Office of the Vice President for Research Spring 2007 Search discovery RESEARCH AT MICHIGAN contents

3 Research Perspectives STEPHEN R. FORREST VICE PRESIDENT FOR RESEARCH

4 Confronting Climate Change WRITERS LINDA FITZGERALD 8 Shape Shifters: Compliant systems LEE KATTERMAN morph without joints or hinges ADRIENNE LOSH ROBIN STEPHENSON 12 Picture of Success: SUZANNE TAINTER Minority youths do better in school SARAH WALKLING when they see links between academics, racial identity, and their futures. COPYRIGHT 2007, REGENTS OF On the Cover THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Global warming and the environmental JULIE DONOVAN DARLOW, ANN ARBOR 15 Lab Culture: An inside look at the changes that will ensue (and are already LAURENCE B. DEITCH, BINGHAM FARMS laboratory of Dr. Arul Chinnaiyan taking place) will put stresses on bio- OLIVIA P. MAYNARD, GOODRICH logical, social, political, and economic REBECCA MCGOWAN, ANN ARBOR 17 Slipping Inside: systems around the world. ANDREA FISCHER NEWMAN, ANN ARBOR Understanding cancer metastasis ANDREW C. RICHNER, GROSSE POINTE PARK S. MARTIN TAYLOR, GROSSE POINTE FARMS 18 The Energy Challenge: KATHERINE E. WHITE, ANN ARBOR Report from U-M symposium MARY SUE COLEMAN (EX OFFICIO)

19 Plans Get Rolling for Ann Arbor NONDISCRIMINATION POLICY STATEMENT after Pfizer THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, AS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY/AFFIRMATIVE ACTION EMPLOYER, 20 Distinguished Innovator COMPLIES WITH ALL APPLICABLE FEDERAL AND Awardee on Entrepreneurship STATE LAWS REGARDING NONDISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, INCLUDING TITLE IX OF THE EDUCATION AMENDMENTS OF 1972 AND 21 The View from Washington DC SECTION 504 OF THE REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IS COMMITTED TO 22 Research Notes A POLICY OF NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUAL Cited More, Safe Forever: OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL PERSONS REGARDLESS OF Deep Blue Makes it Possible RACE, SEX*, COLOR, RELIGION, CREED, NATIONAL ORIGIN OR ANCESTRY, AGE, MARITAL STATUS, Russian Academy of Sciences SEXUAL ORIENTATION, DISABILITY, OR VIETNAM- Honors U-M Geologist ERA VETERAN STATUS IN EMPLOYMENT, EDUCA- Single Molecule Symposium TIONAL PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES, AND ADMISSIONS. INQUIRIES OR COMPLAINTS MAY Research Administrators BE ADDRESSED TO THE SENIOR DIRECTOR FOR Receive Awards INSTITUTIONAL EQUITY AND TITLE IX/SECTION Ancient Funerary Marker Installed 504 COORDINATOR, OFFICE FOR INSTITUTIONAL EQUITY, 2072 ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES BUILDING, Five Chosen for ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48109-1432, 734-763-0235, Guggenheim Fellowships TTY 734-647-1388. FOR OTHER UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN INFORMATION CALL 734-764-1817. 24 Research Contacts *INCLUDES DISCRIMINATION BASED ON GENDER IDENTITY AND GENDER EXPRESSION.

MM&D 070212 research perspectives

t is clear that universities contribute The lead article, “Confronting Climate community. Her experiments are prom- in numerous ways to modern society. Change,” deals with global warming and ising, and she hopes to see this effort For example, at this time every how the U-M is involved in many inter- through to wide adoption in schools. iyear, the University of Michigan gradu- national efforts to understand what is ates about 10,000 students who will happening to our planet. Rosina Bierbaum, If there ever was an opportune time for become the future leaders of Michigan, dean of the School of Natural Resources the University of Michigan to emphasize the United States, and the world. Our and Environment, is a leader in these engagement with the outside community, students and faculty also conduct funda- efforts, having been deeply involved in it surely is now. From local economic mental research in all areas of inquiry, the recent United Nations report on disruptions such as the closing of the from medicine and engineering, to social global responses to climate change. The Pfizer R&D laboratory in Ann Arbor, sciences, public policy, and the arts. This close connection of climate change to the nation’s energy crisis, to the research has changed the way we perceive research by our faculty to the shaping of changing foundations of the regional our world. In recent years, however, the public policy exemplifies social engage- economy from a manufacturing to a University community has undergone ment of the highest order. This research knowledge base, U-M is involved as never a large-scale shift in how it views itself is vital to the health and perhaps survival before as an active participant in affect- as an agent of change and how it must of our planet as we know it. ing change. And why shouldn’t we? As engage society to fulfill its mission of a public institution, it is our inherent educating the public, and ensuring that Another article describes how Professor mission to serve the public. the product of its intellectual resources

Sridhar Kota has developed a variety the vp for research letter from benefit humanity. This focus on an engaged of micro-electro mechanical machines Furthermore, if there was ever a time to university does not, nor should it, displace (called MEMs, which are micrometer- “pay back” the state of Michigan after our traditional roles in education research being supported by its citizens for nearly by more applied and “outward focused” scale electronically driven mechanical 200 years, it is surely now. This does not areas of inquiry. All of these roles are devices) as well as applying this technol- conflict with our traditional missions of extraordinarily important, and their co- ogy to the dynamic control of jet wing fundamental inquiry or in providing a existence at our university ensures that one and helicopter rotor surfaces. In the past, always will gain strength from the others. work such as Professor Kota’s would spectacular education to all of our stu- only be published in specialized scientific dents, but rather supports it. In this issue of Search & Discovery, journals and then left for others to find we highlight U-M linkages to the world applications. Today it is increasingly The Office of the Vice President for beyond its doors. In each article, an out- common for our faculty to be personally Research, along with the rest of the standing research program is described, involved in applying their academic out- University of Michigan, is committed to and we can see the roots of these pro- put directly to the realization of new supporting our engagement with indus- grams in the highest quality fundamental products and processes. Sometimes, try, the community, and the larger society research. What distinguishes this work, as in Professor Kota’s case, that means outside of our academic environment. and makes it a strong contributor to our forming a company that takes the uni- mission as a public and engaged institu- versity research into the marketplace. tion, is that in each case fundamental inquiry has taken that “extra step”— A third example is found in the work by affecting public policy, by changing of Professor Daphne Oyserman in the —Stephen R. Forrest our way of educating young people, and Psychology Department and School of by creating a technology that finds its Social Work. Professor Oyserman has way into a practical application. looked at the limited academic success 2007 of minority students in Detroit and has

developed a psychological model to help Spring understand why this occurs. She has taken this work further by developing 3 interventions to enhance student success, and has tested these interventions in the U-M dean and colleagues analyze environmental changes facing the global community and outline strategies for mitigating the likely risks

s the 21st century unfolds, there may Bierbaum made these statements in late February be no area of engagement where uni- in announcing the completion of a report enti- versities can have a greater impact than tled “Confronting Climate Change: Avoiding through involvement in the issues related to the the Unmanageable, Managing the Unavoidable.” warming trends on Earth. The consequences The report, which provides an overview of the of the rise in temperature are already contribut- science of climate change, was delivered to the ing to climate and ecological perturbations that United Nations Commission on Sustainable may set in motion irreversible—or worse, cata- Development and was sponsored by the United strophic—changes for humankind. Nations Foundation and Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society. Bierbaum and Peter Raven, “The world is experiencing climate director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, co- disruption now and the increases in chaired the Scientific Expert Group on Climate droughts, floods, and sea level rise Change and Sustainable Development, a panel that will occur in the coming decades of 18 eminent scientists from 11 countries will cause enormous human suffering responsible for the report. and economic losses,” said Rosina Bierbaum, dean of the University Bierbaum and her co-authors state their conclu- of Michigan School of Natural sion in stark terms: “Global climate change, driv- Resources and Environment (SNRE). en largely by the combustion of fossil fuels and by deforestation, is a growing threat to human “We imperil our children’s and well-being in developing and industrialized grandchildren’s future if we fail to nations alike. Significant harm from climate improve society’s capacity to adapt change is already occurring, and further damages to a changing climate,” she contin- DEAN ROSINA BIERBAUM are a certainty. The challenge now is to keep ues. “We can manage water better, bolster dis- climate change from becoming a catastrophe.” aster preparedness, increase surveillance for

