DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Groningen Computational Morphology And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

University of Groningen Computational morphology and Bantu language learning Katushemererwe, Fridah IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Katushemererwe, F. (2013). Computational morphology and Bantu language learning: an implementation for Runyakitara Groningen: s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 11-02-2018 RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN Computational Morphology and Bantu Language Learning: An Implementation for Runyakitara Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Letteren aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. E. Sterken, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 25 juni 2013 om 9.00 uur door Fridah Katushemererwe geboren op 7 juli 1972 te Rubaga, Uganda Promotor : Prof. dr. ir. J. Nerbonne Copromotores : Prof. dr. A. Hurskainen Dr. R. Baguma Beoordelingscommissie : Prof. dr. C.L.J. de Bot Prof. dr. M. Mous Prof. dr. G. van Noord ISBN: 978-90-367-6346-2 ii Dedication To God be the Glory, this work is dedicated to my family: Robert, Naomi, Jeremiah, Jerome, Jethro, Jenninah & Jotham. iii iv Acknowledgements This space cannot be enough to thank everyone who helped me during a journey of my PhD studies. I thank you all and I pray that God gives you the grace. Allow me; however, mention those I cannot miss to point out. First of all, I thank God, the source of wisdom, who led me into all this and has given me the strength to keep ‘right on up to the end of the road’. To Him be the Glory. In a special way, I extend my infinite appreciation to my supervisors: Prof. John Nerbonne whose contribution to this work is invaluable; Prof. Arvi Hurskainen who laid a firm foundation to this work and continued polishing it up to the end; Dr. Rehema Baguma whose insights have greatly shaped this thesis; Dr. Thomas Hanneforth who enabled me to work on the basic but core part of this thesis; and Prof. Irina Zlotnikova whose knowledge and advice have contributed greatly to this work. I thank you all and may the Almighty reward you abundantly. I also extend my gratitude to Prof. Venansious Baryamureeba and Dr. Jude Lubega for encouraging me to do a PhD and for working tirelessly to secure NUFFIC funds from which I have benefited to complete this dissertation. I thank Dr. Josephine Nabukenya, the Dean of School of Computing and Informatics Technology, and all the academic staff in the School for the conducive academic atmosphere and their availability for consultation. My sincere thanks go to all NUFFIC administrators in Uganda and in the Netherlands for their endless support in ensuring that my PhD journey is pushed ahead. Special thanks go to Erik Haarbrink, Gonny Lekerveld, Peace Tumuheki, and Margreet van der Giezen for their tireless effort in making sure that my stay on a PhD program is comfortable. I would like to thank DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) and its administrators both in Uganda and in Germany for a six month research grant that enabled me do great work on this PhD program. Special thanks go to Dr. Gerald Heusing and Jennifer Schenk (DAAD 2009) who facilitated my stay in Germany up to the end of the grant period. I wish to thank Dr. Sake Jager and André Rosendaal for their great academic contribution and for allowing me to use Hologram to test Runyakitara ideas. In the same vain, I thank Dr. Geoffrey Ondogah and Mr. Milton Kaye for developing a software interface for one of the prototypes in this dissertation. I extend my sincere gratitude to Marjoleine Sloos who agreed unconditionally to be my paranymph during the defense ceremony at the University of Groningen. Marjoleine, thanks for your kindness. I sincerely thank my respondents both in Kampala and other areas. Special thanks go to the staff and students of Runyakitara at Makerere University. Mention goes to Dr. v Celestino Oriikiriza, Ms. Allen Asiimwe, Mr. Gilbert Gumoshabe and Mr. Innocent Mugabe. Your insights contributed greatly to this dissertation. I also extend my sincere thanks to my Colleagues at the former Institute of Languages, now School of Languages, Literature and Communication for their support during this research journey. Mention goes to Prof. Oswald Ndoleriire, Dr. Edith Natukunda, Mr. Ahmed Kaggwa, Dr. Susan Kiguli, Dr. Saudah Namyalo and Ms. Jane Alowo. Your encouragement kept me on the road. My colleagues on a PhD program at Makerere University, University of Groningen, and University of Potsdam, I thank you. You were a wonderful source of encouragement. The PhD jokes you cracked, the different PhD songs and poems you shared were a major source of inspiration up to the end of the journey. Just to mention but a few, I sincerely thank Prossy Olango, Irene Nakiyimba, Gideon Kotze, Peter Nabende, and Florian Kuhn for your support and encouragement throughout the PhD journey. Last but not least, my family members who missed my presence while I was away for my PhD studies. I am greatly indebted to my husband, Mr. Robert Tweheyo, my children: Musiimenta Naome, Nabimanya Jeremiah, Nabaasa Jerome, Naahurira Jethro, Naayebare Jenninah and Nareeba Jotham for being patient on this long journey. You were a great source of encouragement to continue and complete the PhD. vi Table of Contents Dedication.......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1 General Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the study ..................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Conceptual background ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2. Theoretical background ............................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Context of this study ...................................................................................................................13 1.3 Reason for the study .......................................................................................................................18 1.4 General and specific objectives ......................................................................................................18 1.5 Structure of the dissertation ...........................................................................................................19 Chapter 2 Finite State Methods in Morphological Analysis of Runyakitara Verbs ..... 21 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.2. Runyakitara Verb Morphology and the Computational Challenge ............................ 22 2.2.1 Number of morphemes involved ...........................................................................................23 2.2.2 Excursus on morphological complexity.................................................................................25 2.2.3 Morpheme combination .........................................................................................................26 2.2.4 Morpheme order ....................................................................................................................27 2.2.5 Allomorphy ............................................................................................................................28 2.2.6 Vowel harmony .....................................................................................................................28 2.3. Formalization and Implementation ................................................................................ 28 2.3.1 The structure of RUNYAGRAM ...........................................................................................30 2.3.2 Symbol signature ...................................................................................................................30 2.3.3 Word grammar .......................................................................................................................31
Recommended publications
  • Reglas De Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe) a Book by Lydia Cabrera an English Translation from the Spanish

