La Destruction Des Juifs De Médine

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La Destruction Des Juifs De Médine 1 La destruction des juifs de Médine L'exemplarité d'une purification ethnique Maintenant , je suis enchaîné à mon lit Je suis dégoûté par l’erreur de mon peuple et leur culpabilité Dégoûté des conseils stupides qu’ils ont suivis après avoir compris Dégouté des reproches qui poussaient vers la voie juste et que personne n’a choisi En effet , si seulement mon peuple avait suivi les sages 2 1 Ils n’auraient rien transgressé et n’auraient pas été la cause de tant de mal. Mais ils ont suivi le trompeur Et le peuple sanguinaire a frappé nos foyers comme des serpents Les fous ont démoli le raisonnement des gens intelligents Et notre cause a été perdue sans pouvoir être récupérée. 2 Abu Rafi A Yathrib , Muhammad rencontre les juifs , sous une forme organisée: plusieurs tribus , trois principales , et une foule de clans. Ils l'appellent, quand ils le connaissent mieux "Le meurtrier toujours souriant", et "Celui qui vient du sud".3 Ils forment , de l’aveu des textes, la partie la plus active de la population. Il aurait pu s’attendre à un accueil favorable pour sa doctrine , qui , de loin , s’apparente à leur propre monothéisme. Mais le rejet massif et immédiat, plus de sa personne que de ses paroles, a pour conséquence sa colère, non pas celle d'Allah, mais de Muhammad. La violence extrême trahit aussi l'incapacité de l'islamisme naissant à convaincre, à convertir de bon gré, à soutenir une argumentation contraire. Mais la confrontation sera brutale , ponctuée d’expulsions , de massacres collectifs et d’assassinats individuels. C’est à cette suite d’événements que le public est convié ici. Il y a d'abord les expulsions des Banu Qaynuqa, puis des Banu Nadir. Quand l'islamisme est assez puissant pour frapper plus fort, c'est l'extermination de la tribu la plus puissante, par l'exécution des hommes, l'asservissement et le viol des femmes, et l'asservissement des petits enfants. S'ajoute à cela le meurtre des chefs, comme opération de commando, et pour être complet, les attaques contre les communautés extérieures, notamment Khaybar, comme on le verra longuement. Les huit années de pouvoir mohammédien à Médine ont donc un caractère absolument hostile non pas à l'influence juive, mais à sa simple présence. Les récits des événements, certes tragiques, fournissent une quantité considérable d'informations factuelles sur la situation sociale, économique, matérielle, de Médine dans la décennie 620- 630. La période d’anti-judaïsme de Médine porte en elle le ferment de nombreux exactions futures, puisque l'attitude mohammédienne est considérée comme exemplaire et impeccable. 4 A la fin de la période , plus rien ne reste de cette communauté dans la ville , éliminée selon les procédés les plus variés. Elle était pourtant à l'origine de Yathrib, et sa composante la plus importante. 1 Sans doute la Torah. 2 Ifsanhani , Kitap al Aghani XXI , 92-3, in Motzki 2000 , p. 14 “Maghazi authorities among the Tabi’un”. C'est Abu Rafi , chef de clan Juif , qui s'exprime ces reproches envers ses co- religionnaires . 3 T. Nagel, Mahomet, p.156. 4 Pour les contacts très belliqueux avec d’autres Juifs , plus éloignés (Khaybar) , cf. partie XX. 3 Le sentiment antisémite, ou antijudaïque, pour être plus exact, qui s'est développé dans tout le monde musulman, repoussant les communautés dans des ghettos, les marquant de signes infâmants, de taxes sigmatisantes, est largement à l'origine de ces textes nombreux et précis. Les populations, jalouses des juifs et agacées par les juifs, ont aimé entendre parler de Muhammad punissant, détruisant, humiliant les juifs. La situation actuelle au Proche- 5 Orient, et l'existence d'Israël a encore avivé l'expression de cette détestation. Le judaïsme auquel est confronté Muhammad, et que décrivent les source, n'est pas le judaïsme "main stream", de Palestine (si tant est qu'il est jamais existé). Mais là, en Arabie, au sein de communautés isolés depuis longtemps, les dogmes et rituels ont évolué en toute indépendance de ce qui se passait en Palestine, ou à Babylone. Des traits se retrouvent en entier: la Torah et son rôle central, le shabbat, les interdictions, même des points particuliers, comme les menstruations. Mais rien sur le Talmud, ou la Mishna, pas de synagogues visibles non plus, seulement des écoles. Voilà pour les matériaux qui viennent de la vie de Muhammad, et qui doivent venir en partie de juifs convertis. Concernant le Coran, le tableau est différent, car là, il semble bien que les sources principales viennent d'autre part que la Torah, plutôt de toute la tradition postérieure. Au delà des péripéties (et elles seront relatées en entier), l'apport de la confrontation avec les