2007 emerging diseases, make cities more resilient, This report proposes a two-pronged approach move vulnerable populations and prepare for of mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation, or environmental refugees, design more drought- Spring Spring “avoiding the unmanageable,” calls for limiting tolerant crops, use natural resources more sus- climate changes through measures such as sig- 4 tainably, and enhance local capacity to cope nificantly reducing carbon dioxide emissions. with a suite of expected changes.” Adaptation, or “managing the unavoidable,” involves taking steps such as changing agricul- tural practices to cope with climate changes that cannot be prevented. Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide con- change are likely to grow as the glob- centration is known to be the largest contribu- al-average surface temperature tor to rising temperatures. Fortunately, the increases, we conclude that the goal authors point out, many technologies exist to of society’s mitigation efforts should reduce CO2 emissions by “improving efficiency be to hold the increase [in average in the transportation sector through measures global temperature] to 2°C if possi- such as vehicle efficiency standards, fuel taxes, ble and in no event more than and registration fees or rebates that favor pur- 2.5°C” above preindustrial levels. chase of efficient and alternative fuel vehicles.” Even if mitigation efforts are widely Another mitigation approach that policy mak- adopted and tremendously success- ers can set in motion to address rising green- ful, the ongoing impacts of global house gas concentrations is through changes in and regional climate changes will need building codes aimed at more efficient commer- to be addressed to avert catastrophe. cial and residential buildings. Governments can The reports states, “Managing the provide incentives for property developers and unavoidable changes in climate will landlords, such as low-cost financing for ener- be a challenge. International, national, gy-efficiency investments, so that the properties and regional institutions are, in many they build and manage require less energy. senses, ill prepared to cope with cur- rent weather-related disasters, let Nations must encourage greater use of non- alone potential problems such as an corn biofuels in place of fossil fuels, and set increasing number of refugees fleeing policies to require all new coal-fueled power environmental damages spawned plants to be designed and built with the capaci- by climate change. Society will need ty to capture and sequester carbon dioxide in to improve management of natural ARCHITECT AND DESIGNER WILLIAM the coming decades. Increases in the domestic resources and preparedness/response strategies MCDONOUGH, AT THE U-M ENERGY and international budgets to rapidly develop, to cope with future climatic conditions that SYMPOSIUM IN FEBRUARY, TALKED demonstrate, and deploy new clean technolo- will be fundamentally different from those ABOUT INNOVATIONS FOR CITIES AND gies are urgently needed. The federal govern- experienced for the last 100 years.” BUILDINGS TO RESPOND TO CLIMATE ment spends less than $3 billion each year on CHANGE AND ENERGY NEEDS. energy research. The panel advises international cooperation to address the adaptation needs of the poorest and “The challenge of halting climate change is one most vulnerable nations, which will most likely to which civilization must rise,” the report face the greatest effects from climate change. As “Significant harm from authors urge. “Given what is currently known developing countries grow, it will be important and suspected about how the impacts of climate to build “climate resilient cities,” for instance. climate change is already Collaboration efforts must be developed at all occurring, and further levels, from international to national to regional, that can better cope with weather-related damages are a certainty. disasters and an increasing number of “climate The challenge now is to change refugees,” those who must abandon home because the climate is no longer able to keep climate change from support a safe or economically viable existence. becoming a catastrophe.” The panel identifies the United Nations and other multilateral institutions as crucial to such –REPORT BY SCIENTIFIC EXPERT GROUP efforts, particularly in helping developing ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE countries to finance and deploy new energy DEVELOPMENT technologies, and educating all nations about opportunities to adopt mitigation and adapta- tion measures. 2007 INDIA’S WORST DROUGHT IN 20 YEARS LEFT PEOPLE STRUGGLING TO FIND WATER. “Our report makes clear that the challenge Spring Spring before us is to reduce the risk of climate change resulting in intolerable global impacts,” says 5 Raven, panel co-chair, a Presidential Medal of Science recipient, and preeminent biodiversity expert. “Our recommendations are designed to climate change is now between “90 and 99 percent probability that the increase in temperatures is due to humans,” she noted, compared to the 1995 report, which declared that the “balance of evidence suggested a discernable human influence.”

The increased certainty is due in part, she continued, because climate models have improved to the point where it is possible 1992 2002 2005 to show that only through combination of natural and human-caused processes can the global temperatures of the last 150 years be explained. “That ability to

GREENLAND ICE MELTING: IN 1992 SCIENTISTS MEASURED THE AMOUNT OF MELTING IN GREENLAND reproduce the historic temperatures gives us confidence that our models are incorpo- AS INDICATED BY RED AREAS ON THE MAP. TEN YEARS LATER, IN 2002, THE MELTING WAS MUCH WORSE. rating the key parameters that are necessary AND IN 2005, IT ACCELERATED DRAMATICALLY YET AGAIN. SOURCE: ACIA, 2004 AND CIRES, 2005. to project into the future,” said Bierbaum.

help the international community get on and energy issues at the U-M sympo- Scientists are also becoming more confi- a path to stabilizing atmospheric concen- sium, “Energy Science, Technology, dent in what kinds of specific impacts trations of greenhouse gases and manag- and Policy: Facing the Challenge.” The will accompany global warming, said ing the impacts of climate change. meeting, held February 13–14, 2007, Bierbaum. “For ecologists, such as Unlike many reports from scientists, this brought together influential people from myself, a very scary thing is that the report gives very clear recommendations government, industry, and academia to entire ocean is becoming acidified.” The for what the international community present their views on science, technology, projected decline in pH and the chang- and nations themselves must do to miti- and policy topics in the energy field. ing balance of carbonate ions will make gate and adapt to climate change.” The Michigan Memorial Phoenix it difficult for marine creatures to make Energy Institute and the Office of the shells by the end of the century, “such Just prior to the release of this report, Vice President for Research organized that not just the corals, but also lobsters, Bierbaum spoke about climate change the symposium, and DTE Energy spon- shellfish, some plankton—will all poten- sored it. (An overview of the meeting tially have trouble forming shells.” This appear on page 18 of this issue. Webcasts in turn may cause severe disruptions in of the presentations are available at the ocean food chain. www.mmpei.umich.edu.) Studies of 17,000 species indicate that, “We increasingly know that climate on average, their normal range is “mov- change interacts with everything else ing the equivalent of six kilometers a that we care about,” said Bierbaum. “If decade,” said Bierbaum. “They are we do not address these things simulta- responding to the shifting climate map neously, we will very likely be inefficient and either moving latitudinally north- and probably ineffective, and we might ward or altitudinally higher.” even exacerbate or create new problems,” such as increasing ozone concentrations For Bierbaum, one of the great chal- PANELISTS AT FEBRUARY 2007 U-M ENERGY SYM- and smog formation to levels that exceed lenges facing the United States is com- POSIUM. FROM LEFT, KEITH TRENT, DUKE ENERGY; those the U.S. government now requires pleting research quickly enough so that ROSINA BIERBAUM, U-M; NATHAN LEWIS, CALTECH; to prevent human health problems. the nation can effectively mount both GARY WAS, U-M. mitigation efforts and adapt to inevitable Bierbaum pointed out that because the climate change and its spin-off effects. science behind climate change analysis She notes that federal global change has become so much better, predictions research budgets, as reported by the Search & Discovery Search coming from groups such as the Inter- White House Office of Science and 6 governmental Panel on Climate Change Technology Policy, show that the five- (IPCC) now have a greater level of cer- year average spending levels measured in tainty. In the 2007 IPCC report, released inflation-adjusted dollars dropped from only days before Bierbaum’s symposium $8.3 billion in 1997-2001 to $8.1 bil- talk, the overarching conclusion about lion for the period 2002–2007. “I would Climate Change research at Snre

t the School of Natural systems, manufacturing processes, infra- SNRE—in conjunction with the College Resources and Environment, structure development, and alternative of Engineering, the School of Public climate change research is a energy options, as well as modeling of Health, and the Ross School of Business— coreA area of emphasis. Ongoing work greenhouse gas emissions and policy. will host the first National Summit on focuses on understanding the effects of CSS co-directors are professors Jonathan Coping with Climate Change, May global climate changes on human and Bulkley and Gregory Keoleian. 8–10, 2007. In spite of uncertainties natural systems, including impacts on about the specific magnitude, timing, disadvantaged communities, ecosystem The Erb Institute for Global Sustainable and spatial distributions of change, past health, water availability, land use patterns, Enterprise, a partnership between the and present trends in greenhouse gas microbial diversity, and biogeochemical School of Natural Resources and Environ- concentrations in the atmosphere have cycles; and the transfer and use of informa- ment and the Stephen M. Ross School of committed the Earth to a trajectory tion in decision-making under uncertainty. Business, focuses on understanding the of climatic change to which humanity fundamental needs of a growing human will need to adapt. The summit will Equally important is the study of how to population in an equitable manner within focus on four specific sectors, among reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Two of the means of nature. Erb Institute projects many, that need to be addressed—public the School’s Centers of Excellence deserve address questions such as how long-term health, the energy industry, water quali- mention for their roles in climate change trends in environment and development ty, and fisheries. Leaders from industry, research. In the Center for Sustainable are reshaping nature-society interactions, academia, government, and the nonprofit Systems (CSS), interdisciplinary and collab- and what kinds of incentive structures— world will work to identify options avail- orative research is conducted to support including markets, rules, norms, and sci- able for various actors in U.S. society as the design, assessment, and management entific information—can most effectively they develop plans to anticipate and adapt of systems that meet societal needs in a improve society’s capacity to move toward to near- and long-term change. s&d more sustainable manner. Studies focus more sustainable systems. The Erb Institute on life-cycle analyses of transportation director is Professor Thomas Lyon.

