Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton, Suffolk FLN 088 and FLN 090 Assessment 3B (Volume I; Text, Figures and Plates)

Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton, Suffolk FLN 088 and FLN 090 Assessment 3b (Volume I; Text, Figures and Plates)

Post-Excavation Assessment Report

SCCAS Report No. 2013/099 Client: Cemex (UK) Materials Ltd. Principal Author: Stuart Boulter February/2015 © Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service and © Suffolk Archaeology CIC

Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton, Suffolk FLN 088 and FLN 090 Assessment 3b

Post-Excavation Assessment Report SCCAS Report No. 2013/099 Principal Author: Stuart Boulter Contributions By: Sue Anderson, Sarah Bates, John Crowther, Julie Curl, Val Fryer, Richenda Goffin, Sarah Percival, Ian Riddler, Alison Sheriden, Cathy Tester Illustrators: Stuart Boulter, Linzi Everett Editor: Rhodri Gardner Report Date: February/2015

HER Information Site Code: FLN 088 and FLN 090

Site Name: Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton, Suffolk

Report Number 2013/099

Planning Application No: W/10999/10

Date of Fieldwork: 2009 - 2011

Grid Reference: TM 3075 8680

Oasis Reference: suffolkc1-154978

Curatorial Officer: Edward Martin (superseded by Dr. Matt Brudenell)

Senior Project Officer: Stuart Boulter

Client/Funding Body: Cemex (UK) Materials Ltd.

Client Reference: N/A

Digital report submitted to Archaeological Data Service: http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/greylit

Disclaimer Any opinions expressed in this report about the need for further archaeological work are those of the Field Projects Team alone. Ultimately the need for further work will be determined by the Local Planning Authority and its Archaeological Advisors when a planning application is registered. Suffolk County Council’s archaeological contracting services cannot accept responsibility for inconvenience caused to the clients should the Planning Authority take a different view to that expressed in the report.

Prepared By: Stuart Boulter Date: February 2015 Approved By: Rhodri Gardner Position: Contracts Manager Date: February 2015 Signed: ……………………..

Contents

Summary

1. Introduction 1 1.1 Site location 1

1.2 The scope of the project 1

1.3 Circumstances and dates of fieldwork 2

2 Geological, topographic and archaeological background 4 2.1 Geology, topography and recent land use 4

2.2 Archaeological background 4

3 Original research aims 7

4 Site sequence: results of the fieldwork 10 4.1 Introduction 10

4.2 Prehistoric 12

4.2.1 Period/Phase I.a. (Palaeolithic) 12

4.2.2 Period/Phase I.c. (Early Neolithic) 14

4.2.3 Period/Phase I.d. (Late Neolithic) 15

4.2.4 Period/Phase I.e. (Early Bronze Age) 15

4.2.5 Period/Phase I.g. and I.h. (Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age) 38

4.2.6 Period/Phase I.0. (prehistoric unspecified date) 60

4.3 Post-medieval 60

4.3.1 Period/Phase V.b. (post-medieval, 17th – 19th centuries) 60

4.3.2 Period/Phases V.d. (post-medieval, 20th century) 63

4.4 Undated 63

4.4.1 Period/Phases 0 (undated) 63

5 Quantification and assessment 69 5.1 Post-excavation review 69

5.2 Quantification of the stratigraphic archive 69

5.3 Quantification and assessment of the bulk finds archive 70

5.3.1 Introduction 70

5.3.2 Pottery 70

5.3.3 Ceramic building material (CBM) 75

5.3.4 Fired clay 78

5.3.5 Worked flint 79

5.3.6 Heat-altered stone 90

5.4 Quantification and assessment of the small finds archive 92

5.4.1 Introduction 92

5.4.2 Methodology 92

5.4.3 Small finds by period 93

5.5 Quantification and assessment of the environmental evidence 112

5.5.1 Human skeletal remains 112

5.5.2 Animal bone 113

5.5.3 Charred plant macrofossils and other remains 115

6 Significance of the data and potential for analysis 126 6.1 Realisation of the Original Research Aims 126

6.2 The potential and significance of the stratigraphic data 127

6.2.1 Introduction 127

6.2.2 Period/Phase I.a. (Palaeolithic) 128

6.2.3 Period/Phase I.c. (Early Neolithic) 128

6.2.4 Period/Phase I.d. (Late Neolithic) 128

6.2.5 Period/Phase I.e. (Early Bronze Age) 129

6.2.6 Period/Phase I.g. and I.h. (Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age) 129

6.2.7 Period/Phases I.0. (prehistoric unspecified date) 130

6.2.8 Period/Phases V.b. (post-medieval, 17th – 19th centuries) 130

6.2.9 Period/Phases V.b. (post-medieval, 20th century) 130

6.2.10 Period/Phases 0 (undated) 130

6.3 The potential and significance of the finds data 131

6.3.1 Introduction 131

6.3.2 Pottery 131

6.3.3 CBM 132

6.3.4 Fired clay 132

6.3.5 Worked Flint 133

6.3.6 Heat-altered stone 133

6.3.7 Small finds 134

6.4 The potential and significance of the environmental evidence 137

6.4.1 Human skeletal remains 137

6.4.2 Animal bone 137

6.4.3 Charred plant macrofossils and other remains 138

7 Updated research aims and task list 140 7.1 Introduction 140

7.2 Updated research aims 140

7.3 Stratigraphic analysis; required tasks 140

7.4 Bulk finds and small finds analysis; required tasks 141

7.4.1 Prehistoric pottery 141

7.4.2 CBM 142

7.4.3 Fired clay 142

7.4.4 Worked flint 142

7.4.5 Heat-altered stone 143

7.4.6 Small finds 143

7.5 Environmental evidence 144

7.5.1 Human skeletal remains 144

7.5.2 Animal bone 145

7.5.3 Plant macrofossils and other remains 145

8 Publication strategy 146

9 Analysis and publication; resources/programming 147 9.1 Staff for analysis and publication 147

9.2 Task list 147

9.3 Archive deposition 148

10 Acknowledgements 149

11 Bibliography 150

List of Figures Figure 1. Site Location 3 Figure 2. Flixton Quarry all features (sites 088 and 090 bounded in red) 8 Figure 3. 088 and 090 all features plan 9 Figure 4. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.c. (Early Neolithic) 13 Figure 5. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.e. (Early Bronze Age) 16 Figure 6. Monument 088:0065 17 Figure 7. Composite monument 088:0789/0788/0821/0856/0809; plan 21 Figure 8. Composite monument 088:0789/0788/0821/0856; section (S20) 23 Figure 9. Grave 088:0809; sections 28 Figure 10. Grave 088:0809; detailed plan 29 Figure 11. Ring-ditches 090:0020 and 090:0102 34 Figure 12. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.g/I.h. (Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age) 37 Figure 13. Roundhouse 088:0502; plan 41 Figure 14. Roundhouse 088:0559; plan 42 Figure 15. Roundhouse 088:0610; plan 44 Figure 16. Roundhouse 088:1096; plan 45 Figure 17. Roundhouse 090:0414; plan 49 Figure 18. Four and six post structures (G1); plan 51

Figure 19. Four and six post structures (G2); plan 52 Figure 20. Four post structures (G3); plan 53 Figure 21. Miscellaneous structure 088:1095; plan 55 Figure 22. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.0 (prehistoric unspecified date) 59 Figure 23. 088 and 090; Period/Phase V.b. (post-medieval, 17th – 19th centuries) 61 Figure 24. 088 and 090; Period/Phase V.d. (post-medieval, 20th century) 64 Figure 25. 088 and 090; Period/Phase 0. (undated) 65 Figure 26. Wristguard SF 088:1008; actual size 95 Figure 27. Scanning electron microscope images: 96 A) Encrusted sediment (x 5) B) Plant fibre attaching to sediment on top of the wristguard (x 200) C) Sandy sediment in transverse borehole (x 20) D) Partly-cleaned borehole showing traces of rilling (x 20) Figure. 28. SF 088:1009; X-ray and drawing (actual size) 101 Figure. 29. SF 088:1010; X-ray and drawing (actual size) 101

List of Tables Table 1. Provisional site phasing 12 Table 2. Quantification of the stratigraphic archive 69 Table 3. Finds quantities 70 Table 4. Quantity and weight of prehistoric pottery by site and date 70 Table 5. Earlier Neolithic pottery 71 Table 6. Quantity and weight of PDR pottery by feature 75 Table 7. CBM quantities by site 75 Table 8. CBM fabric descriptions and quantities (sherd count) by form 76 Table 9. CBM by feature with spotdates 77 Table 10. Fired clay quantities by site 78 Table 11. Fired clay fabrics and quantities 78 Table 12. Summary of the flint by type from 088 80 Table 13. Flint by context type from 088 86 Table 14. Summary of the flint by type from 090 87 Table 15. Flint by context type from 090 90 Table 16. Heat altered flint and other stone quantities by site areas 90

Table 17. Heat-altered stone distribution by feature type (both 088 and 090) 92 Table 18. Small finds by material type by site 92 Table 19. Breakdown of loomweights by site 105 Table 20. Loomweight catalogue for site 088 107 Table 21. Loomweight catalogue for site 090 109 Table 22. Faunal remains quantification by site, feature type and weight 114 Table 23. Faunal remains quantification by site, feature type and fragment count 114 Table 24. Faunal remains quantification by site, species and NISP 114 Table 25. Faunal remains quantification by feature type, species and NISP 115 Table 26. Samples from monument 088:0065 118 Table 27. Samples from monument 088:0788/0789/0856/0821/0809 120 Table 28. Site 088, samples from Early Neolithic pits 121 Table 29. Site 088, samples from Late Bronze Age pits 122 Table 30. Site 088, samples from other Late Bronze Age features 123 Table 31. Site 090, all samples 125

List of Plates Plate 1. Post-hole circle 088:0065 and cremation pit 088:0113 18 Plate 2. Cremation pit 088:0113 18 Plate 3. Composite Early Bronze Age Monument 22 Plate 4. Representative section through composite monument 22 Plate 5. Crouched inhumation burial in grave 088:0809 30 Plate 6. Beaker 088:1087 in grave 088:0809 (from SE) 30 Plate 7 Grave 088:0809; bier/coffin 31 Plate 8 Grave 088:0809, full excavated depth 31 Plate 9. Ring-ditch 090:0020 33 Plate 10. Ring-ditch 090:0020, representative section 33 Plate 11. Double ring-ditch 090:0102 36 Plate 12. Double Ring-ditch 090:0102, representative section 36 Plate 13. Roundhouse 088:0502 40 Plate 14. Roundhouse 088:0559 40 Plate 15. Roundhouse 088:0610 43 Plate 16. Roundhouse 088:1096 43 Plate 17. Roundhouse 090:0414 48

Plate 18. Four and six post structures; G2 48 Plate 19. Four and six post structures; G3 54 Plate 20. Miscellaneous structure 088:1095 54 Plate 21 Wristguard SF 088:1008, part cleaned; actual size 95

List of Appendices (see Volume II) Appendix I. Project Documentation I.a Brief and Specification (May 1999) I.b Project Design (May 1999) I.c Brief and Specification (February 2011) I.d Project Design (February 2011) Appendix II. Context List and Descriptions II.a FLN 088 II.b FLN 090 Appendix III. Finds Information and Catalogues III.a Prehistoric Pottery Fabric Codes III.b CBM III.c Undiagnostic Fired Clay III.d Worked Flint III.e. Heat-altered Flint and Stone III.f Small finds Appendix IV. Oasis Data Collection Form

Summary This document covers the assessment of the archaeology excavated by Suffolk County Council’s Archaeological Service Field Projects Team within a c.3.15 area of Flixton Park Quarry under the HER codes FLN 088 and FLN 090, the field work for which was undertaken between 2009 and early 2012.

The principle periods represented were as follows:

Palaeolithic: worked flints

Early Neolithic: pits

Early Bronze Age: four funerary monuments; two with associated burials

Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age: extensive occupation deposits including five roundhouses and a number of four and six post structures.

Post-medieval: various features including ditches, the former Flixton to Homersfield road, quarry pits, tree-holes and a fence-line. A number of the ditches and the former road relate directly to features shown on early estate and Ordnance Survey maps.

The information in this assessment will be used to put together a programme of analysis and publication.

1. Introduction

1.1 Site location

Flixton Park Quarry is located on an island of river terrace gravels on the south side of the River Waveney some 4km to the south-west of Bungay (Fig. 1). The two adjoining sites (FLN 088 and 090) covered by this assessment are centred at TM 3075 8680 (Fig. 1).

1.2 The scope of the project

Suffolk County Council’s Archaeological Service Field Projects Team (hereafter SCCAS/FPT) have been commissioned on an ongoing basis by Adrian Havercroft (The Guildhouse Consultancy) on behalf of the client (Cemex (UK) Materials Ltd.) to undertake archaeological work associated with the continuing expansion of the working area at Flixton Park Quarry.

This archaeological assessment report covers the archaeological deposits revealed in the areas of the quarry stripped between the summer of 2009 and spring 2012 which were excavated under the Historic Environment Record (hereafter HER) codes FLN 088 and FLN 090 (equating to the southern end of quarry Phase 15 and part of the southern ends of Phases 14 and 16).

The principal aims of the assessment are as follows:

 Summarise the results of the archaeological fieldwork.

 Quantify the site archive and review the post-excavation work that has already been undertaken.

 Assess the potential of the site archive to answer the original research aims as defined in the two relevant Brief and Specification documents.

 Assess the significance of the data-set in relation to the relevant Regional Research Framework (Glazebrook 1997; Brown and Glazebrook 2000) and the revised Research Framework (Medlycott Ed. 2011).

 Present recommendations covering any required analysis, publication/dissemination and archiving.

 Define and quantify analysis/publication/archiving tasks in order to calculate resources and costs to complete the project to the level required by the Mineral Planning Authority (MPA)

1.3 Circumstances and dates of fieldwork

The archaeological excavation works were triggered by a condition on planning application W/10999/10 covering the ongoing expansion of the working area of the Quarry.

HER code FLN 088 was allocated to an area of approximately c.1.54 hectares within a parcel of land locally known as School Wood and was excavated in two similar sized plots in the summers of 2009 and 2010 (Fig. 1). This area was covered by a Brief and Specification document prepared by Suffolk County Council Conservation Team (hereafter SCCAS/CT) Archaeologist Edward Martin and dated 17th May 1999 (Appendix I.a). The excavation methodology was based on this document and was also detailed in a Project Design prepared by SCCAS/FPT and dated May 1999 (Appendix I.b).

FLN 090 was allocated to an area of c.1.61 hectares excavated in three separate tranches: one in the spring of 2011, another in the autumn of 2011 and the third in the spring of 2012 (Fig. 1). This area was covered by a revised Brief and Specification document prepared by SCCAS/CT Archaeologist Edward Martin and dated 18th February 2011 (Appendix I.c). The excavation methodology was based on this document and was also detailed in a revised Project Design/Written Scheme of Investigation document prepared by SCCAS/FPT in February 2011 (Appendix I.d).

The majority of this document was prepared by SCCAS/FPT. However, their recent divestment from Suffolk County Council resulted in the formation of a new company (Suffolk Archaeology CIC) and it is this organisation which completed the assessment report.

2 Norfolk

SUFFOLK

Essex

0 25km 630000 630500 631000 N

287000

068 086

088

065 064 090

061

008 069 091 009 063 286500

013 and 053

062

059

056

057 286000

0 500m

Figure 1. Site location and excavation areas

2 Geological, topographic and archaeological background

2.1 Geology, topography and recent land use

Topographically, the sites occupied part of a gently undulating, generally north-east to south-west orientated, gravel ridge on the south side of the Waveney Valley that lies between the river flood plain to the north and the Lowestoft Till plateau to the south. On a more local basis, the FLN 088 and FLN 090 sites sloped gently down from a height of c.16mOD towards the north-west corner of FLN 088 to a low of c.13.00mOD towards the south-east corner of FLN 090 (all measurements taken on the surface of the natural subsoil after removal of the topsoil).

The depositional environment and date of the gravels are still a source of study and debate. In a recent post-graduate study undertaken at Flixton, the deposits recognised included Early Pleistocene marine sediments overlain by Anglian and post-Anglian deposits including tills, fluvial sediments and outwash deposits (Heirman 2006).

The FLN 088 area was part of a plot of land known as School Wood. The majority of this area was planted with trees after the First World War, previously having been part of the deer-park associated with Flixton Hall. FLN 090 had also been part of the deer- park, but was turned over to arable cultivation early in the 20th century.

2.2 Archaeological background

Prior to soil-stripping, the only known archaeology within the FLN 088 and FLN 090 areas was a ring-ditch visible on aerial photographs as a cropmark and presumed to be Early Bronze Age in date. A similar feature (FLN 011) located immediately to the east was previously excavated as part of FLN 086.

However, extensive excavations undertaken by SCCAS/FPT within the quarry to the north and west of FLN 088 and FLN 090, between 1996 and 2008 (Figs. 1 and 2), revealed significant multi-period archaeology. These deposits were expected to continue into the new areas. A summary of the more significant features and finds

4 made during the protracted excavations at Flixton Park Quarry are presented by period below:

Palaeolithic: handaxes and Levallois flake from the quarry gravels. Another handaxe was recovered from an Early Anglo-Saxon Sunken Featured Building (SFB).

Mesolithic: small number of flint tools, mostly unstratified.

Neolithic: Early Neolithic features included a long barrow, elongated enclosure and pits.

Late Neolithic features included a post-hole circle and pits, the latter including significant quantities of Grooved Ware pottery and worked flints in their fills. The post-hole circle was published as part of East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No. 147 (Boulter and Walton Rogers 2012).

Bronze Age: Early Bronze Age features included a number of ring-ditches that would originally have surrounded round barrows which have since been ploughed flat. These are considered to be funerary monuments, although burials were not recorded with every ring-ditch. One of these ring-ditches was published as part of East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No. 147 (Boulter and Walton Rogers 2012). Other Early Bronze Age features included an isolated burial with an associated Beaker pot as a grave good and a significant number of pits and pit groups producing domestic type Beaker pottery.

Late Bronze Age deposits were entirely domestic in character with a series of hut circle and associated four and six post-structures. These were recorded immediately adjacent to the FLN 088 and FLN 090 sites and the area of settlement was subsequently found to continue into these areas.

Iron Age: Iron Age occupation deposits, mainly represented by pitting, were identified along with a ditched field system of later Iron Age/earlier Roman date. A palisaded circle of later Iron Age or earlier Roman date was published as part of East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No. 147 (Boulter and Walton Rogers 2012).

5 Roman: An area of Roman occupation included two pottery kilns, two aisled buildings and an enigmatic multi-posted structure, tentatively identified as a large raised granary, while the small finds hint at a possible military presence. A multiple stacked burial (four bodies) exhibited evidence of foul play.

Early Anglo-Saxon: Four areas of Early Anglo-Saxon archaeology have previously been recorded at Flixton: two cemeteries and two areas of settlement. The two cemeteries were published as part of East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No. 147 (Boulter and Walton Rogers 2012). A group of pits in the adjacent Tarmac Quarry (previously Hill Pit and now worked by Cemex) was clearly domestic in character, while an extensive area of occupation with Hall-type buildings and Sunken Featured Buildings (SFB’s) was recorded in the area immediately north of the FLN 088 site.

Medieval: deposits of medieval date have rarely been encountered at Flixton, although some of the undated field boundaries almost certainly originated at this time before becoming redundant when the park associated with Flixton Hall was imposed on the landscape. Other medieval features include the line of the original Homersfield to Flixton road which in this assessment effectively formed the boundary between the FLN 088 and FLN 090 areas. In addition, a series of ditches and post-holes of indeterminate function were identified during the evaluation of an extension to the existing quarry permission and recent analysis of a rectilinear enclosure located to the north of the FLN 088 site revealed a medieval rather than the previously supposed Early Anglo-Saxon date.

Post-medieval: significant deposits relating to Flixton Hall and its surrounding parklands included brick-built drains running down slope from the hall, a brick-built barn and wells, a dew-pond and a possible folly.

World War II training trenches and associated latrine pits were recorded in the School Wood plot clearly showing that the trees were not planted until after that time.

6 3 Original research aims The original research aims were presented in a Brief and Specification document prepared by Edward Martin and dated 17th May 1999. This document remained current for all of the archaeological works undertaken up to and including the FLN 088 area. A revised Brief and Specification was written by Edward Martin and dated 18th February 2011. This document covered the FLN 090 site, which forms part of this assessment, and will remain current for all archaeological monitoring works until the end of the present permission (to be excavated as FLN 091) which will form the basis of Assessment 4.

The research aims presented in these two documents were as follows:

Brief and Specification dated 17th May 1999 RA1: The academic objective will centre upon the high potential for the site to produce evidence for settlement and funerary activities from prehistoric through to medieval times.

Brief and Specification dated 18th February 2011 RA1: To undertake archaeological monitoring where there will be disturbance at subsoil level and prior to extraction of mineral or other development works.

RA2: To enable the identification and evaluation of potentially significant archaeological features or deposits.

RA3: To identify, excavate and record features and deposits of lesser archaeological significance.

RA4: The principal academic objective revolves around the potential of the site to produce evidence for multi-period settlement and funerary activity.

7 Excavated 2014 - 2015

0100200m

Figure 2. Flixton Quarry all features (sites 088 and 090 bounded in red)

088

090

0 50 100m

Figure 3. 088 and 090 all features plan

9 4 Site sequence: results of the fieldwork

4.1 Introduction

The integrated presentation of context information within this publication posed problems due to the fact that data from the two adjoining sites, both with their own individual HER code and hierarchy of OP/context numbers, often needed to be included in the same section of text.

In order to reduce confusion, from this point on, the following conventions have been employed. When context numbers are included in the text they are always italicised, regardless of whether they relate to a feature cut, fill or artefact, and are prefixed with the number element of their HER code (e.g. 088:0001). It was not considered necessary to always prefix the site code number with the Flixton code letters FLN as both of the excavated areas were within that parish. In addition, where, for example, all of the information in a Table or Figure relates to one of the discrete sites already included in the caption, or a group of OP/context numbers from the same site are presented in brackets, then the site number has been omitted from in front of the individual context numbers.

For site 088 a total of 1,098 Observed Phenomena (hereafter OP) numbers were allocated to 222 discrete features or multiple feature structures or monuments and their stratigraphic elements while for 090 a total of 465 OP numbers were allocated to 125 discrete features or multiple feature structures or monuments and their stratigraphic elements.

A provisional chronological phasing of the site is presented as Table 1. The period/phase framework has been developed and modified to accommodate all of the archaeological deposits encountered at Flixton. The inclusion of a feature in a particular phase is based on looking at all the available strands of evidence including artefactual, stratigraphic and purely spatial: i.e. the juxtaposition of a feature to other more securely dated features in the immediate vicinity.

10 Period Site phase Date range Features Prehistoric Phase I.a. Palaeolithic; Site 088: c.10,000+ BP Finds: SF’s 1026, 1027, 1028 : Total 3 Site 090: (None) Phase I.b. Mesolithic; No features or finds c.8000 – 4000 BC Phase I.c. Early Neolithic; Site 088 c.4000 – 3200 BC Pits: 0002, 0005, 0009, 0019, 0059, 0085 : Total 6 Site 090 (None) Phase I.d. Late Neolithic; Site 088: (None) c.3200 – 2400 BC Site 090: Finds: 0101 : Total 1 Phase I.e. Early Bronze Age; Site 088 c.2400 – 1500 BC Funerary monuments: post-hole circle 0065 with central cremation 0113 and composite monument 0789/0788/0821/0856 with central grave 0809 : Total 2 Site 090 Funerary monuments: ring-ditches 0020 (also FLN 012) and 0102 : Total 2 Phase I.f. Middle Bronze Age; No features or finds c.1500 – 1000 BC Phase I.g. Late Bronze Age; Site 088 c.1000 – 650 BC Round-house buildings: 0502, 0559, 0610, 1096 : Total 4 Four post structures: 0024, 0325, 0446, 0447, 0709, 0727, 0787, 1097, 1098 :Total 9 Six post structures: 0714, 0738 : Total 2 Misc. structures: 1095 : Total 1 Pits: 0012, 0015, 0017, 0057, 0063, 0072, 0082, 0118, 0120, 0122, 0126, 0132, 0136, 0138, 0140, 0150, 0168, 0177, 0184, 0192, 0195, 0204, 0206, 0208, 0222, 0227, 0229, 0246, 0248, 0254, 0256, 0270, 0272, 0274, 0276, 0282, 0287, 0292, 0298, 0302, 0342, 0353, 0379, 0387, 0393, 0437, 0529, 0533, 0537, 0545, 0577, 0579, 0599, 0605, 0607, 0611, 0622, 0645, 0675, 0677, 0681, 0683, 0693, 0695, 0710, 0712, 0755 : Total 67 Post-holes: 0156, 0160, 0162, 0202, 0266, 0268, 0278, 0307, 0309, 0311, 0323, 0336, 0349, 0351, 0383, 0385, 0403, 0410, 0412, 0416, 0418, 0420, 0422, 0424, 0428, 0430, 0432, 0438, 0444, 0509, 0511, 0519, 0523, 0527, 0539, 0555, 0557, 0560, 0562, 0564, 0568, 0615, 0617, 0628, 0631, 0639, 0647, 0649, 0657, 0660, 0663, 0666, 0668, 0679, 0697, 0736, 0764, 0768, 0779 : Total 59 Hearth: 0603 : Total 1 Site 090 (None) Phase I.h. Early Iron Age; Site 088 (None) c.650 – 400 BC Site 090 Round-house structures: 0414 : Total 1 Four post structures: 0090, 0125, 0209, 0242, 0261, 0466 : Total 6 Six post structures: 0075, 0153 : Total 2 Slots: 0301, 0308 : Total 2 Pits: 0054, 0056, 0059, 0175, 0178, 0188, 0289, 0291, 0297, 0299, 0311, 0315, 0317, 0323, 0327, 0333, 0336, 0376, 0383, 0385, 0387, 0389, 0391, 0393, 0397, 0406, 0409, 0438, 0440, 0444, 0446 : Total 31 Post-holes: 0141, 0166, 0168, 0170, 0180, 0182, 0207 : Total 7 Phase I.I. Middle Iron Age; No features or finds c.400 BC – 100 BC Phase I.0. Prehistoric; Site 088 unspecified date Pits: 0043, 0045, 0047, 0049, 0051, 0053, 0055, 0070, 0074, 0124, 0128, 0130, 0144, 0146, 0240, 0399, 0401, 0492 : Total 18 Site 090 Pits: 0065, 0117, 0196, 0198, 0200, 0202, 0395 : Total 7

11 Roman Phase II.a. Late Iron Age/Early No features or finds Roman; c.1st BC – E.2nd century AD Phase II.b. Roman, c.E.2nd – L.3rd No features or finds century AD Phase II.c. Roman; No features or finds c.L.3rd – 4th century AD Phase II.0 Roman; No features or finds unspecified date Saxon Phase III Early Anglo–Saxon; No features or finds c.410 – E. 7th century Medieval Phase IV c.1066 – 1480 No features or finds Post- Phase V.a. L.15th – 17th centuries No features or finds medieval Phase V.b. c.17th – 19th centuries Site 088 Ditches: 0038, 0041, 0673, 0689, 0691 : Total 5 Fence line: 0348 : Total 1 Metalled road: 0601 : Total 1 Site 090 Quarry pits: 0031, 0033, 0142, 0233, 0350 : Total 5 Ditches: 0008, 0010, 0029, 0190, 0219, 0295, 0305, 0325, 0364, 0367, 0448, 0458 : Total 12 Pits: 0454, 0456 : Total 2 Post-holes: 0236, 0238 : Total 2 Metalled road: 0044 : Total 1 Phase V.c. c.1914 – 1918 No features or finds Phase V.d. c.20th century Site 088 Tree-holes: 0087, 0134, 0135, 0791, 0807, 0813, 0935, 0940 : Total 8 Site 090 (None) Undated Phase 0 Undated and naturally Site 088 derived features Ditches: 0034, 0643 : Total 2 Pits: 0007, 0084, 0182, 0200, 0242, 0280, 0313, 0317, 0319, 0478, 0480, 0482, 0484, 0486, 0494, 0496, 0498, 0500, 0525, 0685, 0687, 0760, 0762, 0770, 0774, 1073 : Total 26 Tree-holes: 0025, 0294, 0321, 0449, 0466, 0468, 0488, 0637, 0849, 0892 : Total 10 Site 090 Ditches: 0012, 0016, 0023, 0221, 0225, 0352, 0341, 0361 : Total 8 Pits: 0051, 0061, 0073, 0088, 0119, 0145, 0184, 0186, 0192, 0194, 0205, 0231, 0240, 0251, 0253, 0255, 0257, 0259, 0270, 0272, 0274, 0276, 0278, 0280, 0282, 0284, 0286, 0321, 0331, 0370, 0372, 0374, 0400, 0442, 0452 : Total 35 Layer: 0218 : Total 1 Misc: 0464 : Total 1

Table 1. Provisional site phasing

4.2 Prehistoric

4.2.1 Period/Phase I.a. (Palaeolithic)

Three possible Palaeolithic flints were recovered as residual finds from 088 features.

088

090

0 50 100m

Figure 4. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.c. (Early Neolithic)

SF 088:1027 came from fill 088:0086 in Early Neolithic pit 088:0085 while two flints were recovered from contexts associated with Early Bronze Age funerary monument 088:0065; SF 088:1026 in fill 088:0069 of post-hole 088:0068 and SF 088:1028 in fill 088:0117 in the central cremation pit 088:0113.

4.2.2 Period/Phase I.c. (Early Neolithic)

Six features of Early Neolithic date, all pits (088: 0002, 0005, 0009, 0019, 0059 and 0085) (Table 1), were recorded forming a loose cluster towards the north-east corner of 088 (Fig. 3). Dating was provided primarily from ceramic finds although worked flint was also present with some broadly diagnostic pieces.

The pits varied considerably in their dimension, shape and the character of their fills.

The smallest, 088:0005 was circular, 0.50m in diameter with a depth of 0.26m and a fill (088:0006) which included dark brown/grey sand with frequent charcoal flecks and lenses of orange sand, the latter possibly due to post-depositional root/animal disturbance. Calcined bone was present and subsequent examination confirmed that this was probably a cremation, although incomplete, with only a small amount of what could have been a juvenile recovered (see below). Given that the dating for this feature was based on one small sherd of pottery, inclusion in this phase is not secure.

Pit 088:0059 was the largest, oval in shape measuring 1.20m by 1.90m with a depth of 0.60m, steep to vertical sides and a flat base. The three stratified fills varied, comprising upper and lower fills of brown stony, silty sand (088:0060 and 0062 respectively) with an intervening layer (088:0061) of very dark grey/brown stony silty sand. In addition, there was a considerable deposit of slumped sand around the base of the pit which was derived directly from the naturally occurring subsoil forming the sides of the feature. A significant quantity of pottery and worked flint was recovered.

Also meriting description at this stage was pit 088:0019 which at 1.40m in diameter with a depth of 0.68m was the second largest in the group. The feature exhibited relatively steeply sloping sides giving way to a rounded base and, similarly to 088:0059, had a markedly stratified fill. The uppermost two fills (088:0020 and 0021) comprised grey to

14 brown stony silty sand while the lower fills (088:0022 and 0023) were darker and particularly in the case of 088:0022 included charcoal. Ceramic finds were concentrated in the lower fills, particularly 088:0022, while worked flint was more evenly distributed throughout.

4.2.3 Period/Phase I.d. (Late Neolithic)

Evidence for the later Neolithic was limited to a discrete spread pottery (090:0101) comprising nine sherds of Peterborough Ware pottery within the upper fill of the presumably Early Bronze Age ring-ditch 090:0102. This was almost certainly not the primary context of deposition and the process by which this material entered the deposit is unclear.

4.2.4 Period/Phase I.e. (Early Bronze Age)

The features attributed an Early Bronze Age date were all associated with four funerary monuments: a post-hole circle (088:0065), a composite structure including a post-hole circle, ring-ditch and two segmented rings (088:0789/0788/0821/0856) and two ring- ditches (090:0020 and 0102) (Table 2, Figs. 2 and 4).

Post-hole circle 088:0065 and cremation burial 0113 Monument 088:0065 was located relatively central to the 088 site c.44.00m immediately west of composite monument 088:0789/0788/0821/0856 (measured between the central burials) (Figs. 4 and 5). While no artefactual evidence that could provide secure dating was recovered from features considered to be integral to the structure, its juxta position to the second monument, which also incorporates a similar sized post-hole circle, is considered compelling evidence with which to provisionally attribute 088:0065 an Early Bronze Age date.

The monument itself described a near perfect circle with a diameter of c.12.50m, comprising sixteen individual near circular post-holes (088:0066, 0068, 0076, 0078, 0080, 0088, 0091, 0093, 0096, 0098, 0100, 0102, 0105, 0108, 0110 and 0234) arranged in two arcs of eight curving away from two opposed entrances: that to the north-west measuring c.3.45m wide, while that to the south-east was c.3.25m wide (Fig. 5; Plate 1).

088

0789/0788/0821 0856/0809

0065

0020

0102 090

0 50 100m

Figure 5. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.e. (Early Bronze Age)

16 0078 0076 0234

0068

0080

0066

0088

0110

0091 0113

0108

0093

0105

0096

0098

0100 0102

0 5 10m

N. side fills planned at a depth of 0.25m SSW NNE 15.25mOD 0116 0115 0117

0116 0116 0115 NNE 0117 SSW

0 0.5 1m

Cremation 088:0113; plan and section

Figure 6. Monument 088:0065

Plate 1. Post-hole circle 088:0065 and cremation pit 088:0113 (from W.)

Plate 2. Cremation pit 088:0113

The intervals between the individual post-holes forming the circle varied between c.1.00m and c.2.00m while the dimensions of the post-holes themselves fell within two ranges: either c.0.30m to 0.40m or c.0.65m to 0.90m in diameter. Depths varied between 0.08m and 0.48m with the deeper examples usually conforming to those with the larger diameter. Of significance, particularly evident in the western arc, was the fact that the large and small post-holes alternated. Post-pipes were evident in eight of the post-holes, all four of the larger ones in the western arc and the three largest and one intervening post-hole in the eastern arc. Generally, single fills and outer fills comprised mid brown stony silty sand with less stony, darker coloured post-pipes which also often included charcoal flecks.

Artefactual evidence included undiagnostic worked flint from six contexts and heat- altered flint also from six contexts. One tiny fragment of indeterminate prehistoric pottery was recovered from fill 088:0095 in post-hole 088:0093.

One feature, circular pit 088:0113, due to its location absolutely central to the post-hole circle, was considered to be directly associated with the monument. Indeed, when an unurned cremation was revealed at the base of the feature, it became clear that this was actually the focal point of the monument.

Pit 088:0113 was circular, 1.20m in diameter, 0.70m deep with steeply sloping sides and a flat base (Fig. 5; Plate 2). In addition to a central upper fill (088:0115), probably representing the downward subsidence of overlying subsoil, there was an outer fill (088:0116) comprising slightly silty brown stony sand with a well-defined vertical central component (088:0117). During the excavation process 088:0117 was considered to represent a post-pipe. However, as excavation continued towards the base of the feature this fill expanded out to its full width and included a high concentration of calcined bone 088:0114. This does not entirely discredit the interpretation of 088:0117 representing a post-pipe as the cremation may have been marked within the monument by the insertion of a central post over the burial.

Other features in close proximity to the monument included three modern tree-pits (088:0087, 0134 and 0135) amorphous area (088:0084) possibly associated with tree- hole 088:0135, and ten pits (088:0082, 0085, 0118, 0120, 0122, 0124, 0126, 0128,

19 0130 and 0132) (Fig. 5). With the exception of 088:0124 and 088:0128, all of these pits included Early Neolithic or Late Bronze Age pottery in their fills which suggest that if the proposed Early Bronze Age date for the monument is correct, then none of these adjacent features were contemporary and directly related to the monument. Pit 088:0082, which included two sherds of Late Bronze Age pottery, cut post-hole 088:0234 while pit 088:0085, which contained fifteen sherds of Early Neolithic pottery, was located within the gap forming the north-west entrance of the monument. A third pit, 088:0120 contained fifty six sherds of Late Bronze Age pottery was located immediately outside the post-holed circle to the north-east. Of the pits located internal to the circle, 088:0120, had two sherds, 088:0122, had one sherd, 088:0126, had three sherds, 088:0130, had two sherds and 088:0132 had six sherds, all of Late Bronze Age date.

Composite monument 088:0789/0788/0821/0856 and inhumation burial 0809 During soil-stripping the initial impression suggested that the monument was a simple ring-ditch with a central burial (088:0809), the latter partly truncated by post-medieval ditch 088:0041. However, as the feature weathered out, major differentiations within the fills became apparent which suggested that a more complex arrangement of features was present (Fig. 6; Plates 3 and 4).

The overall diameter of the circular monument was c.23.00m with a central clear area c.14.50m in diameter. However, rather than the ring-feature comprising one continuous ditch, three concentric elements were recognised, with each successive element expanding the monument out from its predecessor. In addition, a ring of post-holes was recognised towards the edge of the enclosed circular area which, arguably, represented an earlier, fourth, stage of the monument.

Ten other features were recorded either cutting elements of the monument or located within the area confined by it. None of these were considered to be contemporary with or in any way related to the monument. These features comprised five modern tree-pits (088:0891, 0807, 0813, 0935 and 0940), all cutting components of the monument’s ditches, a post-medieval ditch (088:0041) which cut through all elements of the monument and four undated features (088:0892, 0902, 0849 and 1073) that were probably all naturally derived.

S20 (Fig. 7)

S9 (Plate 4)

0 5 10m

Figure 7. Composite monument 088:0789/0788/0821/0856/0809; plan

Plate 3. Composite Early Bronze Age Monument (from SW.)

Plate 4. Representative section (S9) through composite monument (from E.)

SSW NNE

14.85mOD Phase 1 0821

Phase 2 0789

Phase 3 Phase 4 0856 0788

0 1 2m

Figure 8. Composite monument 088:0789/0788/0821/0856; section (S20)

23 Each of the four phases recognised in the monument are described below:

Post-hole circle 088:0821 (Monument Phase 1): comprising thirteen individual post- holes (088:0805, 0822, 0824, 0826, 0828, 0830, 0835, 0840, 0842, 0845, 0847, 0859 and 0929) describing a near perfect circle with a diameter of c.13.00m (Fig. 6).

On both the west-south-west and east-north-east sides of the circle, although not directly opposite, there were two post-holes adjacent to each other (088:0822 with 0824 and 0840 with 0859 respectively) (Fig. 6). To the south of the double settings, the ring was completed by four post-holes, while to the north there were five. The intervals between the post-holes varied from c.2.92m (between 088:0824 and 0826 to the south- west) and c.4.30m (between 088:0385 and 0849 to the north-north-west). There was no obvious formal pattern to these inconsistencies. The post-holes themselves were remarkably consistent in both their size and character. All were circular, varying between c.0.30m (088:0826) and c.0.42m (088:0847) in diameter and c.0.14m (088:0835) and c.0.42m (088:0847) in depth and exhibiting single relatively homogenous fills. No datable artefactual evidence was recovered.

Only one of the post-holes (088:0929) had a direct stratigraphic relationship with the innermost component of the ditched phases of the monument. The excavated section (S20) suggests that the post-hole was cut by segment 088:0832 of the Phase 2 ditch (088:0789) (Figs. 6 and 7). While not incontrovertible, this could be viewed as evidence to suggest that the post-hole circle represented an initial phase in the construction of the monument that was subsequently superseded by the segmented Phase 2 ditch 088:0789. However, the merit of basing this interpretation on one stratigraphic relationship is open to debate as it could also be argued that Phases 1 and 2 of the monument were contemporary. By extension, using the same argument, the Phase 1 post-holes could in fact have continued in use beyond the redundancy of the Phase 2, 3 and 4 ditches, although this cannot be proven.

Segmented ditch 088:0789 (Monument Phase 2): comprising six individual ditch segments (088:0798, 0815, 0819, 0832, 0862 and 0867) that together described a circle of c.16.00m in diameter (Fig. 6). For approximately two thirds of the circuit, at the level of the site strip, the Phase 2 ditches did not have physical relationship with the succeeding Phase 3 ditch (088:0856) with a narrow strip of naturally occurring subsoil

24 visible separating the two elements. Where a stratigraphic relationship was present, it was limited to the just the lips of the ditches. However, the relationship was sufficiently clear to indicate that ditch 088:0856 was the cutting feature (Fig. 7).

The six curving sections of ditch varied in their length (088:0798 @ c.6.20m, 0815 @ c.11.73m, 0819 @ c.7.81m, 0832 @ c.5.78m, 0862 @ c.7.70m and 0867 @ c.7.95m), but were more consistent in width, varying only between c1.00m and c.1.50m. The largest gap between the opposing butt-ends of the individual sections was only c.0.77m (to the south-south-west between segments 088:0815 and 0867, the other all being less than 0.50m) and while these did form narrow causeways between the exterior and interior of the monument, they were not considered to represent formal entrances.

While there were variations in its profile, these tended to be the result of differences in the character of the immediately adjacent natural drift geology which determined the degree of erosion/weathering to the ditch sides. Generally, the profiles were V-shaped, slightly more rounded where the natural geology was sandy rather than stony, with a depth of between c.0.60m and c.0.90m.

Although minor local variations were encountered, the ditch sections usually exhibited three distinct fill components (Fig. 7). In addition to a basal/outer primary component derived directly from slumped natural subsoil, there was a central upper fill, never more than 0.10m thick, comprising clean yellow/orange stony sand that had the appearance of redeposited natural subsoil. However, the bulk of the fill was made up of the middle component that usually comprised mid brown silty sand with frequent stones. Of great significance was the universal presence of large quantities of flint cobbles. In one 1.50m wide section excavated through ditch segment 088:0815, middle fill 088:0817 was found to contain c.400 flint cobbles. While the naturally occurring drift geology does include material of this type, sometimes in concentrated bands, it is unlikely that any conceivable natural mechanism could be responsible for the translocation of that quantity of cobbles into the ditch. Given that the ditch was almost certainly filled, either naturally or deliberately, with immediately available material, it can be argued that the earlier phase of the monument incorporated a large quantity of flint cobbles in its structure. Two possibilities are that they were built into a curb around a central mound, or even as a formal cladding layer placed over the mound itself.

25 Artefactual evidence recovered from ditch 088:0789 included undiagnostic worked flint in thirteen contexts and heat-altered flint and stone in five contexts. Two sherds of later Neolithic/earlier Bronze Age pottery were recovered from fill 088:0817 in ditch segment 088:0815 on the west side of the monument.

Continuous ditch 088:0856 (Monument Phase 3): comprising a continuous ring-ditch that appeared, in the sections where there was a stratigraphic relationship with 088:0789 ditch segments, to have been excavated after the Phase 2 features had become redundant (Fig. 7). Measured from its internal, untruncated edge, the ditch described a circle c.17.00m in diameter (Fig. 6).

Ditch 088:0856 exhibited a slightly rounded, somewhat open rounded V-shaped profile, although its external edge was never seen in its entirety as it had been truncated by the subsequent Phase 4 ditch segments. However by projecting the slope of its external edge up it can be deduced that it would have been in the region of 2.20m in width with a depth that varied between c.0.90m on the north-west side of the monument and c.1.35m to the south-west. The fill generally exhibited clear stratification with a primary deposit generated from the immediately adjacent naturally occurring sand and gravel subsoil, with upper layers comprising various mixes of sand gravel and silt, some of which were clearly introduced from the direction of the interior of the monument.

Artefactual evidence included undiagnostic worked flint from fourteen contexts, one of which also contained a few heat-altered flints.

Segmented ditch 088:0788 (Monument Phase 4): similarly to the Phase 1 ditches, 088:0788 comprised six individual segments (088:0793, 0795, 0802, 0879, 0886 and 0964) (Fig. 6). However, in this instance the opposed butt-ends tightly abutted their neighbours with no intervening causeways. Only one of the junctions between two adjacent segments (088:0793 and 0879 on the eastern side of the monument) corresponded to a Phase 2 junction; the others all being off-set to some degree. The width varied between c.1.80m and c.2.80m while the individual segment lengths (088:0793 @ c.12.50m, 0795 @ c.11.80m, 0802 @ c.9.10m, 0879 @ c.11.40m, 0886 @ c.10.50m and 0964 @ c.10.50m) exhibited some variation, but were more uniform than those in the Phase 2 ring.

26 In the excavated sections, the stratigraphic relationship between the Phase 4 ditch segments and the Phase 3 ring-ditch 088:0856 was usually clear (Fig. 7). On the north side of the monument the Phase 4 ditch only truncated a relatively small amount of 088:0856, while on the south side approximately 75% of the Phase 3 ditch had been cut away. The implication being that the Phase 4 monument was not exactly concentric to the earlier ditch. The ditch profile varied between sharply V-shaped to more rounded, dependent largely on the character of the adjacent naturally occurring sands and gravels. Depths usually varied between c.1.00m to c.1.20m, although segment 088:0886 to the north-west reached c.1.50m in depth. Its relationship depth-wise with the adjacent 088:0856 ditch varied between sections; in some sections the Phase 3 ditch was deeper, in others the Phase 4 ditch was deeper, while in other instances the depths were similar.

Generally at least three separate fill components were found to be present; a primary fill derived from the sides of the ditch, including slumped material from the adjacent Phase 3 ditch, a locally stratified middle fill comprising various mixes of sand gravel/stones and dark brown silty sand, and a thick upper fill comprising homogenous dark brown silty, moderately stony, sand.

Artefactual evidence included twenty three sherds of later Bronze Age pottery recovered during surface cleaning over the ditch. In addition, twenty four contexts contained worked flints and four contexts produced heat-altered flint and stone. Two contexts had small quantities of animal bone. A large fragment of a cylindrical loomweight (SF 088:1007) of middle to later Bronze Age date was recovered from the upper fill (088:0882) of Phase 4 ditch segment 088:0793 on the west side of the monument.

Inhumation burial 088:0809: located centrally within the area enclosed by the monuments post-hole circle and ditches was a large approximately circular grave measuring c.3.20m in diameter (Figs. 6 and 8; Plate 3). While the c.0.70m deep north- west to south east orientated post-medieval ditch 088:0041 cut through the middle of the grave, there was no damage to the burial which was encountered at a depth of c.2.20m (Fig. 8). The grave pit itself appeared to continue on down to at least 2.35m (Fig. 8; Plate 8), possibly even as deep as c.3.00m, although this was by no means certain. The grave pit was vertically sided for the top c.1.40m before tapering in quite sharply.

NW SE 0 1 2m

14.80mOD

Bier or Coffin Collapsed lid? 1084 1083

Possible bottoms

Ditch SW 0671 NE

14.82mOD

Bier or Coffin Collapsed lid? 1084 1083

Possible bottoms

Figure 9. Grave 088:0809; sections

012m

Outline of bier/coffin

Beaker 1087

Skeletal remains Amber object 1086 1010

Wristguard 1008

Amber object 1009

Figure 10. Grave 088:0809; detailed plan

Plate 5. Crouched inhumation burial in grave 088:0809 (from SE.)

Plate 6. Beaker 088:1087 in grave 088:0809 (from SE)

Plate 7. Grave 088:0809; bier/coffin (from SW.)

Plate 8. Grave 088:0809, full excavated depth (from SE.)

A series of plans were made at intervals starting where the first variations in the grave fill were encountered. The evidence suggests that the grave was occupied by a single inhumation burial with no later insertions. Staining in the soil suggested that the body had been buried within a round bottomed container (088:1084), either a tray-like wooden bier or a hollowed out tree-trunk (Fig. 8). The latter seems more likely due to the depth of the container and that the staining suggested that a covering or lid (088:1083) had been present and collapsed down into the chamber on top of the body. Given that the sides of the grave pit continued on down beyond the base of the burial container, it seems likely that there had been some deliberate backfilling prior to the insertion of the burial.

The burial container measure c.1.80m by c.0.80m and was orientated north-west to south-east with the head of the burial to the south-east. Bone preservation was very poor, but the outline of a crouched inhumation (088:1086) was clearly preserved as tiny bone fragments and soil stains (Fig. 9; Plate 5). The body had been laid on its left side and placed towards the southernmost end of the container. Surviving grave goods included a stone wristguard (SF 088:1008) (Figs. 9 and 25; Plate 21), two amber toggles (088:1009 and 1010) (Figs. 27 and 28), all reported fully in this document, and a complete, but collapsed Beaker (088:1087) (Fig. 9; Plates 5 and 6).

Ring-ditch 090:0020 (also FLN 012) The ring-ditch feature revealed towards the eastern end of the 090 area (Fig. 4) had previously been allocated the HER code FLN 012 when it was recognised as a circular cropmark on aerial photographs. Excavation was undertaken under the 090 site code and attributed the overall context number 090:0020.

The feature described a near perfect circle of c.18.00m in diameter (measured from external edge to external edge (Fig. 10; Plate 9). The ditch varied in width between c.0.55m and c.1.10m while its depth varied between c.0.32m and c.0.82m and exhibited a V-shaped profile, sometimes slightly rounded at its base (Plate 10). Essentially there were two principal fill components, although there were minor variations locally. A basal primary fill comprised stony, only slightly silty, sand derived directly from the edges of the ditch, with an overlying darker, siltier, less stony component.

Plate 9. Ring-ditch 090:0020 (from E.)

Plate 10. Ring-ditch 090:0020, representative section (from N.)

33 Ring-ditch 0020

Plate 10

0 5 10m

Plate 12 Ring-ditch 0102

0510m

Figure 11. Ring-ditches 090:0020 and 090:0102

Artefactual evidence was limited to relatively undiagnostic worked flint recovered from four contexts and heat-altered flints from three contexts, all upper fills of the ditch.

Surface cleaning failed to identify any features within the area enclosed by the ditch. However, it is considered likely on typological grounds alone that this was a funerary monument and probably Early Bronze Age in date.

Ring-ditch 090:0102 Double ring-ditch 090:0102 was located c.60.00m to the south-west of 090:0020 (measured from centre to centre of the areas enclosed by the monument (Fig. 4). The naturally occurring subsoil at this juncture comprised principally of very fine sand which clearly had led to the ditch silting up quickly resulting in the need to re-cut it. For the approximately half of the monument the re-cut (088:0104) could only be seen in the excavated sections, but in three areas the eccentricity exhibited by the slightly smaller re-cut ditch, particularly on the south-east side, resulted in natural subsoil to be exposed between it and the original cut (090:0103) (Fig. 10). The original, slightly larger ditch was c.20.50m in diameter while the re-cut ditch (090:0104) varied between c.17.50m, from north-west to south-east, and c.19.00m, from south-west to north-east (Fig. 10).

Original ditch 090:0103 varied in width between c.0.60m and c.1.50m with depths of between c.0.30m and c.0.55m (Plate 12) and a profile that was sometimes open V- shaped but becoming more rounded, almost open U-shaped where the adjacent natural subsoil was sandy and soft. In section, where the ditch cut through the light soft sandy subsoil, only one fill component was recognised comprising light brown very silty sand with very few stones. In contrast, locally, where the underlying natural subsoil was stony, a second, basal, fill was found to be present comprising stony sand.

The re-cut ditch 090:0104 varied between c.0.90m and c.1.35m with depths of between c.0.20m and c.0.60m (Plate 12). As with ditch 090:0103, the profile varied between open V-shaped and more rounded dependent on the character of the adjacent natural subsoil. Similarly, one or two fill components were recognised with a secondary, stony basal fill only present beneath the sandy upper fill when the adjacent natural subsoil became locally stonier.

Plate 11. Double ring-ditch 090:0102 (from NW.)

Plate 12. Double ring-ditch 090:0102, representative section (from E.)

088

0024

1096 G2 1095 G3

0610

0559

0502

G1 090 1098

0414

0 50 100m

Figure 12. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.g/I.h. (Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age)

During cleaning over the ditches on the south-east side of the monument, a small concentration of nine sherds of, presumably residual, later Neolithic Peterborough Ware pottery was recorded. Other artefactual evidence was limited to relatively undiagnostic worked flint in ten contexts and heat-altered flint from three contexts.

4.2.5 Period/Phase I.g. and I.h. (Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age)

The assessment of the prehistoric pottery (see below) has tentatively identified potential chronological differences between the 088 and 090 assemblages, with a possible later element in 090, which is not obviously confirmed by the stratigraphic evidence or the typological and spatial relationships between the associated structures. The evidence from the ceramic loomweights also adds some credence to this hypothesis and it is an avenue that can be further explored during the analysis stage of the project. For the purposes of this report, however, the features attributed to these two periods/phases will be described together as one entity. Indeed, while the currency of the occupation may straddle the perceived boundary between the Bronze Age and Iron Age, it is clearly one coherent phase of activity.

A total of 133 structures and individual features were attributed to this phase (Table 1) based primarily on artefactual evidence, but also the spatial associations between features. The area occupied by these structures/features covers the majority of the 088 area, extending southwards into 090 (Fig. 11). When looked at in conjunction with the previously excavated sites 065 and 068 it is clear that the 088 and 090 features represent nearly two thirds of a wider area of occupation covering approximately five hectares, with its eastern and southern margin running through 088 and 090.

The structural evidence The structural evidence was represented by five round-houses, at least nineteen four and six post structures and one possible miscellaneous structure (Fig. 11).

Round-houses: four roundhouses were recorded in the 088 area (088:0502, 0559, 0610 and 1096) and one in 090 (090:0414) (Table 1; Figs. 11 - 16; Plates 13-17). In addition, a further group of features in 088, located c.30m west-south-west of

38 roundhouse 088:1096, could be interpreted as the vestiges of a sixth roundhouse with its southern side missing, probably truncated by ploughing, as there was sufficient formality in the arrangement of the surviving features to suggest the presence of a circular structure. However, at this, the assessment stage, no attempt has been made to include this partial structure with the securely identified roundhouses.

These structures were spatially isolated from each other with the closest at a distance of 25m from their immediate neighbour (088:0599 and 0610). This made it difficult to assess the chronological development of these, the principle structural elements of the settlement, on a stratigraphic basis, as all, some or none of the roundhouses could have existed contemporaneously.

The groundplans of the five buildings were remarkably consistent (Figs 12 – 16). While occasionally a post-hole was missing due to truncation by later features, usually tree- throws, there presence could be deduced from the other examples. If complete, each of would have comprised an arc of seven post-holes (with some additional, possibly repair features, e.g. in 088:1096) (Fig. 15) forming a semicircle on the western side of the structure which, if projected into a full circle, would have a diameter of 7.00m - 7.50m. To the east or east-south-east there was a porch comprising either four post-holes (088:0502, 0610 and 090:0414) or six post-holes (088:0599 and 1096). The projected arc of the eastern post-holes passed through the middle of the area occupied by the porch which, in the case of 088:0599 and 088:1096, coincided with the middle two post- holes of the six.

