reduced the 0.5% of dry diet. cortisol level both in high density and low Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 628

Rawat et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (6): 621-634 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 density group fish. But dietary survival of pabda fry. Further comparative supplementation of L-tryptophan at a study between different supplementation may minimum level of 1.36% reduced the high be conducted for choosing the cheap source of density group stress and improved growth attractant. performance in C. mrigala fingerlings which is cost effective also. REFERENCES 8.2. Effect of tryptophan on growth and 1. Adron, J.W. and Mackie, A.M., Studies on survival the chemical nature of feeding stimulants Ahmed et al.3, studied dietary tryptophan for rainbow trout, Salmo requirement of fingerling Indian major gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol., 12(4): carp, Cirrhinusmrigala. Six isonitrogenous 303–310 (1978). and isocaloric amino acid test diets with 2. Adron, J.W. and Mackie, A.M., Studies on graded levels of L-tryptophan (0.06, 0.16, the chemical nature of feeding stimulants 0.26, 0.36, 0.46 and 0.56 g 100/g dry diet) for rainbow trout, Salmo were formulated. Fish were randomly stocked gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol., 12(4): in triplicate groups in 70 L flow-through 303–310 (1978). indoor circular tanks and fed experimental 3. Ahmed, I. and Khan, M.A., Dietary diets @5% of their body for eight week. tryptophan requirement of fingerling Maximum live weight gain, lowest feed Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala conversion ratio and highest protein efficiency (Hamilton). Aquac. Res., 36(7): 687-695 ratio were measured at 0.36% dietary (2005). tryptophan. It has been concluded that diets for 4. Akhteruzzaman, M., Kohinoor, A.H.M., fingerling of C. mrigalashould contain Shah, M.S. and Hussain, M.G., tryptophan @ 0.38 g/100 g dry diet for Observation on the induced breeding of optimum growth and efficient feed utilization. silurid catfish, Ompok pabda Fatma and Khan23 studied dietary tryptophan (Hamilton).Bangladesh Journal of Life requirement of fingerling Rohu, Labeorohita Science, 5(1): 71-75 (1993). based on growth and body composition. 5. Appelbaum, S., The influence of Casein-gelatin-based is nitrogenous and flavouring of food on the ingestion by isocaloricamino acid test diets simulating the rainbow trout (Salmo amino acid profile to that of 40% whole gairdneri Richardson). Arch. Fisch. chicken egg protein except for tryptophan Wiss.,31: 21–27 (1980). were formulated. Maximum LWG (live weight 6. Arthi, T., Nagarajan, S., Sivakumar, A.A. gain), best FCR (1.28), and highest PER (1.95) and Vijayaraman, K., Reproductive were recorded @ 0.40% tryptophan of the diet. biology of two fresh water fishes, Ompok The optimum requirement of fingerling L. bimaculatus and Ompok malabaricus rohitafor L-tryptophan is recommended in the (Bloch) of the river Amaravathy, Tamil range of 0.36-0.38% using second-degree Nadu, India.Biolife, 1(2): 45-53 (2013). polynomial regression analysis. 7. Banik, S. and Malla, S., Survival and Growth Rate of the Larvae of Ompok CONCLUSION pabda (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) of It is concluded that the dietary chemo- Tripura, India: Related to Efficient Feed. attarctant supplementation could be a Proc. Zool. Soc., 68(2): 164-171 (2014). promising aquaculture management strategy 8. Banik, S., Goswami, P. and Malla, S., Ex- for carnivorous fish as it showed significantly situ studies of captive breeding of Ompok better survival without affecting the growth. bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) in Tripura. J. Dietary supplementation of attractant in the Adv. Lab. Res. Biol., 2: 133-137 (2011). diet of fish has the potential to reduce 9. Banik, S., Goswami, P. and Malla, S., cannibalism consequently improving the Studies on breeding physiology of Ompok Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2018; IJPAB 629

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