say these expenditures are really incom- THIS CHART SHOWS mensurate with the task and with the THE NUMBER OF MAJOR challenge,” she concluded. WILD FIRES BY CONTI- NENT AND DECADE “But am I optimistic? I am actually,” says SINCE 1950. Bierbaum. “I think there’s a dramatically changing landscape. We have an increas- ing amount of pressure coming from cities Nevertheless, as that are signing onto the Kyoto Protocol, Bierbaum and from states that are doing things, from Raven wrote in an mainstream corporate America, from the April 6, 2007 edi- investment community, from the inter- torial in Science, “Global climate has Further Reading national community, the drumbeat of already changed noticeably. Heat waves; Scientific Expert Group on Climate Change (SEG), science, and I’m really proud to say that ice melt; shifting ranges of plants and 2007: Confronting Climate Change: Avoiding the Michigan is now reporting on green- animals; sea-level rise; and droughts, Unmanageable and Managing the Unavoidable [Rosina M. Bierbaum, John P. Holdren, Michael C. house gas emissions in the state, in floods, and wildfires are increasing, as MacCracken, Richard H. Moss, and Peter H. Raven part because students at this University expected. Unless the world acts now, we (eds.)]. United Nations Commission on Sustainable helped develop the first inventory. And will fail miserably to meet the UN Development, 144 pp. www.unfoundation.org/SEG. the ‘Evangelical Call to Action’ last Millennium Development Goals, fail to

Rosina M. Bierbaum and Peter H. Raven, 2007. 2007 year—a very interesting statement—that improve the fate of the poor, and fail to “A Two-Pronged Climate Strategy,” Science 316:17. the need to act now is urgent. This now achieve global sustainability. The human means just about every major religion in race, now numbering 6.5 billion people, Spring the world has put out a statement that has never faced a greater challenge, and 7 climate change is a moral challenge.” there is no time for further delay.” s&d Compliant Systems Morph without Joints or Hinges

sk Professor Sridhar Kota to talk effective manufacturing processes can usually about “compliant systems,” and he be developed for a no-assembly device. just might pull out a plastic ring aboutA three inches in diameter with some Another simple one-piece mechanism, this one interlocking, looping beams inside. He presses designed by Kota, is a windshield wiper assem- two pairs of small pins in the outer ring, the bly. The wiper is made by injection molding beams deform without breaking, and the center in one step, unlike its present-day counterpart, opens to form a new ring. “This device is an which is built from many parts. Preliminary iris, made from a single piece of plastic, but studies of the no-assembly wiper indicates it it could be made of anything elastic, such as would cost about one dollar less per assembly a metal like titanium. It has no hinges and to manufacture with Kota’s methodology com- requires no assembly,” says Kota. pared to the wipers currently manufactured in China. There are 100 million wipers sold in “In traditional design, everything has to be strong the United States every year. Although assem- and stiff,” he continues. “Almost all engineered bly-intensive products like a windshield wiper systems are assembled from a plethora of rigid are increasingly outsourced to countries with discrete components, optimized for peak per- low labor rates, this new one-piece paradigm formance at a specific operating condition. But can lead to product designs that can be manu- performance drops off as conditions move away factured profitably in the U.S. from that specific condition, and so we end up with a compromise between performance and USING PROF. design complexity. SRIDHAR KOTA’S TECHNIQUES, THIS “In nature, we observe designs that are pliant ONE-PIECE WIND- and they adapt to maximize performance under SHIELD WIPER all operating conditions and environmental fluctuations. A compliant mechanism aims to CAN BE BOTH SIMPLER AND Search & Discovery Search do just that—deform elastically without joints to produce a desired motion or force. “If you CHEAPER TO 8 take advantage of elastic properties, you can MANUFACTURE get much more precise, efficient motion. Such THAN THE WIPERS a system all but eliminates problems due to NOW IN USE. wear, friction, or lubrication.” In addition, cost- In the early 1990s, Kota became interested in These different needs have been addressed in building micro-electro mechanical systems modern aircraft with stiff flaps attached to a (MEMS). These devices include extremely wing with a hinge controlled by motors inside small mechanisms, sensors, and controllers that the wing. Clearly, wing flaps have been a success, are integrated with electronics. Since MEMS but they do not represent the ideal solution are built on silicon chips, the single-piece, no- and are another example of a compromise assembly feature of compliant systems is ideal. solution. Hinged wing flaps provide varying lift as needed, but they also create drag that The compliant design approach has enabled is undesirable in certain flight conditions. the development of high-performance MEMS actuators for two-dimensional and three- dimensional applications, notes Kota. “The Like the Wright Brothers resulting designs are easy to fabricate, last “It’s been known from the very beginnings of PROFESSOR SRIDHAR KOTA 10 billions cycles without failure, and offer aviation that significant maneuverability and high-power density systems.” The University stability can be achieved by small controlled has also licensed this patented technology to deformations of flight surfaces, especially of a number of users. a wing’s leading and trailing edges,” explains Kota. “The Wright brothers’ original prototype In order to design compliant mechanisms, Kota flyer had a saddle that allowed Orville, the pilot, and his students have developed algorithms for to adjust trim and the ends of the wood and determining optimal shapes and distribution of fabric wings by changing his body position.”

material. In addition, he has expanded their The Wright brothers had intentionally designed THIS IRIS IS CAST AS A SIN- realm of application. “Compliant systems prompt their plane to be flexible, a design that succeeded GLE PIECE THAT OPENS AND you to come up with a whole new way of think- thanks in part to very low aerodynamic pressures CLOSES BY APPLYING FORCE ing of solutions to problems,” he says. “I’m always placed on their slow-flying aircraft. TO THE SMALL EXTENSIONS asking myself: ‘what kinds of objects need to ON THE OUTER RING. undergo a change in shape during their use?’” The Air Force has looked into the development of an aircraft wing that changes shape by defor- An area of great promise is related to flight. As mation without flaps and hinges, says Kota. any passenger sitting in a window seat behind During the 1980s, tests of just such a wing design, the wings on a plane can attest, the wing shape known as the “mission adaptive wing” (MAW), changes several times during a flight—at take- were conducted at Wright Patterson Air Force off and landing and while turning, among other Base in Ohio. The wing from an F-111 was maneuvers. “I realized that aircraft wings have modified with fiberglass flex-panels able to many different shapes that are optimum for withstand much greater stresses than the different uses or situations,” Kota says. Further- Wright brothers’ plane experienced and could more, the most efficient shape for take-off do more reshaping the leading and trailing 2007 differs from that for landing, or flying fast wing edges than conventional flaps. and straight as opposed to making sharp turns. Spring Spring 9 THE WHITE KNIGHT AIRCRAFT WAS This adaptive wing did demonstrate aero- “The Air Force suggested that I apply for USED FOR FLIGHT TESTS OF THE dynamic benefits over a conventional wing, an SBIR, which I didn’t know anything about FLEXSYS ADAPTIVE WING (MOUNTED but in the end, the version tested was simply at the time,” says Kota. SBIR stands for small ON UNDERSIDE OF AIRCRAFT AND impractical. Structurally, it was too heavy and business innovation research, a federal program IN DRAWING BELOW). complicated, says Kota. “Even in design situa- coordinated by the Small Business Admini- tions when the goal is compliance for variable stration. SBIR grants and contracts are awarded geometry, the traditional engineering approach by many government agencies to help small is to use a plethora of rigid parts connected by U.S. businesses fund innovative research that joints,” he says, “I take the approach of exploit- will support the development of new products ing elasticity in my designs.” or processes.

Kota’s approach differed a good deal from the Kota had started a company in 2001, FlexSys, mission adaptive wing. Kota’s wing uses joint- Inc., to provide a platform for turning his less mechanisms to modify the leading and research on compliant systems into products. trailing edge of a wing as needed to improve FlexSys applied for and received SBIR funds its aerodynamics. One of the key strengths to from the Air Force, using them to launch the the mission adaptive compliant wing (MACW), MACW program. After several years of work, as he calls it, is the way it flexes at a variety of tests completed in June 2006 in wind tunnels locations depending the shape needs of the at Wright Patterson Air Force Base showed that moment rather than relying only on a variety the FlexSys compliant wing can both flex to of rigid members as found in the Air Forces’ provide aerodynamically advantageous contours, MAW design. while also being able to withstand three times the load that an aircraft wing experiences in While he was confident in how compliant sys- actual flight. The key design feature of the tems might benefit wing design, he is not an MACW is that the shape morphing wing flap aerospace engineer, and he admits it took a weighs about the same as a conventional flap and little while for him to approach the Air Force needs about the same power to operate, but the Search & Discovery Search with his ideas. When he did finally contact the MACW offers significant performance benefits. 10 Air Force Research Laboratory, he was a little surprised at the response. “From the beginning, they were more excited than I was,” he recalls. loads experienced by helicopters, yet still was able to flex and provide the conditions for smooth air flow.