Generally, the post-holes forming the western arcs were smaller than those in the porch. Typically these were circular, measuring c.0.30m in diameter with a depth of 0.20m - 0.30m and a vertical sided, flat-bottomed profile. The fills comprised homogenous brown silty, sometimes stony, sand. Only occasionally was there evidence for differentiation within the fills that defined a central post-pipe and external packing material. Very little artefactual evidence was recovered from these features.

In contrast, the post-holes forming the porches were often larger, although subject to greater variation than those in the arcs. In the six post-hole porch of 088:1096 and the four post-hole porch of 088:0610 the post-holes were oval in shape with their long axis coinciding with the round of the building.

Plate 13. Roundhouse 088:0502 (from E.)

Plate 14. Roundhouse 088:0559 (from E.)

40 Roundhouse 0502

012m

Figure 13. Roundhouse 088:0502; plan

41 Roundhouse 0559

0603

0 12m

Figure 14. Roundhouse 088:0559; plan

Plate 15. Roundhouse 088:0610 (from NE.)

Plate 16. Roundhouse 088:1096 (from E.)

43 Roundhouse 0610

0 1 2m

Figure 15. Roundhouse 088:0610; plan

44 Roundhouse 1096 ? ?

0150

0168 0184

0 12m Figure 16. Roundhouse 088:1096; plan

The largest post-holes were those forming the porch of 088:0610 (088:0613, 0620, 0624 and 0633) (Fig. 14) which measured c.0.70m by c.0.60m with depths in excess of 0.50m and steep sides and either a rounded or flat bottom. Those in the six post-hole porch of building 099:0559 (088:0566, 0573, 0581, 0583, 0585 and 0593) (Fig. 13) were smaller, measuring c.0.40m in diameter with depths in the region of 0.15m. Fills varied between homogenous dark grey/brown silty, sand with occasional small stones, e.g. fill 088:0552 in post-hole 088:0551 of building 088:0502, through to examples with more differentiated fills such as 088:0180 and 088:0181 in post-hole 088:0179 in building 088:1096.

Artefactual evidence was more frequent within the porch post-holes than those of the western arcs, particularly the larger ones such as fill 088:0634 in post-hole 088:0633 of building 088:0610 which produced twenty five sherds of later Bronze Age pottery.

Other features that could be interpreted as directly associated with the buildings were limited. No floor surfaces had survived, having almost certainly been truncated by agricultural activity such as ploughing. One small, c.0.40m in diameter, pit (088:0603) in building 088:0559 (Fig. 13) had a fill (088:0604) comprising almost entirely of small compacted lumps of heat-altered clay with an in-situ heat-reddened base and was thought possibly to represent a small hearth. In addition, some features recorded adjacent to post-holes forming the main/standard groundplan could indicate repairs to the structure. Building 088:1096 in particular exhibited four small post-holes close to the line of the eastern arc.

Building 088:1096 also had a group of intercutting pits within it, notably 088:0150, 088:0168 and 088:0184 (Fig. 15), which produced a large finds assemblage thought to be broadly contemporary with the structure. However, while it seems unlikely that the building was properly occupied when these features were excavated, it seems reasonable to suggest that their tight grouping within the structure was influenced by its presence, possibly after it had been abandoned as a formal dwelling.

Four and six post structures: a total of nineteen structures with groundplans comprising four and six post-holes have been identified (Table 1; Figs. 11, 17-19; Plates

46 18 and 19), although it is likely that further structures are concealed within groups of multiple post-holes or have been partially truncated by later features or ploughing and may be defined during analysis. It is now generally understood these structures provided elevated protected storage for perishable goods on an enclosed platform.

Essentially, these structures formed three discrete groups within the overall occupation area: two of these groups were on the periphery (hereafter G1 and G2) while the third (hereafter G3), when taken in context with adjacent sites 065 and 068, located more towards the central core (Fig. 11). None of the structures could be related directly to an individual roundhouse with the tight grouping suggesting some general zoning of activity within the settlement. In addition, there were two isolated examples in 088; one (088:0024) was located c.25m to the north-north-east of G2 on the eastern edge of the settlement area and the other (088:1098) was located close to the south-west corner of 088 c.55m west of G1.

The two groups located on the periphery of the settlement area, one to the south-east in 090 (G1) (Fig. 17) and the other to the east in 088 (G2) (Fig. 18; Plate 18), exhibited no overlap between the individual structures and those within each group could either have been contemporary or represented a staged replacement in the same general area of the occupied site. However, the third group (G3) (Fig. 19; Plate 19), located towards the north-west corner of 088 was more compact with some evidence for repair and rebuilding with overlapping groundplans.

The dimensions of the individual structures exhibited a degree of variation with the four- posted examples arranged in a square with sides generally measuring between 2.00m - 2.50m. The six-posted examples were rectangular with their shorter sides measuring between 1.50m and 2.50m and the long sides between 2.40m and 3.60m. The slightly eccentric arrangement of the two post-holes forming one end of some of the six post structures (for example 088:0714 and 0738 in G2) suggests that they originally could have been constructed as four posters with two posts added at a later date (Fig. 18).

Individual post-holes also varied in both size and morphology, but were generally consistent within each structure.

Plate 17. Roundhouse 090:0414 (from ESE.)

Plate 18. Four and six post structures; G2 (from S.)

48 Roundhouse 0414

0 1 2m Figure 17. Roundhouse 090:0414; plan

Post-hole diameters were consistently 0.40m to 0.50m with depths ranging between 0.20m and 0.40m. Post-pipes were occasionally evident, but more often than not the post-hole fills comprised homogenous brown silty sand with inclusions of gravel to pebble-sized stones in variable concentrations.

Artefactual evidence was limited, but pottery and worked flints were recovered from a number of contexts, the former providing the evidence that indicated that these structures were contemporary with the roundhouses.

The general characteristics of three individual groups of structures were as follows:

 G1: comprising a loose cluster of two six post structures (090:0075 and 0153) and six four post structures (090:0090, 0125, 0209, 0242, 0261 and 0466) on the south-east side of the occupation area spread over an area of approximately 20.00m (east to west) by 50.00m (north to south) (Figs. 11 and 17). Within the overall cluster three subdivisions could be recognised; two pairs of four post structures (088:0242 adjacent to 0261 and 088:0125 adjacent to 0209) to the south and a third group to the north which included the remaining four post structures and the two six post structures. The four post structures within each of the two pairs shared a similar alignment to its neighbour with 088:0242 and 088:0261 aligned north-east to south-west and 088:0125 and 088:0209 aligned north-north-east to south-south-west.

 G2: comprising a relatively tight cluster of two six post structures (088:0714 and 0738) and three four post structures (088:0709, 0727 and 0787) all similarly aligned and located immediately to the south-west of the composite Early Bronze Age funerary monument where they occupied an area covering approximately 10.00m from south-east to north-west and 20.00m from north- west to south-east (Figs. 11 and 18; Plate 18).

 G3: comprised four positively identified similarly aligned four post structures (088:0325, 0446, 0447 and 1097) along with a further approximately twenty features that did not immediately stand out as being part of a discrete structure or repair (Figs. 11 and 19 ; Plate 19).

50 0090 G1

0075

0466

0153

0125

0209

0242 0510m

0261

Figure 18. Four and six post structures (G1); plan

51 G2

0714

0727

0787 0738

0709

02.55m

Figure 19. Four and six post structures (G2); plan

52 G3

02.55m 0325

1097

0447

0446

Figure 20. Four post structures (G3); plan

Plate 19. Four and six post structures; G3 (from NE.)

Plate 20. Miscellaneous structure 088:1095 (from NW.)

54 Structure 1095

0 2.5 5m

Figure 21. Miscellaneous structure 088:1095; plan

55 However, given their similarity to and their juxtaposition with the four definite structures, then it seems reasonable to assume that at least some of them represent parts of other imperfectly preserved structures. The G3 structures occupied a tightly defined linear area measuring only 3.50m from north-west to south-east and 18.00m from north-east to south-west that was located towards the north-east corner of 088 (Fig. 11).

Miscellaneous structure: an enigmatic arrangement of fourteen features (088:1095) located c.20.00m directly east of G3 was tentatively described as a structure (Figs. 11 and 20; Plate 20). The groundplan covered an area of approximately 6.00m by 6.00m.

The possible structure was defined by two slightly curving lines of features; five forming the west side (088:0285, 0289, 0296, 0300 and 0305) and seven in the eastern side (088:0236, 0238, 0244, 0250, 0252, 0262 and 0264) with a further two small features internal the structure close to its eastern side (Fig. 20). The features making up the structure exhibited a wide variation in size, morphology and character. A number of the features were described as pits during excavation because their character was not typical of other post-holes on the site.

The largest three features were 088:0236 and 088:0238 forming the central part of the eastern alignment and 088:0289 towards the southern end of the western alignment. These were all circular or sub-circular in shape with diameters in the region of 0.70m and depths of between 0.20m (088:0236) and 0.40m (088:0289) and exhibited varying profiles and fills. The smallest of the features was 088:0300, located central to the western alignment, which was circular with a diameter of 0.30m and a depth of only 0.15m.

Artefactual evidence, principally earlier Bronze Age pottery and worked flint, was recovered from five of the seven post-holes in the eastern alignment, the only absence being the two features at the northern end (088:0262 and 0264). Only two features in the western alignment produced finds (088:0289 and 0305).

It is possible that the arrangement of features does not represent the groundplan of a building or structure at all. The surviving pattern may simply reflect the presence of a structure of which no evidence survives that had a confining influence on the

56 position/location of these features. Alternatively the features may have been associated with an unknown process or activity which resulted in this arrangement.

Other features A total of 167 other features were attributed a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age date; 117 in 088 and forty in 090. Of these, ninety eight were described as pits (sixty seven in 088 and thirty one in 090), sixty six as post-holes (fifty nine in 088 and seven in 090), two slots (both 090) and a hearth (088) (Table 1; Fig. 11).

Pits and post-holes: a total of 164 features described as pits and post-holes were recorded across the two sites. However, the features described as post-holes were those which could not be assigned to one of the formal buildings or other structures and the descriptive term post-hole must be regarded with caution as there was no evidence to indicate that the feature had actually performed this function. It is for this reason that for the purposes of this assessment, these unassigned ‘post-holes’ have been considered with the features attributed the more general classification of ‘pit’.

The majority of the pits/post-holes attributed a later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age date produced datable finds of that period, principally pottery, although the fired clay loomweights were also diagnostic. A number, however, were included due entirely to their direct spatial association with similar more securely dated features. In addition, some of the Period/Phase I.0. (unspecified prehistoric) features and Period/Phase 0 (undated) features almost certainly are also later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age in date, but there was no direct evidence on which they could be included. However, even taking into account that the actual feature count for this phase is probably higher and the location bias of the attributed features is towards those closely associated with structures/buildings, it is clear that there is a correlation; the later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age pits/post-holes do appear to be concentrated close to structures or form small discrete clusters in their own right.

There was a large degree of variation in size, morphology and character exhibited with these features, partly due to the inclusion of the smaller ones described as post-holes. Sizes ranged from c.0.10m in diameter with a depth of only 0.08m (e.g. 088:0523) through to c.2.20m in diameter with a depth of c.1.60m (090:0059), although the latter

57 was an exception, with the next largest only c.1.35m in diameter with a depth in the region of 0.50m (e.g. 088:0168). The fills were also somewhat diverse in character.

Smaller features tended, although not exclusively, to have single fills of relatively homogenous brown/grey silty sand with variable concentrations of gravel to small cobble-sized stones. Larger pits often exhibited multiple fills with distinct stratification and were more likely to include deposits of slumped naturally occurring subsoil derived directly from the sides of the feature. Where multiple fills were present, these were more likely to include darker layers with concentrations of charcoal flecks. Analysis of five samples taken from these darker layers suggest that the colour is the result of the inclusion of a high concentration of organic matter in the original material, possibly derived from midden deposits (Crowther 2010, 3). In addition, the quantities of artefactual evidence were also proportionally higher in the larger features with stratified fills, often concentrated within the darker coloured layers.

Slots: two features were described as slots (090:0301 and 0308), both located close to the northern edge of 090 and associated with a cluster of later Bronze Age/early Iron Age pits/post-holes and four post structure 088:1098 (Table 1; Fig. 11).

Slot 090:0301 was 1.30m long with a maximum width of 0.50m, a depth of 0.28m and a north to south orientation with both of its ends truncated by pits; 090:0297, to the south and 090:0299 to the north. The fill (088:0302) comprised relatively homogenous brown silty sand with frequent stones and included pottery sherds of early Iron Age date and a few worked flints.

Slot 090:0308 was located immediately to the north of 088:0301 on a similar north to south orientation, butt-ending c.0.50m north of truncating pit 088:0299. The feature was recorded for a distance of 1.60m up to the edge of the 090 site. While it clearly continued on into site 088, it had not been recognised during the excavation of that area. The feature was generally 0.45m wide with a depth of 0.30m, although it did exhibit a slightly wider, bulbous butt-end which also had a marginally darker fill. Fill 090:0309 comprised relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones and included a small quantity of early Iron Age pottery and a few worked flints.

088

090

0 50 100m

Figure 22. 088 and 090; Period/Phase I.0 (prehistoric unspecified date)

59 Hearth: possible hearth 088:0603 was c.0.40m in diameter with a depth of only 0.12m, had a rounded profile and a fill (088:0604) comprising almost entirely of small compacted lumps of heat-altered clay with an in-situ heat-reddened base. The feature was located centrally within roundhouse 088:0559 (Fig. 13).

4.2.6 Period/Phase I.0. (prehistoric unspecified date)

A total of twenty five features were attributed an unspecified prehistoric date, all described as pits; eighteen in 088 and seven in 090 (Table 1; Fig. 21).

The rationale for the assigning a prehistoric date to these features was generally the absence of secure dating evidence, but the presence of undiagnostic worked flint, heat- altered flint or, in the case of 090:0065, calcined bone, the latter subsequently found to be animal rather than human.

The majority of these features were located within area 088 with a loose concentration towards the north-east that broadly coincided with the spread of Early Neolithic features, but was also mostly within the general area of the later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age occupation. On that basis it is considered that these features are most likely to date to one of these phases, although other dates cannot entirely be ruled out and some may be naturally derived.

Almost all of these features were relatively small, with diameters/widths of less than 1.00m and depths of less than 0.50m. The majority of the features had single relatively homogenous fills comprising brown/grey silty sand with varying concentrations of gravel to small cobble-sized stones.

4.3 Post-medieval

4.3.1 Period/Phase V.b. (post-medieval, 17th – 19th centuries)

A total of twenty nine features and multiple context structures were attributed rather loosely to the 17th to 19th centuries (Table 1; Fig. 22).

60 088

090

0 50 100m

Figure 23. 088 and 090; Period/Phase V.b. (post-medieval, 17th – 19th centuries)

61 Essentially, the majority of these features relate to boundaries (ditches 088:0038, 0041, 0673, 0689, 0691, 090:0008, 0010, 0029, 0190, 0219, 0295, 0305, 0325, 0364, 0367, 0448, 0458 and fence line 088:0348) either side of the former Flixton to Homersfield road (088:0601 and 090:0044), the latter effectively corresponding with the junction between the 088 and 090 sites.

Other features assigned to this phase were limited to two large post-holes (088:0236 and 0238), two probable tree planting pits (088:0454 and 0456) and five irregular shaped quarry pits (090:0031, 0033, 0142, 0233 and 0350).

Most of the ditch features coincide with field and plot boundaries that were extant on the late 18th century Estate Map or had subsequently developed as part of the park landscape, becoming evident on the early Ordnance Survey maps of the later 19th century. The road itself became redundant in the second half of the 19th century when it was moved to its present location to the north. Generally these features were relatively regular in their alignments when compared with the stratigraphically earlier ditches which tended to exhibit localised irregularities in their direction. Given that the underlying sand and gravel subsoil is well draining, it seems likely that the prime function of the ditches would have been the division of the land, possibly for stock management, although those flanking the road would have helped take water away from its surface.

None of these features exhibited overly imposing dimensions, with a maximum width of 1.50m and depths not exceeding 0.70m, and were likely to have been accompanied by hedges; indeed the intervening area between the double flanking ditches each side of the former roadway was probably occupied by a bank formed from the upcast ditch digging material and would have been topped by a hedge.

Post-holes 088:0236 and 088:0238 almost certainly marked the position of a gate fronting onto the former road at the northern end of a droveway that on the early estate map could be seen to provide access to the pastures on the clay upland to the south. The ditches flanking this droveway were also present (090:0190 and 0219).

62 Two pits (090:0454 and 0456) located towards the north-west corner of 090 in the intervening area between the two ditches on the southern side of the former road were interpreted as tree-pits, possibly formally planted.

Five irregular shaped pits (090:0031, 0033, 0142, 0233 and 0350) all located within the 090 area were interpreted as quarry pits. Similar features having been recorded in other areas of Flixton Quarry. The fills of these features comprised stratified loamy material interspersed with layers of loosely compacted sand and gravel, suggesting that the stone component had been sieved out, possibly for use as metalling on the adjacent road.

4.3.2 Period/Phases V.d. (post-medieval, 20th century)

A total of eight features were attributed a 20th century date in the 088 area (088:0087, 0134, 0135, 0791, 0807, 0813, 0935 and 0940), all interpreted as tree-holes from which the stumps had only recently been removed and probably associated with the School Wood tree plantings of the c.1920’s (Table 1; Fig. 23).

4.4 Undated

4.4.1 Period/Phases 0 (undated)

A total of eighty three features remained undated due primarily to the lack of secure artefactual dating and meaningful stratigraphic relationships (Table 1; Fig. 24). Of these, thirty six were in 088 and forty five in 090. The main categories of feature represented were ditches (two in 088, eight in 090), pits (twenty six in 088, thirty five in 090) and tree holes (ten in 088), along with one miscellaneous feature in 090 and a number allocated to the intervening subsoil layer between the topsoil and the underlying naturally occurring sand and gravels, also in 090. Details of each feature type are presented below.

Ditches While remaining undated, a number of assertions can be made about the ditches that have been attributed to this phase.

63 088

090

0 50 100m

Figure 24. 088 and 090; Period/Phase V.d. (post-medieval, 20th century)

64 088

090

0 50 100m

Figure 25. 088 and 090; Period/Phase 0. (undated)

Ditches 088:0034 and 090:0023, the latter almost certainly representing the southwards continuation of the former, along with 090:0221, 090:0352, 090:0341 and 090:0361, were all part of a rectilinear field system which had previously been identified extensively throughout the excavated area of the quarry. Unfortunately, very little artefactual dating has ever been recovered, although a tentative Late Iron Age/Early Roman (Period/Phase II.a.) date had at one time proposed. However, this is now the subject of some debate with an earlier, even Middle Bronze date being postulated by Matt Brudenell (SCCAS/CT).

Stratigraphically, these ditches were clearly early in the feature sequence, they were sealed by the subsoil layer and were cut by the later ditches associated with Flixton Park and the former Flixton to Homersfield road. In addition, the slight sinuosity/irregularity recorded in the alignments of the ditches and the character of their fills, well-leached with often ill-defined interfaces with the adjacent naturally occurring subsoil, does suggest that they were of some antiquity.

None of these ditches were particularly imposing in terms of their dimensions with a maximum width of 1.25m and depths not exceeding 0.50m, their prime function would almost certainly have been simply to divide the land into various working elements; drainage would not have been a concern at this juncture due to the nature of the underlying naturally occurring sands and gravels. However, it is possible that these features would have been accompanied by flanking hedges which would have made the boundary a more imposing obstacle that would have been capable confining livestock.

Ditches 088:0643, 090:0012, 090:0016 and 090:0225 were all thought to post-date the ditches of the rectilinear field system.

North-east to south-east orientated ditch 090:0012, which was tentatively thought to cut subsoil, clearly cut ditches 090:0023 and 090:0352, but was itself cut by all of the post- medieval (Period/Phase V.b.) ditches with which it had a relationship. Given that it was located some 14.00m south-west of the latest ditches directly associated with the former road, it seems unlikely that it related to the final incarnation of road itself. However, the general route probably had some antiquity, with its origins in the later Saxon or medieval periods and it is reasonable to suggest this feature could relate to its earlier

66 phases, possibly in the form of a wider droveway rather than a more formally metalled road.

Similarly to 090:0012, ditches 088:0643, 090:0016 were aligned parallel to the most recent ditches associated with the former road. Ditch 088:0643 was only 21.00m long, butt-ending to both the northeast and south-west and was located close to, but just north of the wheel ruts of the road itself. Ditch 090:0016 was only recorded for a distance of c.28.00 and was located 5.00m south-east of the southernmost of the later road ditches (090:0008). The feature was very shallow and had an indeterminate relationship with the subsoil. It seems reasonable to suggest that both these features were associated with earlier phases of the former road.

Ditch 090:0225 was only seen in one section excavated through post-medieval (Period/Phase V.b.) ditch 090:0190. The leached character of its fill suggested a greater antiquity than 090:0190, but given that it clearly followed a similar alignment it seems likely that it represented an earlier phase of a ditch recut as 088:0190.

Pits Sixty one of the undated features were described as pits, twenty six in 088 and thirty five in 090 and relatively evenly spread over the two areas. The pits exhibited a considerable variation in their size, morphology and the character of their fills. However, the majority were small, circular or sub-circular, with diameters not exceeding 0.75m and depths of less than 0.50m. Some of the pits were described as possibly/probably being ‘naturally derived’ but were recorded due to their juxtaposition to more genuine features or simply that the feature had good edges.

Clearly, the inclusion of these features in the undated phase is the result of the lack of secure artefactual and stratigraphic evidence. It is, however, considered likely that the features were likely to have been generated by the more securely dated phases of activity that have been recognised.

Tree-holes Ten undated features described as tree-holes were recorded in the 088 area (088:0025, 0294, 0321, 0449, 0466, 0468, 0488, 0637, 0849 and 0892). While all located in the

67 area previously occupied by School Wood, only planted in the early 20th century, these features were those which exhibited all the attributes of a tree-hole, but were clearly not recently disturbed as would be the case with those relating to the stump removal undertaken immediately prior to the 088 soil-strip.

These features were often irregular in shape with indistinct edges and exhibited evidence of radiating roots.

Layer The context number 090:0218 was allocated to the intervening subsoil layer between the topsoil and the underlying naturally occurring sands and gravels in area 090. The layer generally comprised homogenous mid brown very silty sand with a variable stone content. The layer varied in thickness from only a few centimetres to c.0.50m and was thought to be a colluvial/hillwash deposit generated over time by mass soil movement.

Miscellaneous feature Particular care was undertaken during the stripping of area 090 towards the south-west corner of the site as the previous excavation works in area 069 directly to the south had identified a possible curving feature that appeared to continue under the then site edge. However, repeated mechanical and manual cleaning in the 090 area failed to positively identify the feature. A linear variation in the underlying sand and gravel subsoil was assigned the context number 090:0464 in order for it to be recorded on the site plan and it was the southward continuation of this which had probably been identified as a genuine feature on the earlier site.

68 5 Quantification and assessment

5.1 Post-excavation review

The following post-excavation tasks have been completed for the stratigraphic, finds and palaeoenvironmental archive:  Completion and checking of the primary paper and digital archive  Preparation of Microsoft Access database of the stratigraphic archive  Preparation of Microsoft Access database of the finds archive  Cataloguing and archiving of digital images  Cataloguing and archiving of monochrome prints  Preparation of provisional phasing (Table 1)  Discussion/description of principal features  GPS survey data of site grid converted to MapInfo  Digitisation of 1:100 scale plans and conversion to georeferenced MapInfo tables  Preparation of scanned security copies of A1 and A3 section/plan sheets  Processing (washing and marking), quantification and assessment of finds  Processing and assessment of palaeoenvironmental samples

5.2 Quantification of the stratigraphic archive

The stratigraphic archive is quantified in Table 2: Type Format Site 088 Site 090 Context register sheets A4 paper 13 11 Context recording sheets A4 paper 462 240 Environmental sample register sheets A4 paper 1 - Environmental sample record sheets A4 paper 5 2 Small finds register A4 paper 1 1 1:20 scale plan and section sheets A1 plastic drafting film 4 - A3 plastic drafting film 33 16 1:100 scale site plans A1 plastic drafting film 8 5 1:50 scale site plan A1 plastic drafting film 1 1 Site photo book Hardback 155 x 110mm note book 1 1 Digital images 2592 x 1944 pixel .jpeg 750 318 B/W contact sheets Contact sheet & negatives 16 5 Site survey/level book Hardback 190 x 120mm note book 1 1

Table 2. Quantification of the stratigraphic archive

69 5.3 Quantification and assessment of the bulk finds archive

5.3.1 Introduction

A summary of quantities and overall weight of the bulk finds categories recovered from both sites is shown below:

088 090 Material No. Wt.(g) No. Wt.(g) Pottery 5,960 50,766 1,233 10,765 CBM 50 983 10 3,331 Fired clay 307 1,979 92 701 Worked flint 2,612 37,955 351 8,769 Heat-altered stone 6,154 146,018 1,893 41,055 P-med bottle glass - - 1 18 Animal bone - 44 - 306

Table 3. Finds quantities

5.3.2 Pottery

Prehistoric pottery

Introduction A combined total of 7,193 sherds weighing 61,531g was recovered from the two sites (Table 4). A variety of periods are represented spanning the Early Neolithic to the Early Iron Age. The range of Early Neolithic, later Neolithic early Bronze Age Beaker and Post Deverel-Rimbury pottery broadly corresponds with styles found during previous excavations at the site. However, the small quantity of later Neolithic Peterborough Ware is unique within the pottery assemblage from Flixton Quarry examined so far.

Site code Pottery date No. Wt.(g) 088 Earlier Neolithic 1,777 10,153 Later Neolithic Early Bronze Age 69 683 Later Bronze Age 4,087 39,876 Not closely datable 27 54 Total 5,960 50,766 090 Later Neolithic 9 293 Early Iron Age 1,221 10,465 Not closely datable 3 7 Total 1,233 10,765 Combined Total 7,193 61,531

Table 4. Quantity and weight of prehistoric pottery by site and date

70 The assemblage is fragmentary and almost all represents incomplete vessels with the exception of the complete, though crushed, Beaker from central grave (088:0809) within the composite funerary monument. The condition of the pottery varies but is poor to moderately well-preserved. Average sherd weight is 8.5g but sherd size varies. A small number of sherds from each site have been described as prehistoric but are otherwise not closely datable. These sherds are listed in the catalogue but are not discussed in this assessment.

Methodology The assemblage was analysed in accordance with the Guidelines for analysis and publication laid down by the Prehistoric Ceramic Research Group (PCRG 2010 Methodology.doc). The PDR pottery is catalogued using the form series devised by M. Brudenell (Brudenell 2012). The total assemblage was studied and a full catalogue was prepared. The sherds were examined using a binocular microscope (x10 magnification) and were divided into fabric groups defined on the basis of inclusion types. Fabric codes were prefixed by a letter code representing the main inclusion identified (F representing flint, G grog and Q quartz). Vessel form was recorded; R representing rim sherds, B base sherds, D decorated sherds and U undecorated body sherds. The sherds were counted and weighed to the nearest whole gram. Decoration and abrasion were also noted. Forty five sherds have been recommended for illustration.

Earlier Neolithic Earlier Neolithic Plain Bowl was recovered from a series of seven pits and a post-hole in the 088 site (Table 5). Three pits (088:0002, 0019 and 0059) contained especially large assemblages of between 430 and 793 sherds. Pit 088:0019 also contained a leaf- shaped flint arrowhead.

Feature type Feature No. Wt.(g) Pit 088:0002 424 2,845 088:0005 1 1 088:0009 9 51 088:0019 530 2,105 088:0059 793 5,011 088:0085 16 102 088:0289 3 28 Post-hole 088:0026 1 10 Total 1,777 10,153

Table 5. Earlier Neolithic pottery

The Earlier Neolithic assemblage represents 16.5% of the total assemblage (10,153g). A minimum of fifty three plain bowls are present within the assemblage including Classic Carinated, Straight-necked Carinated and Neutral/ Bag-shaped Bowls and cups (Cleal 2004, fig.5). The vessels are principally made of flint-tempered fabrics, of which four fabric types have been identified (Appendix III.a). Less than 2% of the assemblage is made of sandy fabrics.

The form, fabric and deposition of the Earlier Neolithic assemblage is similar to contemporary pottery found elsewhere within the quarry especially sites 057, 059 and the more adjacent areas 068 and 069, although no Mildenhall Ware vessels, such as those found at 069, were present.

Later Neolithic A total of nine unstratified sherds of Later Neolithic pottery weighing 293g were recovered during cleaning over the south-east side of the double ring-ditch 090:0102. The body sherds are made of flint-tempered fabric (F1). One sherd is decorated with fingernail-impressions all over and is possibly of the Fengate tradition (Pryor 1998, fig.203, FG3, FG8). A further four sherds are curved suggesting a round-bodied vessel and have cord-maggot impressed decoration above an undecorated zone. Peterborough Ware dates to c.3400 – 2500 cal. BC (Gibson and Kinnes 1997, 65).

Later Neolithic/early Bronze Age Beaker A complete but fragmentary Beaker (Fig. 9; Plates 5 and 6) was recovered as an accessory vessel within grave 088:0809, located centrally within the composite funerary monument, which also contained a wristguard, and two amber ornaments (see below). The Long-Necked Beaker is made of fine, grog-tempered fabric and has elaborate, comb-impressed decoration. The long, straight neck is decorated with panels of comb- impressed triangles and tool impressed circles, whilst the globular lower body has alternating plain and decorated bands, the broadest of which encircles the girth of the vessel and contains filled lozenge shapes and bands of herring-bone motif. The Beaker is similar to an example from Eriswell (Clarke 1970 941.877).

A further scrap of undecorated grog-tempered pottery from the fill of ring ditch 088:0789 may be early Bronze Age.

72 The accessory Beaker found in grave 088:0809 is of a form which was most commonly in use later in the Beaker currency. Needham suggests that Long-Necked Beaker dates focus on 2200-2000 BC (Needham 2012, 9). It is of note that no domestic Beaker or Grooved Ware pit deposits were found in areas 088 and 090 though these are abundant elsewhere within the excavated areas of the quarry.

Post Deverel-Rimbury A total of 5,308 sherds weighing 50,3416g have been spot-dated as being of Post Deverel-Rimbury (hereafter PDR) date (Table 6). The assemblage is almost all flint- tempered (98%; 49,723g) with a very small quantity in sandy or grog tempered fabrics (Appendix III.a). The assemblage includes rims from 139 vessels including ninety eight jars, ten bowls and nineteen cups. The most common form present is the ellipsoid jar, commonly with rounded rim. Twelve rims are too small to identify to a particular form. Two fragments from handles or lugs were also found. Almost all of the pottery is undecorated with the exception of three vessels which have fingertip-impressed decoration to the rim top or interior edge and four which have diagonal slashes to the shoulder. More frequent within the assemblage is the use of rows of holes pushed into or through the vessel wall below the rim of which there are twenty three examples. One further decorated vessel has a double incised band marking the neck. The sherds show a range of surface finishes including burnishing (found on twelve vessels), rough or finger-wiping (six vessels) and smoothing (ten vessels).

In common with previous finds from the site the PDR pottery was almost exclusively found in pits, which contained c.91% of the total assemblage (45,652g). Sherds found in pits tended to be moderately well preserved with an ASW of 10g. Post-holes produced a little less than 7% (3,395g) with an ASW of 6g. Ditches and linear features contained less than 1% of the PDR assemblage (338g: ASW 8g) and unstratified surface collection produced the remaining 1.9% (956g ASW 5g). This suggests that, whilst the pits did not represent the primary place of deposition for pottery, most sherds were placed into the pits in fair, though fragmentary, condition. Those found in the other feature types, however, are small and more abraded indicating that they had been much more broken up by longer surface exposure.

The pottery is almost all Plainware similar to pottery from sites 059, 065 and 068, the latter situated immediately adjacent to 088. The PDR assemblage has been tentatively

73 divided into Later Bronze Age Plainware forms, predominating on site 088, and possible ‘Early Decorated’ Later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age types from 090 from where almost all of the decorated sherds were retrieved. However, given that the 088 and 090 sites are adjacent, this proposed temporal difference between the two sites may not actually be as clear-cut. Overall, the bulk of the PDR assemblage can be broadly dated to c.1000 - 800BC (Brudenell 2012, 163).

Feature type Site:Feature/Context[s] No. Wt.(g) Feature type Site:Feature/Context[s] No. Wt.(g) U/S Finds 088:0001/0001 2 23 Post-holes 088:0509/0510 1 17 Ring-ditch 088:0788/0790 23 357 088:0511/0512 4 28 Ditch 088:0034/0035 1 8 088:0521/0522 1 15 Pits 088:0012/0014 36 84 088:0535/0536 6 22 088:0015/0016 11 92 088:0549/0550 1 6 088:0017/0018 11 128 088:0551/0552 2 19 088:0057/0058 6 221 088:0557/0558 89 160 088:0063/0064 26 81 088:0583/0584 5 61 088:0072/0073 2 23 088:0568/0569 3 25 088:0082/0083 2 2 088:0613/0614 36 120 088:0118/0119 2 27 088:0615/0616 20 75 088:0120/0121 46 339 088:0620/0621 78 739 088:0122/0123 1 9 088:0624/0625 24 218 088:0126/0127 3 23 088:0626/0627 44 270 088:0132/0133 8 83 088:0633/0634 25 244 088:0136/0137 1 15 088:0635/0636 18 16 088:0138/0139 70 1,068 088:0647/0648 10 89 088:0140/0141, 0142, 0143 366 4,551 088:0649/0650 18 47 088:0150/0151, 0152 58 701 088:0655/0656 2 3 088:0153/0154 5 26 088:0657/0658 4 8 088:0164/0165 37 388 088:0660/0661, 0662 17 197 088:0166/0167 21 177 088:0681/0682 21 50 088:0168/0170, 0171, 196 3,389 088:0697/0698 14 53 0172, 0173, 0174 088:0699/0700 3 56 088:0177/0178 134 566 088:0717/0718 3 1 088:0179/0180 53 534 088:0719/0720 1 40 088:0184/0186 9 37 088:0723/0724 1 12 088:0192/0193 14 164 088:0751/0752 7 33 088:0195/0196, 0197, 0198 162 1,536 088:0779/0780 4 22 088:0208/0210, 0211 142 484 088:0772/0773 2 4 088:0222/0223, 0224 18 159 U/S Finds 090:0001/0144, 0310, 13 96 088:0227/0228 2 20 0314, 0378 088:0229/0230, 0231 31 300 Slots 090:0301/0302 36 301 088:0236/0237 1 5 090:0308/0309 2 29 088:0238/0239 54 250 Pits 090:0054/0055 7 25 088:0244/0245 4 88 090:0056/0057 21 119 088:0246/0247 1 9 090:0059/0060, 0063 254 1,458 088:0248/0249 7 12 090:0178/0179 4 34 088:0250/0251 2 144 090:0188/0189 430 3,874 088:0252/0253 5 66 090:0291/0292 7 23 088:0254/0255 538 6,006 090:0297/0298 28 248

74 Feature type Site:Feature/Context[s] No. Wt.(g) Feature type Site:Feature/Context[s] No. Wt.(g) 088:0256/0257 3 4 Pits 090:0299/0300 15 214 088:0270/0271 6 58 090:0315/0316 3 24 088:0276/0277 1 13 090:0317/0318 3 48 088:0298/0299 25 164 090:0319/0320 1 8 088:0302/0303 1 3 090:0323/0324 10 94 088:0305/0306 3 39 090:0327/0328 12 216 088:0387/0388 3 33 090:0329/0330 9 106 088:0437/0187 10 143 090:0333/0334, 0335 79 1,151 088:0444/0445 1 8 090:0336/0337 1 29 088:0533/0534 227 885 090:0376/0377 37 484 088:0537/0538 825 5,850 090:0379/0380 1 26 088:0577/0578 1 5 090:0383/0384 30 351 088:0579/0580 22 114 090:0385/0386 31 318 088:0599/0600 22 40 090:0387/0388 1 7 088:0605/0606 63 711 090:0389/0390 3 6 088:0607/0608, 0609, 0619 97 1,167 090:0391/0392 1 15 088:0611/0612 58 876 090:0409/0411, 0413 24 319 088:0611/0612 58 876 090:0438/0439 3 6 088:0677/0678 22 219 090:0440/0441 62 420 088:0683/0684 11 51 090:0444/0445 2 14 088:0693/0694 21 126 090:0462/0463 12 60 088:0695/0696 25 264 Post-holes 090:0099/0100 2 14 088:0755/0757 31 3,611 090:0158/0159 1 26 Post-holes 088:0162/0163 1 8 090:0289/0290 51 82 088:0202/0203 2 12 090:0402/0403 6 51 088:0212/0213 4 22 090:0404/0405 4 29 088:0220/0221 1 9 090:0418/0419 1 2 088:0326/0327 2 15 090:0421/0422 3 20 088:0422/0423 3 29 090:0430/0431 1 2 088:0426/0427 1 29 090:0433/0434 7 66 088:0381/0382 2 17 090:0435/0436 2 40 088:0503/0504 5 5 Spot-find 090:0352/0353 1 10 Overall Totals 1,221 10,465

Table 6. Quantity and weight of PDR pottery by feature

5.3.3 Ceramic building material (CBM)

Introduction Table 7 shows the quantities of CBM from the two sites.

Site No. Wt.(g) 088 25 962 090 10 3,310 Total 35 4,272

Table 7. CBM quantities by site

75 Methodology The CBM was quantified by context, fabric and type, using fragment count and weight in grams. Fabrics are based on coarseness of sand within the matrix and major inclusions, but for smaller fragments this may mean classification simply on the basis of the sand content. Roman forms were identified with the aid of Brodribb (1987), and post-medieval forms are based on Drury (1993). The presence of burning, combing, finger marks, mortar and other surface treatments was recorded. Data was input into an MS Access database, and a full catalogue forms Appendix III.b of this report.

The assemblage Table 8 shows the basic fabric types identified in this assemblage, and the total quantities of CBM forms for each.

088 090 Fabric Description LB RTP LB FB RTP fs fine sandy, no obvious inclusions 1 1 fscp fine sandy with clay pellets 4 fsfe fine sandy with ferrous inclusions 1 ms medium sandy, no obvious inclusions 2 msf medium sandy with flint 1 3 2 msffe medium sandy with flint and ferrous 18 wfs white fine sandy 1 wfg white fine sandy with coarse grog 1 Totals 19 6 7 2 1

Table 8. CBM fabric descriptions and quantities (sherd count) by form

All CBM recovered from these sites was post-medieval in date and was in fabrics found elsewhere on the quarry site in previous seasons.

Fragments of late brick (LB) were the most frequent finds at both sites. Eighteen fragments from ditch 088:0673 (fill 088:0674) were identical in terms of fabric and firing and probably represented less than eighteen bricks, but no joining fragments were identified. They were overfired to a dark red and were covered in white lime mortar. None of the fragments from 088 was measurable. The late bricks from 090 included a half-brick from pit 090:0031(fill 090:0032) which measured 111 x 51mm, and a fragment from ditch 090:0219 (fill 090:0293) which was 49mm thick. Other fragments were generally small and abraded. Although in some cases the bricks in this assemblage are relatively thin, all are in fabrics which suggest a later post-medieval date (18th-20th c.).

Two white-firing floor bricks (FB) were also recovered from 090. Both were 118mm wide and ranged between 38–48mm thick, although both showed signs of wear on the upper surface. They were found in pit 090:0031 (fill 090:0032) and as a surface find (090:0191) on ditch 090:0190.

A small quantity of post-medieval plain roof tile (RTP) was collected from both sites, but fragments were generally small and unremarkable. The piece from 090 had a circular peg hole.

CBM by context type Table 9 shows the quantities of CBM by feature.

Context Feature Identifier Fabric Form No. Wt.(g) Date 088 0020 0019 Pit msf RTP 1 4 pmed 0035 0034 Ditch msf RTP 1 36 pmed 0039 0038 Ditch msf RTP 1 68 pmed 0370 0369 Post-hole ms RTP 1 46 pmed 0674 0673 Ditch msffe LB 18 719 18-20? 0713 0712 Pit ms RTP 1 3 pmed 0797 0671 Ditch fs RTP 1 63 pmed 0803 0802 Ring-ditch msf LB 1 23 pmed 090 0032 0031 Pit wfs FB 1 690 18/19 0032 0031 Pit fscp LB 1 1,107 18/19 0191 0190 Ditch wfg FB 1 1,131 18/19 0228 0190 Ditch fscp LB 3 23 18/19 0293 0219 Ditch msf LB 2 40 pmed 0293 0219 Ditch fsfe LB 1 275 pmed 0340 0325 Ditch fs RTP 1 44 pmed

Table 9. CBM by feature with spotdates

The majority of fragments were recovered from ditches. A small fragment of late brick from the ring-ditch is likely to be intrusive. The generally small quantities of post-Roman CBM spread across this large area do not indicate that any major buildings of the period were present. Small fragments of CBM probably reached the site through manuring and other agricultural activity from the medieval period onwards.

77 5.3.4 Fired clay

Introduction Table 10 shows the quantities of undiagnostic fired clay. This does not include the small finds, or fragments of possible or certain loomweights and other objects which were extracted during recording for inclusion with the small finds assemblage (see below).

Site No. Wt.(g) Ave. frag. wt.(g) 088 278 1,162 4.2 090 206 617 3.0 Total 484 1,779 3.7

Table 10. Fired clay quantities by site

Methodology The fired clay was fully catalogued and quantified by context, fabric and type, using fragment count and weight in grams. The presence and form of surface fragments and impressions were recorded, and wattle dimensions measured where possible. Data was input into an MS Access database and forms Appendix III.c of this report.

The assemblage Table 11 shows the basic fabric types identified in this assemblage, and the total quantities of fired clay for each. 088 090 Fabric Description No. Wt.(g) No. Wt.(g) ms medium sandy, few other inclusions, occasional fine flint and clay 9 25 6 45 pellets fs fine sandy with few other inclusions, usually soft and oxidised 227 720 3 1 msv medium sandy with voids which are probably the result of leaching of 11 61 5 23 chalk inclusions fsv fine sandy version of msv 11 109 34 142 msf medium sandy with moderate to common coarse flint/quartz 7 91 6 82 inclusions, often hard and red fsf fine sandy with moderate to common coarse flint/quartz inclusions 8 113 fsvf fine sandy with voids and coarse flint inclusions 3 28 17 75 msvf medium sandy with voids and coarse flint inclusions 135 249 org abundant grass tempering, often highly fired, possibly kiln dome 1 12 fragments vit vitrified, uncertain 1 3

Table 11. Fired clay fabrics and quantities

78 Fine sandy fabrics were by far the most common type at 088, whilst fragments with voids (probably representing leached chalk) were most frequent at 090. This may represent a difference in periods of use, but phasing and spotdating were not available at the time of writing. Fragments of loomweights, which were more frequently identified and removed from the 088 assemblage, were commonly flint-tempered, sometimes with voids, and it is possible that much of the undiagnostic material from 090 also represents loomweights from which the surfaces had been lost.

Other than the few fragments extracted for assessment by the small finds specialist, none of the pieces in the bulk fired clay was diagnostic and no functions could be ascribed. Many fragments were small, abraded, amorphous lumps. Where surfaces were present, these were generally slightly convex and it seems likely that most of this material was used to form objects, particularly loomweights, rather than being used for structural purposes. There were no definite fragments of daub or render. One organic- tempered fragment from pit 088:0533 (fill 088:0534) had a right-angled corner and was similar to material, possibly kiln waste, from the previously excavated 062 site (Anderson 2011).

Fired clay by context type All fragments from both sites were recovered from pits or post-holes. At the time of writing site phasing was not available, but clearly the majority of the material was prehistoric in date. Investigation into the spatial and temporal distribution will form part of the subsequent analysis phase of the project.

5.3.5 Worked flint

Introduction A total of 3,388 struck, shattered or utilised flints were recovered from 088 and 090. The flint assemblages from each site is summarised in Tables 12 and 14 and described by site and flint type. A summary description of the context of the flint is included by site, the potential of the material from the two sites is explained and recommendations for analysis are made. The flint is listed by site and context in Appendix III.d.

79 Methodology Each piece of flint was examined and recorded by context in an ACCESS database table. The material was classified by category and type (see archive) with numbers of pieces and numbers of complete, corticated, hinge fractured and patinated pieces being recorded and relative degrees of edge damage and sharpness being noted. Additional descriptive comments were made as necessary. Non-struck flint has been discarded (It is included in the database but not in this report). Retouched and utilised flints pieces have been bagged separately within the main bags as necessary (but not where the context assemblages are small). Individual pieces, which may be worthy of illustration or are of interest, are highlighted in the database.

Site 088: The assemblage

Type No. Type No.

multi platform flake core 16 spurred piece 4 single platform flake core 9 backed knife 3 multi platform blade core 1 notched flake 6 single platform blade core 3 notched blade 1 keeled core 9 denticulate 3 discoidal core 1 serrated flake 1 core fragment 15 leaf-shaped arrowhead 1 core/tool 6 microlith 1 tested piece 20 flaked tool 1 struck fragment 65 polished flake 1 shatter 455 retouched flake 34 core tablet 2 retouched blade 1 core trimming flake 2 retouched fragment 5 flake 1,374 utilised flake 23 blade 231 utilised blade 10 blade-like flake 169 utilised fragment 5 spall 412 hammerstone 3 chip 36 hammerstone flake/shatter 6 end scraper 11 ?quern fragment 5

end/side scraper 2 Total 2,977

double end scraper 1 subcircular scraper 1 stone hammerstone 2 other scraper 15 utilised/ground stone 6 piercer 7 burnt fragment 36

Table 12. Summary of the flint by type from 088

There are sixteen multi-platform, and nine single platform, flake cores. They are mostly irregular and include some minimally struck pieces, although there are also one or two small 'exhausted' examples (contexts 088:0794 and 0864). There is a range of sizes; one core (context 088:0817) is quite large, many are small. Several have patinated former surfaces or patinated or cortical platforms. One multi-platform core may have also been used as a hammer (context 088:0448). Various cortex types include grey white 'nodule' type cortex, a thin grey cortex and some brownish and slightly iron- stained surfaces.

There are three single platform, and one single platform, quite irregular blade cores. Nine cores are classified as keeled types; they have flakes struck from each side of a ridge (and sometimes also from another edge). They are mostly quite irregular but there is one neat example (context 088:0021). A discoidal core has flakes from around its edge from both faces (context 088:0915).

Fifteen core fragments are mostly undiagnostic but include one or two from quite regular, possible blade type, cores.

Twenty tested pieces are present; these are mostly irregular cortical fragments which have minimal working, usually a single or small number of removals from one end. Included is an unusual long piece with one cortical face and blade type removals from its other side (context 088:0987). Another piece may have been used as a crude scraper (context 088:0818) and a couple of pieces are heat-affected which may have made them unsuitable for use (contexts 088:0178 and 1094). Sixty five irregular struck fragments were also found and a total of 455 irregular shatter pieces are present. These are often angular, 63% have cortex and a small number are burnt or heat- affected. Some may be from the initial breaking of flint lumps, others may represent the failed use of unsuitable material.

There are five quite squat or chunky pieces which have flaking and are possibly cores or may have been used as scrapers or in one case, possibly, as a piercer. A thickish flake with some flakes struck from its ventral face is another 'core/tool' (context 088:0382).

81 Two pieces have been classified as core tablets (contexts 088:0003 and 1074) although it may be that were not deliberate platform rejuvenation pieces. They both, however, have part of the former platform edge on part of their side and represent the selection of a new platform and thus a degree of care in the use of the core. Two other 'core trimming' flakes from the sides of cores also suggest this and show that cores were not simply discarded once a platform was exhausted.

A total of 1,374 unmodified flakes are present and there is a range of types with some thin slightly curving or tapering flakes, sometimes with regular dorsal scars but, predominantly, the flakes are irregular, often thick cortical pieces. Cortex varies; including off-white, various cream and grey-coloured pieces and with occasional iron staining. Of the flakes, 74% (by number) are complete and 71% have cortex. Of the cortical flakes 10% are primary pieces with entirely cortical dorsal faces. Thirteen percent of the flakes have cortical platforms and in quite a few cases the cortex extends around the proximal side of the piece (i.e. there was no real platform but the flake was struck from a cortical face of the 'core'). Only 3% of flakes exhibit evidence for platform edge abrasion. Six percent of the flakes have hinge terminations. Most of the flakes are sharp or quite sharp but some edge damaged pieces are also present. Nine percent of the flint is patinated to some degree. Some refitting pieces are present (contexts 088:0022, 0467, 0796 and 0255) and other contexts include flakes of very similar distinctive flint/cortex (contexts 088:0061, 0606 and 0811).

A total of 169 flakes are classified as 'blade-like'. This means that they have some, but not all, of the attributes of true blades. For example; they may be long and relatively narrow but have significant cortex or irregular dorsal scars or they may have regular blade-type scars but be shorter squatter pieces. They are mostly quite small. Some of them are quite neat and thirty (18% by number) have some evidence of platform edge abrasion. Only three have cortical platforms. Almost all of them are sharp or quite sharp.

Totals of 412 and thirty six spalls and small chips respectively are also present.

A total of 231 blades were found. They are often small and quite neat thin slightly curving and/or tapering pieces. Seventy-five percent are complete and 40% have at least some cortex. Forty six percent of the blades have abraded platform edges

82 showing they were struck from cores with prepared platforms and only one blade has a cortical platform and one blade a hinge termination. Blades are concentrated in distribution with large numbers occurring in a few contexts and although refits were not identified at assessment blades of very similar flint were seen in several context assemblages (e.g. contexts 088:0022, 0060 and 0061).

A very small thin flake fragment has a highly polished glassy surface (context 088:0061). It is clearly from a polished tool such as an axe.

A total of thirty scrapers were found. Eleven pieces are classified as end scrapers. These include some long examples (three from context 088:0022 and one from 0021) shorter more squat pieces (single pieces from contexts 088:0022, 0020 and 0060) some ovate pieces (contexts 088:0021 and 0658) and a small teardrop shaped flake with distal retouch (context 088:0797). The ovate scraper (context 088:0658) is irregular with its platform at one long side (the retouch actually around one side) and a flake from its patinated cortical face forming a useful holding area (for the left-handed). A double end scraper is made on a very squat, almost subcircular, flake with a wide thick platform (context 088:0022). Its proximal and distal edges are retouched. Two more scrapers are retouched around a side and end. One is on an irregular patinated fragment (context 088:0868), the other is ovate (context 088:0915). A quite small subcircular scraper has retouch around all but its proximal edge (context 088:0022).

Fifteen other, miscellaneous, scrapers are also present. They include several small irregular or thickish pieces (several on primary flakes) (contexts 088:0003, 0021, 0022, 0231, 0448 and 0790), an irregular retouched thermal fragment (context 088:0119) and a small fragment which might be from a small thumbnail type scraper (context 088:0851).

Seven piercers are present. These are all quite irregular. Pointed thickish non-cortical pieces (contexts 088:0230 and 0231), cortical flakes (contexts 088:0022 and 0612) and a thermal fragment (context 088:0887) have all been utilised. Additionally, three flakes (contexts 088:0550, 0790 and 0797) and a thermal fragment (context 088:0790) have been retouched to form slight protruding spurs on their edges.

83 There are three backed knives in the assemblage and although they are rather irregular/minimally retouched they may well be of earlier Neolithic date. An elongate D- shaped piece has shallow retouch of its convex edge and evidence for utilisation of the straight edge (context 088:0004) and another D-shaped flake has minimal retouch of both sides (context 088:0022). A quite large blade-like flake has cortex and retouch backing one side and shallow retouch of its other side and distal end (context 088:0060).

A small blade (context 088:0224) and six flakes have possible retouched notches. The flakes include one with cortex along one side and over its dorsal face which could have provided 'backing' (context 088:0880) and a small flake with a shallow notch forming a hook-like distal end (context 088:0966). Others are irregular or minimally retouched (context 088:0178, 0534, 0927 and 0978).

Three irregular pieces have denticular edges formed by retouch (context 088:0035, 0534 and 0797) and a small fragment from a flake has a more finely serrated edge (context 088:0800).

A slender ogival type leaf-shaped arrowhead of earlier Neolithic date has part of its original flake surface surviving on both faces but is finely flaked (SF 1001 in context 080:0020).

A very small thin narrow fragment with possible retouch along one side may be part of a microlith (context 088:0965).

Thirty four flakes, five fragments and a blade have retouched edges. The blade is quite large, possibly broken and with a notch in one side. Many of the flakes are irregular and retouch is slight. A small number have retouch to their points which may have been utilised. Retouched irregular fragments include three of thermal origin.

Twenty three flakes, ten blades and four fragments are utilised. A range of flake types are edge utilised. The blades include three thin slightly curving pieces and other thicker more irregular types. All have utilised edges and one has possible slight serrations. Three thermal fragments and a heat-affected fragment also shows signs of edge utilisation, two of them as scraper type tools.

A number of flint probable hammerstones were found. A large and fractured cortical lump has a battered ridge which appears to have been used as a hammer (context 088:0060), a small rounded fragment has a battered cortical end which may have been utilised (context 088:0915), an irregular cortical piece has two battered areas (context 088:0003). There is also a shatter fragment and five flakes which have pitted and battered surface areas and are probably from flint hammerstones.

Five flint fragments, at least two of which fit together, have flat probable grinding surface areas and are probably from some type of quern (SF 088:1029 in context 088:0178).

Possible Palaeolithic flints Three flints separated out as small finds were assigned a provisional Palaeolithic date. An abraded patinated flake has possible retouch along its left lateral edge (SF 088:1026 in context 088:0069). The same slightly yellowish mottled grey patina extends over its platform and ventral face. The possible retouch may post-date the patina although other edge damage partly obscures the edge. This might be a reused older (?Palaeolithic) flake.

A shattered fragment (in four pieces) is patinated with one abraded and slightly stained surface (SF 088:1027 in context 088:0086). Some (most) surfaces appear to be of thermal origin. Possibly it is fractured from the face of a heavily abraded flake.

A very small subcircular flake has a battered or abraded platform edge and a slightly yellowish stained dorsal surface (SF 088:1028 in context 088:0117).

Non-flint stone A long ovate smooth stone pebble has one end ground bifacially to a very symmetrical blunt and obtuse-angled edge (SF 088:1006 in context 088:0636). The other end is slightly battered and might have been used as a hammer. The chamfered edge is unbattered and it is difficult to tell whether the slight wear is due to use or resulted from its manufacture.

An asymmetrical oval pebble (SF 088:1021 in context 088:0061), and two irregular lumps with some flattish surfaces (SF 088:1022 in context 088:0003 and SF 088:1024

85 in context 088:0178), – all of sandstone (?) – appear to have been used as hammers. Another quite large irregular sandstone lump might also be a hammerstone (SF 088:1020 in context 088:0060).

