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Sediment and Phosphorus Bioturbation by Carp (Cyprinus

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Sediment and Phosphorus Bioturbation by Carp (Cyprinus 6-rr -qb sediment and Phosphorus Bioturbation by carp (Cyprínus carpio L.) in Irrigation Drains near Griffith, New South Wales Shaun Meredith, B.Sc. (Hons) Department of ZoologY UniversitY of Adelaide in conjunction with CSIRO Division of Water Resources' Griffith' NSW Submitted in fulflrtment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science' March 1996 "If ttre correct stocking densities are maintained, coÍlmon carp should prove to be an effective, cheap and long-tenn answer to submerged weed control in small shallow lakes and ponds. Achieving this level of control may' however, result in some cha¡acteristic changes to the environment. The most common feature is the distinctive green colouration of the water...." Seagrave (1988) "Aquatic Weed Control" The Dorset Press, England Addendum p.56 Results for ANOVA on sedimentary phosphorus dataarctabulated below: Source d.f. F-ratio P Landuse 2 4.596 0.013 Length of Upstream Drainage (LUSDR) 3 3.491 0.020 Sampling Date 1 18.519 <0.001 Landuse x LUSDR 6 0.448 0.844 Landuse x Sampling Date 2 0.026 0.974 LUSDR x Sampling Date 3 0.344 0.794 Landuse x LUSDR x Date 6 0.069 o.999 p. 67 The small holes in the walls of the core sampler presented in Figure 3.1 are to enable water from above the core sample to escape without disturbing the sediment. I Table of Contents t IY Iþclaration v vt vu List of Tables...... List of vul Chapter 1: Introduction........ ................. 1 1 1.1 Background............... ) 1.2 The Issue: Eutrophication....-......-. 4 1.3 Carp in the Murray-Darling Basin...-.... 6 L.4 Carp Feeding Behaviour 1.5 Resuspension of Sediment and Phosphorus by Carp' I 9 1.6 Measurement of Phosphorus........ I.7 Study Area......... 10 1.8 Inigation Channels.. 11 t3 1.9 Project Aims........ Chapter 2: Variabitity in the Abundance and Distribution of Carp in the Mirrool ¡ñ^tt¡ll 17 2.1 Introduction T7 t7 2.1.L Background............... 2.1.2 Objectives 20 2.2 Methods... 20 20 2.2.1 Site Selection............ 2.2.2 Estimation of Fish Abundance 2l 2.2.3 Data AnaIysis............. 23 25 2.3 Results..... 25 2.3.1 Carp Entry into the Minool Catchment... 2.3.2 Increasing Carp Abundance Late in the Irrigation Season.. 27 2.3.3 Spatial Distribution of Carp-. 28 2.4 Discussion 29 2.4.1 Temporal Variaúon in Carp Abundance 29 2.4.2 Spatial Distribution of Carp.- 33 2.4.3 Conclusions............... 34 u Chapter 3: Spatiotemporal Distribution of Sedimentary Phosphorus in the Mirrool Catchment...........................-.............."""' ¿t8 3.1 Inuoduction 48 3.1.1 Background............... 48 3.1.2 Objectives 51 3.2 Methods... 52 3.2.1 Site Selection............ 52 3.2.2 Sampling Procedue. 53 3.2.3 Sediment and Data Analysis... 54 3.3 Results..... 56 56 3.3. 1 Total Phosphorus............... 3.3.2 Organic Matter...... 57 3.3.3 Trace Element Composition.... -...-.... 58 3.3.4'Water Velocity... 58 3.4 Discussion 60 3.4.1 Landuse... 60 3.4.2 Length of Upstream Drainage-- 63 3.4.3 Temporal Variation (Sampling Date)........ 65 3.4.4 Conclusions............... 65 Chapter 4: Sediment and Phosphorus Resuspension by Carp"""" 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.1.1 Background............... 81 4.L.2 Objectives 83 4.2 Methods... 83 4.2.1 Experimental Design. 83 4.2.2 Sample Analysis... 85 4.2.3 Data Analysis........... 87 4.3 Results..... 88 4.3.t Sediment.. 88 4.3.2'Water Quality..... 89 4.4 Discussion 9T 4.4.I Suspended Sediment and Turbidi 91 4.4.2 Total and Filterable Reactive Phosphorus.. 93 4.4.3 hon-Strip Desorbable Phosphorus.......-....... 95 4.4.4 Experiment Duration. 97 4.4.5 Conclusions............... 99 Chapter 5: Discussion........... 106 106 5. 1 Introduction............... 5.2 Sediment and Phosphorus Resuspension by Ca¡p.... r07 ro7 5.2.1 Quantity of Resuspended Sediment. 5.2.2 Retention of Resuspended Sediment in the Water Column.... 109 110 5.2.3 Phosphorus Content of Sediment...... - -... -.-.. lll 5.2.4 Sediment and Phosphorus Resuspension by Carp: A Model..' 110 5.3 Resuspension of Sediment and Phosphorus by Carp in the 110 Mirrool Carchment 5.3. 1 Quantity of Resuspended Sediment.............. 111 5.3.2 Retention of Resuspended Sediment in ttre'Water Column..... rt3 5.3.3 Phosphorus Content of Sp¿lirnenf tt4 5.3.4 Conclusions............... TL4 5.4 Conclusions: Sediment and Phosphorus Resus¡rension by Carp......."' 116 5.5 Future V/ork........ 116 Referenccs. 