“Our study indicates that a morphing rotor would be faster, quieter, and allow the helicopter to increase its payload by 10 percent, and perhaps as much as 25 Flight Tests Promising Helicopters Up Next percent,” says Kota. Last fall a prototype wing section was Even while he has worked on morphing affixed to the underside of a White wings, Kota has been exploring other Another application that excites Kota Night Aircraft for four days of extensive applications of his approach. One that is the redesign of wind turbines, which flight tests in Mojave, California. In has Kota particularly enthused is the presents an opportunity similar to the these tests, the wing hung below the jet’s adaptation of helicopter rotors with flex- helicopter rotor. “If we can morph the body where it could be observed and ible blade edges. trailing edge of a turbine blade, you monitored during various maneuvers. can get 30 percent more energy capture. “As the rotor moves during forward This could lower the cost of energy pro- “Dr. Kota has achieved a long-sought flight, the airfoil orientation changes duction from wind by 20 percent while milestone in aeronautics research— an from one favoring lift to one that tends reducing fatigue loads by 80 percent.” efficient approach to seamless, variable to stall,” explains Kota. It’s this changing Kota is currently working on a collabora- geometry wings for superior aerodynamic orientation that causes the characteristic tion with Sandia National Laboratories, performance,” notes Donald Paul, chief woofing sound that helicopters make. a Department of Energy lab in Albuquer- scientist of the Air Vehicles Directorate, “A helicopter’s blade undergoes these que, New Mexico. The compliant system Air Force Research Laboratory. different conditions six or seven times improves the flow of air over the turbine a second. If I can morph the leading and blade, which ordinarily has some break- The tests completed so far indicate that trailing edges of the blade at this same up as it reaches the trailing edge, causing something like the FlexSys wing could rate, I might be able to reorient that turbulence and drag. improve flight efficiency and reduce fuel rotor shape to make it more efficient.” costs by 5 to 12 percent. Even retrofitting The potential for compliant systems is this technology into existing wings might As a rotor blade on present day helicop- only limited by imagination, says Kota. reduce fuel costs by about 3 percent. ters slice forward through the air in the The variable geometry devices that he same direction as the direction of flight, works on offer multi-point optimal design, Now consider that about the half of the air moves over and under the blade fairly expanding the conditions under which cost of running an airline goes to fuel. efficiently and provides lift and forward a wing or helicopter or turbine or pump Statistics on fuel spending by the airline motion. As that blade rotates in the can operate efficiently with excellent per- industry published by the Air Transporta- opposite direction of flight, turbulence formance and offering economically advan- tion Association indicate that during the develops over the rotor blade, creating tageous options compared to traditional first eight months of 2006, the U.S. air stall conditions. The rotor also undergoes configurations. “There are many exciting carriers spent $25.5 billion to buy 12.8 detrimental vibrations and wear during applications for compliant or variable billion gallons of fuel. A 3 percent savings this part of the rotation. geometry designs,” says Kota. s&d translates into more than $1.1 billion in reduced fuel costs (at 2006 prices, no less). Kota’s work has shown that by modifying When the adaptive wing technology is the leading edge of the rotor as it rotates Further Reading used in completely redesigned aircraft, into the partial stall conditions, the air Kota, S. Lu, K-J., Kreiner, Z., Trease, B., Arenas, the fuel savings should be several billion flowing over the rotor blade remains J., and Geiger, J., 2005. “Design and Application dollars per year. “attached,” avoiding the loss of efficiency of Compliant Mechanisms for Surgical Tools,” and speed caused by turbulence. As the Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 127:981-989. Engineers from private industry as well blade rotates around again, the leading Lu, K.J. and Kota, S., 2003. “Design of Compliant as the Air Force and NASA observed edge must be returned to its original Mechanisms for Morphing Structural Shapes,” the Mojave flight test. Now, discussions Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and shape to maintain proper air flow. Structures, 14:379-391. 2007 are underway about how to adapt this technology for commercial and military In a project funded by the Department applications. of the Army, FlexSys designed and con- Spring structed a three-foot blade section with 11 a controller to morph the leading edge once per revolution. Furthermore, the section was constructed with materials that can withstand the pressures and ike their counterparts in the suburbs, Oyserman wondered if perhaps these were the teens from the poorest neighborhoods stumbling blocks that helped create the gap Lin urban Detroit value school and want between aspiration and attainment. Perhaps to succeed in school. Yet fewer than half of urban students did not see these strategies as linked teenagers graduate from high school on time. to their possible future selves. Perhaps they do not routinely encounter the cues to follow U-M social scientist Daphna Oyserman was these strategies even if they knew about them. puzzled by this gap between actual academic attainment and high academic aspirations, Still, most teachers remind students to take and believed that low-income and minority home their homework and most students know teens could be helped to reduce this gap. that failing in school does not improve future chances. This suggested to Oyserman a third Minority youths get “Students clearly state that they want to suc- possibility—that students might know of but better grades in ceed and their teachers are invested in teach- not engage in these useful strategies because ing, yet there remains a gap between students’ school when they see they were unsure how others would react. attainments and their hopes for the future,” Using these insights and her work on identity— links between school says Oyserman, professor of social work and plus a body of psychology research on how achievement, racial psychology and research professor at the self-concept influences decisions and behavior— Institute for Social Research. “One possibility Oyserman proposed a model for why some identity, and future was that part of the gap was due to a discrep- students will work hard to stay in school while accomplishment in life, ancy between students’ wishes for success and others fail to even show up for class. their current effort in school.” U-M studies show. According to Oyserman’s theory of identity- Students did not seem to lack positive visions based motivation, youths will be more likely of themselves or hopes for adulthood. What to engage in persistent efforts in school if they seemed to be missing was the link between can envision a goal of doing well and if con- these positive future visions and everyday crete strategies to do well come to mind and choices young teens make related to school. are not seen as incongruent with important Success is built on endless repetition of rela- social identities. tively mundane tasks such as completing homework, getting enough sleep, setting and With funding from the W.T. Grant Founda- responding to the morning alarm clock, pay- tion and the National Institute of Mental ing attention, and asking questions in class. Health, she collaborated with a number of Students who see future success as linked to Detroit public schools to test her ideas and

Search & Discovery Search these here-and-now activities, or are cued or develop an intervention program for Detroit reminded to engage in these activities, and eighth graders. The program, called School- 12 who don’t feel that these activities would be to-Jobs, aims to bolster the specific psycholog- frowned on by important others, are likely to ical processes Oyserman thought could help move toward their goals. students stay on track to school success, and help them to see success in school as part of their racial and social identities. Putting Hopes with important social identities, such as and Dreams into Action being a boy or a girl and being African One task teenagers have is to think about the American or Latino,” says Oyserman. future, to imagine who they will be at a future time. These “possible selves” can be positive Context is Important or negative images, explains Oyserman: “The “Caring about school and using ‘clever’ self who passed the algebra test, the effective strategies for doing well ‘fat’ self who failed to lose weight, the ‘fast’ in school have to feel like in-group self who fell in with the ‘wrong’ crowd.” Failure things to do,” Oyserman says. “Boys to obtain a hoped-for positive possible self may have to believe other boys want to increase the risk for depression, she adds. do well in school and are willing to study in order to succeed; girls have Most low-income youth have at least one pos- to believe the same about other girls.” sible self focused on school. However, few of these teens have in mind strategies for achiev- Possible selves do not develop in isola- ing that possible self, such as “set my alarm tion. Youth need to be able to find connec- clock” or “go to class even if my friends skip.” tions between their possible selves and their And it’s not enough to stay after class for help racial and social identities. Social identities are once or do homework occasionally. It must be aspects of self-concept based not in individual everyday behavior. The teens must avoid get- traits and goals, but on group-based traits and ting off-track with pregnancy, drug use, or goals. Working class and racial identities are involvement in crime. important social identities.