juifs qui nous est présentée est celui-ci: l'impression d'une grande proximité dogmatique et même rituelle, trop grande même, qui risque de noyer l'hérésie (au sens étymologique) dans l'indifférence. Le seul point d'achoppement, dramatique et aux conséquences dramatique, est le même avec les chrétiens: le refus obstiné d'accorder la qualité prophétique et messiaque à un nouveau-venu, arabe qui plus est. Mais le christianisme apporte vite autre chose. A Médine, l'affrontement est frontal, et attisé par la proximité immédiate des adversaires. Est-ce l'origine arabe de Muhammad qui pose difficulté? Sans doute, même si les deux populations sont mêlées dans bien des domaines, la qualité messianique ne s'accorde pas si facilement, et pas à n'importe qui: elle peut chaque fois être le prélude à une explosion du peuple juif. Comparer le contact avec les chrétiens est toujours riche en enseignements: ceux-ci sont éloignés géographiquement. L'affrontement est dès le départ de type théologique, du moins présenté ainsi. 5 . 4 1 Les juifs de Medinta 1 Présentation La communauté juive de Yatrib6 -ou Medinta , en araméen- a selon les sources une origine lointaine et ancienne. Il existe même des récits imaginant que les Arabes Aws et Khazraj ont des origines juives.7 Les Aws, surtout, sont soupçonnés d’être des crypto-juifs. Le chef des Khazraj, le fameux ibn Ubayy a aussi un patronyme juif. Il faut prendre garde à ce sujet aux reconstructions a posteriori. La prudence conseille de se limiter aux faits certains , comme l’arabisation de leurs noms , leur emprise sur l’oasis , et leur politique d’alliance avec les tribus arabes. La vigueur de leurs institutions religieuses est aussi remarquable. On a même l'impression que n'importe qui est plus ou moins rabbin, et que les lieux de réunion, de bavardage, de réflexion sont nombreux et actifs. Les maîtres 6 Sur Yathrib , cf. partie VI. Sur l'origine des juifs de Yathrib, cf. M. Gil, "The origin of the jews of Yathrib", JSAI 4/1984, p. 208, sur la généalogie des Banu Nadir et Qurayza. 7 M. Gil, "The origin of the jews of Yathrib", p. 211. 5 (AHBAR) et rabbins (RABBANIYUN) sont partout, et même évoqués par le texte coranique (Q 5/44). 2 L’arrivée des Juifs à Yathrib La présence de communautés juives très éloignées de la Palestine , éparpillées en Arabie a suscité la curiosité des contemporains. Des récits , plus ou moins vraisemblables , proposent des explications, qui veulent remonter, forcément le plus loin possible: ils seraient issus, soit du passage de la Mer Rouge, soit de la dernière chute de Jérusalem. Les sources postérieures ont exploité cette présence incongrue comme argument théologique, et elles ont recueilli les données du judaïsme pour les adapter massivement à la tradition islamique, et les ont déplacé vers l'Arabie. Il n'est donc plus vraiment surprenant d'apprendre que Moïse, Abraham, David ont nomadisé dans la péninsule. La question de la présence antique des juifs en Arabie est absolument taboue de nos jours, surtout sur le territoire de Médine. Comme elle est difficilement contestable néanmoins, la joie non dissimulée de ceux qui racontent leur éradication sert à étourdir le public, qui succombe à ses plus bas instincts, et qui oublie qu'ils ont seulement existé avant d'être détruits. Il est possible que l’arrivée des hébreux dans la ville ait eu lieu au moment des mouvements de populations décrétés parle roi Nabonide.8 Le tableau de la seconde partie du texte d'Isfanhani ne coïncide pas avec le reste de la tradition dépeignant la position des Juifs à Médine et leur résistance face à Muhammad. Il faut croire que décidément l’idée d’une domination juive est devenue insupportable au public musulman dans les siècles qui suivirent, et de nos jours, avec l'existence de l'Etat moderne d'Israël. Les sources, pourtant, en dépit de leurs silences et de leurs partis-pris amènent à penser que Yathrib était très largement juive, et même juive dès l’origine, avant que des tribus arabes ne s’installent. Mais est-elle une cité modèle de la poussée judaïsante qui depuis le sud de la péninsule tend à s’implanter au nord? Les données islamiques sont trop traîtres pour en savoir plus. (Isfanhani , Kitap al Aghani 19 , p. 94-98). Moïse ibn Imran ... envoya des soldats contre les tyrans de ces villes pour les conquérir (...) et il 9 envoya une armée des Banu Israël contre les Amalékites et ordonna de tous les tuer quand ils seraient devant eux , et de n’en laisser aucun. (...) Cette armée fut la première parmi les Juifs à 8 P.-A. Beaulieu, The reign of Nabonidus king of Babylon 556-539 B.C. New Haven 1989, p. 171. 9 La population primitive et mythique de l’Arabie ; pour la Bible , un peuple pervers et maudit. 6 habiter Médine.
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