A smaller subcircular fine sandstone pebble with one flattish and one slightly convex surface may be a rubbing or polishing stone, although two small side areas are slightly battered so it may also have been used as a hammer (SF 088:1025 in context 088:0003). Another much larger and smoother stone lump also has some smooth surfaces and a slight trace of 'polish' on one edge, as well as a very slightly battered side. It was probably used as a hammer and for polishing and is reddish-coloured from being burnt (SF 088:1023 in context 088:0062).

A large slab of sandstone has one flat surface (very slightly concave) with the other face having slight indentations. It is probably part of a quernstone?

A small rounded sandstone pebble is reddish in colour and possibly burnt although apparently not utilised (context 088:0926).

Flint (and stone) by context Table 13 presents the numbers of flint by context type.

Context type No. Pit 2,193 Ring-ditch 522 Post-hole 166 Grave 47 Ditch 21 Finds 24 Pot fill 8 U/S 72

Table 13. Flint by context type from 088

The majority of the flint from 088 was found in pits (Table 13), almost all of which also contained prehistoric pottery, although at the time of writing the ceramic dates were unknown. Flint was also found in fills of ring ditches, post-holes, a grave and other ditches. Eight flints were found in a part of a pottery vessel within a pit. Of seventy two

86 unstratified pieces, thirty two flints, mainly relatively large irregular flakes and shatter pieces, are in an unlabelled bag.

Flint was found in 117 different 'component' contexts with fifty features containing more than ten pieces and twenty with more than thirty pieces. Particularly large assemblages with cores, debitage and tools, and including significant numbers of blades came from three pits (088:0002, 0019 and 0059 with between approximately 250-500 pieces). Many other pits contained lesser numbers of pieces and blade types were few or, largely, absent.

The second largest number of flints was from the ring ditch contexts and these include a mixture of types but with very few blades and relatively few formal tool types.

Site 090: The assemblage

Type No. multi-platform flake core 3 single platform flake core 4 multi-platform blade core 1 discoidal core 1 core fragment 2 core/tool 1 tested piece 1 struck fragment 8 shatter 49 flake 196 blade-like flake 11 spall 38 chip 13 blade 6 bladelet 1 scraper 1 piercer 1 spurred piece 1 backed knife 1 fabricator 1 notched blade 1 retouched flake 6 utilised flake 5 utilised blade 2 utilised fragment 1 hammerstone 1 ?quern fragments 10 Total 367 heat-altered fragment 1 Table 14. Summary of the flint by type from 090

87 Three multi-platform, and four single platform, flake cores were found. They are irregular with several quite chunky pieces and one irregular jagged fragment which has been struck from one end. There is evidence for the use of patinated flint as well as cortical lumps. Many of the flakes struck from the flints would have been short and squat.

One multi-platform small irregular blade core was found (context 090:0345) and an irregular discoidal core has flakes struck from both faces (context 090:0314).

Two core fragments are also present. One is from the side of a blade core (context 090:0130) and the other also has some possible blade type scars (context 090:0108).

A fragment of flint with thick cortex on one side is heavily battered around a 'platform' at one end (context 090:0290). It appears to have been an unsuccessfully 'tested' piece.

Eight irregular struck fragments were found although several of them are noted as being possible core fragments (one with some blade type scars). The irregular nature of the cores from the site makes it quite hard to differentiate between them and miscellaneous struck pieces. Forty-nine irregular shatter pieces are present. It is notable that several are described as flake-like in some way or another, this is another indication of the irregular nature of the debitage from the site; it is difficult to differentiate between the different types of very irregular knapping debris.

An irregular struck fragment has some coarse retouch or flaking which forms an irregular spur or blunt point (context 090:0425). It has been classified at assessment as a core/tool.

A total of 196 unmodified flakes were found. They are mostly irregular and, most often, small although in a few cases larger flakes are present showing that a range of different sized flint was used. Flakes are often thick with wide or thick platforms and pronounced hard hammer struck type bulbs. Angular jagged pieces are present and from one context (090:0312) these are almost 'blocky' in nature and over half are heat-altered. There is an occasional more regular flake – sometimes thin and/or tapering in nature. Seventy five percent of the flakes (by number) are complete and 66% have cortex. Of the cortical flakes 5% are primary pieces with entirely cortical dorsal faces. Sixteen

88 percent of the flakes have cortical platforms and, as at 088, in a few cases the cortex extends around the proximal side of the piece. Only one flake shows evidence for platform edge abrasion and this has blade type dorsal scars. Four percent of the flakes have hinge terminations. Most of the flakes are sharp or quite sharp but some edge damaged pieces are also present. Five percent of the flint is patinated to some degree. No refitting pieces were identified at assessment although a few contexts include flakes of very similar flint (contexts 090:0126, 0130 and 0392).

Eleven unremarkable blade-like flakes were found as well as thirty eight spalls and thirteen small chips.

Only six blades and part of a small bladelet were found. The blades are mostly quite small and regular. Three of them have abraded platform edges. One larger blade (>95mm in length) has its proximal end missing. The blades are all unpatinated.

There are very few formal tools included in the 090 assemblage. A single scraper is made on a small primary flake (context 090:0001), and another largely cortical flake has an irregular hinge fractured point at its proximal end which has been utilised as a piercer (context 090:0434). A flake or fragment has abrupt retouch forming a spurred point on one side (context 090:0118). A possible fabricator is made on a small thermal fragment (context 090:0001), a small blade has a possibly retouched notch (context 090:0314) and quite large ovate piece, classified as a backed knife, has cortex along one side and probably use-related damage to the other side (context 090:0461).

Six edge-retouched flakes are present as well as five flakes and two blades with utilised edges. Another possibly utilised fragment is an unusual thin slab of cortical tabular flint (context 090:0441). Part of one edge is slightly battered but the fragment is abraded and it might just be a natural fragment.

A large lump of flint has much of its surface battered and was probably used as hammer (context 090:0001).

Ten pieces of flint have flat pecked surfaces and are probably from a quern or other grinding surfaces (contexts 090:0060 [SF 088:1024], 0312, 0334 and 0377).

89 Flint by context

Context type No. Post-hole 194 Pit 127 Ditch (Fill) 4 U/S 10

Table 15. Flint by context type from 090

The largest number of flints from 090 came from post-holes (Table 15). Only one post- hole appears to contain pottery (of prehistoric date). The second largest number of flints was from pits and about half of these pits contain prehistoric pottery. Flint was found in fifty one different 'component' contexts with only ten features containing more than ten pieces and only two with more than thirty pieces. Very small numbers of flints were found in ditch or unstratified contexts.

The largest assemblages came from two pits (090:0059 and 0311) which in both cases include possible flint quern. The features also contain flint debitage and at least one or two retouched or utilised pieces.

5.3.6 Heat-altered stone

Introduction and methodology In total, 8,047 fragments of heat-altered (HA) flint and other stone pebbles weighing 187,073g were recovered from the 088 and 090 sites. The quantities by site area and stone type are summarised in Table 16 below and the quantities by context are available presented in Appendix III.e.

Site Flint Other stone types Total No. Wt.(g) No. Wt.(g) No. Wt.(g) 088 4,464 76,619 1,690 69,399 6,154 14,6018 090 1,451 21,216 442 19,839 1,893 41,055 Total 5,915 97,835 2,132 89,238 8,047 187,073

Table 16. Heat altered flint and other stone quantities by site areas

90 Heat-altered stone was initially identified and quantified by fragment count and weight by context and recorded within the bulk finds tables. Flint and other stone types were recorded as separate categories and all of the material was retained at this initial quantification stage. It is considered informative to record more details as it may reveal something about the material’s function and how it came to be in these deposits. The size and proportion of stone types is often of note as it may reflect an element of ‘selection’ of stones suitable for specific purposes such as ’pot-boiling’.

For this assessment, further recording of the stone included identification of the other stone types and a record was made of the degree of heat alteration (FR = fire- reddened, FC = fire-cracked, HA = heat-altered, PB = flint pot boiler). Notes were recorded in additional fields in the Access Bulk finds database tables. Once the material was recorded, most of it was discarded with just small representative sample retained.

The assemblage A total of 5,915 fragments of heat-altered flint weighing 97,835g was mainly hand- collected. Almost all of the flint can be described as pot-boiler debris, blue-grey to white and extremely fire cracked. Very few pieces were merely fire-reddened.

A total of 2,132 fragments of non-flint other stone, weighing 89,238g was collected. The stone was identified mainly as sandstone (SS) and quartzite (QZ) pebbles or fragments with just a few other erratic stone types such as granite also present. The majority of the pieces are fire-reddened and cracked and more often than not they were found in association with flint pot-boiler debris and are very likely to have had the same function as the flint pot-boilers. Quartzite and sandstones are known to have better thermal qualities and higher resistance to fracture than flint and may even have been deliberately selected for these properties.

Deposition Overall, nearly 80% of the total assemblage weight was collected from the 088 area (see Table 16). The quantities of all heat-altered stone within the total assemblages of both site areas by feature type are shown in Table 17.

Feature type No. Wt.(g) % Wt Ditches and other linear features 17 1,054 0.6 Grave 92 855 0.5 Pits 7,131 173,011 92.5 Post-holes 681 7811 4.2 Ring-ditch 122 4,302 2.3 Unstratified 4 40 0.0 Total 8,047 187,073 100.0

Table 17. Heat-altered stone distribution by feature type (both 088 and 090)

The largest proportion of the heat-altered stone assemblage by weight was recovered from pits (92.5%) with the remaining 7.5% recovered from all other feature types or from unstratified collections. The distribution in pits probably represents the deliberate disposal of the material into open features close to areas of occupation rather its association with in situ heating/burning.

5.4 Quantification and assessment of the small finds archive

5.4.1 Introduction

A total of fifty six small finds was recovered from the 088 and 090 excavation areas. Thirty nine artefacts date to the prehistoric period, with the remainder being post- medieval and modern. Table 18 shows the breakdown of small finds by site.

Site Copper Iron FlintStone Amber Bone Ceramic Total 088 3 5 10 2 2 8 30 090 8 6 1 11 26 Total 11 6 610 2 2 19 56

Table 18. Small finds by material type by site

5.4.2 Methodology

The small finds were assigned individual numbers and catalogued on an Access database. Individual metal artefacts were x-rayed to enable identification. Certain

92 categories of small finds were examined by particular specialists in order to complete the initial catalogues and assessments.

5.4.3 Small finds by period

Twelve prehistoric artefacts were identified, and there were fourteen post-medieval and modern metal finds. The small finds have been preliminarily recorded and the data input onto the site database (Appendix III.f).

Prehistoric

Stone wristguard and amber ornaments Introduction A slender, waisted, two-holed stone wristguard with straight ends and elongated D- shaped section (088: SF 088:1008, Fig. 25; Plate 21) was found in association with an inhumation burial (088:0809) located centrally within a complex multi-phased circular monument, along with a complete Beaker (Fig. 9; Plates 5 and 6) and two objects made from amber (SF 088:1009 and SF 088:1010) (Figures 27 and 28). In view of the unstable condition of the small finds and their considerable significance, full reports were undertaken on both the wristguard and the amber artefacts and are included below.

The wristguard (SF 088:1008, Fig. 25; Plates 21) Slender, waisted, two-holed wristguard with straight ends and elongated D-shaped section; length 111.7mm; maximum width 22.5mm, narrowing to 19.1mm at mid-length; maximum thickness 7.9mm (at one end); weight 36.3g; complete but for three small chips (see below). The upper surface is convex and the lower surface is minimally dished; the junction between the two is crisply defined. The two transverse holes are located at 14.3mm and 19.8mm respectively from the ends, and have been drilled from both sides; on the upper surface the maximum diameter is 6.0mm in one case, and 6.4mm in the other, narrowing to c 2.8mm. Both ends have a carefully made, rounded lip which projects above the upper surface. One end also has a pair of hemispherical hollows, each 2.25mm in diameter, while the other end has diagonal, hourglass-drilled holes at the same positions, which exit through the upper surface on the inner edge of the lip and are 1.2mm wide at their narrowest point. Extending from the upper end of each of these perforations to the nearest transverse borehole is a narrow (0.75mm and

93 0.8mm wide respectively), diagonal incised line; together they create a V-shape. It may be that the hollows on the other end of the wristguard had represented the first step in an abandoned process of creating a similar feature.

The raw material is a very fine-grained, greenish-grey stone which contains a few dark, probably iron-rich inclusions and a few small patches of lighter-grey mottling. The finished item had been carefully polished, all over, to a medium sheen. Traces of the manufacturing process are visible in the form of very faint striations on the upper and lower surfaces, mostly longitudinal (but also running across the underside); some rilling is also visible in the two transverse boreholes and in the smaller holes. There are a few signs of ancient damage, in the form of small chip scars on the long edges, one on each side, close to the end; and the drilling of one of the small diagonal boreholes had led to chipping to the upper surface. There are no obvious signs of wear; while the outer edges of the main boreholes are rounded, this does not necessarily result from use- wear. In comparison to some wristguards, this example looks relatively ‘fresh’, as if not worn for long before burial.

When found, the wristguard was covered in a thin layer of compacted, fine-grained material that was especially crust-like on the underside, and the holes were choked (the two transverse boreholes were choked with sandy sediment, differing from the material coating the upper and lower surfaces). Before cleaning, the wristguard was examined using an ordinary binocular microscope at x10 magnification, and also using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Fig. 26), in order to determine the nature of the material coating the wristguard (and in particular, to check for any traces of a hide strap attaching to the underside) and to check for possible traces of metal residue (from rivets) in the transverse boreholes.

Plate 21. Wristguard SF 088:1008, part cleaned; actual size

Figure 26. Wristguard SF 088:1008; actual size

A) B)

C) D)

Figure 27. Scanning electron microscope images: A) Encrusted sediment (x 5) B) Plant fibre attaching to sediment on top of the wristguard (x 200) C) Sandy sediment in transverse borehole (x 20) D) Partly-cleaned borehole showing traces of rilling (x 20) (images by Suzy Kirk, National Museum of Scotland)

The SEM investigation was undertaken by Dr Susy Kirk, and it confirmed that the material coating both sides was fine-grained sediment, with no traces of any hide present. Plant rootlets were present on the upper surface but not on the underside; also present on the upper side was an insect pupa case, whose presence may indicate the season of interment (i.e. presumably early summer). The SEM microprobe analysis showed that there were no traces of metallic residue from rivets, as is sometimes found in wristguard holes. The incised lines and small holes and hollows on the ends were only found once cleaning had commenced; examination under a binocular microscope during cleaning failed to reveal any traces of cord or any other material in the holes and grooves, and the sediment in them was no different from that noted elsewhere on the surface. Part of the encrusted sediment on the underside was left intact, and the removed sediment was retained.

The wristguard was also inspected by mineralogist Simon Howard, along with a raw material sample of Great Langdale tuff plus two axeheads of this material whose identification as Langdale tuff had been confirmed by petrological thin-sectioning. Macro- and microscopic inspection revealed that the material used for the wristguard was consistent with this. The presence of a few iron-rich inclusions in the stone is consistent with other wristguards made of this material (Roe and Woodward 2007).

Discussion The practice of using stone ‘wristguards’ appeared in Britain and Ireland as part of the ‘package’ of Chalcolithic Beaker novelties around the 25th century BC, being associated with high-status male graves and forming part of the expression of a funerary persona that emphasised prowess in archery (whether it be for warfare or hunting, or both). The use of wristguards as grave goods continued for several centuries (see below). That the Flixton grave’s occupant had been a male is suggested by the fact that the body was buried on its left side, following widespread Beaker practice (Shepherd 1986; Tuckwell 1975).

In terms of wristguard typologies (as summarised by Fokkens et al. 2008), the Flixton example would count as a Sangmeister type F (albeit with a D-shaped, rather than rectangular section) and as an Atkinson type C2; it does not conform with the typology proposed by Fokkens et al. In general, there appears to be a chronological progression

97 in Britain and Ireland from early, narrow, straight- or convex-sided, flat or flattish two- holed wristguards to later, sometimes broader and more curved versions with four or more holes (although two-holed examples continued to be made). The later variants include elaborations such as gold-capped copper rivets (as is the case at Culduthel, Highland: Clarke et al. 1985, fig. 4.16) and lipped ends (ditto). The Flixton wristguard is similar in its size, material and design to the Culduthel example, the main difference being in the number of transverse holes (i.e. two, rather than four). It also differs in having ‘blind perforations’ or dimples at one end and the narrow perforations plus channels at the other. The significance of these features is unclear, as the tiny diagonal holes would scarcely have assisted in the attachment of the wristguard, either to a hide strap or to the wrist. The grooves and perforations could, however, have been used to house an embellishment – possibly an amulet – fixed on a narrow organic thread; the object would have dangled from that end of the wristguard. Could it be that the large amber boat-shaped object SF 088:1009, found close by, had been used in that manner? This possibility is discussed below. The attachment thread would have been anchored to the wristguard not only by being run through the holes, but also by the grooves and presumably also by being looped around the rivet or thong that passed through the transverse hole. As regards the manner of the wristguard’s attachment to the wrist, it is possible that it had indeed been riveted to a strap, despite the absence of any trace of rivets. At any rate, there are no signs of the kind of cord wear that could indicate that the piece had been tied directly to the wrist, with a double thong running up and along the top of the wristguard. Regarding the function of wristguards, Fokkens et al. have argued persuasively that, since many have been found on the outside of the wrist, they are more likely to have been prestigious adornments mounted onto a functioning hide strap – analogous to north American silver ketoh – than functioning bracers in their own right (Fokkens et al. 2008). The preservation of the Flixton skeleton was not good enough to show whether the wristguard had been on the outside of the wrist in this case, but, given its position in the grave, this is a clear possibility.

In terms of its dating, the associated Beaker (Plate 6) is of a type – Needham’s ‘short- necked’ (2005); cf. Clarke’s ‘S2’ (Clarke 1970) (contra. Percival this volume) – which suggests that the individual was probably buried during the last quarter of the third millennium BC. This places the wristguard chronologically among the later variants; and the fact that it seems to have been made from Langdale tuff offers a further point of comparison with them. The Culduthel wristguard which it resembles has been dated to

98 3735±35 BP (SUERC-26462, 2280–2030 cal BC at 2σ: Curtis pers. comm.), and a very similar example from Ferry Fryston, West Yorkshire produced an identical date of 3732±27 BP (KIA-25326, 2200–2035 cal BC at 2σ: Roe and Woodward 2007, 300; both dates calibrated using OxCal 4.1). A further Langdale tuff example from Kellythorpe, Driffield, East Riding of Yorkshire, which is virtually identical to the Culduthel example, was associated with three amber ornaments, of which at least two were V-perforated (as discussed below). Recent analysis of a large number of British and Irish wristguards by Ann Woodward and colleagues (Woodward et al. 2006; cf. Roe and Woodward 2007; Woodward and Hunter 2011) has highlighted the selectivity of stones – in terms both of colour and of texture – used to make wristguards in Britain and Ireland (as indeed is the case on the Continent). In addition to the Flixton wristguard, some twenty examples made from Langdale tuff are now known (Roe and Woodward 2007), including all the examples that have gold-capped rivets (i.e. those from Culduthel, from Driffield and from Barnack, Cambridgeshire, the last with 18 such rivets: ibid., 301). This could be taken to indicate that Langdale tuff was a particularly prized stone type. Despite some variation in design, there are several features that are shared among several of the Langdale tuff wristguards: the waisted shape, the presence of lipped ends, the length and proportions and the convex upper surface. Furthermore, even though such features need not necessarily relate to the initial manufacture of the wristguards, in three examples in addition to Flixton (namely Dorchester XII, Oxfordshire; Irthlingborough, Northamptonshire and Melton Quarry, Yorkshire, Roe pers. comm.), dimples are present; these are likely to relate to abandoned attempts to create additional rivet holes. A strong case could be made for the exploitation of this rock type by specialists, who produced small numbers of wristguards for elite male clients in various parts of Britain during the last quarter of the third millennium. Most of the Great Langdale wristguards have been found in northern Britain, but southern British examples include the aforementioned example from Barnack, and also examples from Hertfordshire (Tring), Wiltshire (Hemp Knoll and Calne) and Oxfordshire (Dorchester XII: ibid., 301).

Seven other wristguards have been found in Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, from the following findspots: Suffolk: Mildenhall and Brandon (the latter with two Beakers); Norfolk: Hockwold-cum-Wilton (x2), Walsingham; Cambridgeshire: Burnt Fen (Littleport) and Barnack (the latter with a Beaker; Woodward et al. 2006, project gallery website section, and Fiona Roe, pers. comm.). Flixton lies some distance to the east of these

99 other East Anglian findspots, and the Beaker does not resemble the examples from Barnack and Brandon, although that does not preclude the possibility that the owners of these wristguards had all participated in the same elite network.

The amber ornaments (SF’s 088:1009, 1010; Figs. 27 and 28) These are both V-perforated and roughly boat-shaped, although SF 088:1009 is larger and significantly heavier than SF 088:1010.

Ornament SF 088:1009 (Fig. 27) is around 97% complete, missing only one corner which was lost in antiquity. Its surviving length is 46.2mm; its maximum width (just above the ‘base’) is 18.2mm; and its height, 21.5mm. It weighs 9.48g. It is roughly symmetrical in plan and profile. The elliptical ‘base’ is flat and the dome swells out slightly from it before curving up to a rounded ridge; in cross section it is a long, plump D. A pair of diagonal perforations had been drilled from the ‘base’ and extends almost to the highest point on the ornament, as is clear from the X-ray image (Fig. 27); the image also reveals that the drill tip had been broad and gently rounded. The outer ends of the holes are oval, measuring 4.6 x. 4.2mm and 4.9 x 4.4mm respectively (starting with the hole nearest the damaged end), and the lengths of the holes are c.21mm and c.19.8 mm respectively. One had been drilled in a single process, with no re-positioning of the drill; the other has traces of one re-positioning, again visible in the X-ray. Traces of the drilling can be seen as barely perceptible rilling. The distance between the holes, as measured between their inner edges, is 9.9mm. The area of intersection of the two holes is relatively small, and it would have been very difficult to pass a thread through the perforation. The ends of the perforations are relatively fresh, with no obvious signs of thread wear. The holes had been choked by the post-depositional ingress of sandy sediment – the same sediment as seen in the transverse holes of the wristguard.

Removal of this sediment revealed the presence of thin organic material; examination of this material using the SEM should reveal whether this represents rootlets that had colonised the ornament following its burial, or else the final traces of the thread which had once run through the ornament.

100

Figure 28. SF 088:1009; X-ray and drawing (actual size)

Figure 29. SF 088:1010; X-ray and drawing (actual size)

101

Ornament SF 088:1010 (Fig. 28) survives as three main conjoining pieces and numerous crumbs and chips; whether these together constitute the entire object is unclear, but the three principal pieces form around 95% of the object. This is a slenderer object than the rather plump SF 088:1009, although of comparable length (47.1mm). Its maximum width, just above the ‘base’, is 9.2mm and the height, 14.0mm. It weighs 3.96g. Its ‘base’ is elliptical and the body rises steeply and smoothly to a rounded ridge; in profile it is shallower than SF 088:1009, and in cross-section it forms a long, narrow D. The V-perforation is also shallower than in SF 088:1009, and has a slightly larger area of intersection; the drill end appears to have been rounded, although the inner ends of the boreholes are not very clear on the X-ray. The object had broken across one perforation, to reveal a borehole 2.1 mm wide and with rilling clearly visible. The undamaged borehole measures 3.0 x 2.4mm at its outer end, and the edge appears unworn. Each hole had been drilled in a single action. There is a blob of white and black speckled material adhering to one side of the largest section. While the white material resembles bone, and while quartz grains are also incorporated within it, the identity of the material overall is unknown.

With both SF 088:1009 and SF 088:1010, the current appearance of the amber is very different from its original appearance, due to post-depositional oxidation. Beneath the opaque, cracked, reddish butterscotch-coloured surface (which, on SF 088:1010, is c.0.6mm thick), the amber is dark red and translucent; whether it had originally been dark red, or a lighter red-orange colour that has subsequently darkened, is a matter for debate. The surface would have been smooth and no doubt polished, and the V- perforations would have been clearly visible.

Discussion These V-perforated, boat-shaped amber objects belong to a well-known family of V- perforated ornaments, mostly made of jet (and its substitutes) and amber, that were popular among the elite in Britain during the late third and early second millennia BC (Shepherd 2009). Commonly referred to as buttons, only some of these will have been used as such, as Ian Shepherd has pointed out (ibid., 343–7); the possible function/s of the Flixton examples is discussed below. The Flixton objects are remarkable for their large size.

102 According to Shepherd’s classification system for V-perforated ornaments, the Flixton examples would fall within his ‘Type 4’ (i.e. ‘smoothly rounded profile...circular to oval in plan’: Shepherd 2009, 341) although they are also comparable with the boat-shaped examples of his ‘Type 8’ ornaments (‘more or less triangular in profile and have flat bases that range in shape from elliptical to rectangular’: ibid., 342). Amber is the main material used for Type 4 ornaments, being known from twenty two of the thirty two examples in Shepherd’s list; the distribution of this ornament type (ibid., fig. 3) shows clusters in Wessex, Yorkshire and southern Scotland, with scattered examples elsewhere. The currency of Type 4 ornaments spans the last quarter of the third millennium and the first quarter of the second (ibid., 341). Type 8 ornaments are mostly slenderer than the Flixton examples, are mostly of jet or jet-like material, have mostly been found in northern Britain (ibid., fig. 4) seem mostly to have been used as necklace fasteners, and almost all date to the last quarter of the third millennium.

Particularly relevant comparanda for the Flixton objects are the large V-perforated amber ornaments from two rich male graves in the East Riding of Yorkshire, at Acklam Wold 124 (burial 4) and at the aforementioned site of Kellythorpe, Driffield (ibid., 360, 362; Beck and Shennan 1991, 145–6, 154–5 and figs. 11.1.3 and 11.5.2). The boat- shaped ornament from Acklam Wold, 26.5 mm long and weighing 2g, was found in the thigh area and was part of a rich assemblage comprising a Beaker, a flint dagger and flint knife, a fire-making kit comprising a flint strike-a-light and lump of iron pyrites, a jet pulley belt ring, a jet button and a bone awl (Mortimer 1905, 90–2); Ian Shepherd has suggested that the amber object is likely to have been a fastener for a pouch, suspended from a belt, and it formed part of an ‘established set of accoutrements for a specific purpose’ (Shepherd 2009, 347). The body – of an exceptionally tall senior adult male – has recently produced a radiocarbon date of 3774±36 BP (OxA-V-2197-50 S- EVA 2155, 2333–2041 cal BC at 2σ: Shepherd 2009, 340; date produced for, and reproduced courtesy of, the Beaker People Project). The Kellythorpe grave has already been mentioned for having a Langdale tuff wristguard which, like the Culduthel example, has gold-capped rivets and which shares several features in common with the Flixton example. The adult male had been wrapped in linen, and also present was a Beaker, a copper knife-dagger and its sheath or scabbard, an object described as ‘bronze buckle’ for a wristguard (although no parallel for such an object is known from Bronze Age Britain) and the skull of a hawk. The persona of the deceased was therefore strongly phrased in terms of hunting prowess. Three amber ornaments were

103 found in the neck area, of which only one survives intact: this is chunky, oval in plan and profile, 28.5 mm long and weighing 8.9 g, and may have been a large pebble that has been minimally modified and V-perforated. The surviving fragment of the second ornament may originally have been of similar shape and size. Given their position at the neck, these three ornaments could have been worn as a necklace, although Shepherd has suggested a use for fastening a cloak (2009, 346). As for the possible function/s of the Flixton objects, the possibility that the one found near the wristguard could have been an amulet attached to it has been mentioned above; an alternative, given that it was found near the neck, is that it had been a cloak fastener. The other one, found in the waist area, could have been a pouch fastener, or perhaps a belt fitting. Neither shows signs of use – or at least, of use for long enough to have left obvious wear traces.

From the above discussion of comparanda for the Flixton grave goods it seems likely that this individual was buried during the last quarter (or last two centuries) of the third millennium. The remarkably large size of the Flixton ornaments suggests that their maker had access to sizeable chunks of amber, and given that this grave will have pre- dated the period (starting in the 20th century BC) when elites in Wessex were importing raw amber from Denmark (Sheridan and Shortland 2004), the most likely source of the amber is the coast of East Anglia, where this material is known to wash up, sometimes in large amounts. Some idea of the abundance of the coastal amber supply is given by a recent find of a composite amber-jet-?sperm whale tooth necklace, from a Beaker- associated grave, at Great Cornard, Suffolk: this contains a large number of amber components, some of them sizeable (Sheridan forthcoming). Indeed, given the similarities in grave goods discussed above, it is likely that the East Yorkshire finds – and most of the other Early Bronze Age amber finds in northern Britain, including a remarkable spacer plate necklace recently found at Shaw Cairn at the western edge of the Peak District, http://www.mellorarchaeology.org.uk/archaeology /finds/ amberbeads.htm – are made from amber collected from the East Anglian coast, moving northwards up the North Sea coast as part of an extensive network of elite contacts (See Needham 2009 on the concept of Bronze Age ‘maritories’ such as this). There is abundant evidence to support the idea that such a network existed; this includes the southwards movement of Whitby jet objects, and the copying of jet spacer plate necklaces in bone in East Anglia (Sheridan and Davis 2002). Amber, like jet, would have been a particularly prized material and it may have been attributed magical powers

104 on account of its special properties (as a stone that can float and be burnt, and as an electrostatic material: see Sheridan and Shortland 2003 and 2004 for a discussion of amuletic Early Bronze age ornaments).

Overall, then, the Flixton grave goods suggest that the deceased had been accorded elite status and was part of an extensive network of contacts, over which precious objects, ideas and people circulated.

Struck flints and-flint non-flint artefacts A number of flint flakes possibly of Palaeolithic date were identified from 088, together with an unpatinated complete leaf-shaped arrowhead. Six stone hammer-stones were also collected from stratified features, and the remains of a flint quernstone from context 088:0178. A fragment of heat-altered fine-grained stone (SF 088:1017) from pit-fill 088:0646 which has one smooth surface was probably used as a sharpening stone. An additional fragment of possible flint quern came from 090 (SF 090:1024). All of these artefacts have been included in the overall struck flint assessment.

Ceramic small finds Introduction The prehistoric ceramic small finds consist of a number of loomweights and spindle whorls, which have been assessed below. Table 19 shows the quantities of loomweights by site, whilst the subsequent tables present a breakdown of loomweight types within each site.

Site Code No. of frags Wt.(g) 088 97 3,249 090 53 1,055 Total 150 4,304

Table 19. Breakdown of loomweights by site

Methodology The fragments of loomweights were examined with a hand lens and details of their fabric and dimensions were recorded in an Access database. All of the fragments were weighed and identifiable features allowing them to be assigned to broad type have been noted. The fabrics have been compared with previous fabric descriptions for fired clay

105 from Flixton. Where several fragments come from the same context an attempt has been made to fit them together and to assess the minimum number of loomweights present. Significant fragments have been photographed and these images will form a part of the site archive.

Loomweights from 088 The loomweight fragments largely survive in good condition, often as sizeable pieces of the original object. Just occasionally, as with contexts 088:0151 and 088:0223, they are in poor condition and liable to fragment still further. Two forms of loomweight can be identified and a small number of fragments may possibly belong to a third type. Most of the fragments that can be identified to type come from cylindrical loomweights. They are drum–shaped with flat upper and lower surfaces and their size, shape and fabrics correspond well with earlier discoveries from Flixton. Approximately one third survives of two loomweights (SF’s 088:1014 and 1016), and just over 50% of a third loomweight (SF 088:1007). These have estimated original weights of 1,420g, 1,175g and 1,096g respectively. All three loomweights came from separate contexts. Their dimensions have also been recorded (Table 20). All three loomweights were produced in a fine sandy fabric with some voids but no flint inclusions (fsv). All of the cylindrical loomweight fragments are buff coloured and have been produced in fine sandy fabrics, either with occasional flint (fsf) or with some voids (fsv) and sometimes with both of these inclusion types present. In general, they provide a homogeneous group of fragments in terms of their fabrics, which show little variation. One of the loomweights includes finger impressions close to a flat surface, whilst a second loomweight has smaller dimpled indentations across a flat surface. A third fragment has comb–point decoration on a flat surface.

Smaller fragments of cylindrical loomweights were recovered from five further contexts. The original weights of these fragments could not be determined, but their diameters have been measured. The cylindrical loomweights vary in height from 91–101mm (a slightly greater range than the figures for previous Flixton sites), and diameters extend from 99.5mm to 120mm, figures that lie within the previously established range. Smaller fragments probably from cylindrical loomweights came from a further three contexts.

106 An incomplete pyramidal loomweight of ‘truncated cone’ form (SF 088:1015) has a single lateral perforation close to the apex. This type of loomweight occurs also in fragmentary form at 090, but has not been seen previously at Flixton. The pyramidal form is thought to be slightly later in date than the cylindrical form, albeit with some overlap (Bond 1988, 37). A period of overlap appears also at Flixton. Context 088:0606 produced a small fragment with a diameter of 75mm, which comes from a pyramidal loomweight of ‘truncated cone’ form, as well as three fragments from a cylindrical loomweight, and a fourth piece, probably also from a cylindrical loomweight, which has comb–point decoration running in a line across a flat surface. Comb–point decoration has been associated previously with Middle Bronze Age loomweights (Clarke and Lavender 2008, 38) but in this case the fragment is more redolent of a Late Bronze Age date.

Estimated Estimated SF No. of Original Diameter Site Context No. Loomweight type Extent frags. Wt.(g) Wt. (mm) 088 0086 - Cylindrical Fragment 3 93.9 102.0 088 0193 - Cylindrical Fragment 6 134.2 088 0534 - Cylindrical Fragment 2 122.2 99.5 088 0600 1013 Cylindrical Fragment 14 224.0 112.0 088 0606 1012 Cylindrical Fragment 3 167.2 108.0 088 0619 1016 Cylindrical Incomplete 1 606.0 1,175 110.0 088 0783 1014 Cylindrical Incomplete 1 430.0 1,420 120.0 088 0882 1007 Cylindrical Incomplete 1 392.0 1,096 112.0 088 0223 - Cylindrical ? Fragment 20 153.5 088 0607 - A Fragment 1 51.9 088 0614 - Cylindrical ? Fragment 1 45.6 088 0606 1012 Cylindrical or Fragment 2 50.1 Pyramidal 088 0534 1019 Cylindrical or Fragment 2 44.7 Triangular 088 0151 - Indeterminate Fragment 2 41.7 088 0534 - Indeterminate Fragment 25 164.5 088 0606 1012 Pyramidal Truncated Fragment 1 14.7 75.0 Cone 088 0696 1015 Pyramidal Truncated Incomplete 1 273.0 327 71.2 Cone 088 0534 - Poss slab? Fragment 10 224.0 088 0022 - Triangular or Fragment 1 15.5 Pyramidal

Table 20. Loomweight catalogue for site 088

107 The largest number of ceramic loomweight fragments came from context 088:0534, where two loomweights may be present. Twelve fragments include parts of two flat faces and this suggests that they derive from a triangular loomweight, although too little survives to be certain of this identification. Equally, they may possibly stem from a ceramic slab, conceivably of Late Bronze Age date (Hall 2000, 180). Three further fragments from the same context are undoubtedly from a cylindrical loomweight.

Loomweights from 090 The fifty three fragments of ceramic loomweight come from nine separate contexts. The fragments examined for the assessment are believed to be loomweights. Arguments have been presented to suggest that fired clay objects may not have been loomweights, but served instead as kiln furniture (Poole 1995; 2011, 137), but these are not unduly convincing assertions, and an interpretation of these objects as loomweights, in line with recent texts (Blin et al 2003; Champion 2011, 219), has been followed here.

All of the loomweight fragments have been fired and they have a buff–coloured exterior. Some have reduced or oxidised cores. Each context provided no more than a minimum number of a single loomweight, with the exception of 090:0384, where parts of two cylindrical loomweights could be identified. Most of the contexts provided a single fragment or a small number of fragments. Context 090:0060 provided thirty five fragments, but most of them weigh only a few grammes. Four fragments from 090:0384 could be fitted together to form part of the side of a cylindrical loomweight.

Almost all of the fragments have been produced in a relatively fine fabric with sparse pieces of quartz, mostly less than 1mm, and few other inclusions, although numerous voids are present. Occasional larger white flint and dark red clay pellet inclusions also occur, but no chalk is present at all, and they can be assigned generally to fabrics fsf and fsv, with occasional examples of fscq and fscp. The voids may be the result of the leaching of chalk inclusions and they can be quite large in some cases. Other ceramic loomweights from Flixton have been found in fabrics, fsv, ms or msv. In general, triangular loomweights from Flixton seem to have been fired in coarser fabrics than cylindrical loomweights.

The loomweights are summarised by type in Table 19. All of the fragments appear to be of prehistoric origin and none are recognisable as of Anglo–Saxon date. The

108 majority are fragments from cylindrical loomweights of Middle to Late Bronze Age date. An attempt was made to reconstruct as many original dimensions as possible for the cylindrical loomweights but unfortunately the fragments are too small to allow much to be said about them. Diameters were measured where possible but no overall heights for any loomweight could be established. Other cylindrical loomweights from Flixton are around 75 – 80mm in height. The four conjoined fragments (SF 090:1019) from context 090:0384 extend to a little over 80mm in height, but part of just one flat face can be seen, and the original height was probably around 85–90mm.

Loomweight No. of Estimated Site Context SF No. type Extent Frags. Wt.(g) Diam. (mm) 090 0060 1025 Cylindrical Fragment 1 87.2 115.0 090 0060 - Cylindrical Fragment 34 190.8 090 0384 1018 Cylindrical Fragment 1 105.1 112.0 090 0384 1019 Cylindrical Fragment 4 181.4 127.0 090 0386 1022 Cylindrical Fragment 3 174.0 116.0 090 0392 1021 Cylindrical Fragment 1 43.9 84.0 090 0403 1023 Cylindrical ? Fragment 1 101.9 78.0 090 0334 1016 Cylindrical or Fragment 1 33.2 Triangular 090 0388 1020 Triangular Fragment 1 35.5 090 0377 1017 Cylindrical ? Fragment 4 75.0 090 0441 - Cylindrical or Fragment 1 28.2 Triangular

Table 21. Loomweight catalogue for site 090

Most fragments have curved exteriors, accompanied in some cases by segments of flat surfaces. The diameters of the curved surfaces could be measured in six cases (Table 21). They range from 78mm to 128mm. Cylindrical loomweights from other sites at Flixton all have diameters in excess of 100mm, extending up to 140mm. Two fragments (SF 090:1021 and 090:1023), from contexts 090:0392 and 090:0403 respectively, are slightly smaller than the sequences seen from other Flixton sites, and this is possibly because they derive from pyramidal loomweights of the ‘truncated cone’ form, a type of loomweight not previously encountered at Flixton. No central aperture can be seen on the larger of the two fragments (SF 090:1023), although it might be expected, given the extent of the surviving fragment, and that strongly suggests that it comes from a pyramidal loomweight. It should be noted that the range of Late Bronze Age loomweight diameters from Bestwall Quarry, Dorset, is 60–125mm (Woodward 2009, 296), indicating that diameters can vary across sites, as well as across periods of time,

109 but at Flixton it seems that four types of prehistoric loomweight can now be identified, and that each has a relatively restricted range of sizes.

No overall weights for individual loomweights could be established. Fragments weigh up to 181g (the weight of the four conjoined fragments from 090:0384) but even that weight is likely to be a small fraction of the original weight of the object. Cylindrical loomweights from Burghfield in Berkshire, for example, weighed around 1kg (Bradley et al 1980, 275). No overall weights have yet been established for any cylindrical loomweights from Flixton, and only two weights are known for individual triangular loomweights.

One fragment (SF 090:1020) includes part of a flat surface and has fractured across a perforation. It appears to come from a triangular loomweight and is the only fragment that can be securely assigned to this type. There are no pieces identifiable as pyramidal loomweights, which have been seen elsewhere at Flixton. Several fragments include parts of a flat surface but this characteristic, on its own, does not mean that they are of triangular form, given that cylindrical loomweights of Late Bronze Age date have flat upper and lower faces.

Spindle whorls and mould fragments A complete ceramic spindle whorl (SF 088:1018) has a diameter of 34mm and weighs 17.5g. It is discoidal in section with lightly rounded upper and lower faces and resembles a Late Bronze Age example from Potterne (Hall 2000, fig 64.3). Alongside an example from 090, it could be the earliest spindle whorl to have been recovered, as yet, from Flixton. A small fragment of a second ceramic spindle whorl came from context 088:0223. It has a curved surface and part of a perforation, but is not identifiable to type.

An incomplete ceramic spindle whorl (SF 090:1026), surviving in poor condition, came from context 090:0057. It is biconical in form with a conical perforation set a little off– centre, and has rounded upper and lower faces. The form corresponds with Type 3b from Danebury, a form that is also found in Late Bronze Age contexts (Poole 1984, 401; Mepham 2000, 179). Around 40% of the whorl survives and it would originally have weighed around 34–35g. Few spindle whorls have been found in prehistoric contexts at

110 Flixton and this may be one of the earliest examples to be recovered so far. Previous spindle whorls recovered from the site are of Late Iron Age or Early Anglo–Saxon date.

A ceramic fragment from context 088:0299, produced in a fine sandy fragment with some flint, includes a rectangular slot which may be part of a one–piece mould. It is slightly fire reddened, with a lightly curved outer surface.

Post-medieval and modern Three copper alloy finds of post-medieval date were identified from 088. A George III halfpenny dated 1799 (SF 088:1002) was recovered from context 088:0042 and a very worn jetton (possibly from 16th century Nuremburg) (SF 088:1004) and button (SF 088:1005) were recovered from surface deposits from the NW/SE orientated ditch 088:0219.

The post-medieval metalwork from 090 was recovered from surface finds over features such as ditches of other features which cut the subsoil.

Two copper alloy coins of post-medieval date were identified from 090. One of these is a farthing (SF 090:1003) dating to the reign of James I (1603-25), whilst the other, which is very worn, is probably Georgian. A fragment of a copper alloy crotal bell (SF 090:1008) was also identified. Two iron horseshoes (SF 090:1006 and 090:1007) were recovered from the fill of a post-hole 090:0236 cutting the subsoil after initial stripping. One of these (SF 090:1006), which is almost complete, is likely to have come from a carthorse or shirehorse as it is so large. It has four rectangular nail holes each side arranged 4/4 with two tapering nails which are still in-situ. The horseshoe probably dates to the later part of the post-medieval period. A second almost complete horseshoe from the same context is smaller and earlier in date. It has four rectangular nail holes arranged 4/4, and is made of much thinner metal than SF 090:1007. The shoe is also post-medieval but is probably 17th century (Margeson, 1993, 227 nos. 1850/51). Two other copper alloy artefacts (SF 090:1011 and 090:1012) have been only briefly described as they are modern, together with a piece of lead waste and iron nails.

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5.5 Quantification and assessment of the environmental evidence

5.5.1 Human skeletal remains

Introduction Grave 088:0809 contained the poorly preserved remains of an inhumation burial. Cremated or calcined bone deposits of probable human origin were recovered from three other 088 contexts. Other small quantities of calcined bone were identified as animal and have been passed to the animal bone specialist for assessment.

Methodology The cremations had been processed prior to analysis. Bone from each context was rapidly scanned to assess condition, age and sex, any immediately obvious pathological conditions.

Inhumation Human bone was recovered from 088:1086 (skeleton) and some other contexts within grave 088:0809. The bone is extremely poorly preserved and during rapid scanning only the pertous temporal of the skull was identifiable.

Cremated bone The following pit fills from 088 produced calcined bone:

088:0006 130g A cremation burial containing some large fragments including a piece of the pelvis. Possibly juvenile but very incomplete.

088:0114 640g A cremation burial including lots of large fragments. There is some evidence for degeneration, suggesting an older adult.

088:0142 - 1 small fragment, not certainly human, although the presence of a near-complete pot in the pit may suggest a cremation burial.

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5.5.2 Animal bone

Introduction A combined total of 350g of bone was analysed for this report which were produced from sites 0088 and 0090. The remains consist of two domestic mammals and one wild species, along with heavily fragmented calcined bone.

Methodology The analysis was carried out following a modified version of guidelines by English Heritage (Davis, 1992). All of the bone was examined to determine range of species and elements present. A record was also made of butchering and any indications of skinning, hornworking and other modifications. When possible, ages were estimated along with any other relevant information, such as pathologies. Counts and weights were noted for each context and counts made for each species. Where bone could not be identified to species, they were grouped as, for example, ‘large mammal’, ‘bird’ or ‘small mammal’. The results were input into an Excel database for quantification and analysis. A summary catalogue and a table of measurements is included with this report and a full catalogue (with additional counts) of the faunal remains is available in the digital archive.

The bone assemblage

Quantification, provenance and preservation The combined assemblage from the 088 and 090 sites consists of 138 fragments of bone, weighing a total of 350g. An additional piece of mineralised bone was recovered from gravel at 090, but not included for analysis. Just over 12.5% of the bone in the analysis assemblage was found in features at 088, where it was recovered from a pit, a post-hole and a ring-ditch. The majority of the bone (just under 87.5%) was recovered from ditch and pit fills at 090. The faunal remains are associated with evidence suggesting a prehistoric date range. Quantification of the bone by site code, feature type and weight can be seen in Table 22 and by fragment count in Table 23.

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Site Feature type and weight Site Total Ditch Pit Post-hole Ring-ditch 088 - 2g 1g 41g 44g 090 59g 247g - - 306g Total 59g 249g 1g 41g 350g

Table 22. Faunal remains quantification by site, feature type and weight

The bone is generally in a poor and fragmented condition, resulting in an assemblage with no sufficiently complete bone that could allow measurements for estimation of stature or breed. Many pieces from both sites show eroded surfaces that suggest both age and more acidic soil conditions. A single sheep/goat humerus from the ditch 090:0219 (context 090:0293) showed slight canid gnawing at either both the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Three features (090:0059, 0065 and 0333) produced heavily calcined, fully oxidised bone.

Site Feature type and fragment count Site Total Ditch Pit Post-hole Ring-ditch 088 1 2 11 14 090 2 122 124 Total 2 123 2 11 138

Table 23. Faunal remains quantification by site, feature type and fragment count

Species range and modifications and other observations Three species were identified in this assemblage. There are a number of fragments that were only identifiable as ‘mammal’. However, the majority of these were tiny fragments of burnt bone that had been crushed and damaged in a fire, resulting in higher fragmentation. Quantification of the assemblage by site code, species and NISP is presented in Table 24 and by species, NISP and feature type in Table 25.

Site Species and NISP Total Equid Mammal Sheep/goat SM -Hare 088 11 3 1 15 090 8 114 1 123 Total 19 117 1 1 138

Table 24. Faunal remains quantification by site, species and NISP

114 Equid remains are the most frequent. Fragments of an equid metapodial were found in ring ditch 088:0438 (context 088:0803); these showed quite eroded surfaces and no evidence of butchering (such as skinning) was seen. Equid upper molars and scapula fragments, from an adult animal, were recorded from pit 090:0438 (context 090:0439). A single cut sheep/goat femur was produced from ditch 090:0219 (context 090:0293), which is from an adult individual; this bone showed canid gnawing at both the proximal and distal end.

Wild species were represented by a tibia from a Brown Hare, which was yielded from ring-ditch 088:0879 (context 088:0901). No butchering was seen on this bone.

Species and NISP Feature Feature Type Equid Mammal Sheep/goat SM - Hare Total Ditch 1 1 2 Pit 8 114 122 Post-Hole 2 2 Ring-ditch 11 1 12 Species Total 19 117 1 1 138

Table 25. Faunal remains quantification by feature type, species and NISP

Three 090 pits (090:0059, 0065 and 0333, contexts 090:0060/0063, 0066 and 0334 respectively) produced heavily calcined, fully oxidised bone. Much of this bone was highly fragmented and the slightly larger fragments had undergone some warping and cracking. None of these heavily burnt fragments showed any diagnostic zones that could allow species or element identification.

5.5.3 Charred plant macrofossils and other remains

Introduction and method statement Samples for the retrieval of the plant macrofossil assemblages were taken from across the excavated areas and a total of fifty seven were submitted for assessment.

The samples were bulk floated by SCCAS and the flots were collected in a 300 micron mesh sieve. The dried flots were scanned under a binocular microscope at magnifications up to x 16 and the plant macrofossils and other remains noted are listed in Tables 26 – 31. Nomenclature within the tables follows Stace (1997). All plant

115 remains were charred. Modern roots, seeds and fungal sclerotia were also present throughout.

Results Cereal grains/chaff, seeds of common weeds/grassland herbs and tree/shrub macrofossils were present at a low density within thirty eight of the assemblages studied. Preservation was generally poor, with many grains and seeds being both puffed/distorted (probably as a result of combustion at very high temperatures) and very fragmentary. However, occasional macrofossils were moderately well preserved.

Both barley (Hordeum sp.) and wheat (Triticum sp.) grains were recorded, along with a number of cereals which were too poorly preserved for close identification. Of the identifiable cereals, wheat occurred most frequently, with the majority of the grains being of an elongated ‘drop’ form typical of both emmer (T. dicoccum) and spelt (T. spelta). Emmer and spelt glume bases were also recorded and, in addition, sample/context 088:0003 (from Early Neolithic pit 088:0002) included a possible fragment of an indeterminate large legume (Fabaceae) of pea/bean type.

Weed seeds were generally scarce, occurring within only seventeen assemblages. Taxa noted included indeterminate small legumes (Fabaceae), black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), small grasses (Poaceae), buttercups (Ranunculus sp.) and vetch/vetchling (Vicia/Lathyrus sp.). Sample/context 088:0983 (from Early Bronze Age ring-ditch 088:0789) also included at least one fragment of an onion-couch (Arrhenatherum sp.) type tuber. Hazel (Corylus avellana) nutshell fragments were noted within nineteen assemblages, being especially common within three Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age pits (088:0677, 090:0297 and 0387; samples/contexts 088:0678, 090:0298 and 0388 respectively). Charcoal/charred wood fragments, many of which were extremely comminuted, were present throughout, but other plant macrofossils were scarce.

Although many of the black porous and tarry residues were probably derived from the combustion of organic remains at very high temperatures, others were very hard and brittle and were possible bi-products of the combustion of coal, small fragments of which were noted within a number of assemblages. Both the brittle residues and the coal

116 were almost certainly intrusive within the features fills, having been introduced via root channels, animal disturbance or similar bioturbation.

Other remains were generally scarce, although fragments of bone (some of which were calcined), pellets of burnt or fired clay and splinters of heat shattered stone were recorded. Small fragments of what appeared to be amber or amber coloured glass were noted within two of the samples from Early Bronze Age grave 088:0809 (contexts/samples 088:1083 and 1085).

Discussion For the purposes of this discussion, the samples have been divided by date and feature type.

The key to the accompanying tables is presented below: x = 1 – 10 specimens xx = 11 – 50 specimens xxx = 51 – 100 specimens xxxx = 100+ specimens cf = compare b = burnt fg = fragment ph = post-hole Crem = cremation R.ditch = ring-ditch ENEO = Early Neolithic EBA = Early Bronze Age LBA = Late Bronze Age LIA= Late Iron Age Prehis = prehistoric

117 Early Bronze Age funerary monument 088:0065 (Table 26): Four samples were taken, two from post-hole 088:0110 (samples/contexts 088:0111 and 0112) and two from cremation pit 088:0113 (samples/contexts 088:0114 and 0117).

The post-hole assemblages are relatively sparse, although both do contain charcoal/charred wood fragments.

The cremation assemblages are also limited, but fragments of charred root/stem, indeterminate tubers, porous residues and calcined bone fragments are recorded along with the charcoal/charred wood and a single possible small legume cotyledon. It is assumed that the plant remains are probable relicts of the flora burnt in situ beneath the pyre, whilst the porous residues are probably derived from the cremation process.

Context No. 0111 0112 0114 0117 Cut No. 0110 0110 0113 0113 Monument 0065 0065 0065 0065 Feature type ph ph Crem Crem Date EBA EBA EBA EBA Herbs Fabaceae indet. xcf Other plant macrofossils Charcoal <2mm xx xxxx xxxx xxxx Charcoal >2mm x xxx xxx xxx Charcoal >5mm xx xx Charcoal >10mm x Charred root/stem x Indet.seeds x Indet.tubers x x Other remains Black porous 'cokey' material x x Bone xb Small coal frags. x Sample volume (litres) 20 10 10 20 Volume of flot (litres) 0.2 0.1 <0.1 0.2 % flot sorted 50% 100% 100% 50% Table 26. Samples from monument 088:0065

118

Early Bronze Age composite funerary monument 088:0788/0789/0821/0856/0809 (Table 27): Fourteen samples were taken from ring-ditch, post-hole and grave fills associated with the composite Early Bronze Age monument 088:0789/0788/0821/0856/0809.

The ring-ditch and post-hole fills are particularly sparse, with most containing little other than fragments of charcoal/charred wood. However, the assemblage from segment 088:0862 of ring-ditch 088:0789 (sample/context 088:0983) does include charred root or stem fragments, a buttercup seed and tubers, including at least one specimen of onion- couch type. The similarity of this assemblage to those from the cremation deposits is possibly of note. Although the five fills within grave 088:0809 do contain seeds, nutshell fragments and a possible cereal grain, the density of material is extremely low and it is considered most likely that all are derived from scattered detritus, which was accidentally incorporated within the grave fill. However, as stated above, two of the grave fills do contain what appear to be minute fragments of amber, which may be derived from the objects that were deliberately placed in the grave with the deceased (see small finds section).

119 Context No. 0855 0917 0942 0965 0980 0983 0915 0918 0930 1068 1081 1083 1084 1085 Cut No. 0793 0879 0795 0802 0819 0862 0856 0856 0929 0809 0809 0809 0809 0809 Part of 0788 0788 0788 0788 0789 0789 0856 0856 0821 0809 0809 0809 0809 0809 Feature type R.ditch R.ditch R.ditch R.ditch R.ditch R.ditch R.ditch R.ditch ph Grave Grave Grave Grave Grave Date ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA ?EBA Cereals and other food plants Cereal Indet. (grains) xcffg Herbs Arrhenatherum sp. (tubers) x Ranunculus acris/repens/bulbosus x Vicia/Lathyrus sp. x x xcf Tree/shrub macrofossils Corylus avellana L. xcf Other plant macrofossils Charcoal <2mm x xxxx xx xxx x xxxx xx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx x xxx Charcoal >2mm x xxxx xx xx x xx x xx x xxx xx xxx x x Charcoal >5mm x xx x x x x xx x x x Charcoal >10mm x x x Charred root/stem x x x x x Indet.tubers x Other remains Black porous 'cokey' material x x x Black tarry material x x x x x x Bone x xb x x Burnt/fired clay x x x x Burnt soil concretions x x Glass/amber frags. x x Small coal frags. x x x x Sample volume (litres) 40 30 40 40 40 40 40 40 5 40 20 10 10 90 Volume of flot (litres) 0.2 <0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 % flot sorted 50% 100% 25% 25% 100% 50% 50% 100% 100% 50% 50% 100% 50% 50% Table 27. Samples from monument 088:0788/0789/0856/0821/0809

120 Site 088 Early Neolithic and Late Bronze Age pit fills (Tables 28 and 29): Six Early Neolithic pit fills and ten Late Bronze Age pit fills were sampled (Table 28). All but three contain cereals, chaff, seeds or nutshell fragments. In addition, moderate to high densities of charcoal/charred wood are recorded throughout. It would, therefore, appear that by the later Bronze Age period, both agricultural and domestic activities were well established within the near vicinity. However, in the current instance, it is difficult to ascertain whether all of the assemblages are wholly indicative of the deliberate deposition of refuse within the pit fills, or whether some remains may be derived from the accidental inclusion of scattered detritus.