This personal picture of the future must be plau- In various studies analyzing racial and cultural sible, too, to motivate the teen to bring to mind identity, Oyserman and colleagues have inter- and use effective strategies to obtain the positive viewed students and demonstrated the impact self and avoid the negative possible self. of racial identities on school success. Successful strategies for middle-class students When a student’s racial identity included a “Caring about school and may be linked automatically to the academic combined focus on both “in-group” and the possible self because, explains Oyserman, larger society, this usually led to improved aca- using effective strategies for “Parents, teachers, and parents of friends all demic performance and higher emotional and doing well in school have converge to emphasize homework, persistence behavioral engagement with school over time. in the face of difficulty, tutoring, or staying Oyserman has found that African American to feel like in-group things after school if needed.” students who felt good about doing well in to do. Boys have to believe school because it reflected positively on the Black In urban low-income communities, youth community excelled, even if they viewed socie- other boys want to do well may have difficulty connecting their possible ty as somewhat racist and against them. When selves to everyday behavior because they rarely in school and are willing to focus is only on the in-group and not also encounter adults who trigger strategies for linked to the broader society, individuals are study in order to succeed; success. Furthermore, reports Oyserman, low- less likely to reject anti-effort norms, are more income youth may interpret their difficulty girls have to believe the at risk of feeling disengaged from school, and in self-regulating behavior as a signal to give more at risk of declining grades, Oyserman says. same about other girls.” up on the academically oriented possible self. Doubt creeps in about whether an academic In a recent study on Detroit middle school stu- future is genuine or whether people of the same dents, feeling connected to one’s racial-ethnic race, economic level, or gender are actually in-group and believing that doing well in meant to be successful at school. school is an in-group characteristic promoted better school outcomes, Oyserman says. In “Low-income and minority youth are likely to 2007 addition, youths who reported high levels of experience at least three sources of difficulty— racial-ethnic identity connectedness and aware- difficulty bringing to mind school-focused possi- ness of racism in the beginning of eighth grade Spring ble selves and linking them to strategies; difficulty attained better grades through ninth grade. The maintaining the behaviors necessary to attain 13 positive effect of these components of racial these possible selves; and difficulty integrating identity on school grades are consistent for important school-focused possible selves African American and Latino youth and for boys and girls. “This is impor- Following the intervention program, stu- research focused on translating the suc- tant because it dents were tracked for a two-year period, cess of the program to younger students suggests that as they moved from three middle schools involves collaboration with current U-M interventions, to more than 80 different high schools. doctoral students Leah James and which can bol- The research team used school records, Mesmin Destin. ster a youth’s reports by the students, and teacher sense of con- reports to measure changes in academic “The most important finding from the nection to their behavior and outcomes. research is that even in areas typically racial/ethnic in- defined as high risk due to poverty and group and the belief The effects of intervention emerged by other social indicators, youth want to that doing well in school the end of eighth grade and became succeed and can do so more readily if is an in-group thing to do, more marked over time. Youths who par- they remain focused on school, undeterred can be equally helpful to African American ticipated in the intervention had a better by failure or by concerns that maybe and Latino youths,” Oyserman said. “Girls attendance record, grade point average, school is not for them,” Oyserman says. are doing better in school than boys and standardized test scores. High school “What we need are programs to help overall, but racial-ethnic identity can be teachers rated them as taking more ini- children in high-risk contexts hold onto beneficial for both boys and girls.” tiative in the classroom and participating this kind of belief. Research to date sug- more, and as less likely to be disruptive gests that this can happen as part of The most recent work in this area is pub- or simply not participate. In addition, school-based programs. Future research lished in the journal Child Development the students showed less risk of depres- is needed to better integrate these efforts by Oyserman, Deborah Bybee (Michigan sion at the two-year follow-up. with the current school reform goals State University), and current and former described in the No Child Left Behind students, Inna Altschul, Daniel Brickman, The School-to-Jobs program was inten- legislation. The identity-based motiva- Marjorie Rhodes, Aaron Celious, tionally brief and inexpensive. To be tion model can be effective in thinking Elizabeth Inez Johnson, and Kathy Terry. practical, an intervention program has to about younger children entering the be low-cost and manageable for school school years.” s&d staff—whether teachers, social workers, Possible Selves or others —to carry out with reliability, and Current Behavior Oyserman points out. Interventions that Further Reading The School-to-Jobs intervention was first are lengthy and resource intensive are Daphna Oyserman, Deborah Bybee and Kathy tested in Detroit as an after-school pro- likely to be difficult for schools to main- Terry, 2006. “Possible Selves and Academic gram in a middle school. When shown tain and sensitive to turnover in staff and Outcomes: How and When Possible Selves Impel to be successful, it was implemented in Action,” Journal of Personality and Social students. Psychology, 91:188-204. three Detroit middle schools. Twice a week for six weeks, in groups of about In evaluating the intervention, Daphna Oyserman, Daniel Brickman, Deborah 12 students, the eighth graders were led Oyserman and her colleagues found sup- Bybee and Aaron Celious, 2006. “Fitting In Matters: through various activities to help them port for their conceptual model of the Markers in In-Group Belonging and Academic Outcomes,” Psychological Science, 17:854-861. make connections between specific strate- program’s influence on improved aca- gies, hard work in school, and racial demic outcomes and mental well being. identity. “The goal is for students to real- In concert with social identity and the ize that difficulty in school assignments feeling of thinking about one’s self, does not mean they can’t complete the called meta-cognitive experience, the work,” Oyserman says. intervention worked directly on the stu- dent’s “possible selves.” Students were randomly assigned to the intervention or to a control group that While Oyserman has been able to did not participate in the sessions. replicate the success of the inter- Parents joined their student for two final vention program and validate sessions focused on communication and her conceptual model, she interacting with adults in the community. would now like other research groups to see how well it can be generalized Search & Discovery Search to other schools and places. 14 The most recent report on this research is published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology by Oyserman, Bybee and Terry. Current An inside look at the people—and the mission— lab culture that power the laboratory of Dr. Arul Chinnaiyan

sk biochemist and Assistant he says. “He also knows how to align peo- ABOVE Professor Sooryanarayana ple with projects. Here you can go as far SOORYANARAYANA Varambally when his workday as your ability will take you. A graduate VARAMBALLY, RESEARCH typicallyA begins, and he’ll break out in a student can become group leader. That’s ASSISTANT PROFESSOR. dazzling but slightly sheepish smile. “Often what drives the lab, and that’s what pushes RIGHT PROF. ARUL three, sometimes four o’clock in the morn- us to work so hard.” CHINNAIYAN. ing,” he admits. Along with approximately 40 other researchers employed in the lab Rhodes himself is a case in point. In 2003, of Dr. Arul Chinnaiyan, Varambally uses he was instrumental in helping Chinnaiyan the lab was the DNA microarrays to study gene expression launch the Oncomine™ cancer profiling opportunity to pub- and identify biomarkers in prostate cancer database. By collecting highly disparate lish and—just per- as well as cancers of the breast, colon, gene expression data sets generated by labs haps—pattern his and lung. He sought out a position in around the world, then standardizing the own career after Chinnaiyan’s meteoric Chinnaiyan’s lab in 2000 after completing data and placing it on a single, integrated rise from M.D./Ph.D. student to U-M two years of post-doctoral study in Paris. platform, Rhodes and Chinnaiyan found faculty member. “Arul had the most that they could provide “regular biologists” successful career of any Ph.D. student What accounts for such remarkable with usable, readily accessible, high- I’ve ever known,” he says. “It makes sense dedication on his part? “Many things,” throughput data. that he’s going to continue his success as Varambally explains, the smile still firmly an independent investigator, and I wanted in place. “The cutting-edge work we do. ™ The Oncomine database is freely to be a part of that.” Tomlins continues The talent of my colleagues. The resources available to all academic researchers at to be impressed with the lab’s overall available to us. The freedom to follow www.oncomine.org and currently serves strategy, which he describes as “taking through on a project. The opportunity more than 10,000 registered users. In a global perspective, figuring out what’s to publish. And the fact that Arul tends March 2006, a commercial version of important, finding a target, and then to look at the big picture, always focus- the database was launched through a drilling down by focusing on one key ing on how our work can have a positive start-up—Compendia Bioscience Inc.— component.” impact on patient care.” to meet the needs of pharmaceutical companies and other for-profit ventures. Earlier this year, Tomlins achieved a major Varambally isn’t alone in his enthusiasm In addition to his work as a research milestone when he and Chinnaiyan co- for the lab. In fact, that same sense of investigator, Rhodes serves as chief scien- authored a ground-breaking paper that commitment and excitement is shared tific officer of Compendia, consulting appeared in the October 28 issue of by nearly all of his research colleagues, with commercial clients to enhance data- Science magazine. Based on research con- among them Daniel Rhodes, who joined base services. The company was recently ducted in collaboration with Harvard’s Chinnaiyan in 2000 on his way to earning awarded a $1.2 million grant from the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, their an M.D./Ph.D. at Michigan. A specialist 21st Century Jobs Fund, a competition article chronicled the discovery of recur- in bioinformatics, Rhodes—who estimates sponsored by the State of Michigan. ring chromosomal abnormalities that lead that he logs anywhere from 70 to 80 hours in a typical week—appreciates the trust For M.D./Ph.D. candidate Scott Tomlins, XUHONG CAO IS MANAGER OF THE CHINNAIYAN that Chinnaiyan places in his staff. “Arul the deciding factor in pursuing a spot in LABORATORY. 2007 knows how to dig out people’s potential,” Spring Spring 15 to a gene fusion found in a majority of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabalomics. SCOTT TOMLINS (ABOVE) AND DANIEL RHODES prostate cancer tissue samples. According In this way, we get a real systems perspec- (BELOW) ARE GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE to Chinnaiyan, this finding represents a tive, a global view of the molecular tran- MEDICAL SCIENTIST TRAINING PROGRAM AND “paradigm-shift” for all epithelial tumors — sitions that occur in cancer progression. It’s MEMBERS OF THE CHINNAIYAN LAB. including cancers of the lung, breast, this big picture that allows us to pick out colon, ovary, liver, and prostate. As he the best clinical biomarkers and identify notes, “The data in our study provides molecular targets. Thanks to our dual make it the core of the Center,” he says. tantalizing evidence that gene fusion is expertise in biology and bioinformatics, we “Then, of course, we’ll recruit faculty the causative agent.” have the ability not only to make speculations with complementary expertise. The mis- and predictions, but to follow up and vali- sion of the center will be similar to that As project manager for the entire lab, date with experiments. And the process of the lab—to translate early discoveries research associate Xuhong Cao has a often moves in the other direction as well.” into clinical applications. I believe that, unique understanding of the organiza- as scientists, we haven’t made a real con- tional dynamics at work. From her per- Chinnaiyan’s lab has attracted attention— tribution unless our work has impacted spective, it’s all about giving researchers a and admiration—from members of the patient care. This will remain the core sense of ownership. “The people who wider University community, among them objective. Of course,” he concedes, “it’s work here feel that this is their lab,” she Dr. David Casimir, a patent attorney work- almost impossible to accomplish that

explains. “That’s why they devote them- ing with U-M’s Office of Technology without commercial representation, espe- selves to it.” But, she goes on to note, Transfer. A molecular biologist by training, cially when it comes to diagnostics. But another important factor is the unusually Casimir has helped Chinnaiyan and his the scientific and academic mission of broad expertise of the research team, research team prepare numerous patent the center will always take priority over which allows for a systemic approach to applications. “If I were back in graduate entrepreneurial considerations.” projects. “Unlike many other labs,” Cao school, I’d bend over backwards to work observes, “we excel in both biology and in Dr. Chinnaiyan’s laboratory,” he says. And what are his goals for himself dur- bioinformatics. We have approximately ten “The lab has everything I looked for ing the coming transition? He grins as he individuals engaged in dry lab activities — when I was a graduate student: cutting- answers. “I’ll be looking for ways to primarily computational data mining. edge science that exerts a direct impact compartmentalize the administrative The remaining 30 or so are biologists on human health, in a high-energy, fast- components as much as possible,” he involved in wet lab experimentation. paced environment, with a nearly endless acknowledges. “Trying to find time to This leads to interesting collaborations set of interesting projects to work on.” think about scientific problems. Because, among researchers and makes a huge really, that’s what I enjoy most.” s&d difference to our overall success.” In January of 2007, Chinnaiyan will become director of the new Michigan Chinnaiyan himself agrees that taking the Center for Translational Pathology. This Further Reading