124 lv Abstract: Cary Glpriruts cørpio L.) a¡e abundant in many natural and constructed waters in ttre Murray-Darling Basin. This introduced fish has been implicated in the demise of aquatic plants and native fish, bank slumping, incteasing orbidity, and more recently, increasing water column phosphorus concentrations. This study aims to assess the contribution of the benthic feeding behavioru of carp to phosphorus and sediment resuspension in the irrigation drainage network of the Mirool catchment near Griffith, New South V/ales. An observation survey (Chapter 2) r,evealed carp Ìvere abundant in the drainage network during the irrigation season, but not so during the off-season. The inc¡ease in carp numbers ûuing the inigation season was shown to be due to upstreÍrm migfation from more pennanent $'aters downstrea¡n, entry through irrigation supply lvater, and to a lesser e*æoi to the reconnection of overwintering siæs \ilithin the drainage network. I-arge numbers of juvenile carp were also observed taæ in the irrigation season' indicating successful recruitment of carp within the drainage network. Based on this informaúon, a model of the movement of carp to and from the drainage network is presented. When abundant in the drainage network, the distribution of carp was concentrated at the intersection of srnaller lateral drains with the faster-flowing, deeper Main Drain "J". Ïlis disribution was not found to be related to differences in the physical attributes of sites srudied, but to the diversity of habitat at the junction of lateral drafurs with the Main Drain. Exa¡nination of the temporal and spatial distribution of sedimentary phosphorus (Chapter 3) revealed sediments in drains receiving \ilater from a predominantly uban catchment contained higher concentrations of total phosphorus than those receiving riceþasture runoff. Sedimentary total phosphorus was also found to be greatest at the upstream end of lateral drains, a¡rd least at the downstream end. Similarly, phosphorus concentrations in the sediments were greatest prior to the commencement of the irrigation season. The distribution of sedimentary total phosphonrs in the Mirrool catchment was linked to spatial and temporal differences in runoff water quality and velocity, and to spatial differences in the geochemical and organic composition of sediments. A pond experfunent was conducted (Chapter 4) to further examine factors affecting water quatity resulting from carp feeding behaviour. The variable effects of carp on turbidity, ùrp"nOø sediment, total phosphorus and ISDP were attributed to the interaction of carp .o¿ ttt" phosphorus content and particle size disributions of two different sediments used. The implications of these resuls on both past and future studies on the impact of carp are discussed- Finally (Chapter 5), information on the spatial and æmporal distribuúo¡ of carp and r.ai-*t"ry total phosphorus in the drainage network is combined with information attained during the pond experiment to assess the role of carp in sediment and phosphorus resuspension in the Minool catchment. It is concluded ttrat the distribution of carp is such ìi il that concentration of sediment arid phosphorus r€suspended is likely to be inhibited" however, the export of resuspended phosphorus is enhanced. { v This work contains no mâterial which has been accepted for the awa¡d of any other degree or diploma in any university or other ærtiary institution and, to tlre best of my lnowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being available for loan and photocopytng. Signed: Date: 7) l'( ,(? vl Acknowledgments I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable guidance I received from both of my supervisors, Dr. Jane Roberts, and Assoc.Prrof. Keittr V/alker. There \ilere many difñculties associated with joint supervision, especially when supervisors are separated by the best part of the Murray-Darling Basin and I thank them both for their considerable effort in maintaining a working envi¡onrnent that allowed this work to happen.In preparing this thesis,I received only valuable conmrents and constructive criticism from both Keith and Jane, so I sincerely thank them both fø their efforts, and panicularly for ttre insight they have given me into this snrdy, and into the study of ecology in general. Thanþou both very much. I would also like to thank Dr. Peær Fairweather for answering each of the several hundred questions I have asked him regarding statistical analysis, and for his comments on drafts of this thesis. Thanþou also to Dr. Da¡ren Baldwin for his help and patience in guiding an ecology student through the world of phosphorus chemistry. Thanþou. For their comments and help with matters technical, I thank Geoff 'r€al work' McCorkelle for guiding a city boy through GrifFrth's 'Irrigation Wonderland', Andrew Palmer for not being afraid ro get his hands dirty, Alan Chick fu helping to set things up and empty bottles of wine, Brendan Ebner for his constant supply t¡f tpw literaturc and bad humour, Carl Pender for help electronically and with my chess game, and Jacqui Olley for her help in Canberra with sample preparation and analysis.
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