    Reglas De Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe) a Book by Lydia Cabrera an English Translation from the Spanish

    THE KONGO RULE: THE PALO MONTE MAYOMBE WISDOM SOCIETY (REGLAS DE CONGO: PALO MONTE MAYOMBE) A BOOK BY LYDIA CABRERA AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION FROM THE SPANISH Donato Fhunsu A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature (Comparative Literature). Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Inger S. B. Brodey Todd Ramón Ochoa Marsha S. Collins Tanya L. Shields Madeline G. Levine © 2016 Donato Fhunsu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Donato Fhunsu: The Kongo Rule: The Palo Monte Mayombe Wisdom Society (Reglas de Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe) A Book by Lydia Cabrera An English Translation from the Spanish (Under the direction of Inger S. B. Brodey and Todd Ramón Ochoa) This dissertation is a critical analysis and annotated translation, from Spanish into English, of the book Reglas de Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe, by the Cuban anthropologist, artist, and writer Lydia Cabrera (1899-1991). Cabrera’s text is a hybrid ethnographic book of religion, slave narratives (oral history), and folklore (songs, poetry) that she devoted to a group of Afro-Cubans known as “los Congos de Cuba,” descendants of the Africans who were brought to the Caribbean island of Cuba during the trans-Atlantic Ocean African slave trade from the former Kongo Kingdom, which occupied the present-day southwestern part of Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Brazzaville, Cabinda, and northern Angola. The Kongo Kingdom had formal contact with Christianity through the Kingdom of Portugal as early as the 1490s.
  • Institut Für Ethnologie Und Afrikastudien Department of Anthropology and African Studies

    Institut Für Ethnologie Und Afrikastudien Department of Anthropology and African Studies

    Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU) Mainz Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Mainz Fachbereich 07 – Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften Faculty of Historical and Cultural Studies Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien Department of Anthropology and African Studies Jahresbericht 2019 Annual Report 2019 Impressum Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de Fachbereich 07 – Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Managing editors: Tom Simmert and Christine Weil Cover: Passing the future: on the shore of the “Eco Atlantic City” construction site, an artificial peninsula currently built in Lagos, Nigeria. Photo by Matthias Krings, September 2019. Print: Hausdruckerei der Universität Mainz CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND AFRICAN STUDIES ............................... 3 Degree programmes offered at the department .............................................................................. 3 Publications of the department ....................................................................................................... 4 Research facilities in the department .............................................................................................. 6 Jahn Library for African Literatures ................................................................................................. 7 African Music Archives
  • The Classification of the Bantu Languages of Tanzania