Search & Discovery Search broad view is one of the distinguishing will be in addition to his positions as Rhodes DR, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Mahavisno V, characteristics of his lab. As he points out, director of Pathology Research Informa- Varambally R, Yu J, Briggs BB, Barrette TR, Anstet MJ, 16 Kincead-Beal C, Kulkarni P, Varambally S, Ghosh D, “What we’re trying to do is globally cap- tics and director of Cancer Bioinformatics. Chinnaiyan AM, 2007. “Oncomine 3.0: genes, path- ture cancer progression. We’re not focused ways, and networks in a collection of 18,000 cancer merely on gene expression but on all the According to Chinnaiyan, the Center will gene expression profiles.” Neoplasia. 2:166-80. different molecular alterations that occur be grown strategically. “I’d like to keep in cancer. So we’re looking at genomics, my lab at essentially the same size and Research program reveals method cancer cells use to invade new tissues. Slipping inside

hile the diagnosis of cancer Findings from the laboratory of Stephen ABOVE IMAGE SHOWS CANCER CELLS INVADING often creates feelings of Weiss at the University of Michigan HUMAN TISSUE (METASTASES) BY ENTERING A dread, anyone familiar with published in Genes and Development in HOLE IN THE TISSUE’S BASEMENT MEMBRANE. thew disease knows that when the word September 2006 provide important insights “metastasis” is mentioned, panic and into the processes that control cancer hopelessness pervade. cell metastasis and the molecular mecha- MT3-MMP, are the most likely candi- nisms that allow their pernicious spread. dates that regulate cancer cell invasion. Today, almost 90 percent of deaths from cancer are the result of metastases, cancer “We asked how cancer cells cut their way “These closely related proteases allow cells’ most deadly characteristic—their through tissues in order to move away cancer cells to start eating through base- ability to invade tissues and appear through- from their primary site of growth,” said ment membranes and the surrounding out the body. When cancers are discov- Weiss, Life Sciences Institute research tissues,” says Weiss. “This is the critical ered and treated before they spread, the professor and the division chief of Mole- step that initiates the malignant process likelihood of cure is much greater. cular Medicine and Genetics in the U-M and allows the rapid spread of cancer Medical School. “They use what we call cells to sites throughout the body.” The recent announcements from public proteases, a type of molecular scissors. figures such as Elizabeth Edwards and However, as there are so many different Tony Snow that their cancers had types of these scissors encoded by the returned and metastasized further human genome, we wanted to focus emphasize the grim reality of what can- our attention on finding the subset used cer patients face after cancer cells seed by cancers.” different areas of the body and begin to grow. Though further treatments are In all forms of cancer, a hallmark of possible, managing recurrent disease is malignancy is the tumor’s ability to pen- widely accepted as being an uphill battle. etrate the basement membrane, a special- ized form of connective tissue that lines If an original tumor attacks breast or the internal and external surfaces of the colon tissue, how does it years later, after body. The tumor cells appear to use a PROFESSOR STEPHEN WEISS treatment, appear in the bone or liver? surprisingly small number of proteases to By identifying this set of proteases and cut their way through the basement the molecular events that control their membrane, and all of the other interven- expression, Weiss and his colleagues have Further Reading ing tissues, to allow cancer cells access to provided the first proof that a small set Kevin Hotary, Xiao-Yan Li, Edward Allen, Susan blood vessels and lymphatics, which act 2007 L. Stevens and Stephen J. Weiss, 2006. “A cancer of genes and proteins may underlie the as conduits for the spread of malignant cell metalloprotease triad regulate the basement cancer cell metastatic process. While

membrane transmigration program.” Genes & cells to distant sites in the body. Spring their work is still at an early stage, Weiss Development. 20: 2673-2666. Of the more than 500 enzymes that could and co-workers are attempting to devel- 17 be used by cells as molecular scissors, the op new inhibitors of these proteases to Weiss team found that three proteases, begin testing their importance in animal termed MT1-MMP, MT2-MMP, and models of human cancer. s&d the energy Challenge Complex problem, complex resolutions

n February and April of this year, “I notice that the students at America’s influencing consumer behavior, research the Intergovernmental Panel on leading research universities are voting and development in renewable and alter- Climate Change (IPCC) released with their feet—and energy is the leader, native fuels and policy changes create itwo more reports saying that global the focus of the day,” Bodman remarked. long-term opportunity for change. warming is occurring in large part due “So it is entirely appropriate that this to human activity. With global warming Institute has been built on the work of the Gary S. Was, professor of nuclear engi- on the rise and oil reserves dwindling, earlier Phoenix Project, but in a way that neering and director of the MMPEI, the need for secure, clean, and affordable brings the energy challenge up to date, kicked off the event by discussing the energy sources is crucial. as something that captures the interest University’s approach to the energy chal- and imagination of today’s students and lenge. The MMPEI, established in Leaders from academia, industry, and tomorrow’s scientists and engineers.” September 2006, develops, coordinates, government came together at U-M to and promotes energy research and educa- explore the breadth and depth of energy U-M faculty from the College of Engi- tion across the University. neering, the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and the Ross School of Business were joined by faculty from the California Institute of Technology, University of California-Davis, MIT, and Michigan State University to deliver a series of presentations about today’s most pressing energy issues and their work toward solutions.

Topics included new sources of bio-fuels, innovations in solar technology, the cost- SAMUEL BODMAN, U.S. SECRETARY OF ENERGY, benefit of nuclear power generation, the U-M ENERGY SYMPOSIUM SPEAKERS LISTEN TO A DELIVERED THE ENERGY SYMPOSIUM KEYNOTE influence of government policy on energy QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE DURING A PANEL (ABOVE) AND TOURED U–M LABORATORIES (BELOW) DISCUSSION. markets, and the impact of our energy use on transportation systems and the global DURING HIS FEBRUARY VISIT TO CAMPUS. issues during the symposium titled, environment. Speakers also participated Energy Science, Technology, and Policy: in panel discussions after each session. “The enthusiastic turnout of faculty, Facing the Challenge. The February students, community leaders, and col- 13 –14 symposium was attended by over Industry was represented by executives leagues from the region and beyond is 450 participants. from DTE Energy (symposium sponsor), an indication of support for the Institute’s Dow Chemical, Duke Energy, the Ford endeavor to lead the nation to a secure, Samuel W. Bodman, U.S. secretary of Motor Company, and General Motors, affordable, and sustainable energy future,” energy, delivered the keynote address. who discussed their respective corporate Was said. “The entire campus is energized He recognized the formation of the development and research programs on by this event, and we are committed to Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy fuel diversity and innovation, the energy making a difference —the Michigan Institute (MMPEI) and discussed the business model, and automotive technol- Difference.”

Search & Discovery Search Department of Energy’s new initiatives ogy and design. with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and Recordings of the symposium talks and 18 the production of cellulosic ethanol. The range of speakers and topics panel discussions can be accessed on the revealed there is no silver bullet solution MMPEI website at www.mmpei.umich. to the energy crisis. Instead, a collective edu. The symposium proceedings will be strategy of pursuing energy efficiency, published later this year. s&d ing for this effort. Coleman says the plans get rolling for extra money could help in special cases, such as instances where U-M wants to lure a particularly talented researcher or ann arbor after pfizer spouse, or a gifted faculty member.