Context No. 0003 0011 0022 0061 0086 0006 Cut No. 0002 0009 0019 0059 0085 0005 Feature type Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Date ENEO ENEO ENEO ENEO ENEO ENEO Cereals and other food plants Hordeum sp. (grains) x Triticum sp. (grains) xcf x x (spikelet bases) T. spelta L. (glume bases) Cereal Indet. (grains) x x Large Fabaceae indet. x Herbs Chenopodiaceae indet. Fabaceae indet. Fallopia convolvulus (L.)A.Love Tree/shrub macrofossils Corylus avellana L. x Other plant macrofossils Charcoal <2mm xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx xx Charcoal >2mm xxxx xxxx xxx x xxxx xx Charcoal >5mm xx xxx xx x xx xx Charcoal >10mm x xx xx xx Charred root/stem x x Indet.seeds Other remains Black porous 'cokey' material x x x x Black tarry material x Bone xb xb Burnt/fired clay x x Burnt organic concretions Burnt soil concretions xxxx Burnt stone x Small coal frags. Small mammal/amphibian bones x Sample volume (litres) 20 20 20 20 20 20 Volume of flot (litres) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 % flot sorted 50% 50% 50% 50% 25% 50% Table 28. Site 088, samples from Early Neolithic pits

121 Context No. 0083 0121 0142 0151 0186 0193 0534 0538 0609 0694 Cut No. 0082 0120 0140 0150 0184 0192 0533 0537 0607 0693 Feature type Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Date LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA Cereals and other food plants Hordeum sp. (grains) x Triticum sp. (grains) x x x (spikelet bases) x T. spelta L. (glume bases) x x x Cereal Indet. (grains) x x x xcf x xcffg Large Fabaceae indet. Herbs Chenopodiaceae indet. x x Fabaceae indet. Fallopia convolvulus (L.)A.Love Tree/shrub macrofossils Corylus avellana L. x xcf x xcf x x Other plant macrofossils Charcoal <2mm xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx Charcoal >2mm xx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx Charcoal >5mm x xxx xx xxx xxx x xx x xxx x Charcoal >10mm x x x x x x x xx Charred root/stem x Indet.seeds xcf x x Other remains Black porous 'cokey' material x x x x xxxx x x x x Black tarry material x xx xx Bone Burnt/fired clay x Burnt organic concretions x Burnt soil concretions Burnt stone x x Small coal frags. x x Small mammal/amphibian bones Sample volume (litres) 20 20 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Volume of flot (litres) 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.4 % flot sorted 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 12.50% 25% Table 29. Site 088, samples from Late Bronze Age pits

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Site 088 other Late Bronze Age features (Table 30): Ten samples were taken from post-holes within buildings 088:0502 and 088:0559, from other possible pit/post-hole type features and from the fills of a pots within pits 088:0208 and 088:0755.

As with the contemporary pit fills (see above), cereals, chaff, seeds and nutshell fragments are present within most assemblages along with moderate to high densities of charcoal/charred wood and again, it is assumed that in most instances, these remains are derived from scattered agricultural and/or domestic waste.

Context No. 0211 0758 0510 0522 0567 0598 0604 0614 0678 0606 Cut No. 0210 0757 0509 0521 0566 0597 0603 0613 0677 0605 Part of 0208 0755 0502 0502 0559 0559 0603 0610 0677 0605 Feature type Pot Pot ph ph ph ph Pit ph Pit/ph Pit Date LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA LBA Cereals and other food plants Triticum sp. (grains) xcffg xcffg x (glume base) x (spikelet bases) x T. dicoccum Schubl (glume bases) xcf T. spelta L. (glume bases) x x x Cereal Indet. (grains) xcf x x x xcffg Herbs Fabaceae indet. xcf x Fallopian Convolvulus (L.)A.Love x Galium sp. xcffg Tree/shrub macrofossils Corylus avellana L. xcf xcf xxx x Other plant macrofossils Charcoal <2mm xxxx xxxx xx xxx xxxx xxxx x xxxx xxxx xxxx Charcoal >2mm xxx xxxx xx xxxx xxxx x xxxx xxxx xxxx Charcoal >5mm xx xxxx x xx x xx x xxx Charcoal >10mm x xx x x x x x Charred root/stem x x x Indet.seeds x x x x Other remains Black porous 'cokey' material x x x x xx x xxx xx Black tarry material x x x x xxx x Burnt/fired clay x Small coal frags. x x x x Sample volume (litres) 10 4 20 20 20 10 20 20 20 Volume of flot (litres) 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 0.2 <0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 % flot sorted 50% 100% 100% 50% 50% 100% 50% 50% 25% Table 30. Site 088, samples from other Late Bronze Age features

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Site 090, all samples (Table 31): Thirteen samples were taken; four from Early Bronze Age ring-ditch fills and the others from Early Iron Age/Late Bronze Age and prehistoric pits.

The ring-ditch assemblages are very small (<0.1 litres in volume), but all do include cereals and/or seeds along with charcoal/charred wood and occasional bone fragments. However, coal fragments are also present throughout, possibly indicating that these deposits have suffered some degree of post-depositional disturbance.

The Later Bronze Age/Early Iron Age pit assemblages are very similar to those from site 088. All contain cereals, chaff, weed seeds and/or nutshell fragments along with moderate to high densities of charcoal/charred wood. Some of the assemblages (for example that from pit 088:0333) are particularly large, and in these instances it is probably reasonable to assume that some, if not all of the material was deliberately placed within the pit fills. However, it is suggested that the smaller assemblages may still be largely derived from scattered detritus of agricultural or domestic origin.

124 Context No. 0021 0022 0108 0111 0176 0298 0292 0060 0334 0388 0445 0066 0396 Cut No. 0020 0020 0103 0104 0175 0297 0291 0059 0333 0387 0444 0065 0395 Feature type R.Ditch R.Ditch R.Ditch R.Ditch Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Pit Date EBA EBA EBA EBA LBA/EIA LBA/EIA LBA/EIA LBA/EIA LBA/EIA LBA/EIA LBA/EIA Prehis Prehis Cereals Avena sp. (grain) x Triticum sp. (grains) x x x xcf x x (glume bases) x T. dicoccum Schubl. (glume bases) x T. spelta L. (glume bases) x Cereal indet. (grains) x x x x x x xfg xcf x Herbs Anthemis cotula L. x Fabaceae indet. xcf Fallopia convolvulus (L.)A.Love x x Medicago/Trifolium/Lotus sp. xcf Persicaria maculosa/lapathifolia x x Small Poaceae indet. x x Vicia/Lathyrus sp. x x Tree/shrub macrofossils Corylus avellana L. xcf xx x x x xx x Other plant macrofossils Charcoal <2mm xxx x xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx Charcoal >2mm xx x xx xx xxxx xx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxxx Charcoal >5mm x xx x xxxx xx xx xxx x x xx Charcoal >10mm x xx x x x x x x Charred root/stem x x x x Indet.seeds x x x x x Other remains Black porous 'cokey' material x xx x xx x x x x x x x Black tarry material xx x x x x x Bone x xb x xb Burnt/fired clay x x x x Burnt stone x Mineralised soil concretions xx Small coal frags. xx x x x x Sample volume (litres) 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 40 10 40 40 10 30 Volume of flot (litres) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 <0.1 0.2 % flot sorted 100% 100% 100% 100% 50% 50% 50% 50% 12.50% 50% 50% 100% 50% Table 31. Site 090, all samples

125 6 Significance of the data and potential for analysis

6.1 Realisation of the Original Research Aims

The following section considers how the excavation and subsequent assessment has addressed the original research aims of the project.

Realisation: Significant prehistoric archaeology was recorded with the three principal phases being the Early Neolithic (pits), later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age (extensive occupation deposits including buildings and structures) and Early Bronze Age (funerary deposits).

Other than the prehistoric archaeology, all features and deposits related to the post- medieval history of the site as part of the parklands associated with Flixton Hall.

Realisation: The soil-stripping process was monitored by an experienced archaeologist. While it was not always necessary to monitor the removal of topsoil as there was generally an underlying intervening layer of subsoil over the archaeological levels, a constant presence was maintained during the exposure of the archaeology.

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RA2: To enable the identification and evaluation of potentially significant archaeological features or deposits.

Realisation: All features revealed during the soil-stripping process were marked on the ground in order to facilitate the subsequent evaluation of their archaeological significance. All features, groups of features and monumental structures were assessed and treated according to their perceived archaeological significance.

RA3: To identify, excavate and record features and deposits of lesser archaeological significance.

Realisation: Deposits assessed as being of lesser archaeological significance were sampled and recorded in both plan and section.

RA4: The principal academic objective revolves around the potential of the site to produce evidence for multi-period settlement and funerary activity.

Other than the prehistoric archaeology, all features and deposits related to the post- medieval history of the site as part of the parklands associated with Flixton Hall.

6.2 The potential and significance of the stratigraphic data

6.2.1 Introduction

The following sections provide an assessment of the stratigraphic data by period with reference, where appropriate, to the regional research agenda; Research and Archaeology Revisited: A Revised Framework for the East of England (Medlycott (ed.) 2011). 127

6.2.2 Period/Phase I.a. (Palaeolithic)

The Palaeolithic evidence was limited to residual worked flints recovered from later features and as such is of no stratigraphic significance. No further work is recommended other than a passing note in any subsequent publication.

6.2.3 Period/Phase I.c. (Early Neolithic)

Flixton Quarry has already been recognised as one of the key projects in the region where Neolithic archaeology has been excavated (Medlycott (ed.) 2011, 11 and 13). Previously recorded Early Neolithic archaeology at Flixton includes both probable domestic type deposits and at least one funerary monument (a long barrow in 069). In addition, a long enclosure has more recently been recorded in site 091 to the south-east of the area covered by this assessment.

The Early Neolithic features in this assessment, essentially a loose cluster of arguably domestic-type pits located towards the northern-east corner of 088, included one feature that produced one of the largest and best preserved assemblages of pottery of that period from Flixton so far.

The research agenda states that future research would benefit from the exploration of the relationship between Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary landscapes and settlement (Medlycott (ed.) 2011, 13), an opportunity for which is afforded by the Flixton sites and should be considered to be of at least regional significance.

6.2.4 Period/Phase I.d. (Late Neolithic)

The Late Neolithic evidence was limited to presumably residual pottery recovered from a later feature and as such is of little stratigraphic significance. No further work is recommended other than a passing note in any subsequent publication.

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6.2.5 Period/Phase I.e. (Early Bronze Age)

Flixton Quarry has already been recognised as one of the key projects in the region where Bronze Age archaeology has been excavated (Medlycott (ed.) 2011, 15 and 19). Previously excavated Early Bronze Age archaeology at Flixton includes a series of funerary monuments (ring-ditches and associated cremation and inhumation burials) and Beaker domestic deposits.

The Early Bronze Age archaeology covered by this assessment essentially relates to the funerary aspects of the landscape with two monuments in 088 and a further two in 090. One of the 088 monuments comprised a complex of four recognisable, concentric phases around the central which included high status grave goods. This burial alone is of national significance.

The research agenda states that future research would benefit from the exploration of patterns of burial practice and should include the relationship between settlement sites and burial (Medlycott (ed.) 2011, 20). The overall Flixton site offers this opportunity and should be considered to be of at least regional significance.

6.2.6 Period/Phase I.g. and I.h. (Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age)

Flixton Quarry has already been recognised as one of the key projects in the region where Bronze Age and Iron Age archaeology has been excavated (Medlycott (ed.) 2011, 15, 19, 22 and 25).

The later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age archaeology covered by this assessment effectively comprises two thirds of a discrete settlement area which overall covers approximately five hectares. Given that the whole settlement area has now been examined, the Flixton sites give the opportunity to study its development both spatially and temporally along with its relationship to other broadly contemporary areas of occupation previously excavated in the quarry. In addition, the structural evidence at Flixton is remarkably consistent. Potentially there is a locally distinctive type of roundhouse based on a semi-circular arc of seven post-holes to the west/west-north- west and a four or six post porch to the east/east-south-east.

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Clearly the site has local significance and has the potential to be of regional or even national significance.

6.2.7 Period/Phases I.0. (prehistoric unspecified date)

The features attributed to this phase were unremarkable and not securely datable. No further work is recommended other than a passing note in any subsequent publication.

6.2.8 Period/Phases V.b. (post-medieval, 17th – 19th centuries)

The features attributed to this phase essentially related to the development of the Flixton Park Estate during the 17th to 19th centuries, although the route of the former Flixton to Homersfield road and some of the field boundaries may have survived through from an earlier period. When examined in conjunction with similar period archaeological deposits excavated over the wider area of the quarry, these features can be considered to be of local importance.

6.2.9 Period/Phases V.b. (post-medieval, 20th century)

All of the features attributed to this phase were interpreted as modern tree holes and have no archaeological significance. No further work is recommended other than a passing note in any subsequent publication.

6.2.10 Period/Phases 0 (undated)

The features attributed to this phase were generally unremarkable and not datable. However, at least some of the undated ditches form part of an integrated field system and all of the available evidence should be explored to try and ascertain at least a broad dating for these features.

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6.3 The potential and significance of the finds data

6.3.1 Introduction

This finds assessment provides a summary of the cultural material from part one of the two projected assessments for the third phase of post-excavation analysis at Flixton Quarry. In contrast to the two previous stages of work on the site, the recorded archaeology is mainly prehistoric and post-medieval in date with no Roman or Early Anglo-Saxon features identified.

6.3.2 Pottery

The earlier Neolithic pottery, and especially that from pit 088:0059, represents one of the largest and best preserved assemblages of this date to be found so far at Flixton Quarry and contains a wide range of Plain Bowl forms. It would be of interest to undertake radiocarbon dating on material associated with this pottery and compare the dates with those achieved for other Earlier Neolithic pottery found at the quarry, in particular the Plain Bowl and Mildenhall Bowl found on site 069. If the resolution of the radiocarbon dates is reasonable it may be possible to use this data to refine bowl chronologies, as has been undertaken for earlier Neolithic forms in Wessex (Cleal 2004).

The Peterborough Ware is unstratified and cannot be easily dated from associated material. Peterborough Ware remains reasonably rare in East Anglia but has been found at Yarmouth Road, Broome, some 20 miles north-east of Flixton and at Carlton Colville c.23km to the east along the Waveney valley (CAC 030). A possible parallel for the Fengate style vessel was found at Cavenham CAM 029 (Dr Adam Tinsley pers. comm.).

Beaker (088:1087) from grave 088:0809 adds another complete example to the three complete funerary Beakers excavated from the quarry to date and is of similar form to Beaker (061:0473). It would be of interest to compare radiocarbon dates between these funerary vessels and also with those for the Beaker from the non-funerary deposits. The area of the site forming 088 and 090 appears to be devoid of ‘domestic’ Beaker pit

131 deposits despite these occurring extensively elsewhere. It may be of interest to consider if such pit digging activity avoided areas where barrows were built.

The large PDR assemblage appears to represent an extension of domestic activity seen in previous areas at Flixton (059 and the adjacent sites 065 and 068). The pottery is principally a Plainware assemblage perhaps dating to c.1000-850BC. However, some of the decorated forms recovered from the 090 site may be slightly later in date, perhaps running through into the earlier Iron Age (c.7th/8th century BC). This possibility is arguably backed up by the presence of pyramidal loomweights within broadly contemporary contexts. It would be useful to compare the forms, fabrics and any decoration with those found on pottery within previously excavated assemblages from Flixton and thereby reveal any chronological or functional zoning identifiable across the whole quarry site. The pierced ellipsoid vessels are very interesting and have strong middle Bronze Age characteristics including a resemblance to the Deverel-Rimbury pottery found at Grimes Graves, though lacking the applied decorated cordons prevalent there (Ellison 1988). The pots are similar to those from Rhee Lake Side South examined by Dr Matt. Brudenell and identified by him as representing an early Plainware assemblage that may predate 1000BC (Brudenell 2012, fig. 5.5). Secure dating of the 088 and 090 pottery would be of help in clarifying the form and character of these early PDR assemblages which are still only vaguely known for the region (Medlycott (ed.) 2011, 29).

6.3.3 CBM

The small post-medieval assemblage was recovered mainly from ditches, and has little potential other than to provide dating evidence.

6.3.4 Fired clay

The fired clay assemblage from both sites has been catalogued, with few fragments showing diagnostic features to provide evidence of their function. However it seems likely that many are the fragmentary remains of loomweights, rather than being structural remnants from walling or ovens. If further stratigraphic analysis is undertaken, an examination of the provenance of the fired clay spatially and temporally is likely to be worthwhile, together with a closer study of the fired clay fabrics. 132

6.3.5 Worked Flint

In general the flint from 088 and 090 is irregular in nature suggesting that much of it is of later Neolithic or later date, although very few diagnostic or closely dateable tools are present. The very irregular nature of the primary knapping debris was particularly noted at 090 where differentiation between cores, struck fragments and shatter pieces was sometimes difficult. Retouched and utilised pieces are also irregular and there is evidence for the use of thermal fragments for tools. However, a few contexts, mainly at 088, contain relatively high numbers of blades, many of them small and neat. This suggests that occupation of the areas also occurred during the earlier Neolithic period. One fine leaf-shaped arrowhead also attests to activity during this period.

Analysis of the work from both sites will add to the corpus of material already published (Bates 2012 and in prep.) from other areas of Flixton Quarry. It has the potential to assist in forming a more complete dataset and providing further interpretation for the area of the quarry both topographically and chronologically. The present assemblage may have particular relevance in terms of identifying trends in flint-working during the Bronze Age (Medlycott 2011, 21).

There is also the potential for comparison of the present assemblages with those previously excavated – both at Flixton and elsewhere. Comparison with the other Flixton sites may identify similarities or differences between assemblages and associations in different parts of the site.

Analysis of the flint has potential to help date excavated deposits or features either in conjunction with pottery or, possibly, in the absence of ceramic evidence from some features.

6.3.6 Heat-altered stone

The heat-altered stone has been initially catalogued by context and stone type and degree of heat alteration. No analysis of its spatial and chronological distribution has been undertaken, but a study of the distribution of this material should augment our

133 understanding of possible areas of prehistoric activity, which may not be represented by any other artefactual evidence.

Heat-altered stone should be considered in terms of its deposition and associated finds materials and summarised for inclusion in any subsequent publication. This further work will be done as part of the analysis phase of the project once context information and phasing is complete and dating of other associated finds materials is available.

It is important that a note about the on-site collection methodology should be included in a summary of the heat-altered stone. It may be of interest to plot densities of pot-boiler in relation to other finds materials such as prehistoric pottery and struck flint. However, the possibility of disproportionate sample sizes from different features would have to be taken into consideration. Once the material was brought off of site it became a finite quantity but it is not known what proportion of the material within the excavated feature fills it actually represents. 100% recovery is hardly likely and hand-collection introduces a well-known bias for larger pieces. Therefore, any decisions made about sample size and any information about the actual proportion recovered from specific contexts will be considered before using it for comparative purposes.

6.3.7 Small finds

Stone wristguard and amber ornaments The grave goods associated with the burial in the ring ditch have been fully conserved, described, illustrated and photographed and their significance explored both in relation to the site and the wider national and international context and comparanda have been fully discussed.

Worked flint and other stone small finds The examples of possible flint querns should be fully described and their provenance on site discussed, together with a consideration of their dating and comparisons with other examples. In addition more detailed analyses of the hammerstone and the possible sharpening stone (SF 088:1017 from context 088:0646) and their spatial distribution

134 may contribute to the overall picture of the activities being undertaken during the Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age.

Bone bead A tiny possible bone bead was identified in the initial assessment (SF 088:1030 from context 088:0022). This requires fuller examination and a description by the worked bone specialist (Ian Riddler).

Ceramic loomweights The manufacture of textiles has been identified as an important component of the Flixton landscape from the Bronze Age onwards. The emphasis of the first volume of the site publication lay with textiles and costume of the Early Anglo–Saxon period (Walton Rogers 2012a and b). A Late Iron Age loomweight has also been published (Anderson 2012), alongside an iron toothed implement that may have been used to score or provide comb–point decoration on leather or ceramics (Riddler 2012). Impressive assemblages of cylindrical, pyramidal and triangular loomweights have come from earlier sites and will be published in the next site volume, alongside a Late Iron Age spindle whorl and weaving equipment of Roman and Anglo–Saxon date.

The loomweight fragments from both Flixton sites are mainly of the later Bronze Age cylindrical form, which has been seen elsewhere at Flixton. These fragments add significant detail to previous discoveries and estimated weights have been established for them, for the first time. They include three fragments that represent the best– surviving cylindrical loomweights to have been recovered, as yet, from Flixton. As a group, therefore, they enhance previous discoveries and add significant detail to the earlier corpus.

The most significant loomweight finds from 090 are the two fragments (SF 090:1021 and 090:1023 from contexts 090:0392 and 090:0403 respectively) with smaller diameters than the remainder, and these are pyramidal loomweights of ‘truncated cone’ form, slightly later in date than the cylindrical loomweights of the Late Bronze Age. An assessment of the ceramics from the site will be important in this respect, alongside any

135 further indications of earlier settlement on this site. These two fragments are relatively small, but both should be published, although neither is worthy of illustration.

An incomplete pyramidal loomweight of ‘truncated cone’ type forms another important addition to the range of loomweights, this time from 088. It is the best–surviving example of the type, matched only by small fragments from 090. It probably belongs to the Early Iron Age although the type co–existed alongside cylindrical loomweights, and it may not be significantly later in date.

The loomweights are accompanied by three spindle whorls, one of which is complete. Within ceramic finds, loomweights continue to be much more common than spindle whorls. The new discoveries sit alongside the incomplete example from 090 as the earliest spindle whorls yet recovered from Flixton. The ceramic spindle whorl (SF 090:1026) survives in poor condition but both its fabric and form are recognisable, and its original weight can be estimated. It is likely to be the earliest spindle whorl discovered at Flixton to date, and is worth publishing and illustrating on that basis. A ceramic fragment from context 088:0299 is also worthy of further examination.

The second volume of the site reports already has a lengthy section on ceramic loomweights, and weaving implements form an important part of the prehistoric section of that report. These new discoveries add important details to that text and extend the range of forms seen, as well as adding new details of fabrics, sizes and weights. Three of the cylindrical loomweights are decorated, two with finger impressions and one with comb–point decoration. These are the first decorated loomweights to have come from Flixton. For the Anglo–Saxon period, the decorating of loomweights has been firmly associated with women (Riddler and Trzaska–Nartowski forthcoming) and it is possible that the same situation occurred also in later prehistory, a subject that can be explored briefly in the final report.

The other consideration is that both sites are revealing different patterns of deposition, which can be linked in some cases to different on–site activities. In some cases, as at Potterne, spindle whorls are abundant but loomweights are scarce (Mepham 2000, 000), whilst at other sites, including Flixton, the reverse is the case. The assemblages from both sites contribute in a small way to our understanding of the quantity and

136 distribution of weaving equipment across the Flixton landscape in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. They form a part of that analysis, without providing a great deal of significant new data.

Post-medieval and modern metalwork The coins and other metalwork recovered from both sites has been initially catalogued and selectively x-rayed. None of the identifiable metalwork dates to earlier than the post-medieval period. Apart from providing dating, they have no additional significance or potential.

6.4 The potential and significance of the environmental evidence

6.4.1 Human skeletal remains

More detailed analysis of the bone from the main burial in the ring-ditch accompanied by the stone wristguard, amber ornaments and Beaker pot may provide information on age and sex, particularly if there are any teeth surviving, but only a brief record and report will be possible. A fragment of burnt bone (SF 088:1011) from a layer 088:1092 beneath grave 088:0809 also requires further identification. It is unlikely that radiocarbon dating of this individual will be feasible.

6.4.2 Animal bone

Overall, the animal bone assemblage from both sites is highly fragmented and in quite poor condition, including eroded surfaces, which limits both the evidence and the ability to interpret the remains. The one cut mark on the sheep/goat bone certainly attests to this being used for food; the presence of gnaw marks show this food waste then became food for domestic dogs or scavengers. The equid elements and condition have produced limited evidence, these remains are likely to be from disposal of working animals at these sites.

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The hare may have been used for food, but given that the hare’s natural environment is open ground and they have a tendency to spend a lot of time in depressions on the ground, it is quite possible that this hare in a ring-ditch is what remains of a natural death.

The calcined bone in the assemblages was largely heavily fragmented and there were no diagnostic elements present. It is possible that some of the burnt bone is derived from human cremations, but equally possible that this burnt bone is the remains of larger or long-term fires that included animal bone waste, resulting in the fully oxidised fragments. Animal bone was sometimes used as a source of fuel, particularly with a high fat content and general butchering and food waste may often be disposed of on a fire.

6.4.3 Charred plant macrofossils and other remains

The composition of both the plant macrofossil assemblages closely parallels others recovered during the extended programme of works within Flixton Quarry (cf Fryer forthcoming). During the Early Bronze Age period, the local focus appears to have been predominantly ritual, with evidence largely coming from funerary monuments and other associated deposits. In the current instance, there is little to indicate how this activity impacted on the local environment, although it would appear that areas of open grassland may have provided the setting for the construction of cremation pyres, with the fuel for the pyres presumably coming from nearby woodland. Plants were burnt in situ beneath the pyres, with the charred remains then being dispersed, probably either by human agents (as the cremated remains were gathered/collected) or by natural processes. Contemporary evidence for sustained settlement or agriculture is extremely limited.

By the later Bronze Age period, the plant macrofossil evidence suggests that some land had been cleared for agricultural production. Cereals and seeds of segetal weeds are present within the Late Bronze Age assemblages where they are largely absent within the earlier contexts. This suggests at least a local expansion of agricultural production to the degree that there is sufficient burnt detritus to be included in features across the site. However, the evidence is sparse as the density of material is extremely low. The presence of hazel nutshell fragments, which are consistently more common that either 138 cereals or seeds, indicate that a limited range of foodstuffs were still being gathered from nearby woodland.

The plant macrofossil evidence for later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age activity is limited, with the most productive samples coming from pit fills. However, a number of contemporary structures were identified, and as the assemblages are largely consistent with material derived from domestic refuse, it would appear that this was generated directly by the this occupation/settlement, possibly from associated midden deposits.

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7 Updated research aims and task list

7.1 Introduction

The following section presents the updated research aims and required analysis tasks, both stratigraphic and finds, by period.

7.2 Updated research aims

RA 1: To develop an understanding of the archaeology of the 088 and 090 Flixton sites within its local, regional, national and, where appropriate, international contexts.

RA 2: To undertake a series of analysis tasks (see below) which will result in the preparation of an East Anglian Archaeology monograph publication (Volume III of the Flixton series)

7.3 Stratigraphic analysis; required tasks

Analysis tasks will include:  Research the available literature for local, regional and national parallels for the Early Bronze Age funerary monuments; particularly the post-hole circle and associated cremation and the composite monument and its associated inhumation burial.  Research the available literature for local, regional and national parallels to help understand the character of the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age occupation with particular regard to the detailed structure of the roundhouses and settlement layout and currency.  Using available information from specialist finds analysis and stratigraphy to help target samples for radiocarbon dating (estimate eight determinations from combination of Early Bronze Age and later Bronze Age/earlier Iron Age contexts).  Updating site database and digital phase plans with additional information gleaned from specialist analysis.

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 Prepare first draft of the stratigraphic elements of the publication text for submission to EAA.  Select content of general illustrations for publication.  Prepare draft general illustrations for publication.  Select general photographic images for publication.  Integrate all specialist reports and illustrations into overall first draft publication text for submission to EAA.  Update site archive as required.

7.4 Bulk finds and small finds analysis; required tasks

7.4.1 Prehistoric pottery

Further work on the prehistoric pottery will include:  A full report is required for the assemblages from all periods represented.  An updated catalogue will integrate any further phasing or extra dating information available and fully incorporate any enhanced site data.  The report will investigate the relationship between the 088/090 assemblage and those previously recovered from the quarry. A full investigation of regional, and if appropriate, national parallels will also be undertaken.  Spatial and temporal analysis of the pottery should be undertaken with the aid of full feature plans from the site.  It would be of especial use to undertake radiocarbon dating on suitable short life samples associated the following contexts: - the Earlier Neolithic pit (088:0059); Beaker grave (088:0809) and PDR pits (088:0140), (088:0164), (088:0168), (088:0195), (088:0254), (088:0537), (088:0611), (090:0323) and (090:0462) which provided large assemblages of particular interest, including most of the forty five sherds recommended for illustration. Radiocarbon dating of the possible residue in the base of the Beaker pot from grave (088:0809) will be attempted although it is unlikely that it will be successful.  Forty five sherds are recommended for illustration (See Appendix III.a).  It may be valuable to compare the dating of the Beaker from (088:0809) with the dating of the associated grave goods such as the stone wrist clasp.

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N.B. While full analysis of the grave goods has been undertaken (Sheridan this volume) the classification of the Beaker as either short or long-necked needs to be clarified.

 Additional comparative work could be undertaken comparing selected pottery assemblages from deposits containing diagnostic and datable loomweight fragments.

7.4.2 CBM

No further work is envisaged for this assemblage apart from a possible additional note for publication if required, following on from the completion of site phasing.

7.4.3 Fired clay

The fired clay has been fully recorded and catalogued. Further work is required to analyse the fired clay in its spatial and temporal contexts. A report will be prepared which describes the assemblage in more detail, and which compares the fabrics to the more complete loomweights.

7.4.4 Worked flint

Further work on the worked flint will include:  Twelve contexts had flint in multiple bags at assessment and the material was not looked at altogether. These flints will be re-examined as whole context assemblages. These, and a few other context assemblages, may also merit further examination for refitting pieces  The flint should be considered in the light of ceramic, or other, dating evidence and, in more detail, in relation to the excavated deposits and features. Its association with other artefact types should also be considered.  Consider the relationship between raw material, flint type and condition of material to see if there is any change in these in relation to types and date of its context.  The present assemblages should also be compared to those from the previously excavated Flixton sites (Bates 2012 and in prep.) as well as to other relevant excavated sites of similar nature. Comparison with the other 142

Flixton material will include consideration of flint types and dates, technological aspects of flakes and distribution of material with the aim of increasing understanding of the patterns and development of the occupation of the site.  A final report by period should be written for publication combining the two sites. The detail and length of the report will depend on the significance of the period and feature assemblages. Time should also be allowed for editing of the final report.  Representative pieces or significant groups of flints will be selected for illustration. It is envisaged that approximately thirty pieces will be illustrated.  An extra bag of flint from 090:0334 should be recorded and added into the discussion.

7.4.5 Heat-altered stone

Further work on heat-altered stone will include:  A note on methodology for on-site collection of heat-altered stone to be made by excavator.  Tabulation of data recorded for assessment – (stone types & degree of heat alteration)  Summary of heat-altered stone in terms of manner of deposition, spatial distribution, dating and associated finds materials.

7.4.6 Small finds

Stone wristguard and amber ornaments The small finds associated with the central ring ditch burial (088:0809) have been fully described and discussed, but the specialists who have written the report should review the relevant parts of the site and finds analysis and any relevant radiocarbon dating evidence so they can revisit and adjust their comments, if necessary.

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Loomweights, spindle whorls and mould fragment The new discoveries should be described in a brief report, and two of the loomweights (088:1007 and 1015) should be illustrated, alongside a detail of the decorated pieces, which can be shown as photographs. The spindle whorls should also be noted in a report and the complete example is worthy of illustration. An extra spindle whorl (SF 090:1001) has not been seen by the specialist and requires cataloguing.

The mould fragment is a little enigmatic and provides a negative impression of a rectangular bar. This could be shown to a specialist of prehistoric non–ferrous metalwork.

Stone small finds including flint querns Further examination of the hammerstones and possible flint querns are required, together with study of their spatial distribution, and a small report should be written.

Other small finds A tiny ?bone ?bead (SF 088:1030) from context 088:0022 has not yet been examined by any specialist. A fragment of ?calcined bone (SF 088:1011) from a layer 088:1092 beneath grave 088:0809 also requires examination to determine whether it has been worked and whether it is animal bone or human.

The three post-medieval small finds have been identified, although the jetton (SF 088:1004) should be fully recorded. No other work is required.

7.5 Environmental evidence

7.5.1 Human skeletal remains

The human skeleton from grave 088:0809 requires further analysis to determine age and sex if possible. The two cremation burials (088:0006 and 0114) require full recording and analysis, and the preparation of a publication report. Radiocarbon samples will be extracted. No further work is required on the smaller quantity from 088:0142, although a note will be included in the report.

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7.5.2 Animal bone

The small animal bone assemblage has been fully catalogued. A small quantity of calcined animal bone was identified when the cremated bone was being initially examined and this requires identification if possible by the faunal remains specialist.

7.5.3 Plant macrofossils and other remains

As none of the current assemblages contain a sufficient density of material for quantification (i.e. 100+ specimens), no further analysis is recommended. However, a summary of this assessment should be included within any publication of data from the sites. Some materials within the assemblages (for example the cereal grains and the nutshell fragments) may be suitable for dating determinations. These can be separated if required.

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8 Publication strategy

An analysis and publication strategy has already been agreed between SCCAS/CT (on behalf of the Mineral Planning Authority) and Adrian Havercroft (The Guildhouse Consultancy on behalf of Cemex (UK) Materials Ltd.) for sites 088 and 090. The publication (Flixton Volume III) will combine the results from the 088 and 090 sites with those from the remaining area of the current permission (excavated as FLN 091 between late 2012 – ongoing). In addition, an overview of the archaeology of the entire site (Volumes I - III) will be included in Volume III.

On that basis it would be potentially wastefully expensive to produce even a preliminary publication synopsis at this juncture which would then be superseded when the 091 data is added.

It is proposed that an assessment of the 091 site will include the preliminary publication synopsis and a fully integrated task list covering all the analysis and publication work (up to draft submission) for all three sites. However, where specialists have provided an estimate of the number of days required to undertake the 088 and 090 analysis tasks, these have been inserted into an ‘uncosted’ task list (Section 9.2 below) which will form the framework on which to add the 091 work.

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9 Analysis and publication; resources/programming

9.1 Staff for analysis and publication

It is envisaged that where possible, the staff that will undertake the analysis and publication tasks will be the same as those used to prepare this assessment. However, given that this work will not to be undertaken in the immediate future, some changes are likely in the interim.

Overall Project Manager and principal author: Stuart Boulter (SB1) Finds management + publication tasks: Richenda Goffin (RG) Graphics, illustration and photography: Ruth Parkin (RP), Beata Wieczorek-Olesky (BWO) and TBA Prehistoric pottery: Anna Doherty (AD) Post-Roman pottery: Sue Anderson (SA) Work flint: Sarah Bates (SB2) Heat altered stone: Cathy Tester (CT) Fired clay (bulk): Sue Anderson (SA) CBM: Sue Anderson (SA) EBA burial update: Alison Sheridan (AS) Loomweights and spindle whorls: Ian Riddler (IR) Mould fragment: TBA Jetton ID: Andrew Brown (AB) Human skeletal remains: Sue Anderson (SA) Animal Bone: Julie Curl (JC) Plant macrofossils and C14 sample extraction: Val Fryer (VF)

9.2 Task list

The following tasks have been identified as necessary to complete the project to draft publication level. No costs have been set against the tasks, but ‘man-days’ have been included where these are available. These apply to the 088 and 090 sites only. Additional days will be added to accommodate site 091 when its excavation and assessment has been completed.

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Task Staff No. of days General management and publication tasks, meetings, staff liaison etc. SB1, RG + 20 Stratigraphic analysis + text SB 45 Prehistoric pottery analysis AD 7 Post-Roman pottery SA 0.25 Worked flint analysis SB2 10 Fired clay (bulk) SA 1 Heat-altered stone analysis CT 3 Summary report on CBM SA 0.5 Human skeletal remains analysis SA 2 Animal bone JC 0.5 Plant Macrofossils + retrieval of samples for C14 dating VF 1 EBA burial report update AS 1 Loomweight and spindle whorl analysis + misc. SF report IR 2.5 Analysis of possible mould TBA 0.25 Description of jetton AB 0.25 Prepare general illustrations BWO TBA Illustration + photography of c.45 prehistoric vessels BWO + TBA 15 Illustration + photography of 2 loomweights + 1 spindle whorl BWO + TBA 1.5 Illustration of c.30 struck flints RP 7 Photographs of EBA grave goods BWO 0.5 Provision for up to 8 C14 dates Cost TBA Other non-staff costs (consumables, finds transport etc.) Cost TBA

9.3 Archive deposition

At the conclusion of the project the site archive, both physical and digital, will be deposited with SCCAS/CT. The cost of archive deposition and curation will need to be agreed between SCCAS/CT and Cemex (UK) Materials Ltd.. Transfer of Ownership forms for the finds will be provided by SCCAS/CT.

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10 Acknowledgements

The fieldwork was carried out by various members of the SCCAS Field Team including Tim Browne, Phil Camps, Roy Damant, Tony Fisher, Steve Manthorpe, Simon Picard and was directed by Stuart Boulter. GPS survey was undertaken by Andy Beverton and Simon Picard.

Project management was undertaken by Stuart Boulter.

Post-excavation management was provided by Richenda Goffin and Stuart Boulter. Finds processing and quantification was undertaken by Jonathan Van Jenniens, Andy Fawcett and Cathy Tester.

Soil samples were processed by Anna West.

Internal specialist finds reports were compiled by Richenda Goffin (metal small finds), Cathy Tester (heat-altered stone). Additional reports were produced by external specialists (all independent unless otherwise stated); Sue Anderson (CBM and human skeletal remains), Sarah Bates (worked flint), John Crowther (pit fill analysis), Julie Curl (animal bone), Val Fryer (plant macrofossils and other remains), Sarah Percival (prehistoric pot), Ian Riddler (fired clay small finds), Alison Sheridan (with contributions by Susy Kirk and Simon Howard: all National Museums Scotland) (Early Bronze Age grave goods). The overall integrated specialist finds report was produced by Richenda Goffin and edited by Stuart Boulter.

The report illustrations were created by Stuart Boulter and Linzi Everett and the report was proof read by Rhodri Gardner.

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01449 900120 www.suffolkarchaeology.co.uk

156 Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton, Suffolk FLN 088 and FLN 090 Assessment 3b (Volume II; Appendices)

Post-Excavation Assessment Report

SCCAS Report No. 2013/099 Client: Cemex (UK) Materials Ltd. Principal Author: Stuart Boulter February/2015 © Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service and © Suffolk Archaeology CIC

Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton, Suffolk FLN 088 and FLN 090 Assessment 3b

Contents

List of Appendices Appendix I. Project Documentation I.a Brief and Specification (May 1999) I.b Project Design (May 1999) I.c Brief and Specification (February 2011) I.d Project Design (February 2011) Appendix II. Context List and Descriptions II.a FLN 088 II.b FLN 090 Appendix III. Finds Information and Catalogues III.a 1) Prehistoric Pottery Fabric Codes 2) Pottery Sherds Recommended for Ilustration III.b CBM III.c Undiagnostic Fired Clay III.d Worked Flint III.e. Heat-altered Flint and Stone III.f Small finds Appendix IV. Oasis Data Collection Form

Appendix I. Project documentation

Appendix I.a

SUFFOLK COUNTY COUNCIL ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E - C O N S E R V A T I O N T E A M

Brief and Specification for Archaeological Monitoring [continuous observation of soil-stripping operations]

FLIXTON PARK QUARRY, FLIXTON PHASE 5 (subsequently adopted for all succeeding phases)

1. Background

1.1 Planning consent has been granted for development of the above land (W/10999/10). The planning authority have applied a condition to the consent requiring the implementation of a programme of archaeological works, in line with Planning Policy Guideline 16, paragraph 30.

1.2 Flixton Park has a rich and varied archaeology, detailed in reports by Oxford Archaeological Associates (1995; incorporated in Volume 3, Appendices B.1 and B.2 of a RMC submission 1997); by Archaeological Services WYAS 1997, and by the Archaeology Service of Suffolk County Council, reports nos. 96/13, 96/65, 97/53, 98/82 and 99/9.

1.3 As a first stage in complying with the planning condition the prospective developer has requested a brief and specification for the archaeological monitoring of the soil-stripping operations in the Phase 5 area.

1.4 There is a presumption that all archaeological work specified for the whole area will be undertaken by the same body, whether the fieldwork takes place in phases or not. There is similarly a presumption that further analysis and post excavation to final report stage will be carried through by the excavating body. Any variation from this principle would require justification.

1.5 All arrangements for field excavation of the site, the timing of the work, and access to the site, are to be negotiated with the commissioning body.

2. Brief for Archaeological Project

2.1 In the areas defined on Figure 1, archaeological monitoring, as specified in Section 3, is to be carried out prior to any extraction of minerals or other development works.

2.2 The objective of the monitoring will be: a) to enable the identification and evaluation of potentially significant archaeological features or deposits (see Section 3); b) to identify, excavate and record features and deposits of lesser archaeological significance (see Section 4). 2.3 The academic objective will centre upon the high potential for this site to produce evidence for settlement and funerary activities from prehistoric through to medieval times.

2.4 This project will be carried through in a manner broadly consistent with the Management of Archaeological Projects English Heritage 1991.

2.5 The submission of a Project Design based upon this brief and the accompanying outline specification of minimum requirements, is an essential requirement. Final selection of an archaeological contractor should not take place until the Project Design has been approved.

3. Brief for Archaeological Monitoring of Topsoil-Stripping

3.1 To carry out the monitoring work the developer will appoint an archaeologist (the archaeological contractor) who must be approved by the Planning Authority’s archaeological adviser; the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeology Service, Shire Hall, Bury St Edmunds IP33 2AR. Telephone/Fax: 01284 352443. The work of the archaeological contractor and the development itself will be monitored by the Conservation Team to ensure that they conform to previously agreed locations and to the content of this Brief and Specification.

3.2 The developer will give Suffolk County Council’s Archaeology Service and the appointed archaeological contractor three weeks notice (or any other mutually agreed period of notice) of the commencement of site works.

3.3 The topsoil-stripping operations (by the developer or the archaeological contractor) will be carried out using a back-acting machine with a toothless bucket. The depth and method of stripping will need to be agreed in advance with the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeology Service. Machinery will not cross the stripped area until any possible archaeology has been assessed and fully recorded. Any variation from this will need to be agreed with the Conservation Team.

3.4 As areas are stripped, they will be assessed for further archaeological work. The options will include: 1. A need for further stripping of subsoil layers such hill-wash or other masking deposits. 2. Evaluation of potentially significant archaeological features or deposits. The scope of this work is to be agreed between the Conservation Team of SCCAS and the developer (or his consultant). N.B. Further archaeological work arising from this evaluation may require a new Brief and Specification from the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeology Service. 3. Small-scale archaeological excavation to clear features and deposits of lesser significance (e.g. isolated features or small clusters of features). The minimum standards for this work are set out below in Section 4. 4. Consideration by the developer of a redesign of the development to avoid major archaeological features. The decision regarding further work will need to be approved by the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeology Service.

4. Specification for Small-scale Archaeological Excavation (See Section 3.4.3)

The excavation methodology is to be agreed in detail before the project commences, certain minimum criteria will be required

4.1 Fully excavate all features which are, or could be interpreted as, structural. Post-holes, and pits which may be interpreted as post-holes, must be examined in section and then fully excavated. Fabricated surfaces within the excavation area(e.g. yards & floors) must be fully exposed and cleaned.

4.2 All other features must be sufficiently examined to establish, where possible, their date and function. For guidance:

a) A minimum of 50% of the fills of the general features is be excavated.

b) Between 10% and 20% of the fills of substantial linear features (ditches etc) are to be excavated, the samples must be representative of the available length of the feature and must take into account any variations in the shape or fill of the feature and any concentrations of artefacts. Any variations from this practice are to be agreed, if necessary on site, with the Conservation Team.

4.3 Collect and prepare environmental samples (by sieving or flotation as appropriate). A general policy on environmental remains, including sampling strategy and processing, is to be agreed with the Regional Environmentalist before the commencement of site work, and should be contained in the Project Design.

4.4 A finds recovery policy is to be agreed before the project commences. It should be addressed by the Project Design. Use of a metal detector will form an essential part of finds recovery. Sieving of occupation levels and building fills will be expected.

4.5 All finds will be collected and processed. No discard policy will be considered until the whole body of finds has been evaluated.

4.6 All ceramic, bone and stone artefacts to be cleaned and processed concurrently with the excavation to allow immediate evaluation and input in decision making.

4.7 Metal artefacts must be stored and managed on site in accordance with UK Institute of Conservators Guidelines and evaluated for significant dating and cultural implications before despatch to a conservation laboratory within 4 weeks of excavation.

4.8 Human remains are to be treated at all stages with care and respect, and are to be dealt with in accordance with the law. They must be recorded in situ and subsequently lifted, packed and marked to standards compatible with those described in the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ Technical Paper 13 Excavation and post-excavation treatment of Cremated and Inhumed Human Remains, McKinley & Roberts. Proposals for the final disposition of remains following study and analysis will be required in the Project Design.

4.9 Plans of the archaeological features on the site should normally be drawn at 1:20 or 1:50, depending on the complexity of the data to be recorded. Sections should be drawn at 1:10 or 1:20 again depending on the complexity to be recorded. Any variations from this must be agreed with the Conservation Team.

4.10 A photographic record of the work is to be made, consisting of both monochrome photographs and colour transparencies.

4.11 Excavation record keeping is to be consistent with Suffolk County Council Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) requirements and compatible with its archive. Methods must be agreed with the SCC Conservation Team.

5. General Management

5.1 A timetable for all stages of the project must be agreed before the first stage of work commences.

5.2 Monitoring of the archaeological work will be undertaken by the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service. Where projects require an unusual amount of monitoring, the Conservation Team reserve the right to make an ‘at-cost’ charge for monitoring (currently at a daily rate of £150). A decision on the monitoring required will be made by the Conservation Team on submission of the accepted Project Design and will be reviewed during the course of the project. Any decision to charge for monitoring will be notified to the developer or his agent(s).

5.3 The composition of the project staff must be detailed and agreed (this is to include any subcontractors). For the site director and other staff likely to have a major responsibility for the post-excavation processing of this site there must be a statement of their responsibilities for post-excavation work on other archaeological sites.

5.4 A general Health and Safety Policy must be provided, with detailed risk assessment and management strategy for this particular site.

5.5 The Project Design must include proposed security measures to protect the site and both excavated and unexcavated finds from vandalism and theft.

5.6 Provision for the reinstatement of the ground and filling of dangerous holes must be detailed in the Project Design.

5.7 No initial survey to detect public utility or other services has taken place. The responsibility for this rests with the archaeological contractor.

5.8 The Institute of Field Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs and for Excavations should be used for additional guidance in the execution of the project and in drawing up the report.

6. Archive Requirements

6.1 Within four weeks of the end of field-work a timetable for post-excavation work must be produced. Following this a written statement of progress on post -excavation work whether archive, assessment, analysis or final report writing will be required at three monthly intervals.

6.2 An archive of all records and finds is to be prepared consistent with the principle of Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP2), particularly Appendix 3. However, the detail of the archive is to be fuller than that implied in MAP2 Appendix 3.2.1. The archive is to be sufficiently detailed to allow comprehension and further interpretation of the site should the project not proceed to detailed analysis and final report preparation. It must be adequate to perform the function of a final archive for lodgement in the County SMR or museum.

6.3 A clear statement of the form, intended content, and standards of the archive is to be submitted for approval as an essential requirement of the Project Design (see 2.5).

6.4 The site archive quoted at MAP2 Appendix 3, must satisfy the standard set by the Guideline for the preparation of site archives and assessments of all finds other than fired clay vessels of the Roman Finds Group and the Finds Research Group AD700-1700 (1993).

6.5 Pottery should be recorded and archived to a standard comparable with 6.4 above, i.e. The Study of Later Prehistoric Pottery: General Policies and Guidelines for Analysis and Publication, Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group Occ. Paper 1 (1991, rev. 1997), the Guidelines for the archiving of Roman Pottery, Study Group for Roman Pottery (ed M G Darling 1994) and the Guidelines of the Medieval Pottery Group (in draft).

6.6 All coins must be identified and listed as a minimum archive requirement.

6.7 The data recording methods and conventions used must be consistent with, and approved by, the County Sites and Monuments Record. All record drawings of excavated evidence are to be presented in drawn up form, with overall site plans. All records must be on an archivally stable and suitable base.

6.8 A complete copy of the site record archive must be deposited with the County Sites and Monuments Record within twelve months of the completion of fieldwork. It will then become publicly accessible.

6.9 Finds must be appropriately conserved and stored in accordance with UK Institute of Conservators Guidelines.

6.10 Every effort must be made to get the agreement of the landowner/developer to the deposition of the finds with the County SMR or a museum in Suffolk which satisfies Museum and Galleries Commission requirements, as an indissoluble part of the full site archive. If this is not achievable for all or parts of the finds archive then provision must be made for additional recording (e.g. photography, illustration, analysis) as appropriate. If the County SMR is the repository for finds there will be a charge made for storage, and it is presumed that this will also be true for storage of the archive in a museum.

6.11 Where positive conclusions are drawn from a project, a summary report in the established format, suitable for inclusion in the annual ‘Archaeology in Suffolk’ section of the Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute for Archaeology must be prepared and included in the project report, or submitted to the Conservation Team by the end of the calendar year in which the evaluation work takes place, whichever is the sooner.

7. Report Requirements

7.1 A report on the fieldwork and archive must be provided consistent with the principle of MAP2, particularly Appendix 4. The report must be integrated with the archive.

7.2 The objective account of the archaeological evidence must be clearly distinguished from its archaeological interpretation.

7.3 An important element of the report will be a description of the methodology.

7.4 The report will give an opinion as to the potential and necessity for further analysis of the excavation data beyond the archive stage, and the suggested requirement for publication. Further analysis will not be embarked upon until the primary fieldwork results are assessed and the need for further work is established. Analysis and publication can be neither developed in detail or costed in detail until this brief and specification is satisfied.

7.5 The assessment report must be presented within six months of the completion of fieldwork unless other arrangements are negotiated with the project sponsor and the SCCAS, Conservation Team.

Specification by: Edward Martin

Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Conservation Team Environment and Transport Department Shire Hall Bury St Edmunds Suffolk IP33 2AR Tel: 01284 352442

Date: 17 May 1999 Reference: flix.doc

This brief and specification remains valid for 12 months from the above date. If work is not carried out in full within that time this document will lapse;the authority should be notified and a revised brief and specification may be issued.

If the work defined by this brief forms a part of a programme of archaeological work required by a Planning Condition, the results must be considered by the Conservation Team of the Archaeological Service of Suffolk County Council, who have the responsibility for advising the appropriate Planning Authority.

Appendix I.b

Project Design for a Programme of Continuous Archaeological Monitoring of Topsoil Stripping at Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton. (Phase 5)

Includes: (1) Project Design (2) Project Costing (removed) (3) Brief & Specification (removed) (4) Insurance Details (removed) (5) Health & Safety Policy (removed)

Rpt. No. 99/31

Project Design for a Programme of Continuous Archaeological Monitoring of Topsoil Stripping at Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton. (Phase 5)

1. Background

1.1 A condition on planning consent on application (W/10999/10), for continued quarrying operations at Flixton Park Quarry, requires that the applicant (RMC Aggregates (UK) Ltd) provide for a programme of archaeological works consistent with Planning Policy Guideline 16, paragraph 30.

1.2 At the request of the applicant, a brief and specification document was written by the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeological Service (hereafter SCCASCT) which covered the archaeological monitoring of the soil-stripping (ie. topsoil & upper subsoil where necessary) in Phase 5 (centred on TM 3017 8605) (Martin, Ref. flix.doc)

1.3 The perceived archaeological potential of the site is based principally on the significant archaeological deposits recorded in old phases (phases 4-6 of a previous consent) of the quarry, to the north-east of the present (new) Phase 5, and the presence in the vicinity of cropmarks seen on aerial photographs. Excavation and monitoring carried out by Suffolk County Council’s Archaeological Service, Field Projects Team had recorded evidence for Late Neolithic (sub-circular post-hole circle), Early Bronze Age (ring-ditch), Late Iron Age/Early Roman (post-hole circle & pits) and Early Saxon (inhumation cemetery) activity.

1.4 The academic aims of the monitoring will revolve around the potential of the site to produce evidence of settlement and funerary activity, possibly associated in a wider context with the previously recorded archaeology, of prehistoric through to medieval date.

1.5 While there is no existing evidence for archaeological features within the new Phase 5, their presence cannot be ruled out. As non-invasive methods of evaluation have proved unreliable with the soil conditions encountered at Flixton, and trial-trenching was not considered a satisfactory option, an alternative method based on the continuous monitoring of soil-stripping was deemed more appropriate.

2. Monitoring Methodology

2.2 The soil-stripping operation (covering c.3+ hectares) is projected to take four weeks using a 360 degree mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless ditching bucket, to give a good clean cut, and employing wheeled dumper trucks when necessary.

2.3 Initially, three north-east to south-west orientated trenches, each a bucket width (c.2 metres), were opened on the western limit of the new phase to ascertain the eastern edge of the previously quarried area and correctly position the subsoil bund. This operation has been carried out prior to the commencement of the monitoring programme.

2.4 The details of the subsequent soil-strip are still to be advised as differences in topsoil and subsoil character will necessitate their separate removal and storage. As a consequence, decisions regarding the soil-stripping programme will be made while the process is in progress, in response to these circumstances. However, it is likely that a c.12 metre wide ‘haul route’ will be first be cleared around the western and southern edge of the area followed by 6 metre wide strips removed from the west, south and east sides, working towards the northern edge of the site. Having three faces available for working allows for flexibility should more prolonged archaeological recording become necessary.

2.5 Monitoring will be carried out by a Project Officer with assistance when required (estimated as at least one day in every two) by an experienced excavator who will also be a proficient metal detectorist (both based at the Ipswich offices of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeological Service). Hours on site will be between 9.00 and 16.00 (Monday to Friday). Should only isolated archaeological features be encountered then no further staffing would be required. In the event of significant archaeological features or denser concentrations of archaeological deposits/features being identified then consultation with Adrian Havercroft (Archaeological Consultant to RMC Aggregates (UK) Ltd) and Edward Martin (SCCASCT) would be required to agree revised staffing levels and, if necessary, the need for Assessment of these. In the event that ‘set piece’ excavation became necessary it is understood that SCCASCT would issue a new brief and specification and new project design and costing would be required prior to excavation taking place.