    The Classification of the Bantu Languages of Tanzania

    i lIMFORIVIATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document h^i(^|eeh used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the qriginal submitted. ■ The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. I.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Mining Page(s)". IfJt was'possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are^spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you'complete continuity. 2. When an.image.on the film is obliterated with li large round black mark, it . is an if}dication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during, exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing' or chart, etc., was part of the material being V- photographed the photographer ' followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to .continue photoing fronTleft to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued, again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until . complete. " - 4. The majority of usefs indicate that the textual content is, of greatest value, ■however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from .'"photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
  • An Optimality Theory Analysis of Variation in the Bantu Zone C

    An Optimality Theory Analysis of Variation in the Bantu Zone C

    VOWEL HARMONIES OF THE CONGO BASIN: AN OPTIMALITY THEORY ANALYSIS OF VARIATION IN THE BANTU ZONE C by MYLES FRANCIS LEITCH B.A, Dalhousie University 1977 M.A., University of Texas 1982 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department Of Linguistics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 1996 © Myles Francis Leitch 1996 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for ^reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) Abstract A central claim of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993a) is that phonological variation can be modeled through the variable ranking of universal constraints. In this thesis, I test this claim by examining variation in the tongue root vowel harmony system in a number of closely related yet distinct Bantu languages of Congo and Zaire. The twenty-odd languages are drawn from each of Guthrie 1967's eight Bantu C. subgroups and are shown to vary along a number of dimensions.
  • Survey of Bantu Ideophones.Pdf

    Survey of Bantu Ideophones.Pdf

    AFRICAN LANGUAGE STUDIES XII J971 SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Sole Agents: Luzac & Company Ltd., 46 Great Russell Street, London, W.C.i. School of Oriental and African Studies University of London SBN : 901877 17 4 / SURVEY OF BANTU IDEOPHONES By William J. Samarin Introduction This survey of Bantu ideophones is meant to report on what in general is known about them and to stimulate further investigation. Its aim is a modest one. To achieve the first goal I have had to depend on what I have read. Therefore the picture that emerges here has its basis largely in the literature that was available to me. All the African grammars in the libraries of the Hartford Seminary Foundation (Hartford, Connecticut), the University of Leiden (The Netherlands), and the University of Toronto (Canada) were personally examined. Of these 250 grammars (give or take a few), there were about 150 that dealt in some way with ideophones. Among these were about 90 grammars of Bantu languages. These are listed in the Bibliography, including ten titles added just before this paper went to press ; I was therefore unable to utilize them at all. Among them is Hulstaert's very important work of 1966. To achieve the second goal I have had to review the literature somewhat critically. I use the term critical in the academic sense. I disparage no writer for his observations. Nevertheless, I have pointed out such things as errors of interpretation, generalizations based on insufficient data, or the absence of sub- stantiation by empirical research. In a few cases I suggest specific kinds of research that might be undertaken or topics that need further study.
  • American Community Survey Redesign of Language-Spoken-At-Home Data, 2016

    American Community Survey Redesign of Language-Spoken-At-Home Data, 2016

    American Community Survey Redesign of Language-Spoken-at-Home Data, 2016 Christine P. Gambino Social, Economic and Housing Statistics Division U.S. Census Bureau SEHSD Working Paper Number 2018-31 This paper is released to inform interested parties of ongoing research and to encourage discussion of work in progress. The views expressed on methodological or operational issues are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the U.S. Census Bureau. Any error or omissions are the sole responsibility of the author. All data are subject to error arising from a variety of sources, including sampling error, non-sampling error, modeling error, and other sources of error. The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and has approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied to this release. CBDRB-FY19- ROSS-B0027 Introduction The American Community Survey (ACS) is the most widely used source of language data in the United States, largely because it is the only survey to provide language and English-speaking ability data for local communities. Language data users are a diverse group and include: • Government agencies complying with laws protecting non-English language speakers or planning for future language resource needs. • Businesses who utilize language data to make marketing plans or hiring decisions. • Linguists, demographers, and other researchers. In an effort to better serve these data users’ needs, the U.S. Census Bureau made some language data coding and presentation improvements in 2016. The goals of this overhaul included the following: 1) Produce more precise and granular language data without placing additional burden on ACS respondents or data collection operations.
  • Future and Distal -Ka-'S: Proto-Bantu Or Nascent Form(S)?*