While the fund could help create an n January 22, 2007, Ann Arbor (SWAT) to aid displaced workers from additional 20 new research positions, and the state of Michigan the company’s Ann Arbor campus and Coleman stresses that U-M regularly has received a “punch in the gut,” to help guide the community response. hundreds of openings that can also be asO characterized by Michigan Governor Business formation and acceleration filled by various Pfizer staff at all levels. Jennifer Granholm. That was when the resources were set up through Ann Arbor Nominations for candidates to support pharmaceutical giant Pfizer announced SPARK, an economic development and will be made by individual schools and plans to close its entire Ann Arbor research marketing organization for the greater colleges and will go to the Office of the facility. The closure will be complete by Ann Arbor region. A Web log has been Vice President for Research, which will the end of 2008 and result in the loss of established along with a Web section for work with the Provost’s office to deter- 2,100 jobs, although Pfizer will move some updated Pfizer news and employment, mine allocation amounts. of the people now in Ann Arbor to other and business start-up opportunities at sites as part of a company-wide reorgani- www.annarborspark.org. And the Michi- The U-M School of Education held in zation aimed at consolidating operations. gan Department of Labor and Economic late February a lunch presentation about The announcement was a surprise and Growth has committed $1 million to the masters in arts with certification pro- shock to the entire community and state. assist dislocated workers. gram. The one-year program is designed The University immediately pledged to for non-education majors trained in one Ann Arbor SPARK and its community work with the City of Ann Arbor, State of field who wish to obtain teacher certifi- partners also are working on funding for Michigan, Ann Arbor SPARK, and others cation and a master’s degree, and change start-up businesses through the Michigan in the community to address the job loss. to a new career teaching. Traditional pro- Pre-Seed Capital Fund and equipment At a news conference at the Michigan grams can take two through the Michigan Innovation Equip- Union on the day of the announcement, or more years to ment Depot. The action teams and their Gov. Granholm joined U-M President receive the partners will also be working with regional Mary Sue Coleman, Ann Arbor Mayor same creden- universities and Pfizer to identify busi- John Hieftje, and other elected officials tials. The ness and entrepreneurial opportunities. in promising an “aggressive strategy” to intensive sum- mer-to-summer keep workers here and avoid a “brain Since January, several job fairs have approach accelerates drain” of highly educated people. been held aimed at helping match Pfizer the process by coordinating coursework employees with job opportunities in the “We are determined to send a message to with extensive field experience in school area. Ann Arbor SPARK organized “career- all of the employees of Pfizer that we want settings. Some of the Pfizer employees change boot camps” for Pfizer employees you to stay,” said Granholm. who attended the presentation expressed who wanted help analyzing their choices interest in enrolling in the program as as they considered what to do with their The potential cost to Ann Arbor is great. soon as this summer. However, notes Stephen R. Forrest, Univer- buyout payments. These boot camps sity of Michigan vice president for research, covered topics such as starting a busi- In early April, Pfizer disclosed additional this action on the part of Pfizer also pro- ness, how to explore a career change, and details of its plans. Starting in June and vides an opportunity for the University and specific sessions for careers in the health continuing through the end of the sum- City to pursue new ventures in an effort care and information technology fields. mer, some current employees will be to retain some of the intellectual power offered transfers to other Pfizer sites. In March, the University announced the currently working for Pfizer in Ann Arbor. Others will receive severance packages. establishment a $3 million fund that The facility and the land it is on also According to Mike Finney, president and departments can use to help recruit presents opportunities, and several com- CEO of Ann Arbor SPARK, there are 19 Pfizer scientists to new research posi- munity taskforces have been organized groups of Pfizer employees who have 2007 tions. The Provost’s office will make $1 to make plans for a post-Pfizer period. expressed interest in starting companies. million per year available in one-time By September, Pfizer expects that a funds. Units that nominate individuals Spring Within a week of Pfizer’s announcement, majority of its Ann Arbor employees will for this support will be expected to pro- Gov. Jennifer Granholm and Ann Arbor be gone, and the next chapter in the 19 vide a substantial match to the Provost’s area leaders announced the formation community’s efforts to cope will begin to funds, resulting in significantly more of the Strategic Working Action Teams unfold. than the $3 million in University fund- s&d distinguished innovator awardee on entrepreneurship

n March 21, 2007, Professor experienced management team in a non- Mohammed Islam received the automotive. “And it’s difficult to recruit first Distinguished University people to move into Michigan with its InnovatorO Award, presented by the Office image as a Rust Belt state.” of the Vice President for Research. This prestigious honor recognizes the note- The Midwest culture tends to be risk worthy demonstration of a transforma- averse, he added. And lastly, venture cap- tional innovation, the movement of an italists like to have the start-ups they innovation to market-readiness, or the support close at hand, and the majority cases, people who have attempted to do creation of the new means for transfer- of the venture capital is located along the that have messed up the technology ring innovations from the research lab coasts, so they are less likely to want a transfer process, and they’ve destroyed into the private sector. supported company in the middle of the what they really had, the real entity that country. Islam did eventually need to they had,” according to Hennessy. “It “Professor Islam has made great strides move Xtera Communications to Texas was better for us to find a way for them in developing breakthrough technology in order to enlarge the company. to transfer that technology and get out and then creating and fostering the for- and get running with it, and leave with mation of new companies to bring this After coming to the University of Michigan, a good relationship with the university.” technology to the market,” says Stephen Islam actually moved back to private R. Forrest, vice president for research. industry for a few years at a time, “but I Then Islam added that some observers “His efforts represent the kind of con- always came back to the University,” he concluded that Stanford probably got nections between research, innovation, said. “Part of the reason for that is because more in the way of donations, enhanced and technology transfer that I wish to we always return to that which we love. reputation, and student enrollment by recognize and promote with this award.” The other reason is that universities are essentially releasing Yahoo without a tight the perfect breeding ground for break- licensing arrangement than it would have Professor Islam, a member of the faculty through technologies.” He gives a lot of by trying to structure a contract to tap the in the Department of Electrical Engineer- credit for that environment to the stu- eventual financial success of the company. ing and Computer Science, was cited for dents and their energy and enthusiasm. his development of Raman fiber optic Islam closed his talk with a pitch to faculty amplifiers for long-haul telecommunications Islam also had a message for those inter- and students to be involved in technology and subsequent demonstration of this ested in transferring an invention from transfer. “There is a compelling reason to technology’s competitiveness compared to the University into private development. do this,” he said. “And that’s in support the existing norm for the industry. When First, he noted, “Either everybody wins or of the United States’ research infrastruc- he introduced his technology, skeptics nobody wins. There is no other answer. ture.” With the decline of the industrial said it would not be reliable, yet Professor And as an entrepreneur, you have to be research lab, there is a gap between the Islam has proven them wrong in the lab sure that the University wins on its metrics.” research done by universities and the and through the success of his startup He urges those who spin off companies product development done by industry. company, Xtera Communications, which to contract research back into the Univer- has survived and grown in the fiercely sity, which will benefit both parties. “And that is the opportunity for start-ups,” competitive telecom equipment market. he said. “If you take on a start-up, what “Now it takes two hands to clap,” he you are helping to do is take university In Islam’s lecture at the award ceremony, continued. “So there are some responsi- concepts a step closer to where industry he spoke about his experiences launching bilities on the University’s side.” To illus- might pick them up.” start-up companies and highlighted some of trate that responsibility, he cited John what he learned about entrepreneurship— Hennessy, president of Stanford Univer- Get students involved, too, for Islam Search & Discovery Search including things he wished he knew before sity, and how that institution handled pointed out that the really successful 20 he started. the spin-off of Yahoo, which was created companies that came out of Stanford by two Stanford graduate students. were started by students. Universities “It’s tough doing non-automotive start- need to give students the tools to ups in Michigan,” noted Islam. For “It becomes very difficult to impose become entrepreneurs, and good things one thing, it is not easy to assemble an licensing terms, and I think in many will happen. s&d view from washington, dc

Tight Federal Budgets ment. These additional dollars, however, May Limit Research largely go to development of Department of Defense weapons systems and NASA he annual federal budget fight began spacecraft. Total support for basic and Tat the start of 2007. Since the release applied research actually falls 2 percent of the President’s Fiscal Year 2008 (FY08) under the President’s budget proposal. Budget Request in February—the first This means continuation of recent trou- since the Democrats took control of bling trends for some research areas, such Congress in November—the White as NIH funding, but spells out good House and Congress have been locked in news for agencies such as the National a battle over tax cuts and funding levels Science Foundation (NSF) and the for every agency in the federal government. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Research agencies, such as the National of Science. Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Under the President’s proposal, the NIH (NASA), will be impacted by this debate. —which has seen its budget flatten in recent years—drops by $529 million, or dC washington, from view Each year, on the first Monday in 1.2 percent, to $28.1 billion. Part of the February, the President sends Congress a reason for this decrease is a transfer of more for basic research than it did in budget request for the coming fiscal year. $300 million from the NIH to the FY07. In the case of applied research, the This request outlines in detail what the Global Fund for HIV/AIDS program. request is 2.7 percent less last year. President believes overall federal fiscal policy should be and outlines priorities Other significant Administration cuts are In contrast to other federal research pro- for federal programs ranging from aimed at NASA and the Department of grams, the NSF and the DOE Office of defense to education, health, and science. Defense. In both agencies, development Science are slated to receive significant continues to trump basic research. increases for the second year in a row. Upon receiving the request, both the Development of the new NASA Crew NSF research and development increases House and the Senate each write separate Exploration Vehicle and Crew Launch 8.3 percent over last year to $6.4 billion. budget resolutions. Compared to the Vehicle receives a 10 percent increase The Office of Science budget increases President’s request, these are documents over FY07 for a total of $3.1 billion. by 16 percent to $4.1 billion. These two that set out spending guidelines in broad International Space Station construction agencies receive unique attention as functional categories, such as national is allocated $2.2 billion, a $503 million being key research programs to strength- defense, energy and science, space, and increase over last year. These programs ening U.S. innovation and competitive- technology. Later, the two bodies iron consume much of the new money pro- ness, according to the National out the differences between the two doc- posed for NASA. Therefore, Earth-Sun Academies report, “Rising Above the uments and produce one final budget science, Earth observing, astronomy, and Gathering Storm.” resolution. Pinpointing exact funding robotic missions receive a modest 2.4 levels for federal programs falls to the percent increase while aeronautic research Congress Provides Solid appropriations committees after agree- is cut by 20 percent. Life and physical Funding for Science ment is reached on the resolution. sciences receive a $183 million budget, less than half of last year’s funding. s is traditionally the case when the Innovation and Development ADemocratic and Republican parties Highlighted by President’s At the Pentagon, weapons development split control of Congress and the White Request increases by 5.5 percent to an all-time House, the Congressional leadership has considered the Administration’s budget