2.6 Soil-stripping without the presence of the archaeological project officer can only be carried out by prior arrangement and agreement between Edward Martin (SCCASCT ) and Adrian Havercroft (Archaeological Consultant to RMC Aggregates (UK) Ltd).

2.7 The monitoring operation will be carried out while adhering to the Suffolk County Council statement on health and safety (copy enclosed) and fully complying with RMC Aggregates own health and safety policies. Particular attention will be given to the following points which are deemed particularly relevant to this site.

 Insurance: Site staff and official visitors are covered by Suffolk County Council insurance policies (see attached).  Whereabouts of personnel: All archaeological staff and visitors will book in at the quarry site office on their arrival and departure.  Working within close proximity to mechanical plant: Hard hats, high visibility vests and protective footwear will be worn at all times. The metal detectorist will not be allowed to work within a 20 metre radius of operating mechanical plant.  Working in a semi-rural setting: A fully charged mobile phone will be available at all times. Site staff will be made aware of the location of the nearest hospital casualty department and a van will always be available for transport purposes. At least one of the site staff will be a qualified first aider and a fully maintained first aid kit is kept in the van.  Extremes of weather: Site staff will be issued with waterproof clothing and made aware of the dangers of extreme temperature. The van will be

available for shelter should conditions become unworkable.  Toilets/washing facilities: A site portaloo will be provided for the duration of the site works.  Deep excavations: Should the archaeological investigations involve the excavation of deep holes/trenches, battered or stepped sides may be deemed necessary. Deep excavations left overnight will be fenced off with high visibility bunting and where appropriate, covered by boarding.  Site Security: The quarry is a restricted area and for the purposes of the monitoring, further security is not considered necessary. However, should significant archaeology be identified then the project design and costing covering the further works would include a review of the need for an increased level of security, with an understanding that these measures may need to be implemented immediately, prior to the issue of the revised specification and project design (as specified by Edward Martin, SCCASCT).

2.8 The archaeological monitoring will be carried out in line with the brief and specification issued by SCCASCT and will involve a visual inspection of and, where necessary, manual cleaning of the exposed surface of the subsoil to locate and define incised or stratified archaeological features. If significant features or concentrations of features are identified then the archaeological consultant (Adrian Havercroft) and SCCASCT Archaeologist (Edward Martin) will be informed (see 2.5) and a strategy will be formulated to deal with the archaeology. However, if the archaeology is limited to isolated features, then recording and excavation can be carried out as part of the monitoring process. Generally, the monitoring will include the following procedures.

 Metal detector survey: A metal detector search will be carried out both prior to and after the removal of topsoil. All finds will be located on site plans (1:1000 for topsoil finds, 1:100 for subsoil finds). Some immediate emergency conservation work may be required on fragile metal finds. The costing for conservation work will be negotiated with the archaeological consultant (Adrian Havercroft) if and when it becomes necessary.  Excavating features: When identified, discrete features such as pits and post-holes will be half sectioned, while linear features such as ditches will have representative sample sections excavated through them. All artefactual evidence will be retained at this stage of the project, with no discard policy. Where significant artefactual evidence is obtained from discrete features, or they are deemed to be structural, second halves may be removed to recover all of the included finds. When considered necessary by the project officer, bulk soil samples will be taken from features for later processing, with any isolated cremation burials retained as 100 % samples. The subsequent processing of these samples would form part of the post-excavation phase of this project and would be covered under by a later project design.  Section Drawings: Excavated sections will be drawn at a scale of 1:20 in pencil on plastic drafting film.

 Plans: Site plans will be drawn at a scale of 1:100 (with smaller scale, 1:50 or 1:20 when necessary) in pencil on plastic drafting film. In

addition a 1:1,000 scale OS map will be used as a base plan to record triangulation points, planning baselines and topsoil metal detector finds.  Photography: A full photographic record, both colour slide and monochrome print, will be made and will form an integral part of the site archive.  Finds Processing: As specified by Edward Martin (SCCASCT ), provision must be made for preliminary finds processing (cleaning) to facilitate their immediate evaluation and possible archaeological implications.

2.9 Should there be a need for site visits from archaeological specialists (environmental archaeologist etc.), then the archaeological consultant (Adrian Havercroft) would be informed so that any additional costs could be approved. In addition, a Home Office Licence will be obtained if human burials are found. Any inhumation burials will be assessed in situ by a Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Field Projects Team specialist (Sue Anderson).

3.0 Post-excavation (Finds Analysis/Archive/Report Preparation)

This project design does not extend beyond the fieldwork stage and does not cover any post-excavation other than preliminary finds processing. A further project design and costing will be produced after the monitoring has been completed when an idea of the categories and quantities of the finds and character of any archaeological deposits can be assessed.

Stuart Boulter Field Projects Team Archaeological Service Environment & Transport Dept. Suffolk County Council May 1999

Economy, Skills and Environment

______

The Archaeological Service 9-10 The Churchyard, Shire Hall Bury St Edmunds Appendix I.c Suffolk IP33 2AR

Brief and Specification for Archaeological Monitoring (continuous observation of soil-stripping operations)

FLIXTON PARK QUARRY, FLIXTON TM 307 867

Although this document sets out the work that will need to be done by an archaeological contractor, the developer should be aware that some of its provisions may impinge upon the general working practices of the development and may have financial implications. The commissioning body may also have Health & Safety responsibilities, see para. 1.7

1. Background

1.1 Planning consent has been granted for development of the above land (W/10999/10). The planning authority has applied a condition to the consent requiring the prior implementation of a programme of archaeological works.

1.2 Flixton Park Quarry has a rich and varied archaeology that embraces Suffolk Historic Environment Record (HER) numbers: FLN 013, 053, 056, 057, 059, 061, 062, 063, 064, 065, 068, 069, 086 and, currently, 088. An Assessment Report (Assessment 1) for sites FLN 013 and 053 has been compiled (Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service report no. 2000/21) and the full report has now been submitted for publication in the East Anglian Archaeology monograph series. Assessment reports (Assessments 2 and 3a) have also been compiled for sites FLN 056, 057, 059, 061, 062, 063, 064, 065, 068, 069, 086 (SCCAS reports nos. 2006/54 and 2006/54a). Agreement is still awaited for their progression to full publication.

1.3 As this application involves the expansion of the quarry into previously undisturbed areas there is a need for archaeological monitoring of the soil-stripping operations.

1.4 In accordance with the condition on the planning consent, and following the standards and guidance produced by the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA), a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) based upon this brief and specification must be produced by the developers, their agents or archaeological contractors. This must be submitted for scrutiny by the Conservation Team of the Archaeological Service of Suffolk County Council (SCCAS/CT) at 9-10 The Churchyard, Shire Hall, Bury St Edmunds IP33 2AR; telephone/fax: 01284 352443. The WSI will provide the basis for measurable standards and will be used to establish whether the requirements of the planning condition will be adequately met. The WSI should be compiled with a knowledge of the Regional Research Framework (East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 3, 1997, 'Research and Archaeology: A Framework for the Eastern Counties, 1. resource assessment'; Occasional Paper 8, 2000, 'Research and Archaeology: A Framework for the Eastern Counties, 2. research agenda and strategy'; and the Revised Research Framework for the Eastern Region, 2008, available online at http://www.eaareports.org.uk/).

1.5 Provision should be included in the WSI for outreach activities, for example (and where appropriate), in the form of open days/guided tours for the general public, local schools, local councillors, local archaeological and historical societies and for local public lectures and/or activities within local schools. Provision should be included for local press releases (newspapers/radio/TV). Where appropriate, information boards should be also provided during the fieldwork stage of investigation. Archaeological Contractors should ascertain whether their

clients will seek to impose restrictions on public access to the site and for what reasons and these should be detailed in the WSI

1.6 Following receipt of the WSI, SCCAS/CT will advise the Local Planning Authority (LPA) if it is an acceptable scheme of work. Work must not commence until the LPA has approved the WSI. Neither this specification nor the WSI is, however, a sufficient basis for the discharge of the planning condition relating to the archaeological works. Only the full implementation of the approved scheme – that is the completion of the fieldwork, a post-excavation assessment and final reporting – will enable SCCAS/CT to advise the LPA that the condition has been adequately fulfilled and can be discharged.

1.7 There is a presumption that all archaeological work specified for the whole area will be undertaken by the same body, whether the fieldwork takes place in phases or not. There is similarly a presumption that further analysis and post-excavation work to final report stage will be carried through by the excavating body. Any variation from this principle would require justification.

1.8 All arrangements for the excavation of the site, the timing of the work, and access to the site, are to be negotiated with the commissioning body.

1.9 Before any archaeological site work can commence it is the responsibility of the developer to provide the archaeological contractor with either the contaminated land report for the site or a written statement that there is no contamination. The developer should be aware that investigative sampling to test for contamination is likely to have an impact on any archaeological deposit which exists; proposals for sampling should be discussed with this office before execution.

1.10 Before commencing work the project manager must carry also out a risk assessment and liaise with the site owner, client and the SCCAS/CT in ensuring that all potential risks are minimised.

1.11 The responsibility for identifying any restraints on field-work (e.g. Scheduled Monument status, Listed Building status, public utilities or other services, tree preservation orders, SSSIs, wildlife sites &c.) rests with the commissioning body and its archaeological contractor. The existence and content of the archaeological brief does not over-ride such restraints or imply that the target area is freely available.

1.12 It is the archaeological contractor’s responsibility to ensure that adequate resources are available to fulfil the Brief.

2. Brief for the Archaeological Project

2.1 In all areas where there will disturbance at subsoil level, archaeological monitoring, as specified in Section 3, is to be carried out prior to any extraction of minerals or other development works.

2.3 The academic objective will centre upon the high potential for this site to produce evidence for multi-period settlement and funerary activity.

2.4 This project will be carried through in a manner consistent with English Heritage's Management of Archaeological Projects, 1991 (MAP2). Excavation is to be followed by the preparation of a full archive, and an assessment of potential for analysis. Analysis and final report preparation will follow assessment and will be the subject of a further brief and updated project design.

2.5 When mineral extraction is phased over a number of years, it is essential that the developer’s contractual arrangement with the archaeological contractor does not compromise the ability of that contractor to satisfy the requirements of the recording specification approved by the Mineral Planning Authority. This requires a strict adherence to MAP 2 project stages, i.e:

i) fieldwork and archive for each phase ii) assessment (of potential for analysis and publication) iii) analysis and archive/publication proposal iv) publication and/or archive Separate research designs/WSIs are required from the archaeological contractor for each of these stages and these must be approved by the Curatorial Team of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeological Service, on behalf of the Mineral planning Authority prior to any contract sums being agreed.

2.6 No contract sums should be agreed for assessment, analysis, archive or publication until all fieldwork has been completed or, prior to that, only by agreement with SCCAS Curatorial service.

2.7 Developers are advised to set aside sufficient sums (bearing in mind the effects of inflation) for all post excavation tasks at the end of each phase of fieldwork (advice on the size of such sums can be provided by the archaeological contractor or the developers archaeological consultant but must be seen as approximate).

2.8 The developer or his archaeologist will give the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council's Archaeological Service five working days notice of the commencement of ground works on the site, in order that the work of the archaeological contractor may be monitored. The method and form of development will also be monitored to ensure that it conforms to previously agreed locations and techniques upon which this brief is based.

2.9 The project manager must consult the County HER Officer (Dr Colin Pendleton) to obtain a HER number for the work. This number will be unique for each project or site and must be clearly marked on any documentation relating to the work.

3. Brief for Archaeological Monitoring of Topsoil-Stripping

3.1 To carry out the monitoring work the developer will appoint an archaeologist (the archaeological contractor) who must be approved by the Conservation Team of Suffolk County Council’s Archaeological Service – see 2.5 above.

3.2 The developer will give the appointed archaeological contractor three weeks notice (or any other mutually agreed period of notice) of the commencement of site works.

3.3 The topsoil-stripping operations (by the developer or the archaeological contractor) will be carried out using a back-acting machine with a toothless bucket. The depth and method of stripping will need to be agreed in advance with the Conservation Team of SCCAS. Machinery will not cross the stripped area until any possible archaeology has been assessed and fully recorded. Any variation from this will need to be agreed with the Conservation Team.

3.4 As areas are stripped, they will be assessed for further archaeological work. The options will include: a). A need for further stripping of subsoil layers such hill-wash or other masking deposits. b). Evaluation of potentially significant archaeological features or deposits. The scope of this work is to be agreed between the Conservation Team of SCCAS and the developer (or his consultant). N.B. Further archaeological work arising from this evaluation may require a new Brief and Specification from the Conservation Team of SCCAS. c). Moderate scale archaeological excavation to clear features and deposits of lesser significance (e.g. isolated features or small clusters of features). The minimum standards for this work are set out below in Section 4. d). Consideration by the developer of a redesign of the development to avoid major archaeological features. The decision regarding further work will need to be approved by the Conservation Team of SCCAS.

4. Specification for Moderate-scale Archaeological Excavation (See Section 3.4.c)

The excavation methodology is to be agreed in detail before the project commences, certain minimum criteria are to be met or exceeded.

4.1 Fully excavate all features that are, or could be interpreted as, structural. Post-holes, and pits that may be interpreted as post-holes, must be examined in section and then fully excavated. Fabricated surfaces within the excavation area(e.g. yards & floors) must be fully exposed and cleaned. Any variation from this practice will need to be agreed with the Conservation Team of SCCAS and confirmed in writing.

4.2 All other features must be sufficiently examined to establish, where possible, their date and function. For guidance: a). A minimum of 50% of the fills of the general features is be excavated. Note that it is likely that prehistoric features e.g. especially pits, are likely to require full excavation.

b). Between 20% and 30% of the fills of funerary ring-ditches and between 10% and 20% of the fills of substantial linear features (ditches etc) are to be excavated, the samples must be representative of the available length of the feature and must take into account any variations in the shape or fill of the feature and any concentrations of artefacts. Any variations from these practices will need to be agreed with the Conservation Team of SCCAS and confirmed in writing.

4.3 Collect and prepare environmental samples (by sieving or flotation as appropriate). The Project Design must provide details of the sampling strategies for retrieving artefacts, biological remains (for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoeconomic investigations), and samples of sediments and/or soils (for micromorphological and other pedological/sedimentological analyses. Advice on the appropriateness of the proposed strategies will be sought from the English Heritage Regional Adviser for Archaeological Science (East of England). A guide to sampling archaeological deposits (Murphy and Wiltshire 1994) is available from the Conservation Team of SCCAS.

4.4 A finds recovery policy is to be agreed before the project commences and should form part of the Project Design. The use of a metal detector will form an essential part of the finds recovery strategy. The sieving of occupation levels and building fills will be expected.

4.5 All finds will be collected and processed. No discard policy will be considered until the whole body of finds has been evaluated.

4.6 All ceramic, bone and stone artefacts are to be cleaned and processed concurrently with the excavation, so that the results can inform decision-making on the excavation.

4.7 Metal artefacts must be stored and managed in accordance with UK Institute of Conservators Guidelines and evaluated for significant dating and cultural implications before despatch to a conservation laboratory within 4 weeks of excavation.

4.8 Human remains are to be treated at all stages with care and respect, and are to be dealt with in accordance with the law. They must be recorded in situ and subsequently lifted, packed and marked to standards compatible with those described in the Institute for Archaeologists’ Technical Paper 13 Excavation and post-excavation treatment of Cremated and Inhumed Human Remains, by McKinley & Roberts. Proposals for the final disposition of remains following study and analysis will be required in the Project Design.

4.10 A photographic record of the work is to be made, consisting of both monochrome photographs and colour transparencies.

4.11 Excavation record keeping is to be consistent with the requirements of Suffolk County Council’s Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and be compatible with its archive. Methods must be agreed with the Conservation Team of SCCAS.

5. General Management

5.1 A timetable for all stages of the project must be agreed before the first stage of work commences.

5.2 Monitoring of the archaeological work will be undertaken by the Conservation Team of SCCAS. Where projects require an unusual amount of monitoring, the Conservation Team reserve the right to make an ‘at-cost’ charge for monitoring (currently at a daily rate of £150). A decision on the monitoring required will be made by the Conservation Team on submission of the accepted Project Design and will be reviewed during the course of the project. Any decision to charge for monitoring will be notified to the developer or his agent(s).

5.4 A general Health and Safety Policy must be provided, with a detailed risk assessment and management strategy for this particular site.

5.5 The Project Design must include proposed security measures to protect the site and both excavated and unexcavated finds from vandalism and theft.

5.6 Provision for the reinstatement of the ground and the filling of dangerous holes must be detailed in the Project Design.

5.7 The Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs and for Excavations should be used for additional guidance in the execution of the project and in the drawing up of the report.

6. Archive Requirements

6.2 An archive of all records and finds is to be prepared consistent with the principles of English Heritage's Management of Archaeological Projects, 1991 (MAP2), particularly Appendix 3. However, the detail of the archive is to be fuller than that implied in MAP2 Appendix 3.2.1. The archive is to be sufficiently detailed to allow comprehension and further interpretation of the site should the project not proceed to detailed analysis and final report preparation. It must be adequate to perform the function of a final archive for lodgement in the County SMR or museum.

6.3 A clear statement of the form, intended content, and standards of the archive is to be submitted for approval as an essential requirement of the Project Design (see 2.5).

6.5 Pottery should be recorded and archived to a standard comparable with 6.3 above, i.e. The Study of Later Prehistoric Pottery: General Policies and Guidelines for Analysis and Publication, Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group Occasional Paper 1 (1991, rev 1997), the Guidelines for the archiving of Roman Pottery, Study Group for Roman Pottery (ed. M G Darling 1994) and the Minimum Standards for the Processing, Recording, Analysis and Publication of Post-Roman Ceramics, Medieval Pottery Research Group Occasional Paper 2 (2001).

6.6 All coins must be identified and listed as a minimum archive requirement.

6.7 The data recording methods and conventions used must be consistent with, and approved by, the County SMR. All record drawings of excavated evidence are to be presented in drawn up form, with overall site plans. All records must be on an archivally stable and suitable base.

6.8 A complete copy of the site record archive must be deposited with the County SMR within twelve months of the completion of fieldwork. It will then become publicly accessible.

6.9 Finds must be appropriately conserved and stored in accordance with the UK Institute of Conservators Guidelines.

7. Report Requirements

7.1 Finds must be appropriately conserved and stored in accordance with UK Institute of Conservators Guidelines. The finds, as an indissoluble part of the site archive, should be deposited with the County HER Officer if the landowner can be persuaded to agree to this. If this is not possible for all or any part of the finds archive, then provision must be made for additional recording (e.g. photography, illustration, analysis) as appropriate.

7.2 The project manager should consult the SCC Archive Guidelines 2008 and also the County HER Officer regarding the requirements for the deposition of the archive (conservation, ordering, organisation, labelling, marking and storage) of excavated material and the archive.

7.3 The WSI should state proposals for the deposition of the digital archive relating to this project with the Archaeology Data Service (ADS), and allowance should be made for costs incurred to ensure proper deposition (http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/policy.html).

7.4 A report on the fieldwork and archive, consistent with the principles of MAP2, particularly Appendix 4, must be provided. The report must summarise the methodology employed, the stratigraphic sequence, and give a period by period description of the contexts recorded, and an inventory of finds. The objective account of the archaeological evidence must be clearly distinguished from its interpretation. The report must include a discussion and an assessment of the archaeological evidence, including palaeoenvironmental remains recovered from palaeosols and cut features. Its conclusions must include a clear statement of the archaeological value of the results, and their significance in the context of the Regional Research Framework (East Anglian Archaeology, Occasional Papers 3 & 8, 1997 and 2000) and the Revised Research Framework for the Eastern Region (2008; available online at http://www.eaareports.org.uk/).

7.5 A copy of the report, clearly marked DRAFT, must be presented to SCCAS/CT for approval within six months of the completion of fieldwork unless other arrangements are negotiated with the project sponsor and SCCAS/CT. Following approval, two hard copies, as well as a digital copy, of the report must be presented to SCCAS/CT

7.6 A summary report, in the established format, suitable for inclusion in the annual ‘Archaeology in Suffolk’ section of the Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History, must be prepared and included in the project report or submitted to the Conservation Team by the end of the calendar year in which the work takes place, whichever is the sooner.

7.7 County HER sheets must be completed, as per the County HER manual, for all sites where archaeological finds and/or features are located.

7.8 Where appropriate, a digital vector trench plan should be included with the report, which must be compatible with MapInfo GIS software, for integration in the County HER. AutoCAD files should

be also exported and saved into a format that can be can be imported into MapInfo (for example, as a Drawing Interchange File or .dxf) or already transferred to .TAB files.

7.9 At the start of work (immediately before fieldwork commences) an OASIS online record http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/ must be initiated and key fields completed on Details, Location and Creators forms.

7.10 All parts of the OASIS online form must be completed for submission to the County HER. This should include an uploaded .pdf version of the entire report (a paper copy should also be included with the archive).

Specification by: Edward Martin

Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Conservation Team Shire Hall Bury St Edmunds Suffolk IP33 2AR

Tel: 01284 352442 Email: [email protected]

Date: 18 February 2011 Reference: SpecCMon(EM)_FlixtonParkQuarry_2011

This brief and specification remains valid for 12 months from the above date. If work is not carried out in full within that time this document will lapse; the authority should be notified and a revised brief and specification may be issued.

As the work defined by this brief forms a part of a programme of archaeological work required by a Planning Condition, the results must be considered by the Conservation Team of the Archaeological Service of Suffolk County Council, who have the responsibility for advising the appropriate Planning Authority.

Appendix I.d

Flixton Quarry, Suffolk

Archaeological Monitoring and Excavation:

Written Scheme of Investigation and Risk Assessment

Prepared by Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Field Team February 2011

Document Control

Title: Flixton Quarry, Suffolk: Archaeological Monitoring and Excavation, Written Scheme of Investigation and Risk Assessment.

Date: February 2011

Issued by: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Field Team

Author: Stuart Boulter

Checked by: N/A

Issued to: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Conservation Team and The Guildhouse Consultancy (on behalf of Cemex)

Contents

1. Background 2. Project Objectives 3. Project Details 4. Archaeological Method Statement 5. Health and Safety 6. Site Induction/Site Visit Sign-Off Sheet

Figures 1. Site location 2. Site detail (proposed area of stripping 2011)

Appendices

1. SCC Health and Safety Policy 2. SCC Insurance Certificates 3. Risk Assessments 4. COSHH Assessments

1 Background

 The Field Team of the Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service (SCCAS) have been commissioned by The Guildhouse Consultancy (on behalf of Cemex) to undertake a programme of archaeological monitoring and, if necessary, open piece excavation on land forming part of the existing quarry permission (app. no. W/10999/10) at Flixton Quarry, Flixton, Suffolk (TM 3077 8680) (Figure 1).

 The area designated for stripping in 2011 effectively forms part of New Quarry Phases 17 and 18 (Figure 2). This WSI covers that work only. The need for new documentation to cover subsequent areas of the current permission will be assessed and agreed between SCCAS Conservation Team Archaeologist Edward Martin (representing the MPA) and Adrian Havercroft (The Guildhouse Consultancy representing Cemex).

 A Brief and Specification for these works was prepared by SCCAS Conservation Team Archaeologist Edward Martin (in his role as archaeological advisor to the MPA) in a document dated 18th February 2011. All SCCAS Field Team work will adhere to the requirements of this document.

 This work is effectively the continuation of an extensive programme of monitoring and excavation required under a condition on planning application W/10999/10 and has been undertaken by the SCCAS Field Team annually since 1995.

 This phase of fieldwork will be carried out by members of SCCAS Field Team under the supervision of Senior Project Officer Stuart Boulter who will also undertake the project management.

 It is proposed that the work will be undertaken in the February and March of 2011 with soil-stripping initially projected to last for one week. Clearance works will run concurrently with the strip, although, depending on the level of archaeology encountered, may need to continue on beyond that time as set piece excavation.

2 Project Objectives

PO1: To undertake archaeological monitoring where there will be disturbance at subsoil level and prior to extraction of mineral or other development works.

PO2: To enable the identification and evaluation of potentially significant archaeological features or deposits.

PO3: To identify, excavate and record features and deposits of lesser archaeological significance.

PO4: The principal academic objective revolves around the potential of the site to produce evidence for multi-period settlement and funerary activity.

Site

0 1 2 kilometres

New Phase 17

Previously Excavated

Area of 2011 Strip

New Phase 18

Remaining Areas of Current Permission

New Phase 19

050100 New Phase 20 metres

3 Project Details

Site Name Flixton Quarry Site Location/Parish Flixton Grid Reference TM 3077 8680 Access From existing quarry workings and quarry East Lodge Entrance Planning No W/10999/10 HER code FLN 090 OASIS Ref Not yet allocated SCCAS Job Code JFLIX/FDK/001 Type: Monitoring of soil-stripping and clearance of archaeological features Area Up to 1.9 hectares Project start date February/March 2011 Duration Projected as one week soil-stripping + clearance Number of personnel on site Initially 2 SCCAS staff + additional excavation staff if required

Personnel and contact numbers

Project Manager Stuart Boulter 07885 223524 Project Officer (first point of Stuart Boulter 07885 223524 on-site contact) Outreach Officer Duncan Allan 07768 430556 Finds Dept. Richenda Goffin 01284 352447 EH Regional Science Advisor Dr Helen Chappell 01223 582707 Sub-contractors N/A Curatorial Officer Edward Martin 01284 352442 Consultant/Contact Adrian Havercroft (Guildhouse Consultancy) 01482 861003 Developer - - Client Cemex - Site landowner - -

Emergency contacts

Local Police Upper Olland Street, Bungay, NR35 1BE 01473 613500 Local GP Fressingfield Medical Centre, New Street, 01379 586456 Fressingfield, IP21 5PG Location of nearest A&E James Paget University Hospital, Lowestoft 01493 452452 Road, Gorleston, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, NR31 6LA Qualified First Aiders Stuart Boulter and Cemex staff 07885 223524 Base emergency no. N/A

Hire details

Plant: Cemex own plant Accommodation Hire N/A Toilet Hire If required, Premier Toilet Hire 01728 603800 Tool hire: N/A

Other Contacts

Suffolk Fleet Maintenance 01359 270777 Suffolk Press Office 01473 264395 SCC Environment Strategy 01473 264301 Manager (James Wilson) SCC Health and Safety 07540 674997 Inspector (Nick Wiseman)

4 Archaeological method statement

 The archaeological fieldwork will be carried out by members of the SCCAS Field Team led by Stuart Boulter. The primary team of two will include an experienced metal detectorist/excavator from a pool of suitable staff at SCCAS.

 While all outreach activities will be considered, allowing outside personnel onto a working quarry site would has considerable Health and Safety implications. However, requests for non-site based outreach (e.g. lectures/talks) will be viewed favourably.

 The area of investigation comprises up to 1.9 hectares of agricultural land towards the eastern end of the existing quarry permission (Figure. 2). Soil-stripping will commence at the northern end of this area, removing c.8m wide strips along the north-west to south-east face.

 All mechanical excavation will be undertaken using a toothless ditching bucket for a good clean cut. Mechanical plant will not be allowed to track over the stripped area until any exposed archaeological features have been excavated and recorded.

 After the initial removal of topsoil, the stripped areas will be rapidly assessed for further archaeological work. The options will include:

a) A need for further soil-stripping. There may be the need to remove additional masking subsoil layers such as hillwash (colluvium). b) The need for more detailed evaluation/assessment of potentially significant archaeological features or deposits (scope to be agreed between the SCCAS Conservation Team and the developer or his consultant). Additional work resulting from this assessment could result in a new Brief and Specification from the SCCAS Conservation Team. c) The excavation and recording of archaeological features of lesser significance (isolated features or small groups of features). d) In extremis, consideration by the developer to redesign operations to avoid significant archaeology (the decision for further work will need to be agreed by SCCAS Conservation Team).  Excavation methodologies will be agreed in detail before the project commences. However, the following minimum requirements will be adhered to or exceeded. Any variation from these procedures would need to be agreed with SCCAS Conservation Team:

a) After sectioning, features that are, or could be, interpreted as structural will be fully excavated. Any fabricated surface (floors, yards etc.) will be fully exposed and cleaned. Occupation levels and building fills will be sieved. b) All features will be examined in enough detail to try and establish their date and function. As a guide, 50% of general features will be excavated, with prehistoric features likely to require 100% excavation. c) Between 20 and 30% of funerary ring-ditches and 10 and 20% of other linear features (ditches etc.) will be excavated with the sample representative of the

available length and taking into account local variations in shape, fill and artefact concentrations.

 While it is considered unlikely that there will be deep holes left open on the site, where necessary high visibility safety fencing will be employed.

 In order to obtain palaeoenvironmental evidence, bulk soil samples (30-40 litres each) will be taken from selected archaeological features, particularly those which are both datable and interpretable, and retained until an appropriate specialist has assessed their potential for palaeoenvironmental remains. Decisions will be made on the need for further analysis following this assessment. If necessary advice will be sought from Dr Helen Chappell, English Heritage Regional Advisor in Archaeological Science, on the need for specialist environmental sampling.

 The site will be recorded under the HER site code FLN 090. All archaeological features and deposits will be recorded using standard pro forma SCCAS Context Recording Sheets. Record keeping will be consistent with the requirements of Suffolk County Council’s HER and be compatible with its archive. Methods will be agreed with SCCAS Conservation Team.

 Site plans will be drawn at a scale of 1:20 or 1:50 with an overall feature plan at 1:100. Section drawings will be executed at a scale of 1:10 or 1:20. Decisions on scale will be related to the complexity of the archaeology. All drawings will be in pencil on plastic drafting film.

 A photographic record (high resolution digital and monochrome prints) will be made throughout the fieldwork.

 Metal detector searches will be made at all stages of the project.

 All pre-modern finds will be kept and no discard policy will be considered until all the finds have been processed and assessed. Finds on site will be treated according to ‘First Aid For Finds’ and a conservator will be available for on-site consultation as required.

 All finds will be taken to the SCCAS Bury St. Edmunds office for processing, quantifying, packing and, where necessary, preliminary conservation. The archive consolidation work will be subject to a separate costing provided after the fieldwork phase is complete. However, provision has been made for finds processing to run concurrently with the fieldwork in order that the results can be used to inform on-site decisions regarding the excavation.

 In the event of human remains being encountered on the site, guidelines from the Ministry of Justice will be followed and, if deemed necessary, a suitable licence obtained before their removal from the site. Human remains will be treated at all stages with care and respect, and will be dealt with in accordance with the law. They

will be recorded in situ and subsequently lifted, packed and marked to standards compatible with those described in the IFA’s Technical Paper 13 Excavation and post-excavation treatment of Cremated and Inhumed Human Remains, by McKinley & Roberts. Following full recording and analysis, where appropriate, the remains will be reburied.

 Fieldwork standards will be guided by ‘Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs’ and ‘Excavation’ (IFA, 1995, revised 2001) and ‘Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England’ (EAA Occasional Papers 14).

 Due to the limited nature of the job, SCCAS staff will work from their vehicle. Welfare facilities will be provided by Cemex, although it may be necessary to hire in a portable toilet if the excavation work utilises a larger digging team.

Post-excavation  Post-excavation finds work will be managed by Richenda Goffin (Bury St. Edmunds Office) with the overall post-excavation managed by Stuart Boulter (Ipswich Office).

 While the initial finds processing is programmed to run concurrently with the fieldwork, the subsequent archive consolidation works will be subject to a costing prepared after the excavation has been completed. A full programme of assessment and analysis will ultimately be required and will be subject to its own documentation that will adhere to Section 7 of the current Brief and Specification.

 The site archive will be consistent with ‘Management of Archaeological Projects’ (English Heritage, 1991).

 All site data will be entered on a computerised database compatible with the County HER. All site plans and sections will be copied to form a permanent archive on archivally stable material. Ordnance Datum levels will be on the section sheets. The photographic archive (both film and digital) will be fully catalogued within the County HER photographic index.

 All finds will be processed, marked (HER site code and context number) and bagged/boxed following ICON guidelines and the requirements of the County HER.

 Bulk finds will be fully quantified on a computerised database compatible with the County HER. Quantification will fully cover weights and numbers of finds by OP and context with a clear statement for specialists on the degree of apparent residuality observed.

 Provision will be made at the assessment/analysis stage for the digital site archive to be deposited with the Archaeology Data Service (ADS). In addition, an OASIS online record will be created for the project.

 Metal finds on site will be stored in accordance with ICON guidelines, initially recorded and assessed for significance before dispatch to a conservation laboratory within four weeks of the end of the excavation. All pre-modern silver, copper alloy and ferrous metal artefacts will be x-rayed and coins will be x-rayed if necessary for identification. Sensitive finds will be conserved if necessary and deposited in bags/boxes suitable for long term storage to ICON standards. All coins will be identified to a standard acceptable to normal numismatic research.

 The quarry operators (Cemex) will be asked to agree to deposit the finds in the county HER. Should this not become the case, then provision will need to be made for additional recording (photography, drawing etc.) required by SCCAS Conservation Team.

The subsequent assessment phase of the project will require the preparation of specialists reports which will be done in-house or commissioned as necessary to meet the following requirements:

 The site archive will meet the standards set by ‘The Guideline for the preparation of site archives and assessments of all finds other than fired clay vessels’ of the Roman Finds Group and Finds Research Group AD700 - 1700 (1993).

 The pottery will be recorded and archived to a standard consistent with the Draft Guidelines of the Medieval Pottery Research Group and Guidelines for the archiving of Roman Pottery, SGRP (ed. M.G. Darling, 1994).

 Environmental samples will be processed and assessed to standards set by the Regional Environmental Archaeologist (Dr Helen Chapell) with a clear statement of potential for further analysis.

 Animal and human bone will be quantified and assessed to a standard acceptable to national and regional English Heritage specialists.

 An industrial waste assessment will cover all relevant material (i.e. fired clay finds as well as slag).

5 Health and Safety

The project will be carried with full regard to Cemex Health and Safety regulations. In addition, when not conflicting with the above, Suffolk County Councils own Health and Safety policies will be followed at all times.

No work will be undertaken without the requisite Permit to Work documentation in place.

All project staff will be signed in and out each day at the quarry office. In addition, a record will be maintained by SCCAS of site staff and visitors on a daily basis (see Section 6).

Particular hazards to SCCAS staff identified with this project are as follows:

 Outdoor working –hazards to staff from weather conditions and uneven ground.  Manual excavation – the main hazards are to staff from the use of tools, shallow holes and the resultant trip hazards, live services and ground contamination.  Mechanised excavation – the most significant hazard from this activity is working in close proximity with plant machinery.

Specific risk assessments for each are provided in Appendix 3.

All SCCAS Field Team staff are experienced in working under similar conditions and on similar sites and are aware of all SCCAS H&S policies. All permanent SCCAS Field Team excavation staff are holders of CSCS (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) cards and SPA Quarry Safety Passports. All staff will be issued with a copy of the project’s risk assessment and will receive a safety induction from the Project Officer.

From time to time it may be necessary for site visits by external specialists, SCCAS Conservation Team members and other SCC staff. All such staff and visitors will be issued with the appropriate PPE and will undergo the required inductions. PPE required in this case will be safety footwear, hard hat, hi visibility clothing (minimum of tabard) and gloves.

Site staff, official visitors and volunteers are all covered by Suffolk County Council insurance policies (see Appendix 2).

Welfare facilities for SCCAS Field Team staff have kindly been provided by Cemex. Additional facilities (e.g. portable toilet) will be hired in when required.

Environmental controls Suffolk County Council maintains an internal Environmental Management System run in accordance with the ISO14001 standard by a dedicated EMS officer. The council has a publicly available Environment Policy, which commits us meeting all relevant regulatory, legislative and other requirements, and preventing pollution, and to the continual improvement of our environmental performance, as well as:  Preventing environmental pollution and minimise waste.  Reducing our carbon emissions.  Continually improving our energy efficiency and reduce our use of resources.  Reducing the impact of vehicle travel by county council employees.  Implementing sustainable procurement.  Minimising the impact on the environment of all existing and planned county council activities.  Enhancing biodiversity, conserve distinctive landscapes and protecting the historic environment.

The council has also published its Environmental Action Plan online, together with the monitoring report from the previous plan.

Between 2005 and 2010, the county council was certified to the ISO14001 standard by BSI for all services except schools. We were the first, and until 2009, only council to achieve this. During the eleven external audits undertaken during this period, only two non-conformities were identified. Partially because of this, and also in order to make cost savings, in 2010 a decision was taken to not continue with the certification. However the council will continue to run its internal auditing system, which carries out around 40 audits a year to check issues such as legal compliance and performance against our environmental objectives, and will also participate in an auditor exchange programme with Norfolk County Council to ensure continued external oversight of our system.

Hazardous Substances COSHH assessments for hazardous substances that staff could come into contact with are listed in Appendix 4.

6 Site induction/Site Visit Sign-Off Sheet

Name Signature Date

Appendix 1. Suffolk County Council Health and Safety Policy

Appendix 2. SCC Insurance Certificates

Appendix 3. Risk Assessments

Specific Risk Assessments for Archaeological Monitoring and Excavation at Flixton Quarry, Flixton (FLN 090)

1 Working with heavy plant and machinery 2 Physical work in a rural/semi-rural setting 3 Deep excavations 4 Use of hand tools

1-5 = Low risk 6-12 = Medium risk 20-25 = High risk

Risk Assessment 1 Working with heavy plant machinery

Activity Location Hazard Risks Persons Initial Control Residual Revised by Date Rescue affected risk measures risk procedures Direction and Various. Staff and Accidental Principally 10 Only SPO to supervise 5 S. Boulter 04/02/11 Call supervision others in contact with SPO/Site machinery. emergency of close boom/bucket Assistants, services. mechanical proximity to or but at times No personnel to be excavator. excavation unexpected may within radius of boom. First Aid if (operation movement of involve required. of bucket & machine. others. manoeuvre All staff to wear high of boom). visibility clothing, hard hats and safety footwear at all times.

Likelihood Likelihood Severity Risk (likelihood x Severity 1 2 3 4 5 severity) 1 1 2 3 4 5 1. Highly unlikely 1. Slight inconvenience 1-5 Low 2 2 4 6 8 10 2. May occur but 2. Minor injury requiring first aid 3 3 6 9 12 15 very rarely 4 4 8 12 16 20 3. Does occur but 3. Medical attention required 6-12 Medium 5 5 10 15 20 25 only rarely 4. Occurs from time 4. Major injury leading to Initial Risk to time hospitalisation Residual Risk 5. Likely to occur 5. Fatality or serious injury 13-25 High often leading to disablement

Risk Assessment 2 Physical work in a rural/semi-rural setting

Activity Location Hazard Risks Persons Initial Control Residual Revised by Date Rescue affected risk measures risk procedures Excavation in Various. Extremes of Hypothermia, heat All field 9 All staff provided 2 S. Boulter 04/02/11 First Aid if exposed heat, cold and stroke, sunburn. staff. with appropriate required. conditions. wet weather. Minor injuries. clothing for Trip hazards. weather Call conditions. emergency services if No staff to work necessary. alone in extreme conditions.

A charged mobile phone will be available at all times.

Likelihood Severity Risk (likelihood x severity) Likelihood 1. Highly unlikely 1. Slight inconvenience 1-5 Low Severity 1 2 3 4 5 2. May occur but 2. Minor injury requiring first aid 1 1 2 3 4 5 very rarely 2 2 4 6 8 10 3. Does occur but 3. Medical attention required 6-12 Medium only rarely 3 3 6 9 12 15 4. Occurs from time 4. Major injury leading to 4 4 8 12 16 20 to time hospitalisation 5 5 10 15 20 25 5. Likely to occur 5. Fatality or serious injury 13-25 High

often leading to disablement Initial Risk Residual Risk

Risk Assessment 3 Deep excavations

Activity Location Hazard Risks Persons Initial Control Residual Revised Date Rescue affected risk measures risk by procedures Excavation of Various. Collapse of Physical injury All field 12 No excavation of 2 S. Boulter 04/02/11Call archaeological feature (minor to rare staff. trenches or features emergency features. sides, falls, major beyond depth where services. and work in examples), there is risk of collapse in Working close to confined suffocation. the judgement of the First Aid if deep quarry spaces. SPO if deposits are required. excavations unconsolidated. adjacent to working area No staff will be allowed to enter deep excavations.

No deep excavations will be left unsupervised.

Deep excavations will be fenced overnight

Likelihood Severity Risk (likelihood x Likelihood severity) Severity 1 2 3 4 5 1. Highly unlikely 1. Slight inconvenience 1-5 Low 1 1 2 3 4 5 2. May occur but 2. Minor injury requiring first aid 2 2 4 6 8 10 very rarely 3 3 6 9 12 15 3. Does occur but 3. Medical attention required 6-12 Medium 4 4 8 12 16 20 only rarely 5 5 10 15 20 25 4. Occurs from time 4. Major injury leading to to time hospitalisation Initial Risk 5. Likely to occur 5. Fatality or serious injury 13-25 High Residual Risk often leading to disablement

Risk Assessment 4 Use of hand tools

Activity Location Hazard Risks Persons Initial Control Residual Revised Date Rescue affected risk measures risk by procedures Excavation of Various. Splinters from poorly Minor All field 8 Ensure all tools in 4 S. Boulter 04/02/11 First Aid if archaeological maintained equipment, injuries. staff. serviceable required. features using trip hazards from condition. shovels, mattocks, unused equipment, forks, wheelbarrows accidental striking of Careful policing of and small tools personnel in close temporarily proximity, some heavy unused equipment lifting. (e.g. no discarded hand tools near trench edges).

Ensure all tools carried appropriately.

Appendix 4. COSHH Assessments

[A] SUFFOLK COUNTY COUNCIL SUFFOLK CONSTABULARY

CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS ASSESSMENT Kuwait and Charrington-Hargreaves Diesel Gas Oil

[B] Work Activity a) Accidental exposure during unexpected leakage from machine b) Clearance/control of spillage from above

[C] Substance Usage a) Compression ignition engine fuel for sub-contractor’s plant

[D] Substance Information See manufacturer’s Data Sheets

[E] Exposure Information a) Highly inflammable b) Avoid contact with skin, eyes and excessive inhalation c) No special ventilation measures (outdoor use)

[F] Control Measures a) Ensure no naked flame in proximity of any spillage/leak. b) If contact is necessary use gloves. Safety glasses if splashing anticipated. c) Contain all spillages.

[G] Assessment of risk due to work activity Risks anticipated on present project are medium (6), [likelihood 3 x severity 2] and control measures must be adhered to at all costs.

[H] Information for Employees/Users Eyes Irritant – wash with clean water. Obtain medical attention if irritation continues. Skin Irritant if exposure is prolonged - wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. Obtain medical attention if irritation continues. Inhalation Not considered a risk in the circumstances of this project. Ingestion Irritant to digestive tract – do not induce vomiting. If emptying of stomach is required, can only be carried out under experienced medical supervision. Fire Use dry chemical foam CO2. Do not use direct water jet. Spills/Leakage Do not flush into public drainage. Use sand or active clay to absorb. Once absorbed remove and dispose to authorised waste location only.

[A] SUFFOLK COUNTY COUNCIL SUFFOLK CONSTABULARY

CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS ASSESSMENT BP Vanellus C3 Multigrade; BP Energrease L2; BP Vanellus M40; BP Vanellus M30

[B] Work Activity a) Accidental exposure during unexpected leakage from machine b) Clearance/control of spillage from above

[C] Substance Usage a) Heavy duty multigrade crankcase oil (BP Vanellus C3 Multigrade) for sub-contractor’s plant b) Lithium based grease for general machine and automotive use (BP Energrease) for sub- contractor’s plant c) Diesel engine lubricant (BP Vanellus M40) for sub-contractor’s plant d) Diesel engine oil (BP Vanellus M30) for sub-contractor’s plant

[D] Substance Information See manufacturer’s Data Sheets NB used crankcase oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during combustion process

[E] Exposure Information a) Mineral oils harmless if swallowed in small amounts. b) Toxicity of greases if single high exposure is low (main hazard is from accidental pressure injection injury via grease guns). c) NB USED OILS – laboratory tests have found that prolonged skin exposure may cause cancer d) Mineral oils harmless to the eyes. e) Mineral oils harmless to the skin unless very prolonged exposure.

[F] Control Measures a) If contact is necessary use gloves. Safety glasses if splashing anticipated. Good personal hygiene to avoid unnecessary prolonged exposure. b) Contain all spillages.

[G] Assessment of risk due to work activity Risks anticipated on present project are low (3), [likelihood 3 x severity 1]. Control measures must be adhered to at all costs.

[H] Information for Employees/Users Eyes Irrigate with running water until clear. Obtain medical attention if irritation develops. Skin Wash with soap and water. Clean contaminated clothing before re-use. Inhalation No significant risk. Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. If emptying of stomach is required, can only be carried out under experienced medical supervision. Fire Use dry chemical foam CO2. Spills/Leakage Do not flush into public drainage. Use sand or active clay to absorb. Bund and contain any spillages if required. Once absorbed remove and dispose to authorised waste location only.

[A] SUFFOLK COUNTY COUNCIL SUFFOLK CONSTABULARY

CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS ASSESSMENT Eskimo Universal Antifreeze

[B] Work Activity a) Accidental exposure during unexpected leakage from machine b) Clearance/control of spillage from above

[C] Substance Usage a) Used in automotive/machine coolant systems after dilution with water: for sub-contractor’s plant

[D] Substance Information See manufacturer’s Data Sheets Contains Ethylene Glycol, which is identified as HAZARDOUS

[E] Exposure Information a) Harmful if swallowed (fatal dose ~ 200ml).

[F] Control Measures a) If contact is necessary use gloves. Safety glasses if splashing anticipated. b) Contain all spillages.

[G] Assessment of risk due to work activity Risks anticipated on present project are low (5), [likelihood 2 x severity 3]. Control measures must be adhered to at all costs.

[H] Information for Employees/Users Eyes Flush with clean water for 15 mins. Skin Wash with soap and water. Inhalation No significant risk. Ingestion Give large quantities of water then induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention. Spills/Leakage Do not flush into public drainage. Use sand or active clay to absorb. Bund and contain any spillages if required. Once absorbed remove and dispose to authorised waste location only.

Appendix II. Context List and Descriptions

Appendix II.a FLN 088: Context List and Descriptions

SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0001 0001 0001 U/S Finds Unstratified finds from whole FLN 088 area (those under 0 0001 are only from 2009 FLN 088 0001 0001 0448 U/S Finds Unstratified finds from 2010 excavation 0

FLN 088 0002 0002 0002 Pit (Cut) Circular pit, 1.28m diameter & 0.61m deep E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0002 0002 0003 Pit (Fill) Mid‐dark grey/brown silty sand leached to light brown at E.Neo I.c. interface with natural. Frequent inclusions of flints, lower fill of 0002 FLN 088 0002 0002 0004 Pit (Fill) Light brown silty sand, frequent pebbles/flints, upper fill E.Neo I.c. of 0002 FLN 088 0005 0005 0005 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit, round‐bottomed, steep concave sides E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0005 0005 0006 Pit (Fill) Dark grey charcoal rich silty sand with some calcined E.Neo I.c. bone and lenses of orange sand. Some animal disturbance FLN 088 0007 0007 0007 Pit (Cut) Shallow circular pit with gently sloping sides and a 0 rounded base FLN 088 0007 0007 0008 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent charcoal flecks 0 and lumps FLN 088 0009 0009 0009 Pit (Cut) Circular pit E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0009 0009 0010 Pit (Fill) Mid orange/brown slightly silty sand, frequent small E.Neo I.c. stones at interface with 0011 FLN 088 0009 0009 0011 Pit (Fill) Dark grey silty sand, charcoal rich towards base E.Neo I.c.

02 December 2014 Page 1 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0012 0012 0012 Pit (Cut) Circular, steep‐sided round‐bottomed pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0012 0012 0013 Pit (Fill) Light brown silty, stony sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0012 0012 0014 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown stony silty sand, very occ. Charcoal flecks LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0015 0015 0015 Pit (Cut) Possible base of pit defined by very shallow area of fill LBA I.g. and ceramic finds. No photo or section, plan only FLN 088 0015 0015 0016 Pit (Fill) Mid brown/grey silty stony sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0017 0017 0017 Pit (Cut) Circular pit, steep‐sided, rounded bottom LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0017 0017 0018 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with occ. Charcoal in upper LBA I.g. levels FLN 088 0019 0019 0019 Pit (Cut) Circular pit E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0019 0019 0020 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand, upper fill of 0019, includes SF E.Neo I.c. 1001 FLN 088 0019 0019 0021 Pit (Fill) Mid/dark brown silty sand with occasional charcoal flecks E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0019 0019 0022 Pit (Fill) Very dark grey charcoal rich, fine silty sand E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0019 0019 0023 Pit (Fill) Dark brown coarse silty sand with lenses of darker E.Neo I.c. material and lenses of yellow sand with charcoal flecks, basal fill of 0019 FLN 088 0019 0020 1001 Small Find Leaf shaped arrowhead E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0024 0024 0024 4 post structure Possible 4 post structure with one post destroyed by tree LBA I.g. throw, also includes a possible repair post 0030 FLN 088 0024 0026 0026 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0024 0026 0027 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 2 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0024 0028 0028 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0024 0028 0029 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand, one large flint in section (post‐ LBA I.g. packer?) FLN 088 0024 0030 0030 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, possible repair or support post in 0024 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0024 0030 0031 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0024 0032 0032 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0024 0032 0033 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand, 3 very large flints (possible LBA I.g. post‐packers) FLN 088 0025 0025 0025 Tree‐hole Area of disturbed soil where tree‐stump has been 0 removed by machine, may have destroyed fourth post‐ hole in structure 0024 FLN 088 0034 0034 0034 Ditch (Cut) NW‐SE orientated ditch, butt‐ends to NW & SE 0

FLN 088 0034 0034 0035 Ditch (Fill) Mid‐light brown silty sand, stony towards base, fill in NW 0 butt‐end of 0034. Disturbed by tree‐hole to N. FLN 088 0034 0034 0036 Ditch (Fill) Mid‐light brown silty sand, stony towards base, fill of 0 0034 in section S. of butt‐end FLN 088 0034 0034 0037 Ditch (Fill) Mid‐light brown silty sand, stony towards base, fill of 0 0034 in section where cut by ditch 0038 FLN 088 0038 0038 0038 Ditch (Cut) SW‐NE aligned ditch same as FLN 061 0830 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0038 0038 0039 Ditch (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with tip lines of stones, fill of P‐med V.b. 0038 in section where it cuts 0034 FLN 088 0038 0038 0040 Ditch (Fill) Mid grey/brown stony silty sand, fill of 0038 in SW butt‐ P‐med V.b. end

02 December 2014 Page 3 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0041 0041 0041 Ditch (Cut) Large p‐med ditch, NW‐SE, see FLN 068 0212 to N., P‐med V.b. respected by butt‐end of 0038 FLN 088 0041 0041 0042 Ditch (Fill) Not excavated, upper fill of brown silty sand with some P‐med V.b. stones seen at surface FLN 088 0041 0042 1002 Small Find Coin of 1799 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0041 0671 0671 Ditch (Cut) NW‐SE ditch, same as FLN 088 0041 in area excavated in P‐med V.b. 2009 FLN 088 0041 0671 0672 Ditch (Fill) Mid brown silty stony sand fill of 0671 in section where P‐med V.b. cut by 0673 FLN 088 0041 0671 0781 Ditch (Fill) Fill in section of 0041 between ditches 0689 and 0673, P‐med V.b. mid brown silty stony sand FLN 088 0041 0671 0797 Ditch (Fill) Mid brown silty sand, some greyer areas, some roots, fill P‐med V.b. of ditch 0671 in section where cutting grave 0809 FLN 088 0041 0671 0837 Ditch (Fill) Brown silty sand + occasional stones, fill of ditch 0671 in P‐med V.b. section with post‐hole 0835/0836 FLN 088 0041 0671 0844 Ditch (Fill) Brown silty sand frequent stones, up to cobble sized, fill P‐med V.b. of ditch 0671 in section with post‐hole 0842 FLN 088 0041 0671 0854 Ditch (Filll) Lower fill in ditch 0671/0041 under fill 0797, effectively P‐med V.b. slumped sand + gravel from grave 0809 FLN 088 0041 0671 0871 Ditch (Fill) Relatively homogenous brown silty sand + stones fill of P‐med V.b. ditch 0671 where cutting monument ditch segments 0802, 0862, 0867 FLN 088 0041 0671 1005 Small Find Spot‐find, button P‐med V.b.

02 December 2014 Page 4 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0043 0043 0043 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole, poss. associated with prehistoric I.0. 0045/0046 FLN 088 0043 0043 0044 Pit (Fill) Homogenous grey/brown loamy silty sand with prehistoric I.0. occasional flint pebbles, very abrupt interface with natural FLN 088 0045 0045 0045 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole, poss. associated with prehistoric I.0. 0043/0044 FLN 088 0045 0045 0046 Pit (Fill) Homogenous grey/brown silty sand with gravel‐pebble prehistoric I.0. sized stones FLN 088 0047 0047 0047 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0047 0047 0048 Pit (Fill) Homogenous mid grey/brown silty sand prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0049 0049 0049 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0049 0049 0050 Pit (Fill) Homogenous mid grey/brown silty sand prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0051 0051 0051 Pit (Cut) Possible disturbed oval pit or root/animal disturbance prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0051 0051 0052 Pit (Fill) Mixed soils from orange/brown to mid grey/brown sand prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0053 0053 0053 Pit (Cut) Possible disturbed oval pit or root/animal disturbance, prehistoric I.0. indistinct edges, only central area drawn FLN 088 0053 0053 0054 Pit (Fill) Mixed soils from orange/brown to mid grey/brown sand, prehistoric I.0. heat altered flint in central area FLN 088 0055 0055 0055 Pit (Cut) Oval pit prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0055 0055 0056 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with darker pockets prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0057 0057 0057 Pit (Cut) Circular pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0057 0057 0058 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/brown silty sand, lighter towards edges LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 5 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0059 0059 0059 Pit (Cut) Large oval pit, exhibits considerable slumping from soft E.Neo I.c. sand layer forming lower sides and base FLN 088 0059 0059 0060 Pit (Fill) Brown stony silty sand, upper fill E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0059 0059 0061 Pit (Fill) V. dark, almost black stony silty sand, middle fill E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0059 0059 0062 Pit (Fill) V. stony brown silty sand, lower fill E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0059 0061 1003 Small Find Possible deliberately smoothed stone, quern? E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0063 0063 0063 Pit (Cut) Oval pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0063 0063 0064 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0065 0065 0065 Post‐hole circle Overall number allocated to circle of post‐holes and EBA I.e. central cremation pit feature FLN 088 0065 0066 0066 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole with possible post‐pipe, part of ring EBA I.e. 0065 FLN 088 0065 0066 0067 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with siltier stoneless pocket from EBA I.e. surface reaching almost to base of feature FLN 088 0065 0068 0068 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole with possible post‐pipe, part of ring EBA I.e. 0065 FLN 088 0065 0068 0069 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with central siltier, darker, greyer EBA I.e. pocket from surface to base FLN 088 0065 0076 0076 Post‐hole (Cut) Small, shallow, round‐bottomed post‐hole forming part of EBA I.e. 0065 circle FLN 088 0065 0076 0077 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0078 0078 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole forming part of ring 0065 EBA I.e.