    Future and Distal -Ka-'S: Proto-Bantu Or Nascent Form(S)?*

    ~ - Future and Distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or Nascent Form(s)?* ROBERT BarNE Indiana University 1. Introduction In Bantu verbal morphology, one of the most common morphological forms is -ka-. Although one finds numerous functions and meanings of this form across the Bantu domain, the focus of this paper will be on just two of these: its temporal use as a (post-hodiernal) future formative and its spatial use as a distal marker indicating location of an event/action away from the deictic center. The presentation and discussion of each type will comprise three parts: its geographical distribution, its grammatical distribution, and its potential sources of origin. The complexity of the issue of whether either or both of these morphemes can be reconstructed for Proto-Bantu or should * Portions of this article were first presented at the Round Table on Bantu Historical Linguistics, Lyon, France (June I, 1996). It has benefitted from discussions with and comments from many participants at the conference. In .I particular, I would like to thank Pascale Hadermann and Tom Gueldeman for their I' extensive comments, as well as Larry Hyman and Jean-Marie Hombert for raising issues about the analysis and presentation. I also wish to thank Beatrice Wamey, Bertrade Mbom, Ellen Kalua, Deo Ngonyani, and Loveness Schafer for providing Iii 1,1 data on Oku, Basaa, Ngonde, Ndendeule, and Ndali, respectively. The views I'",I presented here, for which I am entirely responsible, do not necessarily represent I those of the editors or of the participants at the round table. 474 Robert Botne Future and Distal-ka- 's 475 be considcrcd nascent in Bantu precludes definitive answers here.
  • Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a Diachronic and Synchronic Study

    Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a Diachronic and Synchronic Study

    Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a diachronic and synchronic study Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane B.A. (University of Botswana) 1985 M.A. (Leeds University, England) 1988 M.A. (University of California at Berkeley) 1994 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Larry M. Hyman, co-Chair Professor John J. Ohala, co-Chair Professor Sharon Inkelas Professor Alan Timberlake 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The dissertation of Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane is approved: 1 Y l* u/ .fe3 . / ? ? £ Date "7 L c£T % N. HU corOhair ' Date Date pm# m Date University of California, Berkeley 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a diachronic and synchronic study Copyright © 1996 b y Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To the memory of my mother, Baluki Mathangwane May your soul rest in peace. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Influence of Tswana .................................................................. 5 1.1.1 Vocabulary Borrowing ................................................... 5 1.1.1.1 Lexical Borrowings with Ejectives .................... 6 1.1.1.2 Borrowings with Velar Fricatives ..................... 7 1.1.1.3 Borrowings from other Cultures ....................... 7 1.1.2 Borrowing of the Diminutive Morpheme ...................8 1.1.3 Use of the Lateral /l/ from Proto-Bantu *d ..................10 1.2 Goals and Organization of the Dissertation ............................
  • Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Third Edition

    Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Third Edition

    HDCongoPODLITH.qxd 9/28/09 2:27 PM Page 1 KISANGANI & AFRICA HISTORY BOBB HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA, NO. 112 THIRD EDITION One of Africa’s largest, most populated, and generously endowed countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has both dominated the surrounding region and been greatly republic democratic affected by it. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has under- of the dictionary historical gone a long period of war, and the outlook for political renewal and economic recovery is bleak. Human security is likely to of the congo of the congo remain a distant dream for many years because of the prevalence of rape and sexual violence, which is considered the worst in the world. This third edition of Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reviews the nearly 48 years of independ- ence, more than a century of colonial rule, and earlier kingdoms and groups that shared the territory. It contains a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and more than 800 cross- referenced entries on civil wars, mutinies, notable people, historical dictionary of the places, events, and cultural practices. democratic republic Emizet François Kisangani is professor in the Department of Political Science at Kansas State University in Manhattan. of the congo F. Scott Bobb is a journalist who has been reporting on and writing about the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the mid-1970s. He is serving as a Voice of America correspondent in Southern Africa. THIRD EDITION For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. A wholly owned subsidiary of EMIZET FRANCOIS¸ KISANGANI The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Phonological and Perceptual Factor Symbiosis In