high of $68.1 billion, while basic defense 2007 his year, the White House FY08 research falls 9 percent and applied request to be “dead on arrival.” Conse- Tbudget request of $2.9 trillion holds research plummets by 18 percent. Most quently, the House and Senate have each non-security discretionary spending of these cuts reflect the annual elimina- passed their own $2.9 trillion budget Spring growth to one percent. Of this total, the tion of Congressional earmarks from the resolutions with priorities that differ 21 Administration allocates $142.9 billion, President’s Budget Request. Even after greatly from the President’s proposal. a 1.4 percent increase over the FY07 this is taken into account, the Admini- Of significant importance to research level, for federal research and develop- stration still asks for just 0.4 percent universities are additions made by both the House and Senate for health research. 22 Search & Discovery view from washington, dC year. are likelytolastuntilthe lastdaysofthe community through negotiationsthat interests oftheUniversity ofMichigan continue torepresent theconcernsand for science,theMichigan delegationwill for eachfederalagency. Asstrong advocates mendations intoactualdollarallocations process thenwillturnthebudgetrecom- budget guidelines. The appropriations work toreach anagreement ontheFY08 In thecomingmonths, Washington will Institute ofStandards and Technology. Science, and$11milliontotheNational more than$600milliontotheOffice of ing thatover $390milliongoestotheNSF, this budgetfunctionwiththeunderstand- an amendmentthatadded$1billionto (D-NM) andAlexander(R-TN)introduced programs. However, Senators Bingaman provided only$26.5billionforthese The Senate budgetresolution originally while theSenate provides $27.5billion. technology programs at$27.6billion, funds thegeneralscience,space,and the White House. The House resolution increases similartothoseadvocated by Office ofScienceare expectedtoreceive budget resolutions. The NSFandthe grams willfare undertheCongressional It isunclearhow mostbasicsciencepro- appropriations forthisagency. wards,” haspromised toincrease FY08 proposal forthe NIHasa“step back- has referred tothePresident’s budget Chairman David Obey (D-WI),who Significantly, House Appropriations there willbe“plenty ofmoneyforNIH.” Budget Committeestaffhave saidthat billion toitsown healthfunction.House House alsoincludesanadditional$2.27 specified theamountforNIH. The the amendmenttoaddthismoney, (D-IA) andSpecter (R-PA), whowrote the healthfunction.Senators Harkin lution, $2.2billionhasbeenaddedto that itwillfare better. In theSenate reso- the future oftheNIH.However, itappears tions, detailsare hard tocomeby asto Given thebroad nature oftheseresolu- DIRECTOR OFTHEU-M WASHINGTON DCOFFICE RELATIONS FOR RESEARCH, ANDASSISTANT —SARAH WALKLING, DIRECTOR OFFEDERAL s&d tages totheMichigan scholarlycommunity: creators, Deep Blue provides manyadvan- arly andcreative works. According toits designedtosecurely store schol- — Blue T Deep Bluemakesitpossible Cited More, Safe Forever: research notes Control over access. Safe storage. Comprehensiveness. Permanence. Visibility. of thework foragiven time,ifnecessary. various aspects to limitwhocan view allows thepersonsubmitting material exactly asitwasdeposited. theintegrity ofallmaterial to preserving indefinitely,support butitiscommitted can tions totheformatsLibrary issues. There are sometechnicallimita- of backups,compatibility, andformat From takescare thenontheLibrary works onlyhave tobedepositedonce. context and promote further scholarship.context andpromote further audio andvideofiles,etc.)toprovide related materials(includingdata,images, will acceptnotonlyfinishedwork, but avariety offormats,andit supports nal, whileasaccessibleanywebsite. tion toitasreliable asascholarlyjour- work’s onlinelocation,makingthecita- technology thatassures thestabilityofa through subscription-basedservices. than itwouldbeifwasonlyavailable is cited25percent to250percent more able through databaseslikeDeep Blue (in Google Scholar, forexample), Blue shouldbeeasiertolocateonline has establishedafree service—Deep he University ofMichigan Library Work accessibleviaDeep Deep Blue usesspecial Deep Blue ensures that that work avail- study shows that arecent reports Library readily. The cited more lead toitbeing which should Deep Blue Deep Blue deepblue.lib.umich.edu. ones astheyevolve. Find itonlineat today’s publishingdemandsbutalsonew Deep Blue isdesignedtomeetnotonly Sciences andalso isaprofessor inthe ofGeologicalsor intheDepartment the Donald R.Peacor CollegiateProfes- of actinides,suchasplutonium. Ewing is materials thatcanbeusedtosafely dispose ofradiation-resistant ery solids andthediscov- of radiationeffectsin ing anunderstanding focused ondevelop- Ewing’s research has manage waste cycle andnuclear fuel ofthenuclear support in role infundamental research Ewing andLaverov have played asignificant was theRussian recipient withEwing. of theRussian Academy ofSciences, Professor Nikolay Laverov, vice-president in thenaturalsciencesandhumanities. the award foroutstandingachievements a Russian andanon-Russian receive Russian Academy ofSciences.Eachyear, Lomonosov, isthehighestaward ofthe Russian scientistandpolymathMikhail Lomonosov Gold Medal, namedafter the Russian Academy ofSciences. The receive theLomonosov Gold Medal of Sciences inLSA,wasMoscow to I Honors U-MGeologist Russian Academy ofSciences Context. discipline-specific services. will collaboratewiththemtocreate ice fortheirwork aswell, theLibrary organizations begintoprovide thisserv- other universities, institutions,and of colleaguesandstudents.Second, as contributions the scholarlyandartistic U-M environment, side-by-side with arly work inthe largercontextofthe scholars, andDeep Blue placesaschol- destination forthebestresearchers and in twoadditionalways.First, U-Misa site withouthidingthework completely. This isdifficulttodoonapersonalweb- of the Department ofGeologicalof theDepartment n March, Professor Rod Ewing, chair Deep Blue provides context ment. Ancient Funerary Marker Installed at U-M Botanical Gardens Peggy Westrick is research process senior manager in the Dean’s office n April 2, a 12th-century lime- Arabic calligraphy, incorporated complex of the College of Literature, Science, Ostone cenotaph was moved from floral motifs. Assembly of the marker, and the Arts. Her duties require her to storage in a pole barn to the Matthaei which consisted of 15 pieces, took several understand the needs of faculty from Botanical Gardens’ conservatory. The hours of manual and machine-assisted labor. every discipline in LSA, which processes cenotaph, or funerary marker most likely The marker was a 1960 gift to the U-M about 800 proposals per year. Museum of Art. It was in storage until designed as a memorial to an important Kathleen Welch is statistician senior person, came from Syria. Arabic calligra- 1992, when it was moved to the grounds of U-M’s Inglis House. While it awaits a in the Center for Statistical Consultation phy excerpts from the Holy Qur’an’s Verse and Research (CSCAR). She provides of the Throne cover the cenotaph. permanent installation in the expanded art museum, the cleaned and restored piece user support to the research community Although the cenotaph deserves further for many statistical software packages on study, U-M students and scholars have will be on display at the gardens April 2– June 29, where it will find an environment several platforms, and is an instructor for translated the Verse of the Throne CSCAR workshops. s&d inscription girding the lower stones resembling that of Syria near many plants where kufic script, the oldest form of from the Near East, including oleander, laurel, olive, and papyrus. Five Chosen for Guggenheim Fellowships

he John Simon Guggenheim Memorial notes research TFoundation announced in April the 189 winners of its 2007 fellowships. Five of the recipients are members of the University of Michigan faculty:

Michael P. Flynn, associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Project: The fundamental limits of analog-to-digital conversion.

Enrique García Santo-Tomás, associate professor of Spanish. Project: Fictions by war veterans in early mod- ern Spanish literature, 1550–1680.

Arthur Lupia, Hal R. Varian Collegiate Professor of Political Departments of Materials Science and 2007. Patricia Fink and Peggy Westrick Science. Project: Political knowledge Engineering and Nuclear Engineering received the Distinguished Research and the practice of civic education. and Radiological Sciences. Administrator Award, which honors individual staff members from any unit Roberto D. Merlin, professor More than twenty of the previous recipi- at the University who have demonstrated of physics and of electrical engineer- ents are Nobel laureates. Previous recipi- over a number of years distinguished ing and computer science. Project: ents include Hans Bethe, John Kenneth service exemplifying the goals of profes- Sub-nanometer imaging with sub- Galbraith, James Watson, Linus Pauling, sional research administration. Kathleen picosecond resolution. and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The most Welch received the OVPR Exceptional recent award to a non-Russian in the Service Award, given to recognize research Piotr Michalowski, George G. geosciences was to Frank Press in 1997. Cameron Professor of Ancient Near

administrators from OVPR units who 2007 Frank Press is a former president of the have risen to meet a particular challenge Eastern Civilizations. Project: The U.S. National Academy of Sciences. in an exceptional way, that goes beyond cyclical birth and rebirth of early the ordinary fulfillment of their duties. Mesopotamian literature. Spring Research Administrators 23 Patricia Fink is proposal and contracts This year’s Guggenheim Fellows include Receive Awards manager for the Institute for Social writers; visual and performing artists; humanities scholars; and physical, bio- hree U-M research administrators are Research, where she directs a small staff logical, and social scientists selected from Trecipients of OVPR Staff Awards for that processes nearly 250 grant submis- sions to more than 90 agencies each year. almost 2,800 applicants for awards total- ing $7.6-million. s&d FIRST-CLASS MAIL office of U.S. POSTAGE the vice president PAID for research ANN ARBOR, MI PERMIT NO. 144 4080 Fleming Building 503 Thompson Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1340

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