02 December 2014 Page 6 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0065 0078 0079 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0080 0080 Post‐hole (Cut) Small, shallow, round‐bottomed post‐hole forming part of EBA I.e. 0065 circle FLN 088 0065 0080 0081 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid grey/brown silty sand EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0088 0088 Post‐hole (Cut) Large post‐hole, part of 0065 circle, exhibits definite post‐ EBA I.e. pipe FLN 088 0065 0088 0089 Post‐hole (Fill) Outer fill of 0088, mid brown stony silty sand EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0088 0090 Post‐hole (Fill) Post‐pipe in 0088, mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand, EBA I.e. occasional stones and charcoal flecks FLN 088 0065 0091 0091 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular round‐bottomed post‐hole, part of 0065 EBA I.e. circle FLN 088 0065 0091 0092 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand, stony towards EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0093 0093 Post‐hole (Cut) Large circular post‐hole, exhibits post‐pipe, part of circle EBA I.e. 0065 FLN 088 0065 0093 0094 Post‐hole (Fill) Outer fill of 0093, light brown gravelly, slightly silty sand EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0093 0095 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid/dark brown silty sand with occasional small stones in EBA I.e. pockets + very occasional charcoal flecks + heat altered flint, fill of post‐pipe FLN 088 0065 0096 0096 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole, part of 0065 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0096 0097 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand, stonier towards base EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0098 0098 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, deep, steep‐sided with a flattish base, EBA I.e. hint of a post‐pipe, part of circle 0065

02 December 2014 Page 7 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0065 0098 0099 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with frequent stones, darker and EBA I.e. greyer towards centre with some charcoal and fewer stones. Finds all from this central area FLN 088 0065 0100 0100 Post‐hole (Cut) Small shallow oval post‐hole, part of circle 0065 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0100 0101 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand fill of 0100 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0102 0102 Post‐hole (Cut) Large circular post‐hole, exhibits post‐pipe, part of circle EBA I.e. 0065 FLN 088 0065 0102 0103 Post‐hole (Fill) Outer fill of 0102, mid brown gravelly silty sand EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0102 0104 Post‐hole (Fill) Almost stoneless mid/dark brown silty sand with EBA I.e. occasional charcoal flecks, fill of post‐pipe in 0102 FLN 088 0065 0105 0105 Post‐hole (Cut) Large circular post‐hole, bowl‐like profile, exhibits post‐ EBA I.e. pipe FLN 088 0065 0105 0106 Post‐hole (Fill) Outer fill of 0105, mid brown gravelly silty sand with EBA I.e. frequent stones FLN 088 0065 0105 0107 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand, occasional stones and EBA I.e. charcoal flecks, fill of post‐pipe in 0105 FLN 088 0065 0108 0108 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of circle 0065 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0108 0109 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand and occasional stones. Slightly EBA I.e. darker central area FLN 088 0065 0110 0110 Post‐hole (Cut) Large circular post‐hole, exhibits post‐pipe, part of circle EBA I.e. 0065 FLN 088 0065 0110 0111 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand outer fill of 0111 EBA I.e.

02 December 2014 Page 8 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0065 0110 0112 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand, darker towards surface. EBA I.e. Occasional charcoal flecks and heat‐altered flints FLN 088 0065 0113 0113 Pit (Cut) Large central pit‐like feature within circle 0065 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0113 0114 Pit (Fill) Cremation deposit at base of 0013, almost continuous EBA I.e. with central darker fill 0117 FLN 088 0065 0113 0115 Pit (Fill) Upper fill of 0113, comprises homogenous brown silty EBA I.e. sand with occasional stones FLN 088 0065 0113 0116 Pit (Fill) Sterile, slightly silty gravel and stone outer fill of pit 0113 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0065 0113 0117 Pit (Fill) Central fill of 0113, comprised dark brown silty sand with EBA I.e. occasional stones, directly over cremation deposit 0114. Could this be a post‐pipe? FLN 088 0065 0234 0234 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole? On edge of 0082, almost certainly vestiges of EBA I.e. post‐hole from circle 0065 FLN 088 0065 0234 0235 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with moderate stones EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0070 0070 0070 Pit (Cut) Small sub‐circular pit prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0070 0070 0071 Pit (Fill) Heavily disturbed (burrows and roots) fill of 0070, prehistoric I.0. predominantly brown silty sand with orange sand in burrows FLN 088 0072 0072 0072 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0072 0072 0073 Pit (Fill) Predominantly dark grey/brown silty sand with gravel to LBA I.g. pebble‐sized stones. Includes one large sandstone 'box‐ stone' central and top of feature FLN 088 0074 0074 0074 Pit (Cut) Small pit prehistoric I.0.

02 December 2014 Page 9 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0074 0074 0075 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with gravel prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0082 0082 0082 Pit (Cut) Shallow flat‐bottomed pit, close to line of circle 0065, but LBA I.g. cuts post‐hole 0234 FLN 088 0082 0082 0083 Pit (Fill) Very dark grey silty sand, frequent charcoal flecks with LBA I.g. heat‐altered flints, but no in situ burning FLN 088 0084 0084 0084 Pit (Cut & Fill) Single number allocated to amorphous area of light/mid 0 brown silty sand with roots. Relationship with 0085 is unclear FLN 088 0085 0085 0085 Pit (Cut) Oval pit cut by tree‐throw 0087 E.Neo I.c.

FLN 088 0085 0085 0086 Pit (Fill) Very dark grey, almost charcoal rich silty, stony sand with E.Neo I.c. pockets/lenses of mid brown silty sand, includes some heat altered flints/stones, but no in situ burning FLN 088 0087 0087 0087 Pit (Cut & Fill) Single number allocated to tree‐throw cutting 0085/0086 Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0118 0118 0118 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit within area enclosed by circle 0065 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0118 0118 0119 Pit (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones, LBA I.g. heat altered flints and charcoal flecks FLN 088 0120 0120 0120 Pit (Cut) Circular pit immediately external to circle 0065 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0120 0120 0121 Pit (Fill) V. dark grey/brown loamy sand with frequent stones LBA I.g. including heat‐altered flints/sandstone FLN 088 0122 0122 0122 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit within area enclosed by circle 0065 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0122 0122 0123 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with moderate stones and LBA I.g. occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0124 0124 0124 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit within area enclosed by circle 0065 prehistoric I.0.

02 December 2014 Page 10 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0124 0124 0125 Pit (Fill) Homogenous mid grey/brown silty sand, stonier towards prehistoric I.0. base FLN 088 0126 0126 0126 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit within area enclosed by circle 0065 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0126 0126 0127 Pit (Fill) Mid‐darkish brown silty sand, moderate stones, more LBA I.g. towards base, occasional heat altered flints FLN 088 0128 0128 0128 Pit (Cut) Small pit‐like feature, possibly associated with an prehistoric I.0. adjacent tree‐hole FLN 088 0128 0128 0129 Pit (Fill) Brown silty sand with a darker grey/black component prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0130 0130 0130 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit within area enclosed by circle 0065 prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0130 0130 0131 Pit (Fill) Mid‐dark grey brown silty sand, moderate stones + prehistoric I.0. occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0132 0132 0132 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit within area enclosed by circle 0065 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0132 0132 0133 Pit (Fill) Fill of 0132, includes outer component brown silty sand LBA I.g. grading into darker grey/brown central fill FLN 088 0134 0134 0134 Pit (Cut & Fill) Single number allocated to tree‐hole, one of those Modern V.d. recently destumped. Has a mixed coarse fill FLN 088 0135 0135 0135 Pit (Cut & Fill) Single number allocated to tree‐hole E. side of circle Modern V.d. 0065. Has compact grey/brown fill with occasional CBM frags. Changes to loose stony dark brown/grey silty sand lower down FLN 088 0136 0136 0136 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0136 0136 0137 Pit (Fill) Homogenous mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0138 0138 0138 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 11 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0138 0138 0139 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/brown silty sand with a large pocket of orange LBA I.g. stony sand, possibly animal disturbance FLN 088 0140 0140 0140 Pit (Cut) Large pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0140 0140 0141 Pit (Fill) Brown very silty sand upper fill of 0140. Almost all of the LBA I.g. pottery came from close to the interface with underlying 0142 FLN 088 0140 0140 0142 Pit (Fill) Very dark silty sand middle fill of 0140, includes the larger LBA I.g. part of a pottery vessel apparently broken in situ FLN 088 0140 0140 0143 Pit (Fill) Basal fill of 0140, light to mid brown silty sand with some LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0144 0144 0144 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0144 0144 0145 Pit (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0146 0146 0146 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0146 0146 0147 Pit (Fill) Mid brown, stony silty sand prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0150 0150 0150 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0150 0150 0151 Pit (Fill) Lower fill of 0150, very dark greyish brown/black silty LBA I.g. sand. Occasional stones, heat altered flints/sandstone and charcoal flecks FLN 088 0150 0150 0152 Pit (Fill) Upper fill of 0150, mid greyish brown silty sand + stones LBA I.g. & heat altered flints/sandstone. Finds mainly from close to interface with 0151 FLN 088 0153 0153 0155 Post‐hole (Fill) Lower fill of 0153, dark brown/grey silty sand with very LBA I.g. occasional charcoal flecks

02 December 2014 Page 12 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0156 0156 0156 Post‐hole (Cut) Small isolated pit or post‐hole, could be a root‐hole or LBA I.g. animal burrow FLN 088 0156 0156 0157 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0160 0160 0160 Post‐hole (Cut) Small isolated feature, post‐hole? Possibly part of 4‐ LBA I.g. poster with 0162, 0156 with 4th post missing FLN 088 0160 0160 0161 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0162 0162 0162 Post‐hole (Cut) Small isolated feature, post‐hole? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0162 0162 0163 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid‐dark brown/grey silty sand with LBA I.g. occasional stones FLN 088 0168 0168 0168 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0168 0168 0169 Pit (Fill) Basal layer in 0169, very dark greyish brown (blackish) LBA I.g. silty sand with occasional stones + heat altered flints/sandstone FLN 088 0168 0168 0170 Pit (Fill) Layer above 0169, mid brown grey stony silty sand with LBA I.g. occasional charcoal flecks + heat altered stones FLN 088 0168 0168 0171 Pit (Fill) Layer above 0170, dark grey/brown (blackish) silty sand LBA I.g. with moderate mixed stones including heat altered flints/sandstone and charcoal FLN 088 0168 0168 0172 Pit (Fill) Layer above 0171, mid greyish brown homogenous silty LBA I.g. sand + occasional stones, some heat altered FLN 088 0168 0168 0173 Pit (Fill) S. side of 0168, upper spit, mixture of mainly 0171 and LBA I.g. some 0172 FLN 088 0168 0168 0174 Pit (Fill) S. side of 0168, lower spit, mixture of 0169 and 0170 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 13 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0177 0177 0177 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0177 0177 0178 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/brown silty sand, very stony LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0182 0182 0182 Pit (Cut) Possible small pit or post‐hole, could be animal 0 disturbance FLN 088 0182 0182 0183 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand, disturbed 0

FLN 088 0184 0184 0184 Pit (Cut) Shallow oval pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0184 0184 0185 Pit (Fill) Basal fill of pit 0184, dark greyish brown (blackish) silty LBA I.g. sand + occasional charcoal flecks and heat altered flints/sandstone FLN 088 0184 0184 0186 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with clay + stones (some LBA I.g. heat reddening) middle fill of 0184, includes heat altered flints/sandstone, charcoal flecks FLN 088 0184 0184 0436 Pit (Fill) Upper fill of pit 0184 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0192 0192 0192 Pit (Cut) Circular vertical sided pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0192 0192 0193 Pit (Fill) Upper fill of 0192, mid‐dark brownish grey silty sand LBA I.g. becoming very dark and with very frequent charcoal flecks towards base, contains up to 90% heat altered flints and sandstone FLN 088 0192 0192 0194 Pit (Fill) Lower fill of 0192, mid greyish brown very silty sticky sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0195 0195 0195 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0195 0195 0196 Pit (Fill) Top fill in 0195, very dark grey/brown silty sand with LBA I.g. frequent stones and heat altered flints and sandstone FLN 088 0195 0195 0197 Pit (Fill) Second fill in 0195, dirty orange/brown gravelly sand LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 14 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0195 0195 0198 Pit (Fill) Third fill in 0195, thin layer of dark grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g. with a large quantity of pot FLN 088 0195 0195 0199 Pit (Fill) Basal fill, dirty orange/brown gravelly sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0200 0200 0200 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole? Possibly animal disturbance on 0 edge of genuine post‐hole 0202 FLN 088 0200 0200 0201 Pit (Fill) Homogenous light brown slightly silty sand 0

FLN 088 0202 0202 0202 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0202 0202 0203 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0204 0204 0204 Pit (Cut) Shallow oval pit or post‐hole, could be two features or LBA I.g. even a natural disturbance FLN 088 0204 0204 0205 Pit (Fill) Very dark grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0206 0206 0206 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0206 0206 0207 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0208 0208 0208 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0208 0208 0209 Pit (Fill) Dark brownish grey silty sand fill of 0208 external to pot LBA I.g. 0210 FLN 088 0208 0208 0210 Finds Large piece of in situ pot, no base, but appeared to be LBA I.g. deliberately placed FLN 088 0208 0208 0211 Pit (Fill) Fill within pot 0210, dark brownish grey silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0222 0222 0222 Pit (Cut) Irregular shaped pit with a stepped bottom LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0222 0222 0223 Pit (Fill) Upper fill, mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 15 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0222 0222 0224 Pit (Fill) Lower fill, dark grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0227 0227 0227 Pit (Cut) Small, presumably circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0227 0227 0228 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0229 0229 0229 Pit (Cut) Roughly circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0229 0229 0230 Pit (Fill) Lower fill, mottled dark greyish brown stony silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0229 0229 0231 Pit (Fill) Upper fill, dark greyish brown (blackish) silty sand with LBA I.g. occasional stones, some heat altered FLN 088 0240 0240 0240 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, deep prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0240 0240 0241 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid grey/brown silty sand prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0242 0242 0242 Pit (Cut) Small pit or isolated post‐hole 0

FLN 088 0242 0242 0243 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand 0

FLN 088 0246 0246 0246 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0246 0246 0247 Pit (Fill) Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with frequent LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0248 0248 0248 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0248 0248 0249 Pit (Fill) Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with frequent LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0254 0254 0254 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0254 0254 0255 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand , becoming darker towards base. LBA I.g. Included substantial part of a collapsed pot towards bottom of pit

02 December 2014 Page 16 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0256 0256 0256 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0256 0256 0257 Pit (Fill) Homogenous grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0266 0266 0266 Post‐hole (Cut) Shallow circular post‐hole, relationship with 0268 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0266 0266 0267 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0268 0268 0268 Post‐hole (Cut) Shallow circular post‐hole, relationship with 0266 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0268 0268 0269 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0270 0270 0270 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0270 0270 0271 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0272 0272 0272 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0272 0272 0273 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0274 0274 0274 Post‐hole (Cut) Small shallow circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0274 0274 0275 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0276 0276 0276 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0276 0276 0277 Pit (Fill) Very dark grey/brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0278 0278 0278 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole? Isolated LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0278 0278 0279 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0280 0280 0280 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit 0

FLN 088 0280 0280 0281 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty with occasional stones, gravelly at base 0

FLN 088 0282 0282 0282 Pit (Cut) Pit or possibly tree‐throw LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 17 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0282 0282 0283 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0282 0282 0284 Pit (Fill) Mid/light brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0287 0287 0287 Pit (Cut) Oval pit? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0287 0287 0288 Pit (Fill) Loose mid grey/brown silty sand, lighter towards base LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0292 0292 0292 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0292 0292 0293 Pit (Fill) Mid/dark grey brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0294 0294 0294 Pit (Cut) Pit? Probable tree‐throw 0

FLN 088 0294 0294 0295 Pit (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand 0

FLN 088 0294 0294 0304 Pit (Fill) Fill of 0294 at its W. end in section with 0302, 0 homogenous mid brown silty sand FLN 088 0298 0298 0298 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0298 0298 0299 Pit (Fill) Predominantly homogenous dark grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g. with frequent inclusions of gravel to pebble‐sized stones FLN 088 0302 0302 0302 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0302 0302 0303 Pit (Fill) Mid‐dark grey/brown silty sand becoming darker towards LBA I.g. base FLN 088 0307 0307 0307 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0307 0307 0308 Post‐hole (Fill) Very stony brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0309 0309 0309 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0309 0309 0310 Post‐hole (Fill) Very stony brown silty sand LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 18 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0311 0311 0311 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0311 0311 0312 Post‐hole (Fill) Very stony brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0313 0313 0313 Pit (Cut) Small isolated pit or post‐hole? 0

FLN 088 0313 0313 0314 Pit (Fill) Grey/brown silty sand with stones 0

FLN 088 0317 0317 0317 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole, V‐shaped profile 0

FLN 088 0317 0317 0318 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with moderate mixed stones 0

FLN 088 0319 0319 0319 Pit (Cut) Deep circular pit or post‐hole 0

FLN 088 0319 0319 0320 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty, almost humic sand 0

FLN 088 0321 0321 0321 Pit (Cut) Small feature which on full excavation was identified as 0 root disturbance FLN 088 0321 0321 0322 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand 0

FLN 088 0323 0323 0323 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0323 0323 0324 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0325 0325 4 post structure Overall number allocated to 4 post structure LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0326 0326 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 0325 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0326 0327 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0328 0328 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 0325 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0328 0329 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0330 0330 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 0325 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 19 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0325 0330 0331 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0332 0332 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 0325 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0325 0332 0333 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0336 0336 0336 Post‐hole (Cut) Large post‐hole with prominent post‐pipe LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0336 0336 0337 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty, gravelly sand with frequent mixed LBA I.g. stones, outer fill of 0336 FLN 088 0336 0336 0338 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand fill of post‐pipe in 0336 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0336 0336 0341 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with moderate stones, fill on LBA I.g. edge of post‐hole 0336 which on excavation was interpreted as animal disturbance on the edge of the feature FLN 088 0342 0342 0342 Pit (Cut) Oval shaped pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0342 0342 0343 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0342 0342 0344 Pit (Fill) Orange/brown gravelly sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0348 0315 0315 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0315 0316 Post‐hole (Fill) Fairly loose mid brown silty sand, frequent mixed stones P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0334 0334 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0334 0335 Post‐hole (Fill) Relatively homogenous, comparatively loose, very stony P‐med V.b. brown silty sand FLN 088 0348 0339 0339 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0339 0340 Post‐hole (Fill) Orange/brown silty sand with occasional stones P‐med V.b.

02 December 2014 Page 20 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0348 0345 0345 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0345 0346 Post‐hole (Fill) Upper fill, relatively homogenous mid/grey silty sand P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0345 0347 Post‐hole (Fill) Lower fill, gravelly orange/brown sand P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0348 0348 Fence line Overall number allocated to p‐med fence line. Post‐holes P‐med V.b. appear to be spaced in pairs, not definitely identified in area to north FLN 088 0348 0355 0355 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0355 0356 Post‐hole (Fill) Comparatively loose mid grey/brown silty sand, lighter P‐med V.b. towards base FLN 088 0348 0357 0357 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0357 0358 Post‐hole (Fill) Light orange/brown, slightly silty sand, possibly cut by P‐med V.b. recent disturbance/tree‐throw. FLN 088 0348 0361 0361 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0361 0362 Post‐hole (Fill) Comparatively loose mid grey/brown silty sand, frequent P‐med V.b. stones and a gravelly orange brown base. FLN 088 0348 0363 0363 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0363 0364 Post‐hole (Fill) Comparatively loose mid grey/brown silty sand, frequent P‐med V.b. stones FLN 088 0348 0367 0367 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0367 0368 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous, fairly loose, mid greyish brown silty sand P‐med V.b. with common mixed stones FLN 088 0348 0369 0369 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

02 December 2014 Page 21 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0348 0369 0370 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous, fairly loose, mid greyish brown silty sand (I P‐med V.b. tile fragment that dates whole fence‐line) FLN 088 0348 0371 0371 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0371 0372 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous, fairly loose, mid greyish brown silty sand P‐med V.b. with common stones FLN 088 0348 0377 0377 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0377 0378 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous, fairly loose, mid greyish brown silty sand P‐med V.b. with common mixed stones FLN 088 0348 0440 0440 Post‐hole (Cut) Oval shaper post‐hole P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0440 0441 Post‐hole (Fill) Grey/brown silty sand with frequent gravel‐sized P‐med V.b. inclusions, particularly towards base FLN 088 0348 0452 0452 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0452 0453 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with lense of orangey brown P‐med V.b. gravelly sand FLN 088 0348 0454 0454 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0454 0455 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with small pockets of gravelly P‐med V.b. orange brown sand FLN 088 0348 0456 0456 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0456 0457 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with gravelly orange brown pockets P‐med V.b. towards base FLN 088 0348 0458 0458 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

02 December 2014 Page 22 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0348 0458 0459 Post‐hole (Fill) Mixed mid brown silty sand and orange brown less silty P‐med V.b. sand with an area of silty sand, possibly post‐pipe, but not given separate number FLN 088 0348 0460 0460 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0460 0461 Post‐hole (Fill) Relatively homogenous dark brown sand with gravel P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0462 0462 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0462 0463 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand + gravel P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0464 0464 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0464 0465 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand + gravel + some larger P‐med V.b. flints FLN 088 0348 0470 0470 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0470 0471 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐darkish greyish brown silty sand + gravel with some P‐med V.b. HA flint FLN 088 0348 0472 0472 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348, cut by tree‐hole P‐med V.b. on N. side FLN 088 0348 0472 0473 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid orangey brown gravelly sand with regular root P‐med V.b. disturbance FLN 088 0348 0474 0474 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0474 0475 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown gravelly sand P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0476 0476 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0476 0477 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brownish grey silty sand + gravel P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0513 0513 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

02 December 2014 Page 23 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0348 0513 0514 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐darkish greyish brown silty sand + gravel P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0515 0515 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348, cut by tree‐hole P‐med V.b. on N. side FLN 088 0348 0515 0516 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐darkish greyish brown silty sand + gravel P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0517 0517 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of p‐med fence line 0348 P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0348 0517 0518 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐darkish greyish brown silty sand + gravel P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0349 0349 0349 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0349 0349 0350 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with frequent mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0351 0351 0351 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0351 0351 0352 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand, occasional to moderate LBA I.g. mixed stones FLN 088 0353 0353 0353 Pit (Cut) Circular pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0353 0353 0354 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with common small mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0379 0379 0379 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0379 0379 0380 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand, darker towards centre LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0383 0383 0383 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole, relationship with 0385 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0383 0383 0384 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0385 0385 0385 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole, relationship with 0383 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0385 0385 0386 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 24 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0387 0387 0387 Pit (Cut) Irregular shaped pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0387 0387 0388 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand, darker centrally, includes 4 LBA I.g. large flints 20cm down at SE end FLN 088 0393 0393 0393 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0393 0393 0394 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with common stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0399 0399 0399 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0399 0399 0400 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones and prehistoric I.0. large cobbles FLN 088 0401 0401 0401 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0401 0401 0402 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0403 0403 0403 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0403 0403 0404 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones and LBA I.g. large pebbles FLN 088 0410 0410 0410 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, possibly associated with 4 poster 1097 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0410 0410 0411 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0412 0412 0412 Post‐hole (Cut) Small post‐hole? Possibly associated with 4 poster 0447 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0412 0412 0413 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0416 0416 0416 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0416 0416 0417 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with some gravel inclusions LBA I.g. and moderate mixed stones FLN 088 0418 0418 0418 Post‐hole (Cut) Possible post‐hole LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 25 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0418 0418 0419 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with occasional small mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0420 0420 0420 Post‐hole (Cut) Possible post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0420 0420 0421 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with occasional small mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0422 0422 0422 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0422 0422 0423 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0424 0424 0424 Post‐hole (Cut) Possible post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0424 0424 0425 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with occasional small mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0428 0428 0428 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0428 0428 0429 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0430 0430 0430 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0430 0430 0431 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0432 0432 0432 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0432 0432 0433 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0437 0437 0187 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand, darker towards base LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0437 0437 0437 Pit (Cut) Irregular shaped pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0438 0438 0438 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0438 0438 0439 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to LBA I.g. pebble‐sized stones

02 December 2014 Page 26 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0444 0444 0444 Post‐hole (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole, could be part of either adjacent 4 LBA I.g. post ‐structure FLN 088 0444 0444 0445 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark grey silty sand with moderate mixed stones, some LBA I.g. heat altered FLN 088 0446 0359 0359 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 4 poster 0446 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0446 0359 0360 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark grey/brown homogenous silty sand with LBA I.g. occasional mixed stones FLN 088 0446 0365 0365 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 4 poster 0446 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0446 0365 0366 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark grey/brown silty sand with occasional to LBA I.g. common mixed stones FLN 088 0446 0373 0373 Post‐hole (Cut) Fairly large circular post‐hole, part of 4 poster 0446 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0446 0373 0374 Post‐hole (Fill) Fairly homogenous mid‐dark grey brown silty sand with LBA I.g. occasional to common stone inclusions FLN 088 0446 0442 0442 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 4 poster 0446 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0446 0442 0443 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0446 0446 0446 4 post structure Overall number allocated to 4 post structure, 0359, 0365, LBA I.g. 0373, 0442 FLN 088 0447 0375 0375 Post‐hole (Cut) Small circular post‐hole, part of 4 poster 0447 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0447 0375 0376 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid‐dark grey brown silty sand with LBA I.g. occasional to stone inclusions FLN 088 0447 0381 0381 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of 4 poster 0447 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 27 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0447 0381 0382 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones, finds probably mixed with those from fill 0445 in pit 0444 FLN 088 0447 0381 0405 Post‐hole (Fill) Basal fill in pit 0381, mid greyish brown silty sand with LBA I.g. moderate stones. Finds probably mixed with 0382 FLN 088 0447 0389 0389 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0447 0389 0390 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional‐ LBA I.g. common stones, fairly homogenous FLN 088 0447 0414 0414 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole with U‐shaped profile, part of 4 poster LBA I.g. 0447 FLN 088 0447 0414 0415 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid to dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional‐ LBA I.g. common mixed stones FLN 088 0447 0447 0447 4 post structure Overall number allocated to 4 post structure, 0375, 0381, LBA I.g. 0389, 0414 FLN 088 0449 0449 0449 Pit (Cut) Crescent shaped tree‐throw 0

FLN 088 0449 0449 0450 Pit (Fill) Upper fill, mid‐grey brown silty sand with charcoal rich 0 lense FLN 088 0449 0449 0451 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand lower fill 0

FLN 088 0466 0466 0466 Pit (Cut) Small pit, possibly a tree‐hole, relationship with 0468 0 unclear FLN 088 0466 0466 0467 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones 0

FLN 088 0468 0468 0468 Pit (Cut) Pit? Possibly a tree‐hole, relationship with 0466 unclear 0

02 December 2014 Page 28 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0468 0468 0469 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown/red silty sand + gravel to pebble 0 sized stones FLN 088 0478 0478 0478 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole? Not 100% convincing 0

FLN 088 0478 0478 0479 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional flints + 0 frequent root disturbance, more orange sand + gravel at base, loose FLN 088 0480 0480 0480 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit 0

FLN 088 0480 0480 0481 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand + occasional gravel to 0 pebble sized stones FLN 088 0482 0482 0482 Pit (Cut) Small pit? 0

FLN 088 0482 0482 0483 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with some gravel + small‐medium 0 flint pebbles, charcoal in central top fill FLN 088 0484 0484 0484 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole? could be part of adjacent tree‐hole 0

FLN 088 0484 0484 0485 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with heavy root disturbance 0 and regular small flints FLN 088 0486 0486 0486 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole? Not 100% convincing 0

FLN 088 0486 0486 0487 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with regular small flints + 0 fine roots FLN 088 0488 0488 0488 Pit (Cut) Pit, possible tree‐throw 0

FLN 088 0488 0488 0489 Pit (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand + stones 0

FLN 088 0488 0488 0490 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand + stones 0

FLN 088 0488 0488 0491 Finds Surface finds from cleaning over pit 0488 0

02 December 2014 Page 29 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0492 0492 0492 Pit (Cut) Circular pit with disturbance on W + E sides I.0.

FLN 088 0492 0492 0493 Pit (Fill) Mid reddish brown silty sand, homogenous, friable, I.0. except at the top where there are frequent stones + more compact, roots throughout FLN 088 0494 0494 0494 Pit (Cut) Oval pit? Somewhat irregular 0

FLN 088 0494 0494 0495 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with occasional stones 0

FLN 088 0496 0496 0496 Pit (Cut) Small irregular pit or post‐hole? 0

FLN 088 0496 0496 0497 Pit (Fill) Pale‐mid brown sandy silt, light + friable. Homogenous 0 with occasional flint pebbles, roots throughout FLN 088 0498 0498 0498 Pit (Cut) Shallow pit close to building 0610 0

FLN 088 0498 0498 0499 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand + moderate mixed stones 0

FLN 088 0500 0500 0500 Pit (Cut) Small pit near pit 0610 0

FLN 088 0500 0500 0501 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand fill of 0500 0

FLN 088 0502 0502 0502 Building Overall number for circular building LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0502 0503 0503 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0502 0503 0504 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones, LBA I.g. some roots with disturbance on S. side FLN 088 0502 0505 0505 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0502 0505 0506 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 30 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0502 0507 0507 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0502 0507 0508 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with very occasional flints, LBA I.g. some root disturbance FLN 088 0502 0521 0521 Post‐hole (Cut) Sub‐circular post‐hole, forms part of SE porch structure of LBA I.g. building 0502 FLN 088 0502 0521 0522 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with moderate poorly LBA I.g. sorted flint stones + gravel and occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0502 0535 0535 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0502 0535 0536 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0502 0541 0541 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0502 0541 0542 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand, moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones + gravel + small roots FLN 088 0502 0543 0543 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0502 0543 0544 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0502 0547 0547 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0502 0547 0548 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0502 0549 0549 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 4 post porch structure of building 0502 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 31 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0502 0549 0550 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones + gravel, more orange towards base FLN 088 0502 0551 0551 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 4 post porch structure of building 0502 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0502 0551 0552 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0502 0553 0553 Post‐hole (Cut) Small post‐hole part of building 0502 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0502 0553 0554 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sand + frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0509 0509 0509 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0509 0509 0510 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mall stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0511 0511 0511 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, close to building 0502, but possibly not LBA I.g. part of the formal structure FLN 088 0511 0511 0512 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with some gravel and LBA I.g. occasional mixed stones and some roots FLN 088 0519 0519 0519 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, close to building 0502, but possibly not LBA I.g. part of the formal structure FLN 088 0519 0519 0520 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small LBA I.g. stones, charcoal flecks and roots FLN 088 0523 0523 0523 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, close to building 0502, but possibly not LBA I.g. part of the formal structure FLN 088 0523 0523 0524 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with very occasional small LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0525 0525 0525 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole? Not convincing 0

02 December 2014 Page 32 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0525 0525 0526 Pit (Fill) Homogenous light brown very silty sand 0

FLN 088 0527 0527 0527 Post‐hole (Cut) Small post‐hole SE of building 0502 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0527 0527 0528 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand, moderate mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0529 0529 0529 Pit (Cut) Circular vertical sided pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0529 0529 0530 Pit (Fill) Upper fill, mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0529 0529 0531 Pit (Fill) Dark grey silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0529 0529 0532 Pit (Fill) Orange/brown/grey silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0533 0533 0533 Pit (Cut) Circular pit with bowl‐like profile LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0533 0533 0534 Pit (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with moderate mixed flint LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0537 0537 0537 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0537 0537 0538 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0539 0539 0539 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0539 0539 0540 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0545 0545 0545 Pit (Cut) Post‐hole or small pit, within building 0502 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0545 0545 0546 Pit (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional to LBA I.g. moderate mixed stones and gravel FLN 088 0555 0555 0555 Post‐hole (Cut) Small post‐hole within building 0502, but probably not LBA I.g. part of structure FLN 088 0555 0555 0556 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 33 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0557 0557 0557 Post‐hole (Cut) Small post‐hole within building 0502, but probably not LBA I.g. part of structure FLN 088 0557 0557 0558 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0559 0559 Building Overall number for circular building LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0566 0566 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 6 post porch structure of building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0566 0567 Post‐hole (Fill) Central fill (post‐pipe?) Very dark greyish brown silty sand LBA I.g. + gravel + occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0559 0566 0570 Post‐hole (Fill) Mottled orangey sharp sand + gravel + mid greyish brown LBA I.g. slightly silty sand + gravel with moderate mixed stones and some roots FLN 088 0559 0571 0571 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0559 0571 0572 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand, occasional mixed stones, LBA I.g. more common at the edges FLN 088 0559 0573 0573 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 6 post porch structure of building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0573 0574 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with some gravel + LBA I.g. moderate stones FLN 088 0559 0575 0575 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0559 0575 0576 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand, occasional small stones LBA I.g. with very occasional large flints towards edge (post‐ packers?) FLN 088 0559 0581 0581 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 6 post porch structure of building 0559 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 34 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0559 0581 0582 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with stones + roots LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0583 0583 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 6 post porch structure of building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0583 0584 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand, moderate stones + gravel LBA I.g. and charcoal flecks FLN 088 0559 0585 0585 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 6 post porch structure of building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0585 0586 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand + gravel + moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones + roots FLN 088 0559 0587 0587 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0559 0587 0588 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones + gravel FLN 088 0559 0589 0589 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0559 0589 0590 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with some orangey LBA I.g. brown mottling, moderate small stones with occasional medium stones FLN 088 0559 0591 0591 Post‐hole (Cut) Either part of 0059 or more recent disturbance, shallow LBA I.g. oval feature. Its fill seems to continue over top of 0589/0590 in section FLN 088 0559 0591 0592 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0593 0593 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 6 post porch structure of building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0559 0593 0594 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand, moderate stones + gravel LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 35 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0559 0595 0595 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0559 0595 0596 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand + gravel. Moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones, stonier towards northern edge FLN 088 0559 0597 0597 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0559 0597 0598 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand + occasional small stones LBA I.g. and root disturbance FLN 088 0560 0560 0560 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole external to building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0560 0560 0561 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with some gravel LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0562 0562 0562 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole external to building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0562 0562 0563 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand, occasional mixed stones, LBA I.g. some root disturbance FLN 088 0564 0564 0564 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole external to building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0564 0564 0565 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand, occasional mixed stones, LBA I.g. some root disturbance FLN 088 0568 0568 0568 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, on line with those in 0559, but not thought to LBA I.g. be part of formal structure FLN 088 0568 0568 0569 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones + root disturbance FLN 088 0577 0577 0577 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0577 0577 0578 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand, more gravelly towards edge LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 36 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0579 0579 0579 Pit (Cut) Roughly circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0579 0579 0580 Pit (Fill) Grey/brown silty sand with variable sized stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0599 0599 0599 Pit (Cut) Circular pit within building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0599 0599 0600 Pit (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones + occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0601 0601 0601 Wheel Ruts (Cu Overall no. allocated to wheel ruts on line of the Flixton P‐med V.b. Homersfield road. Only cuts natural at E. end of the site, elsewhere machined away FLN 088 0601 0601 0602 Wheel Ruts (Fill Compacted sand and stones P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0603 0603 0603 Hearth (Cut) Possible hearth in centre of building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0603 0603 0604 Hearth (Fill) Comprises mostly of small compacted lumps of burnt clay LBA I.g. with some reddened sand, and some areas of dark grey silty sand with moderate‐frequent flint pebbles. Some in situ burning FLN 088 0605 0605 0605 Pit (Cut) Oval shaped pit within building 0559 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0605 0605 0606 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/black sandy silt, occasional small stones LBA I.g. +charcoal flecks FLN 088 0607 0607 0607 Pit (Cut) Oval shaped pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0607 0607 0608 Pit (Fill) Upper fill, mid brown/grey silty sand with occasional LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0607 0607 0609 Pit (Fill) Dark grey silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0607 0607 0619 Pit (Fill) Mid grey silty sand with moderate stones. Finds from this LBA I.g. layer included in 0609

02 December 2014 Page 37 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0610 0610 0610 Building Overall number for circular building LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0613 0613 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 4 post porch structure of building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0613 0614 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0610 0620 0620 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 4 post porch structure of building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0620 0621 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0610 0624 0624 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, part of 4 post porch structure of building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0624 0625 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0626 0626 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0610 0626 0627 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark blackish brown silty sand with regular small flints + LBA I.g. charcoal flecks (post‐pipe?) FLN 088 0610 0626 0630 Post‐hole (Fill) Outer fill, mid orangey brown silty sand with regular to LBA I.g. frequent gravel FLN 088 0610 0633 0633 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post porch structure of building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0633 0634 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones and LBA I.g. roots FLN 088 0610 0635 0635 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post porch structure of building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0635 0636 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with frequent stones, LBA I.g. siltier and paler towards base, occasional charcoal flecks

02 December 2014 Page 38 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0610 0641 0641 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0610 0641 0642 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0610 0651 0651 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0610 0651 0652 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid orangey brown silty sand with occasional charcoal LBA I.g. flecks + regular small‐medium flints FLN 088 0610 0653 0653 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0610 0653 0654 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional to LBA I.g. moderate mixed small stones + occasional larger flints FLN 088 0610 0655 0655 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole, part of semi‐circular arc forming body LBA I.g. of building FLN 088 0610 0655 0656 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small LBA I.g. rounded stones + occasional to moderate angular flints FLN 088 0611 0611 0611 Pit (Cut) Pit external to, but possibly associated with building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0611 0611 0612 Pit (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones + gravel and occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0615 0615 0615 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, external to building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0615 0615 0616 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with frequent stones + LBA I.g. gravel lenses FLN 088 0617 0617 0617 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 39 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0617 0617 0618 Pit (Fill) Mottled dark + mid brown silty sand with occasional LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0622 0622 0622 Pit (Cut) Small circularpit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0622 0622 0623 Pit (Fill) Mid brown grey silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0628 0628 0628 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole? Small circular and shallow. Possibly associated LBA I.g. with building 0610 FLN 088 0628 0628 0629 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid orangey brown silty sand with regular frequent gravel LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0631 0631 0631 Post‐hole (Cut Small post‐hole close to building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0631 0631 0632 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid orangey grey/brown silty sand with small pebbles LBA I.g. and pea‐grit FLN 088 0636 0635 1006 Small Find Stone object LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0637 0637 0637 Pit (Cut) Elongated pit, probably a tree‐hole. In exact position 0 where a 0610 post‐hole should be, but clearly if present was truncated by 0637 FLN 088 0637 0637 0638 Pit (Fill) Grey/brown sandy loam with roots 0

FLN 088 0639 0639 0639 Post‐hole (Cut Small post‐hole internal to building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0639 0639 0640 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0643 0643 0643 Ditch (Cut) NE‐SW ditch, butt‐ends to NE and SW 0

FLN 088 0643 0643 0644 Ditch (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand with mixed stones 0

FLN 088 0643 0643 0778 Ditch (Fill) Fill of SW butt‐end of 0643, Mid brown stony silty sand 0

FLN 088 0645 0645 0645 Pit (Cut) Small pit external to building 0610 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 40 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0645 0645 0646 Pit (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with some gravel, moderate LBA I.g. to frequent mixed stones FLN 088 0647 0647 0647 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole external to building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0647 0647 0648 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with regular charcoal LBA I.g. lumps medium flints, stones denser towards base FLN 088 0649 0649 0649 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole internal to building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0649 0649 0650 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones + root disturbance FLN 088 0657 0657 0657 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0657 0657 0658 Post‐hole (Fill) Upper fill, mid‐dark brown silty sand with occasional LBA I.g. stones, some largish FLN 088 0657 0657 0659 Post‐hole (Fill) Lower fill, light to mid brown silty sand with moderate LBA I.g. gravel to pebble sized stones + occasional large FLN 088 0660 0660 0660 Post‐hole (Cut Oval shaped post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0660 0660 0661 Post‐hole (Fill) Mottled grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones, LBA I.g. particularly towards sides and base of layer FLN 088 0660 0660 0662 Post‐hole (Fill) Orange/brown gravelly silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0663 0663 0663 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0663 0663 0664 Post‐hole (Fill) Upper fill, mid brown grey silty sand with occasional LBA I.g. stones, one or two large ones FLN 088 0663 0663 0665 Post‐hole (Fill) Lower fill (post‐pipe?) grey brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0666 0666 0666 Post‐hole (Cut Small circular shallow post‐hole? LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 41 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0666 0666 0667 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with moderate gravel sized LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0668 0668 0668 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0668 0668 0669 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown/grey silty sand with frequent mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0668 0668 0670 Post‐hole (Fill) Orange/brown silty sand with gravel LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0673 0673 0673 Ditch (Cut) NE‐SW ditch, one of the north flanking ditches of Flixton‐ P‐med V.b. Homersfield road FLN 088 0673 0673 0674 Ditch (Fill) Mid brown silty stony sand, well compacted P‐med V.b.

FLN 088 0675 0675 0675 Pit (Cut) Circular pit within building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0675 0675 0676 Pit (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand + gravel and frequent LBA I.g. mixed stones FLN 088 0677 0677 0677 Pit (Cut) Pit or post‐hole within building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0677 0677 0678 Pit (Fill) Very dark silty sand occasional stone + gravel LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0679 0679 0679 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole? Within building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0679 0679 0680 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with regular rounded flint LBA I.g. pebbles + occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0681 0681 0681 Post‐hole (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole? within building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0681 0681 0682 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark brown silty sand with regular angular + rounded LBA I.g. flints, denser towards base FLN 088 0683 0683 0683 Pit (Cut) Small oval shaped pit within building 0610 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 42 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0683 0683 0684 Pit (Fill) Dark blackish brown silty sand with regular charcoal LBA I.g. lumps + flecks + flint pebbles. The base was almost lined with heat altered stones. Some root + animal disturbance FLN 088 0685 0685 0685 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0685 0685 0686 Pit (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand, larger stones are towards prehistoric I.0. base of fill. FLN 088 0687 0687 0687 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0687 0687 0688 Pit (Fill) Light brown/grey stony silty sand prehistoric I.0.

FLN 088 0689 0689 0689 Ditch (Cut) NE‐SW ditch, one of the north flanking ditches of Flixton‐ P‐med V.b. Homersfield road, forms T‐junction with [0041] [0671] FLN 088 0689 0689 0690 Ditch (Fill) Mid to dark brown stony silty sand fill of 0689 in section P‐med V.b. where cut by 0687 FLN 088 0691 0691 0691 Ditch (Cut) NE‐SW ditch, one of the north flanking ditches of Flixton‐ P‐med V.b. Homersfield road, re‐cut of 0689 without T‐junction 0671 FLN 088 0691 0691 0692 Ditch (Fill) Light brown/grey silty stony sand with frequent mixed P‐med V.b. stones, fill of 0691 in section with 0689/0690 FLN 088 0693 0693 0693 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0693 0693 0694 Pit (Fill) Dark grey silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0695 0695 0695 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0695 0695 0696 Pit (Fill) Dark grey silty sand with occasional stones, slightly lighter LBA I.g. on margins FLN 088 0697 0697 0697 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 43 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0697 0697 0698 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid to dark brown/grey silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0709 0701 0701 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0709 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0709 0701 0702 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty clay with frequent flint LBA I.g. pebbles FLN 088 0709 0703 0703 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0709 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0709 0703 0704 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with regular flint pebbles LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0709 0705 0705 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0709 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0709 0705 0706 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty clay with regular flint LBA I.g. pebbles + occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0709 0707 0707 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0709 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0709 0707 0708 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional charcoal LBA I.g. flecks + frequent flint pebbles. Disturbed by large root FLN 088 0709 0709 0709 4 post structure Overall number allocated to 4 post structure LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0710 0710 0710 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit or post‐hole, relationship with 0712 LBA I.g. unclear FLN 088 0710 0710 0711 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with regular to frequent flint LBA I.g. inclusions FLN 088 0712 0712 0712 Pit (Cut) Small oval pit, relationship with 0710 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0712 0712 0713 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with regular flint pebble inclusions, LBA I.g. denser towards base FLN 088 0714 0714 0714 6 post structure Overall number allocated to 6 post structure LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0715 0715 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0714 LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 44 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0714 0715 0716 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0717 0717 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0714 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0717 0718 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0719 0719 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0714 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0719 0720 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0721 0721 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0714 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0721 0722 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0723 0723 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0714 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0723 0724 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0725 0725 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0714 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0714 0725 0726 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0727 0727 4 post structure Overall number allocated to 4 post structure LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0728 0728 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0727 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0728 0729 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0730 0730 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0727 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0730 0731 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0732 0732 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0727 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0732 0733 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones, LBA I.g. large flints around edge may be post‐packers

02 December 2014 Page 45 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0727 0734 0734 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0727 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0727 0734 0735 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones, LBA I.g. large flints around edge may be post‐packers FLN 088 0736 0736 0736 Post‐hole (Cut Small isolated post‐hole, cannot find section drawing LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0736 0736 0737 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with regular flint inclusions LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0738 0738 6 post structure Overall number allocated to 6 post structure LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0739 0739 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0738 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0739 0740 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sand with some gravel. Some root LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0741 0741 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0738 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0741 0742 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sand with some gravel. Some root LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0743 0743 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0738 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0743 0744 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sand with some gravel. Some root LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0745 0745 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0738 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0745 0746 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sand with some gravel. Some root LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0747 0747 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0738 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0747 0748 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sand with some gravel. Some root LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0749 0749 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 6 post structure 0738 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0738 0749 0750 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sand with some gravel. Some root LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0755 0755 0755 Pit (Cut) Shallow pit, heavily disturbed LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 46 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0755 0755 0756 Pit (Fill) Brown silty sand + occasional stones, fill of pit 0755 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0755 0755 0757 Pot Large part of pot within pit 0755, some has been pulled LBA I.g. around by animal disturbance FLN 088 0755 0755 0758 Pot (Fill) Mid brown silty sand fill from around pot 0757 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0759 0759 0759 4 post structure Number initially attributed to what was thought to be a 4 0 post structure, subsequently disregarded, but still appears on photo FLN 088 0760 0760 0760 Pit (Cut) Oval shaped pit 0

FLN 088 0760 0760 0761 Pit (Fill) Light brown/grey silty stony sand 0

FLN 088 0762 0762 0762 Pit (Cut) Circular pit 0

FLN 088 0762 0762 0763 Pit (Fill) Mid brown/grey silty sand, hardly any stone, occasional 0 small charcoal flecks FLN 088 0764 0764 0764 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0764 0764 0765 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones, some root disturbance FLN 088 0768 0768 0768 Post‐hole (Cut Small circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0768 0768 0769 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with regular flints and LBA I.g. occasional charcoal flecks FLN 088 0770 0770 0770 Pit (Cut) Circular pit 0

FLN 088 0770 0770 0771 Pit (Fill) Light brown/grey silty sand with occasional mixed stones 0

FLN 088 0774 0774 0774 Pit (Cut) Shallow circular pit 0

02 December 2014 Page 47 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0774 0774 0775 Pit (Fill) Mid brown/grey silty sand with frequent pebble to small 0 cobble sized stones FLN 088 0779 0779 0779 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole within building 0610 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0779 0779 0780 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional small stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0787 0766 0766 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0787 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0787 0766 0767 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones + roots FLN 088 0787 0772 0772 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0787 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0787 0772 0773 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 0787 0776 0776 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0787 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0787 0776 0777 Post‐hole (Fill) Dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones, some roots FLN 088 0787 0785 0785 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, part of 4 post structure 0787 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0787 0785 0786 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown stony silty sand, heavily disturbed by tree LBA I.g. roots FLN 088 0787 0787 0787 4 post structure Overall number allocated to 4 post structure LBA I.g.