    Phonological and Perceptual Factor Symbiosis In

    ODISSEIA ISSN: 1983-2435 Phonological and perceptual factor symbiosis in loanword adaptation: A case study of Kirundi Simbiose de fatores fonológicos e perceptivos na adaptação de empréstimo linguístico: um estudo de caso da língua Kirundi Alice Rwamo* [email protected] University of Burundi Constantin Ntiranyibagira** [email protected] University of Burundi ______________________________ ABSTRACT: This paper examines the two-way interaction of perceptual and production factors in the light of resolving French and English loan structures in Kirundi. The investigation is framed within the view that loanword adaptation results from attempts to match the non-native perception of the L2 input within the confines of the L1 grammar. Neither a purely perceptual nor a purely grammatical account can explain the facts. Based on a collection of 239 French loans and 44 English corpora of loans, this study examines loanword adaptation at both the phonemic and the phonotactic levels. We prove how the constraint-ranking Optimality Theory (OT) can account for the phonological adaptations of loans, but with limitations. The adaptation cannot be fully understood unless perceptual similarity and auditory factors are integrated in the grammar. This study enriches our understanding of the role of perceptual similarity and perceptual salience in phonology and their relationship to constraint ranking. KEYWORDS: Perception. Production. Loanword. RESUMO: Este artigo examina a interação bidirecional de fatores de percepção e produção à luz da formação de estruturas de empréstimos linguísticos do francês e do inglês no Kirundi. A investigação está pautada na visão de que a adaptação do empréstimo linguístico resulta de tentativas de corresponder à percepção não nativa do input da L2 dentro dos limites da gramática da L1.
  • Locatives in Kinyarwanda By

    Locatives in Kinyarwanda By

    Locatives in Kinyarwanda by Jean Paul Ngoboka Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Linguistics Programme of the School of Arts, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Supervisor: Professor Jochen Zeller November 2016 Declaration of plagiarism I, Jean Paul Ngoboka, declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons‟ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced. b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Signed ……………………………. i This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Berthe. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost my greatest thanks are due to my supervisor: Professor Jochen Zeller. I don‟t have words good enough to extend my gratitude to him. Professor Zeller has been my syntax teacher and my supervisor. As my supervisor, he found enough time to discuss my work, which sometimes resulted in long meetings in his office.
  • A Bibliography of Congo Languages

    A Bibliography of Congo Languages

    7108 B2S79 University of California fc>outb( rn Regional Library Facility THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES GIFT OF UC Library (908 tSTlie Stnibetsits of €i:()itago DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BULLETIN V A Bibliography of Congo Languages By FREDERICK STARR CHICAGO Hbe Tnniversiti? ot Cbicago presd 1908 //6 2- '^ARY ^' A^ o »^- ^J m\m^ ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST 5ri)e 5anibetgit|) of Ori)icago DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BULLETIN V A Bibliography of Congo Languages By FREDERICK STARR CHICAGO Zbe "Qlniverstt? ot dblca^io press 1908 Copyright 1908 By The University of Chicago Published November 1908 Composed and Printed By The University cf Chicanu Press Chicago, lUinots. U- S. A. z 7I0S 3^S ^ THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE CONGO FREE STATE IS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF WALTER H. STAPLETON MISSIONARY AND LINGUISTIC STUDENT AND TO THE LI\T:NG MEMBERS OF THAT BAND OF DEVOTED MEN AND WOMEN TO WHOM AS CATHOLIC "AND PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES MOST OF THE WORK UPON CONGO LANGUAGES IS DUE. 579856 " INTRODUCTION \\Tien the author commenced his collection of texts in Congo lan- guages and of books and articles dealing with the tongues of the Congo Free State, he had no idea of the amount of such material. Few of the works listed in this bibliography have been actually recorded. The only significant list heretofore printed is the section "Linguistique, in Wauters' general Bibliography of the Congo. That list is the founda- tion upon which the present catalogue has been built. The only other sources from which any serious amount of material has been secured are the various bibliographic lists of the British Museum and the catalogues of the British and Foreign Bible Society and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.