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Cadmium Risks to Freshwater Life: Derivation and Validation of Low-Effect Criteria Values Using Laboratory and Field Studies

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Cadmium Risks to Freshwater Life: Derivation and Validation of Low-Effect Criteria Values Using Laboratory and Field Studies Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality Cadmium Risks to Freshwater Life: Derivation and Validation of Low-Effect Criteria Values using Laboratory and Field Studies Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5245 Version 1.2, September 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: The montage illustrates an analytical approach and photographs of species that were important inthis report as follows: Graphic: A species-sensitivity distribution (SSD) of freshwater species to chronic cadmium exposures is illustrated. The SSD concept and analyses were fundamental to this report. The open circles and horizontal lines represent the means and ranges of available chronic effects thresholds to cadmium for different species, respectively. Selected species are labeled. Photographs: Left: The amphipod Hyalella azteca; photograph by Scott Bauer, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Top right: A westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi; photograph by Ernest R. Keeley, Idaho State University. Middle right: A mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, from captive broodstock that was used for toxicity testing; photograph by Doug Hardesty, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Ecological Research Center, Columbia, Missouri. Bottom right: A mottled sculpin in a natural setting; photograph by Ernest R. Keeley, Idaho State University. Cadmium Risks to Freshwater Life: Derivation and Validation of Low-Effect Criteria Values using Laboratory and Field Studies By Christopher A. Mebane Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5245 Version 1.2, September 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 Revised September 2010 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Mebane, C.A., 2006 (2010 rev.), Cadmium risks to freshwater life: Derivation and validation of low-effect criteria values using laboratory and field studies (version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5245, 130 p. iii Acknowledgments Many people generously shared their time and insights to provide data, explanations, or helpful criticisms. Reviewers included Harry Ohlendorf, CH2M Hill, Sacramento, Calif.; Steven Canton, Chadwick Ecological Consultants, Littleton, Colo.; Charles Stephan, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minn.; Don Essig and Joanna Sandow, Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Boise, Idaho; Christopher Ingersoll, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Ecological Research Center, Columbia, Mo.; and Daren Carlisle, U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment, Reston, Va. Many investigators generously took time to answer questions, provide additional details of their work, share data, or suggest other information sources. These included John Besser, Nile Kemble, and Stacy James, U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Ecological Research Center, Columbia, Mo.; Stephen Brinkman, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colo.; Uwe Borgmann, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; Victor Castillo III, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Tex.; Michaël Coeurdassier, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France; Valery Forbes, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; Clyde Goulden, National Academy of Science Philadelphia; Duane Gossiaux, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Lydia Hollis, Golder Associates, Calgary; David Mount, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minn.; David Nimick, U.S. Geological Survey, Helena, Mont., Vince Palace and Richard McNicol, Freshwater Research Institute, Winnipeg; David Riddell, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Andrew Wigginton, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.; and Chris Wood, McMaster University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Russell Erickson, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minn., gave statistical advice; Anne Kuhn and Glenn Thursby, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, R.I., and Webb Van Winkle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (retired), Boise, Idaho provided advice on population modeling. The Idaho Department of Environmental Quality’s Surface Water Program provided principal funding for this project. Don A. Essig was the project manager for the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. iv This page left intentionally blank v Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2 Cadmium in Ambient Waters ..............................................................................................................2 Methods...........................................................................................................................................................3 Methods for Criteria Derivation ..........................................................................................................3 Overview of Criteria Derivation Steps ......................................................................................3 Extrapolating Small Toxicity Test Datasets to Aquatic Communities .................................4 Minimum Species-Diversity Required for Criteria Derivation ..............................................8 Important Elements and Assumptions of Criteria Derivation ...............................................8 Data Sources and Inclusion Requirements ..........................................................................10 Methods for Evaluation of Risks to Biological Integrity and Vulnerable Species under Criteria Conditions .................................................................................................................11 Results ...........................................................................................................................................................11 Criteria Derivation Results ................................................................................................................12 Data Compilation and Evaluation ............................................................................................12 Static, Renewal, and Flow-Through Exposures ...........................................................12 Tests with No Analytical Confirmation of Exposure Concentrations .......................13 Life-Cycle Versus Shorter-Term Chronic Data .............................................................14 Statistical Interpretation of Chronic Tests ....................................................................15 Diversity of Data .........................................................................................................................17 Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Freshwater Animals ............................................................17 Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium to Freshwater Animals ..........................................................17 Other Data on the Effects of Cadmium to Freshwater Animals. ........................................18 Hardness–Toxicity Relations ....................................................................................................19 Acute to Chronic Ratios ............................................................................................................22 Hardness-Based Cadmium Criteria Equations .....................................................................24 Aquatic Toxicology of Cadmium—Synthesis .................................................................................30 Mechanisms and Factors Affecting Aquatic Toxicology of Cadmium ..............................30 Toxicity of Cadmium in Chemical Mixtures ...................................................................31 Relative Sensitivity of Chronic Test Endpoints .............................................................31 Bioaccumulation and Effects of Dietary Exposures to Cadmium .............................32 Fish .......................................................................................................................32 Aquatic Invertebrates .............................................................................................37 Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Factors ...............................................38
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