FLN 088 0788 0788 0788 Ring‐ditch Overall number allocated to outer component of phased EBA I.e. monument, comprises six separately excavated units FLN 088 0788 0788 0790 Finds Finds recovered from cleaning over ditch 0788 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0788 0788 1004 Small Find Spot‐find, close to edge of 0041, but planned as ditch EBA I.e. 0788. Jetton

02 December 2014 Page 48 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0788 0793 0793 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0788 on SW side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 4, 5, 6, 7) FLN 088 0788 0793 0794 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, EBA I.e. heavily disturbed by roots and soil from 0791/0792 (long section 7) FLN 088 0788 0793 0804 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Stratified lower fill in S.most butt‐end section of 0793, EBA I.e. Stratified very stony gravel and sand with more silty components (long section 7) FLN 088 0788 0793 0851 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0793, EBA I.e. comprises dark grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones (long section 4) FLN 088 0788 0793 0852 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0793, EBA I.e. comprises stratified gravel with some sand (long section FLN 088 0788 0793 0855 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0793, EBA I.e. comprises mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones higher up in fill, becomes gravelly towards base (long section 4) FLN 088 0788 0793 0882 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in central section through ditch segment 0793, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous dark brown silty sand with moderate stones (long section 5, 6) FLN 088 0788 0793 0913 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fill in central section through ditch segment 0793, EBA I.e. comprises layers of orange/brown stones/grave/+ sand with some siltier components and occasional flint cobbles (long section 5, 6) FLN 088 0788 0795 0795 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0788 on SW side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 8, 9 10, 11)

02 December 2014 Page 49 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0788 0795 0796 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones + EBA I.e. large cobbles at base, heavily disturbed by roots and soil from 0791/0792 FLN 088 0788 0795 0801 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Stratified fill below 0796 in W.most butt‐end section of EBA I.e. 0795, comprises sand, gravel and silty sand + some larger pebbles, has three discrete components including a gravel layer slumped in from ditch 0856 (long section 8) FLN 088 0788 0795 0904 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in E.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0795, EBA I.e. comprises (long section 11) FLN 088 0788 0795 0905 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in E.most butt‐end of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0795, comprises Mixed stone + gravel + sand + silt with a hint of stratification (long section 11) FLN 088 0788 0795 0906 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Orange/brown stony sand slump in E.most butt‐end of EBA I.e. ditch segment 0795 (long section 11) FLN 088 0788 0795 0942 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in central section through ditch segment 0795, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones (long sections 9, 10) FLN 088 0788 0795 0943 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Stratified lower fills in central section through ditch EBA I.e. segment 0795, comprises alternating brown silty sand with variable stone with layers of orange/brown gravel/sand (long sections 9, 10) FLN 088 0788 0802 0802 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0788 on SE side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 12, 13, 14, 15) FLN 088 0788 0802 0803 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in 0802 in centrally excavated section, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with common stones (long sections 13, 14)

02 December 2014 Page 50 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0788 0802 0818 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fills in central section of 0802, comprises stratified EBA I.e. very stony sand and gravel (long sections 13, 14) FLN 088 0788 0802 0898 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in S.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0802, EBA I.e. comprises brown silty sand + moderate stones (long section 12) FLN 088 0788 0802 0899 Ring‐ditch (Fill) lower fill in S.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0802, EBA I.e. comprises very stony sand with a hint of stratification (long section 12) FLN 088 0788 0802 0900 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Slumped fill on outer edge of S.most butt‐end of ditch EBA I.e. segment 0802, comprises orange/brown gravel/sand (long section 12) FLN 088 0788 0802 0965 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0802, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones (long section 15) FLN 088 0788 0802 0966 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Stratified lower fills in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0802, comprises slumped sands and gravel from the outer edge and more silty components derived from adjacent ditch 0856 (long section 15) FLN 088 0788 0879 0879 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0788 on NW side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 1, 2, 3, 24) FLN 088 0788 0879 0880 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Top fill in S.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0879, EBA I.e. comprises dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones (long section 3) FLN 088 0788 0879 0881 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Small area of fill slumped in from ditch 0856 in S.most EBA I.e. butt‐end of ditch segment 0879, comprises orangey yellow sand + gravel (long section 3)

02 December 2014 Page 51 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0788 0879 0885 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in S.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0879, EBA I.e. comprises mid brown silty sand, slightly darker on inner edge, occasional mixed stones, tip‐lines of stones visible from inner edge at top of fill and outer edge towards bottom (long section 3) FLN 088 0788 0879 0891 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Fourth fill down in S.most butt‐end of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0879, comprises orangey/yellow sand and gravel, becoming mid orange/brown at base, moderate mixed stones becoming frequent at base (long section 3) FLN 088 0788 0879 0901 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in N.most butt‐end of 0879, comprises dark EBA I.e. brown silty sand with occasional stones, more frequent towards base (long section 24) FLN 088 0788 0879 0917 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in N.most butt‐end of 0879, comprises EBA I.e. predominantly of brown silty sand almost certainly slumped in from adjacent ditch 0856 (long section 24) FLN 088 0788 0879 0959 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fills in N.most butt‐end of 0879, comprises stratified EBA I.e. sand and gravel with layers of brown silty sand, all excavated as one (long section 24) FLN 088 0788 0879 0973 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in central section of ditch segment 0879, EBA I.e. comprises brown silty sand with occasional stones (long sections 1, 2) FLN 088 0788 0879 0974 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in central section of ditch segment 0879, EBA I.e. comprises brown silty sand with frequent stones, some of this layer had almost certainly slumped in from adjacent ditch 0856/0977 (long sections 1, 2)

02 December 2014 Page 52 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0788 0879 0975 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in central section of ditch segment 0879, EBA I.e. comprises brown silty sand slumped in from adjacent ditch 0856/0978 (long sections 1, 2) FLN 088 0788 0879 0976 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in central section of ditch segment 0879, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand/gravel + pebbles (long sections 1, 2) FLN 088 0788 0886 0886 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0788 on N side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 20, 21, 22, 23) FLN 088 0788 0886 0887 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in W.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0886, comprises homogenous dark brown silty sand with occasional to locally frequent pebbles/stones (long section 23) FLN 088 0788 0886 0912 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fills in W.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0886, comprises stratified layers of alternating stony gravel rich layers with darker silty layers, the latter derived from ditch 0856 to the south (long section 23) FLN 088 0788 0886 0934 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in E.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0886, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, more frequent towards base (long section 20) FLN 088 0788 0886 0967 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Essentially slump from outer edge in E.most butt‐end of EBA I.e. ditch segment 0886, comprises orange sand, gravel and pebbles with a hint of stratification (long section 20) FLN 088 0788 0886 0968 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Layer derived from adjacent ditch 0856 in E.most butt‐ EBA I.e. end of ditch segment 0886, comprises brown silty sand (long section 20)

02 December 2014 Page 53 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0788 0886 0972 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in E.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0886, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand and gravel, almost certainly derived/slumped from layer 0969 in adjacent ditch 0856 (long section 20) FLN 088 0788 0886 1052 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in middle section of ditch segment 0886, EBA I.e. comprises dark brown silty sand with occasional stones (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0788 0886 1053 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in middle section of ditch segment 0886, EBA I.e. comprises central brown silty sand component with a silty gravel component from the N. and orange gravel/sand slumped in from adjacent ditch 0856 (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0788 0886 1054 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in middle section of ditch segment 0886, EBA I.e. comprises slumped gravel from N. side of ditch (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0788 0886 1055 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in middle section of ditch segment 0886, EBA I.e. comprises interlevened alternate layers of brown silty sand + gravel, appears to be derived from the S. (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0788 0886 1063 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Fill layer only seen as a distinct band in long section 22, EBA I.e. possibly part of 1056, but only if 1056 is part of ditch 0086 and not 0856, comprises orange/brown gravel/pebbles + sand (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0788 0964 0925 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of S.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0964, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand + occasional stones with some modern disturbance (long section 16)

02 December 2014 Page 54 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0788 0964 0927 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of central section through ditch segment 0964, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand + occasional stones (long sections 17, 18) FLN 088 0788 0964 0928 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Stratified lower fill of central section through ditch EBA I.e. segment 0964, comprises layers of slump from outer edge of ditch and siltier material slumped in from adjacent ditch 0856 (long sections 17, 18) FLN 088 0788 0964 0963 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fills of S.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0964, EBA I.e. comprises stratified sand/gravel with silty components and some flint cobbles, difficult to record as face collapsed (long section 16) FLN 088 0788 0964 0964 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0788 on E side of monument (long EBA I.e. section 16, 17, 18, 19) FLN 088 0788 0964 0993 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch segment 0964 in N.most butt‐end, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones (long section 19) FLN 088 0788 0964 0994 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down of ditch segment 0964 in N.most butt‐ EBA I.e. end, comprises brown silty sand with gravel + stones, the latter concentrated on the E.side (long section 19) FLN 088 0788 0964 0995 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Small central area of fill of ditch segment 0964 in N.most EBA I.e. butt‐end, comprises stony brown silty sand (long section 19) FLN 088 0788 0964 0996 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal/outer slumped fill of ditch segment 0964 in N.most EBA I.e. butt‐end, comprises predominantly of sand/gravel and pebbles with some siltier bands and a hint of stratification (long section 19)

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FLN 088 0788 0964 0997 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Layer of fill in ditch segment 0964 in N.most butt‐end, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand slumped in from adjacent ditch 0856 (long section 19) FLN 088 0788 0964 1075 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Fill layer seen on internal edge long section 17 (not in EBA I.e. opposite section 18), probably derived from adjacent ditch 0856/0926/1069 with an indistinct junction between them, comprises orange/yellow sand/gravel + pebbles (long section 17) FLN 088 0789 0789 0789 Ring‐ditch Overall number allocated to inner component of phased EBA I.e. monument, comprises six separately excavated units FLN 088 0789 0798 0798 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0789 on N side of monument (long EBA I.e. section 19) FLN 088 0789 0798 0799 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill, orange/brown sand gravel + pebbles (long EBA I.e. section 19) FLN 088 0789 0798 0800 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional pebbles + EBA I.e. frequent flint cobbles (long section 19) FLN 088 0789 0798 0924 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in section excavated across E.most butt‐end of EBA I.e. ditch segment 0798, comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones and frequent flint cobbles FLN 088 0789 0798 0939 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in S.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0798, comprises orange gravel/pebbles and sand FLN 088 0789 0798 0992 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill of ditch segment 0798 in N.most butt‐end, EBA I.e. comprises dirty slumped sand and gravel with a hint of stratification (long section 19)

02 December 2014 Page 56 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0789 0798 1072 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in S.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0798, comprises sand/gravel + stones with some silt centrally and a concentration of pebble‐sized stones FLN 088 0789 0815 0815 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0789 on W side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) FLN 088 0789 0815 0816 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in central section of 0815, comprises orange EBA I.e. sand and gravel + some small pebbles (long sections 5, 6) FLN 088 0789 0815 0817 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in central section of 0815, comprises brown EBA I.e. silty sand with flint cobbles (400 + or ‐ 10 recovered from section) (long sections 5, 6) FLN 088 0789 0815 0838 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0815, EBA I.e. comprises orange silty sand + gravel (long section 4) FLN 088 0789 0815 0839 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0815, EBA I.e. comprises mid brown silty sand + occasional mixed stones + frequent flint cobbles (long section 4) FLN 088 0789 0815 0875 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in central section of 0815, comprises very stony EBA I.e. sandy gravel, slightly silty in places (long sections 5, 6) FLN 088 0789 0815 0937 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0815, EBA I.e. comprises orange/brown gravel + sand with occasional pebbles, some large roots (long section 4) FLN 088 0789 0815 0956 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in section through S.most butt‐end of ditch EBA I.e. segment 0815, comprises orange gravel and sand FLN 088 0789 0815 0957 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in section through S.most butt‐end of ditch EBA I.e. segment 0815, comprises homogenous brown silty sand with stones and frequent flint cobbles

02 December 2014 Page 57 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 0789 0815 0958 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fill in section through S.most butt‐end of ditch EBA I.e. segment 0815, comprises orange/brown sand/gravel with some pebble‐sized stones FLN 088 0789 0815 0989 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch segment 0815 in section with ditch EBA I.e. 0856 and ditch segments 0793 and 0795, comprises orange gravel + sand (long sections 7, 8) FLN 088 0789 0815 0990 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill of ditch segment 0815 in section with ditch EBA I.e. 0856 and ditch segments 0793 and 0795, comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones + frequent flint cobbles (long sections 7, 8) FLN 088 0789 0815 0991 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill of ditch segment 0815 in section with ditch 0856 EBA I.e. and ditch segments 0793 and 0795, comprises slumped mix of sand and gravel (long sections 7, 8) FLN 088 0789 0819 0819 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0789 on NW side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 1, 2, 3, 24) FLN 088 0789 0819 0820 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in W.most butt‐end of 0819, Mid brown silty EBA I.e. sand with occasional mixed stones + frequent flint cobbles (long section 3) FLN 088 0789 0819 0888 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0819, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones/pebbles + frequent flint cobbles (long‐section 24) FLN 088 0789 0819 0938 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in S.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0819, EBA I.e. comprises orange/brown sand + gravel +occasional pebbles (long section 3)

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FLN 088 0789 0819 0962 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0819, EBA I.e. comprises sand gravel + pebbles with a hint of stratification (long‐section 24) FLN 088 0789 0819 0980 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in central section of ditch segment 0819, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with moderate to frequent flint pebbles and cobbles (long sections 1 and 2) FLN 088 0789 0819 0981 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in central section of ditch segment 0819, EBA I.e. comprises orange gravel/pebbles/sand (long sections 1 and 2) FLN 088 0789 0832 0832 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0789 on N side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 20, 21, 22, 23) FLN 088 0789 0832 0833 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in E.most butt‐end of 0832, comprises orange EBA I.e. sand + gravel (long section 20) FLN 088 0789 0832 0834 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in E.most butt‐end of 0832, comprises EBA I.e. homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones and frequent flint cobbles (long section 20) FLN 088 0789 0832 0890 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in W.most butt‐end section of ditch EBA I.e. segment 0832, comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with frequent flint cobbles up to 20cm in diameter (long section 23) FLN 088 0789 0832 0911 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in W.most butt‐end section of ditch EBA I.e. segment 0832, comprises predominantly of stratified gravel + sand with frequent pebbles (long section 23) FLN 088 0789 0832 0920 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in W.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0832, comprises orange gravel + sand (long section 23)

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FLN 088 0789 0832 0921 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in W.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0832, comprises dark brown silty sand with occasional stones (long section 23) FLN 088 0789 0832 0971 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in E.most butt‐end of 0832, comprises orange EBA I.e. sand, gravel and stones (long section 20) FLN 088 0789 0832 1059 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of central section of ditch segment 0832, EBA I.e. comprises orange gravel + sand (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0789 0832 1060 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill of central section of ditch segment 0832, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones + frequent flint cobbles (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0789 0832 1061 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill of central section of ditch segment 0832, EBA I.e. comprises slumped sand + gravel, slightly silty centrally (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0789 0862 0862 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0789 on SE side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) FLN 088 0789 0862 0863 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in central section of ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand and gravel (long sections 13, 14) FLN 088 0789 0862 0864 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in central section of ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises mid brown silty sand with occasional stones and frequent cobble sized flints (long sections 13, 14) FLN 088 0789 0862 0865 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in central section of ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises brown silty gravel + frequent stones + occasional cobbles (long sections 13, 14) FLN 088 0789 0862 0872 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in S.most butt‐end section of segment 0862 of EBA I.e. 0789, comprises orange sand and gravel

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FLN 088 0789 0862 0873 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in S.most butt‐end section of segment 0862 of EBA I.e. 0789, comprises mid brown silty sand with occasional stones and frequent cobble sized flints FLN 088 0789 0862 0874 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in S.most butt‐end section of segment 0862 of EBA I.e. 0789, comprises brown silty gravel + frequent stones + occasional cobbles FLN 088 0789 0862 0931 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand with gravel + pebbles (long section 17) FLN 088 0789 0862 0932 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional pebbles and frequent flint cobbles (long section 17) FLN 088 0789 0862 0982 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of central section through ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand/gravel and pebbles (long section 15, 16) FLN 088 0789 0862 0983 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill of central section through ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with occasional pebbles and frequent flint cobbles, localised charcoal (long section 15, 16) FLN 088 0789 0862 1076 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in N.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises predominantly of slumped natural gravel + sand with occasional pebbles, has a silty component at the base (long section 17) FLN 088 0789 0862 1077 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in central section of ditch segment 0862, EBA I.e. comprises slumped sand and gravel from sides of ditch (long sections 15, 16)

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FLN 088 0789 0867 0867 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Cut of segment of 0789 on S side of monument (long EBA I.e. sections 9, 10, 11, 12) FLN 088 0789 0867 0868 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in E.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0867, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand and gravel, no drawn section FLN 088 0789 0867 0869 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in E.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0867, EBA I.e. comprises Mid brown silty sand with flint cobbles, no drawn section FLN 088 0789 0867 0870 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fill in E.most butt‐end of ditch segment 0867, EBA I.e. comprises mixed sand and gravel with some silt locally, no drawn section FLN 088 0789 0867 0894 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch segment 0867 in section with butt‐ends EBA I.e. of 0795 and 0802, comprises brown silty sand with frequent pebble to cobble sized stones (long sections 11, 12) FLN 088 0789 0867 0895 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fill in ditch segment 0867 in section with butt‐ends EBA I.e. of 0795 and 0802, comprises mainly of gravel with some stones and sand (long sections 11, 12) FLN 088 0789 0867 0947 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in central section through ditch segment 0867, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand + gravel (long sections 9, 10) FLN 088 0789 0867 0948 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in central section through ditch segment 0867, EBA I.e. comprises homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones + frequent flint cobbles (long sections 9, 10) FLN 088 0789 0867 0949 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in central section through ditch segment 0867, EBA I.e. comprises orange sand/gravel (long sections 9, 10)

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FLN 088 0789 0867 0953 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in W.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0867, comprises orange sand and gravel, only a very thin layer FLN 088 0789 0867 0954 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in W.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0867, comprises Brown silty sand with stones and frequent flint cobbles FLN 088 0789 0867 0955 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in W.most butt‐end section of ditch segment EBA I.e. 0867, comprises orange/brown gravel/sand + pebbles FLN 088 0791 0791 0791 Pit (Cut) Irregular tree‐hole cuts opposing butt‐ends 0793 and Modern V.d. 0795 of 0788 FLN 088 0791 0791 0792 Pit (Fill) Mixed grey/brown loose silty sand + roots Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0807 0807 0807 Pit (Cut) Modern tree‐hole, 1:50 plan only Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0807 0807 0808 Pit (Fill) Grey brown sandy loam with roots Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0809 0809 0809 Grave (Cut) Large oval grave central to interior of circular monument EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0809 0809 0810 Grave (Fill) Fill seen at 1st planned level of grave 0809 (c.0.15m EBA I.e. depth) light‐mid brown silty sand, junction with other fills not distinct and may effectively be part of same fill unit (plan A3/20a and b) FLN 088 0809 0809 0811 Grave (Fill) Fill seen at 1st planned level of grave 0809 (c.0.15m EBA I.e. depth) varies between dirty grey/orange gravelly silty sand through to bright orange/yellow gravelly sand (plan A3/20a and b) FLN 088 0809 0809 0812 Grave (Fill) Fill seen at 1st planned level of grave 0809 (c.0.15m EBA I.e. depth) Mid grey/brown silty sand, almost certainly root or animal disturbance (plan A3/20a and b)

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FLN 088 0809 0809 0853 Grave (Fill) Fill seen at 1st planned level of grave 0809 (c.0.15m EBA I.e. depth) similar to 0811, varies between dirty grey/orange gravelly silty sand through to bright orange/yellow gravelly sand (plan A3/20a and b) FLN 088 0809 0809 1062 Grave (Fill) Same as 0811, but re‐numbered at 13.70m OD, EBA I.e. homogenous dirty gravelly slightly sand with occasional browner mottling FLN 088 0809 0809 1067 Grave (Fill) Same as 0811/1062 at 3rd planned level of grave, EBA I.e. homogenous mix of orange brown gravel, pebbles + frequent cobbles FLN 088 0809 0809 1068 Grave (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with some manganese staining EBA I.e. locally + orange mottling, seen in section and plan, appears to continue down and becomes associated with the bier or chamber FLN 088 0809 0809 1080 Grave (Fill) Homogenous orange/brown gravel + sand, pebbles + EBA I.e. cobbles, by Plan level 9 includes frequent areas of manganese panning. Possibly includes slump from edge. At lower levels adjacent to chamber it becomes less homogenous with more slump (Plan level 7) FLN 088 0809 0809 1081 Grave (Fill) Homogenous brown very fine‐grained silty sand, similar EBA I.e. stratigraphic position as 1068, but at S. end of grave. Appears to continue down into chamber 1084, see Plan levels 4 ‐ 7 FLN 088 0809 0809 1082 Grave (Fill) Fine yellow sand + occasional gravel, slumped material N. EBA I.e. side of grave, plan only (level 5)

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FLN 088 0809 0809 1083 Grave (Fill) Similar light to medium brown silty sand as 1068 and EBA I.e. 1081 and while not continuous with these fills it does occupy the same stratigraphic position in the matrix FLN 088 0809 0809 1084 Grave (Fill) Medium to dark brown very silty sand stain (max 2.5cm EBA I.e. thick, not continuous), curved profile suggests bier or hollowed tree trunk (Plan levels 6 ‐ 7) FLN 088 0809 0809 1085 Grave (Fill) Fill within 1084, has distinct junction with 1067 at NW EBA I.e. end of grave, under 1083, but relationship with 1081 less distinct as 1081 appears to run under 1085, comprises yellow/brown gravel + sand FLN 088 0809 0809 1086 Skeleton Crouched skeleton in grave 0809. Bone in very poor EBA I.e. condition FLN 088 0809 0809 1087 Pot Beaker grave good, broken/crushed vessel, complete, EBA I.e. located towards foot of grave FLN 088 0809 0809 1089 Layer Thin layer of brown silty sand with common stones. EBA I.e. Effectively staining associated with skeleton 1086, but on top of and distinct from stain 1084 FLN 088 0809 0809 1092 Grave (Fill) Layer below 1080, comprises hard‐panned (manganese + EBA I.e. iron) sand ‐ cobble sized material, possibly natural FLN 088 0809 0809 1094 Grave (Fill) Equivalent to 1093, but less panning, comprises EBA I.e. homogenous orange/brown sand/gravel + pebble‐sized stones with occasional cobbles (could be natural) FLN 088 0809 1085 1008 Small Find Wrist guard EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0809 1085 1009 Small Find Amber object (toggle?) EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0809 1085 1010 Small Find Amber object (toggle?) EBA I.e.

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FLN 088 0809 1087 1088 Pot (Fill) Fill from within beaker 1087, all retained as a sample EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0809 1090 1090 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular feature? Seen after removal of bier + fill 1080 EBA I.e. down to level of bottom of bier at SE end of grave. May not be an actual feature, but edges did seem relatively secure FLN 088 0809 1090 1091 Post‐hole (Fill) Brown silty sandy gravel with a slightly orangier EBA I.e. component towards the top FLN 088 0809 1092 1011 Small Find Mineralised bone? EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0809 1092 1093 Finds Bone fragment found in 1092 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0813 0813 0813 Pit (Cut) Modern tree‐pit, no photo or section, 1:50 plan only Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0813 0813 0814 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/brown sandy loam with tree roots Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0821 0805 0805 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821, W. side of monument EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0805 0806 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with very few stones EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0821 0821 Post‐hole circle Overall number allocated to circle of post‐holes internal EBA I.e. to composite monument FLN 088 0821 0822 0822 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821, forms pair with 0824 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0822 0823 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous light brown silty sand with roots EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0824 0824 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821, forms pair with 0822 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0824 0825 Post‐hole (Fill) Mixed grey/brown silty sand + roots EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0826 0826 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0826 0827 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand + gravel at base EBA I.e.

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FLN 088 0821 0828 0828 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0828 0829 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous light‐mid brown silty sand + occasional EBA I.e. stones FLN 088 0821 0830 0830 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0830 0831 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous light‐mid brown silty sand + occasional EBA I.e. stones FLN 088 0821 0835 0835 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0835 0836 Post‐hole (Fill) Mixed brown silty sand + occasional stones EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0840 0840 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821, forms a pair with EBA I.e. 0859/0860 FLN 088 0821 0840 0841 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0842 0842 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0842 0843 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand, disturbed by roots on EBA I.e. edge of 0671 FLN 088 0821 0845 0845 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0845 0846 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand + occasional stones EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0847 0847 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821 EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0847 0848 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand + occasional stones EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0821 0859 0859 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of ring 0821, forms pair with EBA I.e. 0840/0841 FLN 088 0821 0859 0860 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional gravel EBA I.e. sized stones

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FLN 088 0821 0929 0929 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, part of circle 0821, has relationship EBA I.e. with ditch 0789/0832, cobbles suggest that post‐hole is cut (long section 20) FLN 088 0821 0929 0930 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand fill of 0929 (long section 20) EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0849 0849 0849 Pit (Cut) Small irregular pit, possibly tree or animal disturbance Undated 0

FLN 088 0849 0849 0850 Pit (Fill) Brown silty sand with common gravel to pebble‐sized Undated 0 stones FLN 088 0856 0856 0856 Ring‐ditch (Cut) Overall number allocated to middle continuous ring‐ditch EBA I.e.

FLN 088 0856 0856 0857 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch 0856 in section with N.most butt‐ends EBA I.e. of 0788/0793 and 0789/0815, comprises compacted sand + gravel, slightly siltier at base (long section 4) FLN 088 0856 0856 0858 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill of ditch 0856 in section with N.most butt‐ends EBA I.e. of 0788/0793 and 0789/0815, comprises dark greyish brown sandy silt with occasional stones (long section 4) FLN 088 0856 0856 0861 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Fill of ditch 0856 In central section excavated through EBA I.e. ditch segments 0788/0802 and 0789/0862, comprises stratified gravel and stones (long sections 13, 14) FLN 088 0856 0856 0866 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill of ditch 0856 in section with N.most butt‐ends of EBA I.e. 0788/0793 and 0789/0815, comprises mid brown silty sand with occasional‐moderate mixed stones, more gravel towards base (long section 4) FLN 088 0856 0856 0876 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Topmost fill of 0856 in section with S. most butt‐ends of EBA I.e. ditch segments 0819 and 0879, comprises slightly silty sand and gravel (long section 3)

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FLN 088 0856 0856 0877 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down of 0856 in section with S. most butt‐ends EBA I.e. of ditch segments 0819 and 0879, comprises mid brown silty sand, occasional mixed stones with a darker horizon towards bottom of unit (long section 3) FLN 088 0856 0856 0878 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down of 0856 in section with S. most butt‐ends EBA I.e. of ditch segments 0819 and 0879, comprises mid brown silty sand with occasional stones, stonier tip‐lines locally (long section 3) FLN 088 0856 0856 0883 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Fourth fill down of 0856 in section with S. most butt‐ends EBA I.e. of ditch segments 0819 and 0879, comprises slumped sand and gravel (long section 3) FLN 088 0856 0856 0884 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Fifth (basal) fill down of 0856 in section with S. most butt‐ EBA I.e. ends of ditch segments 0819 and 0879, comprises mid brown silty sand, occasional mixed stones, stonier at base (long section 3) FLN 088 0856 0856 0889 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill of section through ditch 0856 in section with EBA I.e. ditch segments 0832 and 0886, comprises predominantly brown silty sand with occasional stone, exhibits a hint of stratification with stringers of lighter silt (long section 23) FLN 088 0856 0856 0896 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0867 and 0802, comprises very dark brown very silty sand with occasional stones (long section 12) FLN 088 0856 0856 0897 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Lower fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0867 and 0802, comprises very stony sand with a hint of stratification (long section 12)

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FLN 088 0856 0856 0907 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0795 and 0867, could actually be part of 0795, but was not entirely clear, comprises dirty orange/brown sandy gravel that slumps into adjacent ditch 0795 (long section 11) FLN 088 0856 0856 0908 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0795 and 0867, comprises dark brown silty sand, also slumps into adjacent ditch 0795 (long section 11) FLN 088 0856 0856 0909 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0795 and 0867, comprises mid‐light brown silty sand (long section 11) FLN 088 0856 0856 0910 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0795 and 0867, comprises orange very stony sand (long section 11) FLN 088 0856 0856 0914 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0793 and 0815, comprises dark brown stony silty sand (long sections 5, 6) FLN 088 0856 0856 0915 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0793 and 0815, comprises brown‐grey silty sand with a thin darker layer on upper side (long sections 5, 6) FLN 088 0856 0856 0916 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fills of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0793 and 0815, comprises slumped sand , gravel and stones with a hint of stratification, particularly towards edge (long sections 5, 6)

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FLN 088 0856 0856 0918 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0819 and 0879, comprises brown silty sand with occasional stones and a hint of stratification (long section 24) FLN 088 0856 0856 0919 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0819 and 0879, comprises similar characteristics to 0918, but with a much higher stone content (long section 24) FLN 088 0856 0856 0922 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of section through ditch 0856 in section with EBA I.e. ditch segments 0832 and 0886, comprises dark brown very stony silty sand (long section 23) FLN 088 0856 0856 0923 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill layers of section through ditch 0856 in section EBA I.e. with ditch segments 0832 and 0886, comprises stratified layers of orange/brown stony gravel + sand with some siltier bands, all excavated together (long section 23) FLN 088 0856 0856 0926 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0862 and 0964, comprises predominantly gravel, pebbles and sand, slightly silty, same as 1069 (long sections 17, 18) FLN 088 0856 0856 0933 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0832 and 0886, comprises very stony slightly silty sand (long section 20) FLN 088 0856 0856 0944 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0795 and 0867, comprises consolidated brown silty sand with frequent stone (long sections 9, 10) FLN 088 0856 0856 0945 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0795 and 0867, comprises orange sand and gravel (long sections 9, 10)

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FLN 088 0856 0856 0946 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fills in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0795 and 0867, comprises stratified sand/gravel with some brown silty sand components, all excavated together (long sections 9, 10) FLN 088 0856 0856 0950 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch 0856 in section with W.most butt‐end EBA I.e. of 0867, comprises orange/brown very stony sand FLN 088 0856 0856 0951 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down of ditch 0856 in section with W.most EBA I.e. butt‐end of 0867, comprises dark brown silty sand with occasional stones FLN 088 0856 0856 0952 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fills of ditch 0856 in section with W.most butt‐end EBA I.e. of ditch segment 0867, comprises stratified mix of sand gravel and silt FLN 088 0856 0856 0960 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0819 and 0879, comprises orange sand and gravel (long section 24) FLN 088 0856 0856 0961 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal layers in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0819 and 0879, comprises slumped sand and gravel with some pebbles (long section 24) FLN 088 0856 0856 0969 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down of ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0832 and 0886, comprises homogenous dark brown silty sand with occasional stones (long section 20) FLN 088 0856 0856 0970 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fills of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0832 and 0886, comprises orange sand, gravel and pebbles with a hint of stratification (long section 20)

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FLN 088 0856 0856 0977 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0819 and 0879, comprises brown slightly silty gravel with pebbles (long sections 1 and 2) FLN 088 0856 0856 0978 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0819 and 0879, comprises brown silty sand with occasional pebbles and gravel (long sections 1 and 2) FLN 088 0856 0856 0979 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0819 and 0879, comprises orange gravel/sand and pebbles (long sections 1 and 2) FLN 088 0856 0856 0984 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0862, 0802, 0964, comprises mix of brown sand. Silty mottles + pebbles, possibly disturbed, becoming more silty and less disturbed towards bottom of ditch (long section 15, 16) FLN 088 0856 0856 0985 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0795, 0815, comprises orange/brown slightly silty, very stony sand (long section 8) FLN 088 0856 0856 0986 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0795, 0815, comprises thin band of very dark brown stone free sand (long section 8) FLN 088 0856 0856 0987 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Third fill down in ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0795, 0815, comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones and a hint of stratification (long section 8) FLN 088 0856 0856 0988 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0795, 0815, comprises slumped mix of orange/brown stone/grave//sand with some silt centrally (long section 8)

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FLN 088 0856 0856 0998 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0798, 0964, comprises yellow/orange gravel + sand and pebbles, could actually be in 0964 (long section 19) FLN 088 0856 0856 0999 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Second fill down of ditch 0856 in section with ditch EBA I.e. segments 0798, 0964, comprises brown silty sand with some gravel and pebbles close to ditch edge (long section 19) FLN 088 0856 0856 1051 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0798, 0964, comprises predominantly sand/gravel + pebbles with a hint of stratification (long section 19) FLN 088 0856 0856 1056 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 (although possibly in 0886 EBA I.e. continuous with 1053) in section with ditch segments 0886, 0832, comprises orange/yellow gravel and sand (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0856 0856 1057 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0886, 0832, comprises brown silty sand, stonier on S. side of ditch (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0856 0856 1058 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fills in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0886, 0832, comprises slumped gravel/sand + pebbles with a hint of stratification, siltier towards top (long sections 21, 22) FLN 088 0856 0856 1064 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0797, 0815, comprises brown silty sand frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones (long section 7)

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FLN 088 0856 0856 1065 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0797, 0815, comprises predominantly of brown silty sand with relatively frequent stones with a dark silty band towards top (equivalent to 0986/0987 in long section 8) (long section 7) FLN 088 0856 0856 1066 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0797, 0815, comprises stratified gravel/pebbles/sand with some silt locally (long section 7) FLN 088 0856 0856 1069 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Upper fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0862 and 0964, comprises predominantly gravel, pebbles and sand, slightly silty, same as 0926 (long sections 17, 18) FLN 088 0856 0856 1070 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Middle fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0862 and 0964, comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with only very occasional stones (long sections 17, 18) FLN 088 0856 0856 1071 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill of ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0862 and 0964, comprises basal slumping of sand + gravel + pebbles, with silty central area and a hint of stratification (long sections 17, 18) FLN 088 0856 0856 1078 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Basal fill in ditch 0856 in sections with ditch segments EBA I.e. 0862, 0964, comprises orange sand/gravel/pebbles with a hint of stratification (long sections 15, 16) FLN 088 0856 0856 1079 Ring‐ditch (Fill) Top fill in ditch 0856 in section with ditch segments 0862, EBA I.e. 0964, only in long section 15, not opposing section 16, comprises orange sand and gravel (long section 15) FLN 088 0882 0793 1007 Small Find Loomweight, presumably a residual find in the later LBA I.g. feature

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FLN 088 0892 0892 0892 Pit (Cut) Circular pit? Could be tree‐throw Undated 0

FLN 088 0892 0892 0893 Pit (Fill) Layered dark brown silty sand and dirty natural (brownie Undated 0 orange gravelly sand) FLN 088 0902 0902 0902 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole? Not convincing, possibly natural Undated 0 root disturbance FLN 088 0902 0902 0903 Pit (Fill) Dark brown very silty, almost stoneless sand Undated 0

FLN 088 0935 0935 0935 Pit (Cut) Modern tree‐pit Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0935 0935 0936 Pit (Fill) Relatively homogenous grey/black sandy loam + roots Modern V.d. and frequent stones FLN 088 0940 0940 0940 Pit (Cut) Modern pit with steel rod Modern V.d.

FLN 088 0940 0940 0941 Pit (Fill) Dark grey/brown sandy loam Modern V.d.

FLN 088 1073 1073 1073 Pit (Cut) Circular pit or post‐hole, relationship with ditch segment Undated 0 0798 unclear. Could be natural FLN 088 1073 1073 1074 Pit (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand Undated 0

FLN 088 1095 0236 0236 Pit (Cut) Circular, but heavily disturbed pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0236 0237 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with mixed stones and pockets LBA I.g. of orange gravelly sand FLN 088 1095 0238 0238 Pit (Cut) Oval/sub circular shaped pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0238 0239 Pit (Fill) Mid ‐dark grey/brown silty sand with frequent mixed LBA I.g. stones, some large, stonier towards base FLN 088 1095 0244 0244 Pit (Cut) Shallow circular pit LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 76 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 1095 0244 0245 Pit (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 1095 0250 0250 Pit (Cut) Shallow circular pit, relationship with 0252/0253 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0250 0251 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0252 0252 Pit (Cut) Shallow circular pit, relationship with 0250/0251 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0252 0253 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0258 0258 Post‐hole (Cut) Small shallow circular post‐hole? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0258 0259 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0260 0260 Post‐hole (Cut) Small shallow circular post‐hole? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0260 0261 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0262 0262 Pit (Cut) Small circular pit? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0262 0263 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with occasional to moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 1095 0264 0264 Pit (Cut) Circular pit? LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0264 0265 Pit (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with occasional to moderate mixed LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 1095 0285 0285 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0285 0286 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous light‐mid brown silty sand with occasional LBA I.g. gravel‐sized inclusions FLN 088 1095 0289 0289 Pit (Cut) Circular pit LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 77 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 1095 0289 0290 Pit (Fill) Upper fill of 0289, mid greyish brown silty sand with LBA I.g. frequent stones FLN 088 1095 0289 0291 Pit (Fill) Lower fill of 0289, loose brown sharp sand with gravel LBA I.g. and occasional stones FLN 088 1095 0296 0296 Post‐hole (Cut) Oval post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0296 0297 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0300 0300 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0300 0301 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid slightly greyish brown silty sand with occasional LBA I.g. mixed stones FLN 088 1095 0305 0305 Pit (Cut) Very shallow oval pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1095 0305 0306 Pit (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

1095 1095 1095 Structure Overall No allocated to unusual structure with two LBA I.g. curving sides. FLN 088 1096 0148 0148 Post‐hole (Cut) Small post‐hole, U‐shaped profile LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0148 0149 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid greyish brown silty sand, moderate LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 1096 0153 0153 Post‐hole (Cut) Oval post‐hole, building porch LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0153 0154 Post‐hole (Fill) Upper fill of 0153, mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0158 0158 Post‐hole (Cut) Small isolated circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0158 0159 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0164 0164 Post‐hole (Cut) Small oval post‐hole LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 78 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 1096 0164 0165 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0166 0166 Post‐hole (Cut) Oval post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0166 0167 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid dark grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0175 0175 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0175 0176 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0179 0179 Post‐hole (Cut) Oval post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0179 0180 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand, principle fill of 0179 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0179 0181 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid orangey brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0188 0188 Pit (Cut) Circular pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0188 0189 Pit (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand, moderate stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0190 0190 Pit (Cut) Shallow circular pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0190 0191 Pit (Fill) mid brown/greyish silty sand with moderate stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0212 0212 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular profile with U‐shaped profile LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0212 0213 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand + occasional to moderate LBA I.g. stones FLN 088 1096 0214 0214 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0214 0215 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0216 0216 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0216 0217 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with stones LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 79 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 1096 0218 0218 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0218 0219 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown silty sand with moderate mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0220 0220 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, disturbed LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0220 0221 Post‐hole (Fill) Relatively homogenous brown silty sand LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0225 0225 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, U‐shaped profile LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0225 0226 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand, occasional to LBA I.g. moderate mixed stones FLN 088 1096 0232 0232 Post‐hole (Cut) Post‐hole, disturbed but genuine, part of circular LBA I.g. structure (cannot find on site plan! Added from overall photograph) FLN 088 1096 0232 0233 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional mixed stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0434 0434 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1096 0434 0435 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand LBA I.g.

1096 1096 1096 Building Overall number allocated to roundhouse, includes some LBA I.g. possible repair post‐holes FLN 088 1097 0391 0391 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0391 0392 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with common stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0395 0395 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole, relationship with 0397 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0395 0396 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with common stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0397 0397 Pit (Cut) Small pit or post‐hole, relationship with 0395 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0397 0398 Pit (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with common stones LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 80 of 81 SITE COMPONENT CONTEXT OPNO IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE

FLN 088 1097 0406 0406 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, relationship with 0408 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0406 0407 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0408 0408 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole, relationship with 0406 unclear LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0408 0409 Post‐hole (Fill) Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0426 0426 Post‐hole (Cut) Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1097 0426 0427 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent stones LBA I.g.

1097 1097 1097 4 post structure 0391, 0395, 0397, 0426, 0416, 0408 including possible LBA I.g. repair posts FLN 088 1098 0699 0699 Post‐hole (Cut Post‐hole, possibly part of 4 poster with 0751, 0753, 0782 LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0699 0700 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown/grey silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0751 0751 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0751 0752 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown/grey silty sand with occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0753 0753 Post‐hole (Cut Circular post‐hole LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0753 0754 Post‐hole (Fill) Reddish brown silty sand, slightly heat reddened LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0782 0782 Post‐hole (Cut) Shallow circular pit LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0782 0783 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown organic rich sand/silt + occasional stones LBA I.g.

FLN 088 1098 0782 0784 Post‐hole (Fill) Mid brown clayey silty sand LBA I.g.

1098 1098 1098 4 post structure Possible 4 post structure, post‐holes LBA I.g.

02 December 2014 Page 81 of 81

Appendix II.b FLN 090: Context list and Descriptions

COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0284 Pit Cut Small irregular pit, possibly more than one feature, but this was not Undated 0 reflected in fill.

0001 0001 U/S finds Other Unstratified finds from whole FLN 090 area. Finds under this number were Undated 0 from Spring 2011 excavation

0001 0144 U/S finds Other Unstratified finds from Autumn 20011 phase of work Undated 0

0001 0310 Finds Other Ceramic finds from cleaning over group of pits including 0291, 0297, 0299 Undated 0 and 0301.

0001 0314 U/S Finds Other Unstratified finds from Spring 2012 excavation phase. Undated 0

0008 0008 Ditch Cut North‐east to south‐west orientated ditch. Cuts subsoil layer. P‐med V.b.

0008 0009 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0008 (Section 2). Mid brownish grey silty sand with occasional P‐med V.b. stones up to 4cm.

0008 0015 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0008 (Section 6). Soft mid grey/brown silty sand, becoming P‐med V.b. stony at base.

0008 0048 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0008 in section excavated against then edge of site. Comprises P‐med V.b. relatively homogenous brown silty sand, stonier towards base.

0010 0010 Ditch Cut North‐east to south‐west orientated ditch, possible shallower secondary P‐med V.b. cut on N. side. Cuts subsoil layer.

0010 0011 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0010 (Section 3). Mid greyish brown silty sand with frequent P‐med V.b. small stones.

03 December 2014 Page 1 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0010 0014 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0010 (Section 5). Mid brown silty sand with slightly orange area P‐med V.b. towards top just under topsoil.

0010 0049 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0008 in section excavated against then edge of site. Comprises P‐med V.b. mixed clay, silt, sand and stones, southern edge indistinct.

0010 0053 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0010 in section with pit 0056/0057. Comprises homogenous P‐med V.b. brown/grey silty sand with frequent stones.

0010 0058 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0010 in section with pit 0059. Comprises homogenous P‐med V.b. grey/brown silty sand with moderate stones.

0012 0012 Ditch Cut North‐east to south west orientated ditch, butt‐ends to north‐east, slightly Undated 0 sinuous, relationship with subsoil unclear, but probably cuts.

0012 0013 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0012 (Section 4). Mid brown silty sand with occasional stones, Undated 0 more frequent towards base, some charcoal flecks.

0012 0018 Ditch Fill Upper fill of ditch 0012 (Section 8). Light to mid brown/grey silty sand with Undated 0 rare charcoal flecks.

0012 0019 Ditch Fill Lower fill in ditch 0012 (Section 8). Undated 0

0012 0043 Ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of NE butt‐end of Undated 0 ditch 0012.

0012 0047 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0012 in section against then edge of site. Comprises an upper Undated 0 component of brown silty sand with localised stony area, and a lower component of very stony slightly silty sand and gravel.

0012 0064 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0012 in section with pit/cremation 0065. Comprises an upper Undated 0 component of brown silty sand with moderate stones and a lower component of slumped sand/gravel/stones from the ditch sides.

03 December 2014 Page 2 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0012 0134 Ditch Fill Upper fill of ditch 0012 excavated in section forming W. edge of spring 2011 Undated 0 excavation. Comprises mixed dark brown silty sand with frequent gravel‐ pebble sized stones with some stratification. Appeared continuous with subsoil.

0012 0135 Ditch Fill Basal fill of ditch 0012 excavated in section forming W. edge of spring 2011 Undated 0 excavation. Comprises primary slumped material of gravel and stones.

0012 0172 Ditch Fill Very stony orange/brown sand and silty sand with a hint of stratification. Undated 0 Fill of ditch 0012 in section excavated W. of section with fill 0134/0135

0012 0229 Ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent stones, fill of ditch 0012 in Undated 0 section with ditch 0190/0230.

0012 0304 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0012 in section where cut by ditch 0219. Homogenous brown Undated 0 silty sand with occasional stones.

0012 0348 Ditch Fill Fill in section through ditch 0012. Mid brown silty sand, loosely Undated 0 compacted. Moderate small to medium pebbles, poorly sorted.

0012 0349 Ditch Fill Fill in section through 0012. Mid grey/brown silty sand with occasional Undated 0 small pebbles.

0012 0354 Spot find Other Ceramic spot find from surface of ditch 0012 during machining. Context Undated 0 not entirely secure.

0012 0358 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0012 in section with 0352/0359. Mid greyish brown silty sand Undated 0 with occasional small pebbles.

0012 0437 Ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones Undated 0 fill of ditch 0012 in section where cutting post‐hole 0435.

0012 0461 Ditch Fill Mid orangey grey/brown silty sand with moderate small to medium poorly Undated 0 sorted pebbles with occasional cobbles tending towards the base.

03 December 2014 Page 3 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0016 0016 Ditch Cut Very shallow north‐east to south‐west orientated ditch. Relationship with Undated 0 subsoil unclear. Appears under subsoil in Section 7, but cutting subsoil in Section 30.

0016 0017 Ditch Fill Light grey/brown silty sand. Undated 0

0016 0050 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0016 against then edge of site. Comprises homogenous Undated 0 grey/brown silty sand.

0020 0020 Ring‐ditch Cut Overall number allocated to ring‐ditch (also FLN 012). Continuous ditch V‐ EBA I.e. shaped ditch, variable depth.

0020 0021 Ring‐ditch Fill Upper fill in section excavated on NW side of ring‐ditch (Sections 9 & 10) EBA I.e. Recorded on site as Ring‐ditch sections 5 and 6. Comprises relatively homogenous mid brown silty sand with mid to frequent gravel to pebble‐ sized stones and occasional small cobbles

0020 0022 Ring‐ditch Fill Lower/basal fill in section excavated on NW side of ring‐ditch (Sections 9 & EBA I.e. 10) Recorded on site as Ring‐ditch sections 5 and 6. Comprises orange/brown stony sand with some stratification in the form of siltier bands.

0020 0035 Ring‐ditch Fill Upper fill of ring‐ditch (Sections 16 and 17) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 3 and 4. Comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0020 0036 Ring‐ditch Fill Basal fill of ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 16 and 17) excavated on site as ring‐ EBA I.e. ditch sections 3 and 4. Comprises very stony brown gravelly sand with a hint of stratification.

0020 0037 Ring‐ditch Fill Upper fill of ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 18 and 19) excavated on site as ring‐ EBA I.e. ditch sections 7 and 8. Comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with some gravel‐pebble sized stones.

03 December 2014 Page 4 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0020 0038 Ring‐ditch Fill Basal fill in ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 18 and 19) excavated on site as ring‐ P‐med I.e. ditch sections 1 and 2. Comprises mixed sand/ gravel and pebbles, very stony with a hint of stratification.

0020 0039 Ring‐ditch Fill Upper fill of ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 20 and 21) excavated on site as ring‐ P‐med I.e. ditch sections 7 and 8. Comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0020 0040 Ring‐ditch Fill Basal fill of ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 20 and 21) excavated on site as ring‐ EBA I.e. ditch sections 7 and 8. Comprises dark brown/orange very stony (gravel to pebble sized) with a hint of stratification.

0020 0041 Ring‐ditch Fill Upper fill of ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 22 and 23), excavated on site as ring‐ EBA I.e. ditch sections 9 and 10. Comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0020 0042 Ring‐ditch Fill Basal fill of ring‐ditch 002 (Sections 22 and 23) excavated on site as ring‐ EBA I.e. ditch sections 9 and 10. Comprises very stony brown/orange sand and gravel to pebble sized stones with a hint of stratification.

0020 0045 Ring‐ditch Fill Upper fill of ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 24 and 25) excavated as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 11 and 12. Comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, stonier at base.

0020 0046 Ring‐ditch Fill Basal fill of ring‐ditch 0020 (Sections 24 and 25) excavated on site as ring‐ EBA I.e. ditch sections 11 and 12. Comprises very stony orange brown sand with a hint of stratification.

0023 0023 Ditch Cut North‐north‐west to south‐south‐east orientated linear feature. More Undated 0 substantial towards south.

0023 0024 Linear Fill Fill of 0023 against S. edge of site (Section 11). Light brown grey silty sand Undated 0 with occasional root disturbance, soft.

03 December 2014 Page 5 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0023 0025 Linear Fill Fill of 0023 (Section 12). Light brown grey silty sand with occasional root Undated 0 disturbance.

0023 0026 Linear Fill Fill of 0023 (Section 13). Light brown grey silty sand with occasional root Undated 0 disturbance.

0023 0027 Linear Fill Fill of 0023 (Section 14). Light brown grey silty sand with occasional root Undated 0 disturbance.

0023 0028 Linear Fill Fill of 0023 (Section 11). Light brown grey silty sand with occasional root Undated 0 disturbance.

0029 0029 Ditch Cut North‐east to south‐west orientated ditch. Unexcavated. P‐med V.b.

0029 0030 Ditch Fill Unexcavated fill of 0029. Dark grey/brown loamy sand with frequent P‐med V.b. pebbles.

0031 0031 Pit Cut Large modern quarry pit. P‐med V.b.

0031 0032 Pit Fill Unexcavated fill of 0031. Includes a capping of clay material with CBM, and P‐med V.b. an underlying brown sandy loam.

0033 0033 Pit Cut Large modern quarry pit. P‐med V.b.

0033 0034 Pit Fill Fill of quarry pit 0033. Includes brown sand loam with a lower component P‐med V.b. of loose homogenous gravel, the result of sieving out the larger stone component.

0044 0002 Wheel rut Cut S‐most wheel rut of former Flixton to Homersfield road P‐med V.b.

0044 0003 Wheel rut Fill Fill of 0002, very firm light brown/yellow stone rich fine sand with small P‐med V.b. pockets of brownish grey silty sand

0044 0004 Wheel rut Cut Middle of three wheel ruts in former Flixton ‐ Homersfield road P‐med V.b.

03 December 2014 Page 6 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0044 0005 Wheel rut Fill Fill of 0004, very firm light brown/yellow stone rich fine sand with small P‐med V.b. pockets of brownish grey silty sand.

0044 0006 Wheel rut Cut N‐most of three wheel ruts in former Flixton ‐ Homersfield road. P‐med V.b.

0044 0007 Wheel rut Fill Fill of 0006, very firm light brown/yellow stone rich fine sand with small P‐med V.b. pockets of brownish grey silty sand.

0044 0044 Linear Cut Overall number allocated to wheel ruts 0002, 0004 and 0006 forming part P‐med V.b. of the former Flixton to Homersfield road.

0051 0051 Pit Cut Small isolated circular pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

0051 0052 Pit Fill Homogenous red/brown silty sand with occasional gravel‐sized stones. Undated 0

0054 0054 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0054 0055 Pit Fill Brown/grey silty sand + stones fill of 0055. EIA I.h.

0056 0056 Pit Cut Small circular pit. EIA I.h.

0056 0057 Pit Fill Dark grey/brown silty sand with moderate stones, fill of 0056. EIA I.h.

0059 0059 Pit Cut Large circular pit. Recording section done from surface as depth made EIA I.h. section unsafe.

0059 0060 Pit Fill Upper, central fill of pit 0059. Comprises homogenous very dark brown EIA I.h. silty sand with frequent stones.

0059 0063 Pit Fill Stratified fills of pit 0059 below upper fill 0059. Includes significant areas of EIA I.h. loose gravel slump along with orange brown silty sand with frequent gravel‐ pebbles sized inclusions and a few cobbles. Some charcoal flecks.

03 December 2014 Page 7 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0061 0061 Pit Cut Shallow pit or post‐hole, plan only. Recorded only because it was within an Undated 0 area of other features.

0061 0062 Pit Fill Dirty sand/gravel fill of 0061. Undated 0

0065 0065 Pit Cut Small pit, inclusion of calcined bone noticed when section was drawn led to prehistoric I.0. W. side being retained as a sample.

0065 0066 Pit Fill Fill of pit 0065. Homogenous dark grey/brown silty sand + moderate prehistoric I.0. stones, some heat‐altered and some calcined bone. W. side retained as a sample.

0073 0073 Pit Cut Small isolated pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

0073 0074 Pit Cut Fill of 0073. Homogenous brown silty sand with very frequent gravel‐sized Undated 0 stones.

0075 0075 Structure Other Overall number allocated to a six post structure with post‐holes 0076, 0078, EIA I.h. 0080, 0082, 0084 and 0086.

0075 0076 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of six post structure 0075. EIA I.h.

0075 0077 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0076. Relatively homogenous grey/brown silty sand with frequent EIA I.h. gravel to pebble sized stones.

0075 0078 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of six post structure 0075. EIA I.h.

0075 0079 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0078. Relatively homogenous grey/brown silty sand with frequent EIA I.h. gravel to pebble sized stones.

0075 0080 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of six post structure 0075. EIA I.h.

0075 0081 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0080. Relatively homogenous grey/brown silty sand with frequent EIA I.h. gravel to pebble sized stones.

03 December 2014 Page 8 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0075 0082 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of six post structure 0075. EIA I.h.

0075 0083 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0082. Relatively homogenous grey/brown silty sand with frequent EIA I.h. gravel to pebble sized stones.

0075 0084 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of six post structure 0075. EIA I.h.

0075 0085 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0846. Relatively homogenous grey/brown silty sand with frequent EIA I.h. gravel to pebble sized stones.

0075 0086 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of six post structure 0075. EIA I.h.

0075 0087 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0086. Relatively homogenous grey/brown silty sand with frequent EIA I.h. gravel to pebble sized stones.

0088 0088 Pit Cut Isolated pit or post‐hole, possibly not a genuine feature. Undated 0

0088 0089 Pit Fill Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. Undated 0

0090 0090 Structure Other Overall number for a possible four post structure, with a fifth, possibly EIA I.h. repair post. Post‐holes 0091, 0093, 0095, 0097 and 0099.

0090 0091 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0090. EIA I.h.

0090 0092 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0091. Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

0090 0093 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0090. EIA I.h.

0090 0094 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0092. Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

0090 0095 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0090. EIA I.h.

0090 0096 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0095. Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

03 December 2014 Page 9 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0090 0097 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0090. EIA I.h.

0090 0098 Post‐hole Cut Fill of 0097. Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

0090 0099 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0090. EIA I.h.

0090 0100 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0099. Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

0102 0101 Finds Other Pottery recovered in a discrete area while cleaning over SE side of ring‐ Lneo I.d. ditches.

0102 0102 Ring‐ditch Cut Overall number allocated to double ringed monument. Inner ring (0104) EBA I.e. appears to cut outer ring (0103).

0102 0103 Ring‐ditch Cut Outer ring component of double ring 0102. EBA I.e.

0102 0104 Ring‐ditch Cut Inner ring component of double ring monument 0102. EBA I.e.

0102 0105 Finds Other Finds from ring‐ditch complex 0102 (Sections 52 and 53) excavated on site EBA I.e. as ring‐ditch sections 1 and 2. Finds not directly attributable to either ditch 0103 or 0104.

0102 0106 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 52 and 53) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 1 and 2. Comprises homogenous mid‐light brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0102 0107 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 52 and 53) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 1 and 2. Comprises homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. Slightly more orange and stonier towards base, but no distinct interface.

03 December 2014 Page 10 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0102 0108 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 54 and 55) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 3 and 4. Comprises very fine grained brown silty sand with occasional stones. Includes c.2mm thick layers of dark brown ferruginous? Panning.

0102 0109 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 54 and 55) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 3 and 4. Represents basal component of 0108, a darker brown silty sand.

0102 0110 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 54 and 55) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 3 and 4. Basal layer of primary slumped sand and gravel, max 0.1m thick.

0102 0111 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 54 and 55) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 3 and 4. Comprises relatively homogenous brown very fine silty sand with occasional stones. Has a stonier component in section 54 (3).

0102 0112 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 54 and 55) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 3 and 4. Comprises primary slumped sand and gravel.

0102 0113 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0113 (Sections 56 and 57) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 11 and 12. Comprises relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate inclusions of stones.

0102 0114 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 56 and 57) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 11 and 12. Basal slumped material comprising slightly silty sand and gravel.

0102 0115 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 56 and 57) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 11 and 12. Comprises relatively homogenous brown very fine silty sand with occasional to moderate stones. Panning layers are present.

03 December 2014 Page 11 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0102 0116 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 56 and 57) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 11 and 12. Basal layer slumped very stony silty sand.

0102 0121 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 60 and 61) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 5 and 6. Upper fill comprising homogenous light to mid brown very fine grained slightly silty sand with occasional stones and some panning layers.

0102 0122 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 60 and 61) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 5 and 6. Lower fill of fine grained light yellow/brown with very occasional stones. Interface with 0121 uncertain.

0102 0123 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 60 and 61) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 5 and 6. Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0102 0124 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 60 and 61) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 5 and 6. Very thin basal fill layer comprising very dark brown silty material.

0102 0126 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 62 and 63) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 9 and 10. Single fill comprising homogenous light brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0102 0127 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 62 and 63) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 9 and 10. Upper fill comprising homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0102 0128 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 62 and 63) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 9 and 10. Basal fill comprising slumped orange sand and gravel.

0102 0129 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0103 (Sections 64 and 65) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 7 and 8. Single fill, homogenous orange/brown slightly silty fine grained sand. Finds under this number could be from context 0130.

03 December 2014 Page 12 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0102 0130 Ring‐ditch Fill Fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Sections 64 and 65) excavated on site as ring‐ditch EBA I.e. sections 7 and 8. Single fill comprising homogenous brown silty fine grained sand with very occasional stones.

0102 0131 Ring‐ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Section 66) excavated EBA I.e. on site as ring‐ditch section 13. Section cut between sections 61 (6) and 64 (7).

0102 0132 Ring‐ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Section 67) excavated EBA I.e. on site as ring‐ditch section 14.

0102 0133 Ring‐ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional gravel to pebble‐sized stones EBA I.e. fill of ring‐ditch 0104 (Section 68) excavated on site as ring‐ditch section 15.

0102 0136 Ring‐ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with very occasional stones upper fill of ring‐ EBA I.e. ditch 0103 (Section 70) excavated on site as ring‐ditch section 16. Some panning present. Lighter towards base.

0102 0137 Ring‐ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones fill of ring‐ditch 0104 EBA I.e. (Section 71) excavated on site as ring‐ditch section 17.

0102 0138 Ring‐ditch Fill Thin layer of very dark brown silty sand at base of layer 0136 in ring‐ditch EBA I.e. 0103 (Section 70) excavated on site as ring‐ditch section 16.

0102 0139 Ring‐ditch Fill Basal fill slumped gravel/sand in ring‐ditch 0103 (Section 70) excavated on EBA I.e. site as ring‐ditch section 16.

0117 0117 Pit Cut Small circular pit prehistoric I.0.

0117 0118 Pit Fill Homogenous dark brown silty sand with moderate stones. Fill of pit 0117. prehistoric I.0.

0119 0119 Pit Cut Circular feature internal to ring‐ditches 0102. Probably a natural tree‐ Undated 0 throw.

03 December 2014 Page 13 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0119 0120 Pit Fill Fill of 0119. Homogenous very fine grained sand with a darker central area, Undated 0 although colour was not charcoal. A few charcoal flecks were noted.

0125 0067 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0125 0068 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0067. Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

0125 0069 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0125 0070 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0069. Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

0125 0071 Post‐hole Cut Possible post‐hole. Edges indistinct. EIA I.h.

0125 0072 Post‐hole Fill Patchy brown grey silty sand fill of 0071, edges indistinct. EIA I.h.

0125 0125 Structure Other Overall number allocated to four post structuree. 0067, 0069, 0071, and EIA I.h. 0173.

0125 0173 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of 4‐poster 0125 EIA I.h.

0125 0174 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones. EIA I.h.

0141 0141 Post‐hole Cut Possible post‐hole on edge of pit 0059 seen when removing N. side. No EIA I.h. section, photographed and planned only.

0142 0142 Pit Cut Sub‐rectangular pit, adjacent to larger quarry pits, definitely P‐med. P‐med V.b.

0142 0143 Pit Fill Fill of pit 0142, not formally excavated, test‐hole revealed a stratified mix of P‐med V.b. loam, sand and gravel.

0145 0145 Pit Cut Isolated feature, small pit or post‐hole or naturally derived. Undated 0

0145 0146 Pit Fill Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones fill of 0145. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 14 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0153 0153 Structure Structure Overall number allocated to six post structure. EIA I.h.

0153 0154 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0153. EIA I.h.

0153 0155 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent stones fill of 0154. EIA I.h.

0153 0156 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0153 EIA I.h.

0153 0157 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous dark brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0156. EIA I.h.

0153 0158 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0153. EIA I.h.

0153 0159 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones, fill of post‐hole 0158. EIA I.h.

0153 0160 Post‐hole Cut Oval‐shaped post‐hole, part of structure 0153. EIA I.h.

0153 0161 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel‐pebble sized stones, fill EIA I.h. of 0160.

0153 0162 Post‐hole Cut sub‐circular post‐hole, part of structure 0153. Relationship with 0166 EIA I.h. unclear.

0153 0163 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones, EIA I.h. fill of 0162.

0153 0164 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0153. EIA I.h.

0153 0165 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones EIA I.h. fill of 0164.

0166 0166 Post‐hole Cut Small circular post‐hole with indeterminate relationship with 0162. EIA I.h.

0166 0167 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones, EIA I.h. fill of 0166.

03 December 2014 Page 15 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0168 0168 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. Spaced at a distance from 0170 similar to 4 posters, EIA I.h. other two features missing.

0168 0169 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones. EIA I.h.

0170 0170 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0170 0171 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous dark brown silty sand with occasional gravel to pebble‐sized EIA I.h. stones.

0175 0175 Pit Cut Circular pit. EIA I.h.

0175 0176 Pit Fill Grey/brown silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐sized stones, upper EIA I.h. fill of pit 0175.

0175 0177 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones, lower fill of 0175. EIA I.h.

0178 0178 Pit Cut Shallow irregular‐shaped pit adjacent to pit 0175. EIA I.h.

0178 0179 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional small stones, fill of 0178. EIA I.h.

0180 0180 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0180 0181 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent small stones, fill of 0180. EIA I.h.

0182 0182 Post‐hole Cut Small circular post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0182 0183 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0182. EIA I.h.

0184 0184 Pit Cut Small pit or post‐hole? Probably not a genuine feature. Undated 0

0184 0185 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with very occasional stones, fill of 0184. Undated 0

0186 0186 Pit Cut Small pit or post‐hole? Probably not a genuine feature. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 16 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0186 0187 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with very occasional stones, fill of 0186. Undated 0

0188 0188 Pit Cut Circular pit with rounded profile. EIA I.h.

0188 0189 Pit Fill Mid brown/grey silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0188. EIA I.h.

0190 0190 Ditch Cut NW‐SE ditch. P‐med V.b.

0190 0191 Finds Other Number allocated to surface finds recovered from ditch 0190. P‐med V.b.

0190 0223 Ditch Fill Homogenous grey/brown silty sand with moderate to frequent stone P‐med V.b. inclusions, fill of ditch 0190 in section with ditch 0221/0224.

0190 0228 Ditch Fill Homogenous dark brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of ditch 0190 P‐med V.b. in section with 0227/0227.

0190 0230 Ditch Fill Homogenous brown/grey silty sand with moderate stones, fill of ditch 0190 P‐med V.b. in section with ditch 0112/0229.

0190 0235 Ditch Fill Homogenous brown/grey silty sand with occasional stones. Fill of ditch P‐med V.b. 0190 at its junction with ditch 0010. Butt‐end suggests that 0190 is a re‐ cut. 0010 may be contemporary with 0225.

0192 0192 Pit Cut Isolated small circular pit or post‐hole Undated 0

0192 0193 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand. Very occasional stones at base. Fill of 0192. Undated 0

0194 0194 Pit Cut Isolated small circular pit or post‐hole. Not convincing. Undated 0

0194 0195 Pit Fill Homogenous brown/red silty sand with occasional gravel to pebble‐sized Undated 0 stones.

0196 0196 Pit Cut Small oval‐shaped pit or post‐hole? prehistoric I.0.

03 December 2014 Page 17 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0196 0197 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional gravel‐sized stones, fill of prehistoric I.0. 0196.

0198 0198 Pit Cut Small pit or post‐hole? prehistoric I.0.

0198 0199 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones fill of 0198. prehistoric I.0.

0200 0200 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. prehistoric I.0.

0200 0201 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0200. prehistoric I.0.

0202 0202 Pit Cut Large circular post‐hole or small pit. prehistoric I.0.

0202 0203 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, upper fill of 0202. prehistoric I.0.

0202 0204 Pit Fill Darker grey/brown silty sand with occasional to moderate stones, some prehistoric I.0. slumping on edges. Lower fill of 0202.

0205 0205 Pit Cut Oval‐shaped post‐hole. Undated 0

0205 0206 Pit Fill Brown silty stony sand, some large stones, fill of 0205. Undated 0

0207 0207 Posthole Cut Circular post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0207 0208 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand fill of 0207. EIA I.h.

0209 0209 Structure Structure Overall number allocated to 4 post structure (post‐holes 0210, 0212, 0214, EIA I.h. 0216.

0209 0210 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0209. EIA I.h.

0209 0211 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous light brown silty sand with occasional small stones, fill of 0210. EIA I.h.

0209 0212 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0209. EIA I.h.

03 December 2014 Page 18 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0209 0213 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous light brown silty sand with frequent small stones, fill of 0212. EIA I.h.

0209 0214 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0209. EIA I.h.

0209 0215 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous light brown silty sand with occasional small stones, fill of 0214. EIA I.h.

0209 0216 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0209. EIA I.h.

0209 0217 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous light brown silty sand with occasional small stones, fill of 0216. EIA I.h.

0218 0218 Layer Layer Subsoil between topsoil and natural gravel. Comprises brown silty sand Undated 0 with variable stone content.

0219 0219 Ditch Cut NW‐SE ditch. P‐med V.b.

0219 0220 Finds Other Number allocated to surface finds from ditch 0219. P‐med V.b.

0219 0293 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0219 in section where it cuts ditch 0221/0294. Homogenous P‐med V.b. dark brown silty sand with occasional to moderate stones.

0219 0303 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0219 in section where cutting ditch 0012. Homogenous brown P‐med V.b. silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐sized stones.

0219 0307 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0219 in N. butt‐end . Homogenous brown silty sand with P‐med V.b. moderate to frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones.

0221 0221 Ditch Cut Ditch that enters S. edge of site and then immediately curves round to the Undated 0 W.

0221 0222 Ditch Fill Orange/brown slightly silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐sized Undated 0 stones, fill of 0221 in section excavated immediately N. of where ditch enters S. side of site.

03 December 2014 Page 19 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0221 0224 Ditch Fill Orange/brown slightly silty sand with occasional stones, fill of ditch 0221 in Undated 0 section with ditch 0190/0223 and 0225/0226.

0221 0288 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0221 in section excavated in area between ditches 0190 and Undated 0 0219. Comprises homogenous orange/brown silty sand with only very occasional stones.

0221 0294 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0221 in section where cut by ditch 0219. Comprises Undated 0 homogenous dark orange/brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0221 0344 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0221 in section with 0341/0342. Mid grey brown silty sand. Undated 0 Moderate small to medium sized pebbles and occasional charcoal flecks.

0221 0345 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0221 in section with 0341/0343. Mid grey brown silty sand. Undated 0 Moderate small to medium sized pebbles and occasional charcoal flecks.

0221 0355 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch in excavated section of 0221 shape of base suggestive of recut, Undated 0 but not seen elsewhere. Mid, slightly greyish brown silty sand with frequent stones. Almost stoneless area on SE end of section, but does not continue right across excavated segment.

0221 0356 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0221 in section excavated at junction with contemporary ditch Undated 0 0352. Mid slightly greyish brown silty sand with moderate small to medium sized stones.

0221 0450 Ditch Fill Mid orangey slightly greyish brown silty sand with moderate mixed stones Undated 0 fill of ditch 0221 in section with ditch 0448/0449.

0221 0460 Ditch Fill Mid slightly greyish orangey brown silty sand with occasional to moderate Undated 0 poorly sorted mixed pebbles and small cobbles.

0225 0225 Ditch Cut Small ditch parallel to and probably cut by 0190. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 20 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0225 0226 Ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand fill of 0225 in section with 0190/0223 and Undated 0 0221/0224.

0225 0227 Ditch Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of ditch 0225 in Undated 0 section with 0190/0228.

0231 0231 Pit Cut Small isolated pit or post‐hole. Relatively close to EIA features, but no Undated 0 secure dating.

0231 0232 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0231. Undated 0

0233 0233 Pit Cut Large unexcavated quarry pit. P‐med V.b.

0233 0234 Pit Fill Unexcavated fill of pit 0233. Two components at surface: a brown sandy P‐med V.b. loam and area of homogenous unconsolidated gravel.

0236 0236 Post‐hole Cut Pit‐like feature. Paired with 0238. Seen to cut subsoil layer 0218 during P‐med V.b. soil‐stripping.

0236 0237 Post‐hole Fill Stratified fill of 0236 including layers of chalky clay, dark brown sandy loam P‐med V.b. and brown silty sand with moderate stones.

0238 0238 Post‐hole Cut Irregular pit‐like feature. Paired with 0236. Seen to cut subsoil layer 0218 P‐med V.b. during soil‐stripping.

0238 0239 Post‐hole Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones and areas P‐med V.b. of chalky clay, fill of 0238.

0240 0240 Pit Cut Small pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

0240 0241 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐sized stones, Undated 0 fill of 0240.

03 December 2014 Page 21 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0242 0242 Structure Structure Overall number allocated to four post structure with post‐holes 0243, 0245, EIA I.h. 0247 and 0249.

0242 0243 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0242. EIA I.h.

0242 0244 Post‐hole Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stone inclusions, fill EIA I.h. of 0243.

0242 0245 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0242. EIA I.h.

0242 0246 Post‐hole Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stone inclusions, fill EIA I.h. of 0245.

0242 0247 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0242. EIA I.h.

0242 0248 Post‐hole Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stone inclusions, fill EIA I.h. of 0247. Flint cobbles could be post‐packers.

0242 0249 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0242. EIA I.h.

0242 0250 Post‐hole Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stone inclusions, fill EIA I.h. of 0249.

0251 0251 Pit Cut Very small ?pit or post‐hole. On full excavation was considered more likely Undated 0 to be of natural origin.

0251 0252 Pit Fill Brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0251. Undated 0

0253 0253 Pit Cut Very small ?pit or post‐hole. Oval‐shaped, edges indistinct. On full Undated 0 excavation was considered more likely to be of natural origin.

0253 0254 Post‐hole Fill Brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0253. Undated 0

0255 0255 Pit Cut Isolated circular pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 22 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0255 0256 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0255. Undated 0

0257 0257 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

0257 0258 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0257. Undated 0

0259 0259 Pit Cut Small isolated pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

0259 0260 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones, Undated 0 fill of 0259.

0261 0261 Structure Structure Overall number allocated to ?four post structure with post‐holes 0262, EIA I.h. 0264, 0266 and 0268. Post‐holes were small and not very convincing.

0261 0262 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0261. EIA I.h.

0261 0263 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0262. EIA I.h.

0261 0264 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0261. EIA I.h.

0261 0265 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones, fill of 0264. EIA I.h.

0261 0266 Post‐hole Cut Oval shaped post‐hole, part of structure 0261. EIA I.h.

0261 0267 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones, fill of 0266. EIA I.h.

0261 0268 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole, part of structure 0261. Possibly overdug. EIA I.h.

0261 0269 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones, fill of 0268. EIA I.h.

0270 0270 Pit Cut Small circular? post‐hole. Undated 0

0270 0271 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0270. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 23 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0272 0272 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

0272 0273 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional gravel‐sized stones, fill of Undated 0 0272.

0274 0274 Pit Cut Irregular shaped pit, edges indistinct, possibly a naturally derived feature. Undated 0

0274 0275 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with occasional to moderate stone Undated 0 inclusions, slightly more concentrated towards NE side.

0276 0276 Pit Cut Shallow circular pit or post‐hole. Probably a naturally derived feature. Undated 0

0276 0277 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with gravel‐sized stones, fill of 0276. Undated 0

0278 0278 Pit Cut Small shallow circular pit or post‐hole. Probably a naturally derived feature. Undated 0

0278 0279 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐sized stones, Undated 0 fill of 0278.

0280 0280 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. Probably a naturally derived feature. Undated 0

0280 0281 Pit Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐sized stones, Undated 0 fill of 0280.

0282 0282 Pit Cut Oval‐shaped pit or post‐hole. N. edge indistinct, probably a naturally Undated 0 derived feature.

0282 0283 Pit Fill Homogenous orange/brown silty sand with occasional gravel to pebble‐ Undated 0 sized stones, fill of 0282.

0284 0285 Pit Fill Homogenous grey/brown silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐sized Undated 0 stones, fill of 0284.

0286 0286 Pit Cut Oval pit or post‐hole. Could be two features, or even naturally derived. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 24 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0286 0287 Pit Fill Predominantly brown silty sand, with some more orange and stonier areas, Undated 0 particularly towards the W. end.

0289 0289 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0289 0290 Pit Fill Homogenous dark grey/brown silty sand with very occasional stones, fill of EIA I.h. 0289.

0291 0291 Pit Cut Circular pit. EIA I.h.

0291 0292 Pit Fill Upper fill of pit 0291, comprises dark grey/brown silty sand with moderate EIA I.h. gravel to pebble‐sized stones.

0291 0313 Pit Fill Lower fill of pit 0291. Homogenous light to mid brown silty sand with EIA I.h. frequent gravel to pebble‐sized stones.

0295 0295 Ditch Cut SW‐NE orientated ditch, butt‐ends to E, respecting ditch 0219. P‐med V.b.

0295 0296 Ditch Fill Fill in E. butt‐end section of ditch 0295. Comprised stony brown silty sand. P‐med V.b.

0295 0338 Ditch Fill Fill of section through V‐shaped ditch. Mid grey/brown silty sand with P‐med V.b. frequent small to medium stones with denser central area.

0295 0339 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0295 in section on curving corner where ditch 0295 becomes P‐med V.b. 0325. Mid grey/brown silty sand. Frequent pebbles with occasional medium stones. Tip‐lines more frequent towards base.

0297 0297 Pit Cut Irregular oval‐shaped pit with deepening on S. side. Appears to cut EIA I.h. adjacent slot‐like feature 0301, although this was not entirely certain.

0298 0298 Pit Fill Fill of pit 0297, comprises mixed brown silty sand with frequent stones with EIA I.h. an area of concentrated heat‐altered flints and darker grey silty sand and charcoal flecks.

03 December 2014 Page 25 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0299 0299 Pit Cut Oval shaped pit, appeared to continue line of slot‐like feature 0301, but did EIA I.h. seem to be a discrete feature.

0299 0300 Pit Fill Brown silty sand with moderate stones, fill of 0299. EIA I.h.

0301 0301 Linear Cut Slot‐like feature running between cutting pits 0297 and 0299. EIA I.h.

0301 0302 Linear Fill Brown silty sand with frequent stones, some areas of greyer sand. EIA I.h.

0305 0305 Ditch Cut NE‐SW orientated ditch. Possibly same as 0295 and surrounding stand of P‐med V.b. trees.

0305 0306 Ditch Fill Fill in E. butt‐end of ditch 0305, homogenous brown silty sand. P‐med V.b.

0305 0346 Ditch Fill Mid grey brown silty sand with occasional small pebbles. Fill of ditch 0305 P‐med V.b. in possible SW facing butt‐end.

0308 0308 Linear Cut Slot‐like feature, continues line of 0299 and 0301, but with c50cm gap EIA I.h. between. Does have a suggestion of a different fill in the butt‐end which is also slightly bulbous, but no definite cut seen. Continues beyond N. edge of site. Heavily rooted, but genuine feature.

0308 0309 Linear Fill Fill of 0308. Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stones, with a EIA I.h. loosed stonier area to N.

0311 0311 Pit Cut Small circular pit. EIA I.h.

0311 0312 Pit Fill Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent angular flints. EIA I.h.

0315 0315 Pit Cut Small circular pit. EIA I.h.

0315 0316 Pit Fill Relatively homogenous dark grey/brown stony silty sand fill of 0315. More EIA I.h. orange/brown towards edge.

03 December 2014 Page 26 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0317 0317 Pit Cut Shallow, slightly oval‐shaped pit. EIA I.h.

0317 0318 Pit Fill Very dark brown/grey silty sand and stones. Includes heat‐altered stones, EIA I.h. mainly sandstone.

0319 0319 Pit Cut Shallow oval‐shaped pit. EIA I.h.

0319 0320 Pit Fill Dark grey/brown silty sand + stones fill of 0319. Includes heat‐altered EIA I.h. stones, the majority of which were sandstone.

0321 0321 Pit Cut Small shallow circular pit. Undated 0

0321 0322 Pit Fill Mid‐light grey/brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of 0321. Undated 0

0323 0323 Pit Cut Irregular shaped pit. Thought to be a modern tree‐hole, but did contain EIA I.h. several sherds of prehistoric pottery.

0323 0324 Pit Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐ EIA I.h. sized stones. Locally more orange and gravelly.

0325 0325 Ditch Cut Ditch forming western side of small enclosure. Continuous with 0295 and P‐med V.b. 0305. P‐med woodland boundary seen on OS maps. Could be seen to cut subsoil through to base of topsoil.

0325 0326 Ditch Fill Grey/brown silty sand with variable stone content, fill of 0325. Also used as P‐med V.b. overall context No. for metal detector finds.

0325 0340 Ditch Fill Fill in section through ditch 0325. Mid ‐ dark greyish brown loosely P‐med V.b. compacted very silty sand with moderate small to medium sized stones. Fairly well sorted.

0325 0347 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0325 in NW facing butt‐end. Mid grey brown silty sand with P‐med V.b. occasional small pebbles with tip‐lines defined by larger pebbles.

03 December 2014 Page 27 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0327 0327 Pit Cut Small sub‐circular round‐bottomed pit. Looked like natural disturbance, but EIA I.h. had prehistoric pot protruding from surface.

0327 0328 Pit Fill Homogenous mid brown silty sand with occasional stones fill of 0327. EIA I.h.

0329 0329 Pit Cut Shallow sub‐circular pit with a rounded base. EIA I.h.

0329 0330 Pit Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate to frequent gravel EIA I.h. to pebble‐sized stones.

0331 0331 Pit Cut Large sub‐circular pit. Undated 0

0331 0332 Pit Fill Fill of 0331. Effectively one component, but did vary from dark brown silty Undated 0 sand with frequent stones to lighter brown. More stone towards edges where natural subsoil had slumped in.

0333 0333 Pit Cut Largish sub‐circular pit. With vertical sides and a flat bottom. EIA I.h.

0333 0334 Pit Fill Upper fill of pit 0333. Hint of stratification and slumping at edges. EIA I.h. Predominantly very dark brown silty sand with moderate stones.

0333 0335 Pit Fill Lower fill of 0333. Light to mid brown silty sand with frequent gravel to EIA I.h. pebble‐sized inclusions.

0336 0336 Pit Cut Small circular pit. Vertical‐sided to E, more gently sloping to W. EIA I.h.

0336 0337 Pit Fill Predominantly dark brown/grey silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐ EIA I.h. sized stones. Did include a localised area of grey clay (see section) not numbered separately.

0341 0341 Linear Cut 3.2m long 0.65m wide linear parallel to 0221. Indeterminate relationship. U ndated 0 Concaved sides and base.

03 December 2014 Page 28 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0341 0342 Linear Fill Fill in NE section of 0341. Mid slightly grey brown silty sand, loosely Undated 0 compacted with moderate small pebbles tending towards base. Occasional charcoal flecks.

0341 0343 Linear Fill Fill in SW section of 0341. Mid slightly grey brown silty sand, loosely Undated 0 compacted with moderate small pebbles tending towards base. Occasional charcoal flecks.

0350 0350 Pit Cut Large unexcavated quarry pit. Cuts to bottom of topsoil. P‐med V.b.

0350 0351 Pit Fill Unexcavated fill of 0350. Two visible components at surface. Brown sandy P‐med V.b. loam and pure homogenous sandy gravel, the latter extremely loose.

0352 0352 Ditch Cut NW to SE orientated ditch. Forms T‐junction with 0221 and is therefore Undated 0 contemporary with it.

0352 0353 Spot find Other Ceramic spot find from surface of ditch 0352. EIA I.h.

0352 0357 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0352 in section with contemporary ditch 0221. Mid slightly Undated 0 greyish brown silty sand with moderate small to medium sized pebbles.

0352 0359 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0352 in section with cutting ditch 0012. Mid to light Undated 0 orange/brown silty sand with occasional small pebbles.

0352 0360 Ditch Fill Mid to light orange/brown silty sand with occasional small pebbles. Undated 0

0352 0366 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0352 in section with ditch 0364/0365. Mid brown silty sand Undated 0 with variable density of small stones.

0361 0361 Ditch Cut NNW‐SSE aligned linear c.8m long feature with butt‐ends to NW and SE. Undated 0 Forms part of a field system with ditches 0221 and 0352.

0361 0362 Ditch Fill Fill of NW butt‐end section of ditch 0361. Mid brown silty sand with Undated 0 moderate small pebbles and occasional larger pebbles and small cobbles.

03 December 2014 Page 29 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0361 0363 Ditch Fill Fill of NW butt‐end section of ditch 0361. Mid brown silty sand with Undated 0 moderate small pebbles and occasional larger pebbles and small cobbles.

0364 0364 Ditch Cut WNW‐ESE ditch. Probably continued more extensively, but lost in thicker P‐med V.b. subsoil at N end of site. Related to former Flixton to Homersfield road.

0364 0365 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0364 in section with ditch 0352/0366. Mid to light brown silty P‐med V.b. sand with variable density of small pebbles. Cut with 0352 defined by line of pebbles.

0364 0369 Ditch Fill Fill of ditch 0364 in excavated section. Profile flat‐bottomed at this P‐med V.b. juncture. Mid grey/brown silty sand with frequent small stones.

0367 0367 Ditch Cut WNW‐ESE ditch, associated with former Flixton to Homersfield road. P‐med V.b. Substantially lost in thicker subsoil at N end of site.

0367 0368 Ditch Fill Light to mid brown silty sand with frequent small stones. P‐med V.b.

0370 0370 Pit Cut Small sub‐circular pit. Vertical sided with flattish base. Some disturbance. Undated 0

0370 0371 Pit Fill Single number for mixed fill of 0370. Top 5 ‐ 6cm, becoming mid‐light Undated 0 brown silty sand and gravel with near vertical 'lenses' of dark grey/brown silty sand (possible root disturbance). Mid‐light brown sand at base. Occasional heat‐altered stones in top 8cm.

0372 0372 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. Steeped sided with flattish base. Undated 0

0372 0373 Pit Fill Mid grey/brown silty sand with occasional to moderate small pebbles, Undated 0 becoming more orange approximately 20cm from site surface.

0374 0374 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. Undated 0

0374 0375 Post‐hole Fill Mid slightly greyish brown silty sand with occasional to moderate small Undated 0 pebbles.

03 December 2014 Page 30 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0376 0376 Pit Cut Sub‐circular pit. Immediately adjacent to building 0414. EIA I.h.

0376 0377 Pit Fill Fill of pit 0376. Dark brown silty sand with considerable small animal EIA I.h. activity introducing areas of mid brown silty sand. Frequent heat‐altered flint and very occasional reddened clay nodules. Pottery frequently found around edges of feature.

0378 0378 Finds Other Finds recovered from cleaning close to pit 0376 and other adjacent features. EIA I.h.

0379 0379 Pit Cut Oval shaped pit with some natural disturbance on SE side. EIA I.h.

0379 0380 Pit Fill Mid brown silty sand, darker towards base with very occasional medium EIA I.h. stones and frequent pea shingle‐sized material. Occasional charcoal flecks/lumps and heat‐altered flint.

0383 0383 Pit Cut Small oval‐shaped pit. Located immediately S of building 0414. Cuts EIA I.h. mottled brown layer that could be vestiges of contemporary soil.

0383 0384 Pit Fill Mid to dark grey/brown silty sand with occasional to moderate small to EIA I.h. medium sized stones (+ 1 large cobble). Very occasional heat altered flint.

0385 0385 Pit Cut Small circular pit, disturbed on N side. Immediately external to building EIA I.h. 0414 on its NE side.

0385 0386 Pit Fill Predominantly brown silty sand with frequent stones and patches of darker EIA I.h. brown/grey locally. Considerable animal and root disturbance.

0387 0387 Pit Cut Shallow circular pit with concaved sides and base. Located within post‐hole EIA I.h. building 0414.

0387 0388 Pit Fill Heavily disturbed fill of 0387. Predominantly moderately stony brown silty EIA I.h. sand with localised concentrations of black sand and heat‐altered flint. No in situ burning.

03 December 2014 Page 31 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0389 0389 Pit Cut Small circular pit with concaved sides and base. Located a few metres EIA I.h. south of building 0414.

0389 0390 Pit Fill Mid to dark grey brown silty sand, mottled light brown. Occasional small to EIA I.h. medium‐sized pebbles.

0391 0391 Pit Cut Circular pit, partly truncated by over‐deep machining. Located within EIA I.h. building 0414. Very disturbed.

0391 0392 Pit Fill Predominantly brown silty sand with moderate stones. Has a darker lower EIA I.h. area with charcoal and heavy root disturbance.

0393 0393 Pit Cut Small circular pit? Located within building 0414. Within area of dirty brown EIA I.h. subsoil which made edges indistinct.

0393 0394 Pit Fill Mid‐dark brown silty sand with occasional stones. Fill grades into EIA I.h. surrounding subsoil.

0395 0395 Pit Cut Small sub‐circular pit with shallow concaved profile. Treated as a cremation Preh I.0. due to black fill (100% sampled) but no calcined bone recognised.

0395 0396 Pit Fill Very dark, almost black silty sand with occasional charcoal flecks and Preh I.0. moderate heat‐altered stone. Some lenses of orange/yellow sand. Heavily disturbed.

0397 0397 Pit Cut Oval shaped pit located within post‐hole building 0414. EIA I.h.

0397 0398 Pit Fill Upper fill of pit 0397. Comprising predominantly of mid brown silty sand EIA I.h. with localised very dark areas containing heat‐altered flint.

0397 0399 Pit Fill Lower basal fill of pit 0397. Comprised light brown silty sand and gravel, EIA I.h. almost certainly slumped from feature sides.

0400 0400 Pit Cut Circular pit, heavily disturbed by animal burrows. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 32 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0400 0401 Pit Fill Mid grey/brown slightly clayey silty sand with dark grey/brown disturbed Undated 0 lensing containing heat‐altered stone.

0406 0406 Pit Cut Pit, possibly circular, but side cut away by 0409. EIA I.h.

0406 0407 Pit Fill Lower fill of pit 0406. Mottled mid to light grey silty and + light grey and EIA I.h. orange sand and occasional small pebbles. Loosely compacted.

0406 0408 Pit Fill Upper fill of 0406. Mid to dark brown/grey silty sand with occasional small EIA I.h. pebbles.

0409 0409 Pit Cut Oval‐shaped pit with moderately steep sides and a flattish base. EIA I.h.

0409 0410 Pit Fill Basal fill of pit 0409. Primary fill comprising mid to light grey silty sand with EIA I.h. occasional small to medium‐sized pebbles.

0409 0411 Pit Fill Central fill component of pit 0409. Comprises dark brownish black fine EIA I.h. grained very silty sand/ sandy silt with occasional small pebbles and charcoal flecks.

0409 0412 Pit Fill Light brownish mottled yellow/orange sand (mixed dirty natural). Probably EIA I.h. a large burrow.

0409 0413 Pit Fill Upper fill of pit 0409. Mid brownish grey silty sand with moderate small EIA I.h. pebbles and heat‐altered flint.

0414 0381 Post‐hole Cut Post‐hole forming part of 7 post‐hole arc on NW side of building 0414. EIA I.h. Edges indistinct.

0414 0382 Post‐hole Fill Mid brown silty sand central fill (post‐pipe?) with lighter outer fill. EIA I.h.,

0414 0402 Post‐hole Cut Post‐hole forming part of 4‐post porch of building 0414. Rounded profile. EIA I.h.

03 December 2014 Page 33 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0414 0403 Post‐hole Fill Fill of 0402. Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with occasional EIA I.h. stones.

0414 0404 Post‐hole Cut Post‐hole forming part of porch for building 0414. Steepish sided with EIA I.h. gently rounded base.

0414 0405 Post‐hole Fill Fill of post‐hole 0404. Predominantly brown silty sand with occasional to EIA I.h. moderate stones. Locally darker (at top centre of feature) possibly a post‐ pipe.

0414 0414 Structure Structure Overall number allocated to post‐hole building. Comprises an arc 7 post‐ EIA I.h. holes to the NW with a 4 post porch to the SE.

0414 0415 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. Part of 7 post arc on NW side of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0416 Post‐hole Fill Central fill, probably a post‐pipe in post‐hole 0415. Homogenous dark EIA I.h. brown silty sand.

0414 0417 Posthole Fill Outer fill of post‐hole 0415. Homogenous orange/brown silty sand. EIA I.h.

0414 0418 Posthole Cut Circular post‐hole. Part of 7 post arc on NW side of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0419 Post‐hole Fill Central fill (post‐pipe) in post‐hole 0418. Dark brown silty sand with EIA I.h. occasional stones.

0414 0420 Post‐hole Fill Outer fill of post‐hole 0418. Dark orange/brown silty sand with occasional EIA I.h. stones.

0414 0421 Posthole Cut Circular post‐hole. Part of 7 post arc on NW side of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0422 Post‐hole Fill Central fill (post‐pipe?) in post‐hole 0421. Dark brown silty sand with EIA I.h. occasional stones.

0414 0423 Post‐hole Fill Outer fill of post‐hole 0421. Orange/brown sand. EIA I.h.

03 December 2014 Page 34 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0414 0424 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. Part of 7 post arc on NW side of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0425 Post‐hole Fill Fill of post‐hole 0424. At first described as a post‐pipe, but outer fill 0426 EIA I.h. may just be overdigging. Homogenous light brown silty sand with occasional stones.

0414 0426 Post‐hole Fill Either outer fill of post‐hole 0424 or, more likely, over digging. Comprises EIA I.h. orange sand.

0414 0427 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. Part of 7 post arc on NW side of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0428 Post‐hole Fill Fill of post‐hole 0427. Homogenous orange/brown silty sand. EIA I.h.

0414 0429 Post‐hole Fill Central fill in post‐hole 0427, almost certainly a burrow rather than a post‐ EIA I.h. pipe. Brown sand.

0414 0430 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole. Part of 7 post arc on NW side of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0431 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous orange/brown silty sand with occasional stones, fill of post‐ EIA I.h. hole 0430.

0414 0432 Post‐hole Fill Number allocated to central fill of post‐hole 0430, but on recording it was EIA I.h. decided that the fill did not exist.

0414 0433 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole forming part of SE porch of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0434 Post‐hole Fill Relatively homogenous light to mid brown silty sand with moderate to EIA I.h. frequent stones fill of post‐hole 0433.

0414 0435 Post‐hole Cut Circular post‐hole forming part of SE porch of building 0414. EIA I.h.

0414 0436 Post‐hole Fill Relatively homogenous brown silty sand with moderate to frequent stones EIA I.h. fill of post‐hole 0435.

03 December 2014 Page 35 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0438 0438 Pit Cut Small pit within building 0414. Rounded profile. EIA I.h.

0438 0439 Pit Fill Brown silty sand with occasional stones fill of post‐hole 0438. EIA I.h.

0440 0440 Pit Cut Large but shallow oval pit. Gently sloping sides and concaved base. EIA I.h.

0440 0441 Pit Fill Mid to dark grey/brown very silty sand with occasional small to medium‐ EIA I.h. sized stones and occasional charcoal flecks and heat‐altered flints. Some natural disturbance.

0442 0442 Pit Cut Small circular pit with a rounded profile. Undated 0

0442 0443 Pit Fill Dark grey silty sand with moderate small pebbles and gravel with Undated 0 occasional charcoal flecks and heat‐altered flints.

0444 0444 Pit Cut Subcircular pit, rounded profile. Located within building 0414. EIA I.h.

0444 0445 Pit Fill Predominantly brown silty sand with moderate stones. Has a darker EIA I.h. component on its western side with heat‐altered clay.

0446 0446 Pit Cut Small circular pit within building 0414. EIA I.h.

0446 0447 Pit Fill Homogenous light to mid brown silty sand with occasional stones. EIA I.h.

0448 0448 Ditch Cut NW‐SE ditch. Parallel to similar feature 0458. Very shallow and flat P‐med V.b. bottomed, lost in subsoil to north and south.

0448 0449 Ditch Fill Mid‐light slightly greyish brown silty sand with moderate gravel to pebble‐ P‐med V.b. sized stones. Fill of ditch 0448 in section with ditch 0221/0450.

0448 0451 Ditch Fill Mid greyish brown silty sand with moderate to frequent small to medium‐ P‐med V.b. sized pebbles.

0452 0452 Pit Cut Small circular pit. Rounded profile. Undated 0

03 December 2014 Page 36 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0452 0453 Pit Fill Dark grey/black silty sand with moderate small to medium‐sized stones. Undated 0

0454 0454 Pit Cut One of two c.1m diameter adjacent circular pits. Both cutting to base of P‐med V.b. topsoil. Possibly large post‐holes for gate from field into Flixton to Homersfield Road or formal tree planting. Unexcavated.

0454 0455 Pit Fill Unexcavated fill of pit 0454. Included stiff grey/green clay and loam. P‐med V.b.

0456 0456 Pit Cut One of two c.1m diameter adjacent circular pits. Both cutting to base of P‐med V.b. topsoil. Possibly large post‐holes for gate from field into Flixton to Homersfield Road or formal tree planting. Unexcavated.

0456 0457 Pit Fill Unexcavated fill of pit 0454. Included stiff grey/green clay and loam. P‐med V.b.

0458 0458 Ditch Cut NW‐SE ditch similar to 0448. Lost to subsoil at northern end, runs under P‐med V.b. southern site edge.

0458 0459 Ditch Fill Mid greyish brown very silty stony sand fill of 0458 in section with P‐med V.b. 0221/0460.

0462 0462 Pit Cut Small circular pit or post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0462 0463 Pit Fill Mid‐dark greyish brown silty sand with occasional gravel to pebble‐sized EIA I.h. stones.

0464 0464 Linear Cut Section into natural feature in SW corner of site, almost certainly an Ice Undated 0 Wedge and continuous with the feature previously excavated in the FLN 069 area and thought to be a possible ring‐ditch.

0464 0465 Linear Fill Stratified sand and stonier layers, amorphous edges, continuing down. Undated 0 Sketch section and photograph only.

0466 0147 Post‐hole Cut Small circular post‐hole. Possibly part of four‐poster with 0149 and 0151, EIA I.h. but fourth post missing.

03 December 2014 Page 37 of 38 COMPONENT OPNO FEATURE TYPE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION MODIDATE PERIOD/PHASE 0466 0148 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with moderate stone inclusions. EIA I.h.

0466 0149 Post‐hole Cut Small oval ?Post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0466 0150 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand + occasional stones fill of 0149. EIA I.h.

0466 0151 Post‐hole Cut Small circular post‐hole. EIA I.h.

0466 0152 Post‐hole Fill Homogenous brown silty sand with frequent gravel‐sized stones. EIA I.h.

0466 0466 Structure Other Overall No allocated to possible four post structure. Post‐holes 0147, 0149, EIA I.h. 0151 with one post missing.

03 December 2014 Page 38 of 38 Appendix III. Finds Information and Catalogues

Appendix III.a Prehistoric Pottery

1) Prehistoric Pottery Fabric Codes

Period Code Description Neolithic F1 Sparse white angular flint pieces < 2mm F1V Sparse white angular flint pieces < 2mm, voids F2 Moderate white angular flint pieces > 2mm F2v Moderate white angular flint pieces > 2mm, voids F3 Common white angular flint pieces > 3mm Q1 Fine sandy fabric with occasional flint pieces >1mm Q2 Sandy with fine flint pieces F4 Common white angular flint pieces > 3mm, sparse shell Later Neolithic - G1 Common small sub-rounded grog; quartz sand Early Bronze Age G2 Sparse small grog; occasional rounded voids Later Bronze Age F10 Sandy with fine flint pieces micaceous and Early Iron Age F10v Sandy with fine flint pieces; micaceous; occasional rounded voids F11 Sparse white angular flint pieces < 2mm F12 Moderate white angular flint pieces > 2mm F12V Moderate white angular flint pieces > 2mm; occasional rounded voids F13 Common white angular flint pieces > 3mm F13v Common white angular flint pieces > 3mm; occasional rounded voids F14 Sparse flint >6mm; occasional moderate sub-rounded voids F15 Dense angular flint >3mm F15v Dense angular flint >3mm occasional rounded voids F16 Hard, dense sandy with sparse inclusions F17 Moderate white angular flint pieces > 2mm; occasional sub- rounded grog F18 Moderate white angular flint pieces > 2mm; moderate rounded quartz sand Q10 Fine sandy fabric with occasional flint pieces >1mm Q10v Fine sandy fabric with occasional flint pieces >1mm occasional rounded voids Q11 Dense find sandy fabric with no visible inclusions

2) Pottery Sherds Recommended for Illustration

P1: Earlier Neolithic Classic Carinated Bowl with rolled rim, fabric F1, context (088:0060), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 28

P2: Earlier Neolithic Classic Carinated Bowl with rolled rim, fabric F2, context (088:0060), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 35

P3: Earlier Neolithic neutral/ bag-shaped Bowl, simple rounded rim, fabric F2, context (088:0060), [088:0059]. Vessel number 39

P4: Earlier Neolithic neutral/ bag-shaped Bowl, flat rim, fabric F2v, context (088:0060), pit [088 0059]. Vessel number 33

P5: Earlier Neolithic thumbed cup with pointed rim, fabric Q1, context (088:0060), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 31

P6: Earlier Neolithic cup with everted pointed rim, fabric Q1, context (088:0060), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 36

P7: Earlier Neolithic classic Carinated Bowl with rolled rim, fabric F1, context (088:0061), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 28

P8: Earlier Neolithic, bag-shaped bowl with rolled rim, fabric F1, context (088:0061), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 41

P9: Earlier Neolithic, cup with everted rolled rim, fabric F1, context (088:0061), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 42

P10: Earlier Neolithic straight-necked Carinated Bowl with out-turned rim, fabric F2, context (088:0061), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 29

P11: Earlier Neolithic classic Carinated Bowl with rolled rim, fabric F2, context (088:0061), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 30

P12: Earlier Neolithic neutral/ bag-shaped Bowl with simple rounded rim, fabric F2, context (088:0061), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 32 P13: Earlier Neolithic classic Carinated Bowl with rounded rim, fabric F2, context (088:0061), pit [088:0059]. Vessel number 40

P14: Later Neolithic Peterborough ware fingernail-impressed, fabric F1, context (090:0101), unstratified finds. Vessel number 12

P15: Later Neolithic Peterborough ware partially pierced below rim, fabric F1, context (090:0101), unstratified finds. Vessel number 13

P16: Later Neolithic Early Bronze Age Long-Necked Beaker with simple square rim, comb-impressed decoration, fabric G2, context (088:1087), grave [088:0809], ring-ditch [088:0788]. Vessel number 112

P17: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with simple rounded rim, fabric F12, context (088:0139), pit [088:0138]. Vessel number 51

P18: Later Bronze Age jar form H with flattened rim, fabric F12, context (088:0139), pit [088:0138]. Vessel number 52

P19: Later Bronze Age jar form H with everted rim decorated with incomplete piercings, fabric F12, context (088:0139), pit [088:0138]. Vessel number 53

P20: Later Bronze Age jar form F4 with flat rim, fabric F12 context (088:0142), pit [088:0140]. Vessel number 57

P21: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with rounded rim, pierced below rim, fabric F12v, context (088:0142), pit [088:0140]. Vessel number 55

P22: Later Bronze Age jar form A with flat rim, fabric F15, context (088:0165), pit [088:0164]. Vessel number 60

P23: Later Bronze Age jar form A with flattened rim, fingertip impressed decoration, fabric F12, context (088:0171), pit [088:0168]. Vessel number 65

P24: Later Bronze Age jar form A with flattened rim, fabric F12, context (088:0171), pit [088:0168]. Vessel number 67

P25: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with rounded rim, pierced below rim, fabric F14, context (088:0171), pit [088:0168]. Vessel number 64

P26: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with rounded rim, pierced below rim, fabric F12, context (088:0198), pit [088:0195]. Vessel number 75

P27: Later Bronze Age jar form A with rounded rim, pierced below rim, fabric F12v, context (088:0198), pit [088:0195]. Vessel number 76

P28: Later Bronze Age bowl form K with simple flat everted rim, fabric F11, context (088:0255), pit [088:0254]. Vessel number 82

P29: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with rounded rim, fabric F12, context (088:0255), pit [088:0254]. Vessel number 81

P30: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with rounded rim, fabric F14, context (088:0255), pit [088:0254]. Vessel number 83

P31: Later Bronze Age bowl form K with simple flat everted rim, fabric F14, context (088:0255), pit [088:0254]. Vessel number 84

P32: Later Bronze Age bowl form K with simple flat everted rim, fabric F14, context (088:0255), pit [088:0254]. Vessel number 85

P33: Later Bronze Age, fabric F15, context (088:0255), pit [088:0254]. Vessel number ?

P34: Later Bronze Age tripartite jar form Ig with simple flat rim and incised curves, fabric F16, context (088:0536), Post-hole [088:0535]. Vessel number 93

P35: Later Bronze Age jar form A with pinched rim, pierced below rim, fabric F12, context (088: 0538), pit [088:0537]. Vessel number 114

P36: Later Bronze Age round bodied bowl with rounded everted rim, fabric F11, context (088: 0538), pit [088:0537]. Vessel number 94

P37: Later Bronze Age form decorated sherd with double incised band fabric F11 context (088:0612), pit [088:0611]. P38: Later Bronze Age bowl form K with pinched rim, fabric F11, context (088:0612), pit [088:0611]. Vessel number 98

P39: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with rounded rim, fabric F12, context (088:0627), post-hole [088:0610]. Vessel number 103

P40: Later Bronze Age thumbed cup, fabric F18, context (088:0627), post-hole [088:0610]. Vessel number 101

P41: Later Bronze Age ellipsoid jar form B with rounded rim, semi pierced, fabric F18, context (088:0627), post-hole [088:0610]. Vessel number 102

P42: Later Bronze Age handle, fabric F12, context (088:0646), pit [088:0645].

P43: Later Bronze Age form handle, fabric F12, context (088:0698), post-hole [088:0697].

P44: Early Iron Age jar form I with flattened rim, fabric F13, context (090:0324), pit [090:0323]. Vessel number 20

P45: Early Iron Age cup form R, fingertip impressed all over, fabric Q11, context (090:0463), pit [090:0462]. Vessel number 32

Appendix III.b CBM

Site 088

Context Fabric Form No Wt L W T ab peg Notes Date 0020 msf RTP 1 4 + pmed 0035 msf RTP 1 36 thick, poss RID pmed 0039 msf RTP 1 68 pmed 0370 ms RTP 1 46 pmed 0674 msffe LB 18 719 overfired, white ms 18-20? mortar 0713 ms RTP 1 3 + pmed 0797 fs RTP 1 63 pmed 0803 msf LB 1 23 + pmed

Site 090

Context Fabric Form No Wt L W T ab peg Notes Date 0032 wfs FB 1 690 118 38+ worn 18/19 0032 fscp LB 1 1107 111 51 v dense, some voids, 18/19 pale pinkish orange 0191 wfg FB 1 1131 118 48 worn 18/19 0228 fscp LB 3 23 flaky, poorly mixed, 18/19 dense, sim to 0032 0293 msf LB 2 40 + pmed 0293 fsfe LB 1 275 49 + pmed 0340 fs RTP 1 44 1 x R v dense, dark red pmed

Appendix III.c Fired Clay

Site 088

Context Fabric Type Colour No Wt/g Abr Surface Impressions Notes 0003 fsf orange 1 21 flattish rounded edges, v fine burnt flint, on 1 preh? side 0011 ms brown 4 5 rough v friable amorphous 0021 fs buff-red 4 21 convex rounded amorphous 0022 fsf orange 1 5 flat wattle? 0022 fs buff-red 10 43 convex rounded amorphous 0061 fsf brown 2 31 convex rounded amorphous 0061 fs orange 8 22 convex rounded amorphous 0086 fs orange 3 12 convex rounded amorphous 0151 fsf orange- 3 51 convex grey 0152 fs orange- 2 6 convex rounded amorphous pink 0152 fsv buff- 1 14 convex grey 0173 vit grey- 1 3 convex red-buff 0173 ms orange- 1 1 + small amorphous red 0185 fs orange- 2 2 + small amorphous red 0186 fs orange 75 56 + small amorphous 0193 fsv buff- 1 50 flattish tapered, poss part of triangular grey LW? 0193 fs buff- 1 359 + convex? grey 0193 msv orange- 10 55 + rounded amorphous buff 0196 fsvf buff-red 3 28 + rounded amorphous 0223 msf buff 1 28 + rounded amorphous 0223 fsf orange 1 5 + rounded amorphous 0228 msf buff- 1 4 + convex orange 0228 fsv buff 1 5 + convex 0231 msf brown- 2 20 + convex red 0231 ms orange 2 2 + amorphous lumps 0453 ms orange 2 17 ++ poss CBM, no surfaces 0463 fs red 1 1 tiny, poss CBM 0534 org red 1 12 flat rounded right-anged corner, heavily grass tempered 0604 fs red 115 184 none amorphous lumps, underfired surviving internal frags of object? 0606 fsv buff 5 24 + convex amorphous lumps 0606 fsv orange 2 5 + none amorphous lumps surviving 0608 msf red 3 39 + convex brick red 0694 fs red-grey 6 14 rounded amorphous 0698 msv buff 1 6 + convex 0718 fsv buff 1 11 + flattish

Site 090

Context Fabric Type Colour No Wt/g Abr Surface Impressions Notes 0063 fsv orange- 1 8 amorphous lump, but prob also grey frag of loomweight 0320 ms red 3 42 1 flattish? dense 0334 fsv buff- 9 83 + some poss LW?? orange flattish 0335 fsvf buff- 4 25 convex poss LW?? orange 0377 msf buff 2 16 + rounded lump 0377 fsvf buff- 13 50 + 2 flattish poss LW?? orange- grey 0378 ms buff 1 1 ++ rounded lump 0386 ms buff 2 2 ++ rounded lump 0388 fsv buff 22 25 angular frags 0392 fsv buff- 1 16 + flattish grey 0392 msf buff- 1 55 convex ?flat with poss mould? grey rounded end 0396 fs buff-red 3 1 flakes 0403 msv buff- 5 23 + convex wattle or poss LW?? orange hole? 0411 fsv buff- 1 10 + concave? orange 0413 msf red 3 11 + amorphous 0445 msvf buff-red 135 249 + concave most frags are internal underfired & flattish pieces, poss LW??

Appendix III.d Worked Flint

Site 088

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0000 grnd stone 1 0 0000 core single platform flake core 1 0 0000 flak flake 23 0 0000 flak shatter 8 0 0001 blad blade 1 0 0001 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0001 flak flake 12 0 0001 flak spall 1 0 0001 retf retouched flake 5 0 0003 blad blade 42 0 0003 core core fragment 2 0 0003 core keeled core 1 0 0003 corf core tablet 1 0 0003 flak blade-like flake 16 0 0003 flak flake 77 0 0003 flak shatter 3 0 0003 flak spall 22 0 0003 hams hammerstone 1 0 0003 hams stone 1 0 0003 scpf scraper 1 0 0003 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0003 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0003 unsk stone 1 0 0003 utbl utilised blade 1 0 0003 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0004 blad blade 28 0 0004 core core fragment 1 0 0004 core single platform blade core 1 0 0004 core tested piece 1 0 0004 flak blade-like flake 6 0 0004 flak flake 34 0 0004 flak shatter 2 0 0004 flak spall 16 0 0004 knff backed knife 1 0 0004 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0004 unsk non-struck fragment 0 6 0011 core tested piece 1 0 0011 flak flake 3 0 0011 flak shatter 6 0 0011 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0014 flak flake 5 0 0014 flak shatter 3 0 0018 flak flake 2 0 0020 arhd leaf-shaped 1 0 0020 blad blade 10 0 0020 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0020 core single platform flake core 1 0 0020 flak blade-like flake 7 0 0020 flak flake 46 0 0020 flak shatter 13 0 0020 flak spall 0 0 0020 retf retouched fragment 1 0 0020 scpf end scraper 1 0 0020 stfr struck fragment 2 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0020 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0021 blad blade 19 0 0021 core core fragment 1 0 0021 core keeled core 1 0 0021 core tested piece 2 0 0021 flak blade-like flake 3 0 0021 flak flake 57 0 0021 flak shatter 18 0 0021 flak spall 11 0 0021 scpf end scraper 2 0 0021 scpf scraper 1 0 0021 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0021 unsk non-struck fragment 0 0 0022 blad blade 33 0 0022 core core fragment 2 0 0022 core keeled core 1 0 0022 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0022 flak blade-like flake 30 0 0022 flak flake 103 0 0022 flak shatter 25 0 0022 flak spall 72 0 0022 knff backed knife 1 0 0022 pecr piercer 1 0 0022 retf retouched flake 1 0 0022 scpf double end 1 0 0022 scpf end scraper 5 0 0022 scpf scraper 4 0 0022 scpf subcircular scraper 1 0 0022 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0022 stfr tested piece 2 0 0022 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0022 utfl utilised flake 2 0 0023 blad blade 1 0 0023 burn burnt fragment 7 0 0023 flak blade-like flake 7 0 0023 flak flake 7 0 0023 flak shatter 6 0 0023 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0023 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0035 dent denticulate 1 0 0035 flak flake 1 0 0035 flak spall 1 0 0036 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0040 flak flake 1 0 0050 flak shatter 1 0 0052 flak flake 3 0 0054 flak flake 1 0 0056 flak spall 1 0 0058 flak flake 2 0 0058 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0060 blad blade 35 0 0060 core core/tool 1 0 0060 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0060 core single platform flake core 1 0 0060 core tested piece 3 0 0060 flak blade-like flake 27 0 0060 flak flake 7 0 0060 flak flake 3 0 0060 flak flake 67 0 0060 flak shatter 7 0 0060 flak shatter 3 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0060 flak shatter 10 0 0060 flak spall 15 0 0060 hams hammerstone 1 0 0060 knff backed knife 1 0 0060 retb retouched blade 1 0 0060 retf retouched flake 1 0 0060 scpf end scraper 1 0 0060 unsk stone 1 0 0060 utbl utilised blade 1 0 0061 blad blade 40 0 0061 core keeled core 1 0 0061 core single platform flake core 1 0 0061 flak blade-like flake 24 0 0061 flak flake 94 0 0061 flak polished 1 0 0061 flak shatter 18 0 0061 flak spall 23 0 0061 hams shatter 1 0 0061 hams stone 1 0 0061 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0061 unsk stone 1 0 0062 blad blade 7 0 0062 flak blade-like flake 3 0 0062 flak flake 9 0 0062 flak shatter 2 0 0062 flak spall 1 0 0062 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0062 unsk stone 1 0 0064 flak flake 7 0 0064 flak flake 1 0 0064 flak shatter 1 0 0064 flak shatter 1 0 0064 retf retouched flake 1 0 0064 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0064 utbl utilised blade 1 0 0069 flak flake 1 0 0069 flak shatter 4 0 0071 burn burnt fragment 2 0 0071 flak flake 17 0 0071 flak shatter 7 0 0071 flak spall 1 0 0071 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0073 flak flake 5 0 0073 flak shatter 2 0 0073 flak spall 1 0 0075 flak flake 1 0 0077 flak flake 1 0 0083 flak flake 1 0 0083 flak shatter 0 0 0083 flak spall 3 0 0086 flak flake 4 0 0086 flak shatter 4 0 0086 flak spall 1 0 0086 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0092 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0094 core tested piece 1 0 0094 flak flake 1 0 0095 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0095 flak flake 2 0 0095 flak shatter 1 0 0099 flak flake 3 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0104 flak flake 4 0 0104 flak spall 3 0 0111 flak spall 1 0 0111 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0112 flak flake 1 0 0112 scpf scraper 1 0 0112 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0117 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0117 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0117 flak flake 4 0 0117 flak flake 1 0 0117 flak spall 2 0 0119 flak flake 1 0 0119 flak shatter 1 0 0119 retf retouched flake 1 0 0119 scpf scraper 1 0 0121 flak flake 13 0 0121 flak shatter 16 0 0121 flak spall 7 0 0121 utfl utilised fragment 1 0 0127 flak flake 2 0 0127 flak flake 1 0 0127 flak shatter 1 0 0129 flak flake 1 0 0131 flak flake 4 0 0137 flak flake 3 0 0139 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0141 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0141 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0141 flak flake 6 0 0141 flak flake 3 0 0141 flak shatter 2 0 0141 flak shatter 2 0 0141 flak spall 1 0 0142 flak flake 8 0 0142 flak shatter 4 0 0142 flak spall 7 0 0143 flak flake 4 0 0143 flak shatter 7 0 0143 scpf scraper 1 0 0149 flak flake 1 0 0149 flak spall 2 0 0151 core core fragment 1 0 0151 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0151 flak flake 32 0 0151 flak shatter 14 0 0151 flak spall 8 0 0151 retf retouched flake 1 0 0151 retf retouched flake 1 0 0151 retf retouched flake 1 0 0151 retf retouched flake 1 0 0152 flak flake 13 0 0152 flak shatter 2 0 0152 stfr struck fragment 0 0 0152 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0152 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0154 flak flake 2 0 0154 flak shatter 1 0 0161 flak flake 1 0 0165 core core fragment 1 0 0165 flak flake 3 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0165 flak flake 1 0 0165 flak shatter 1 0 0165 flak spall 1 0 0165 flak spall 1 0 0170 burn burnt fragment 1 0 0170 flak flake 1 0 0170 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0172 blad blade 1 0 0172 flak flake 10 0 0172 flak shatter 9 0 0173 flak flake 8 0 0174 burn burnt fragment 1 0 0174 flak flake 3 0 0174 flak shatter 1 0 0176 flak flake 4 0 0176 flak spall 1 0 0178 core core fragment 2 0 0178 core tested piece 1 0 0178 flak flake 3 0 0178 flak shatter 1 0 0178 flak shatter 5 0 0178 grnd quern 5 0 0178 hams flake 1 0 0178 notf notched flake 1 0 0178 unsk stone 1 0 0178 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0185 flak flake 1 0 0185 flak shatter 1 0 0186 flak flake 1 0 0186 retf retouched flake 1 0 0186 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0187 flak flake 1 0 0189 flak flake 2 0 0189 flak spall 1 0 0193 blad blade 1 0 0193 burn burnt fragment 9 0 0193 core tested piece 1 0 0193 flak flake 4 0 0193 flak shatter 8 0 0193 flak spall 1 0 0193 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0194 retf retouched flake 2 0 0196 burn burnt fragment 8 0 0196 core core/tool 1 0 0196 flak flake 5 0 0196 flak shatter 1 0 0196 flak spall 1 0 0196 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0196 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0198 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0207 flak shatter 1 0 0213 flak flake 2 0 0223 burn burnt fragment 2 0 0223 core keeled core 1 0 0223 flak flake 1 0 0223 flak shatter 1 0 0223 flak spall 1 0 0223 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0223 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0223 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0224 flak flake 2 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0224 flak shatter 2 0 0224 notb notched blade 1 0 0228 flak shatter 1 0 0230 flak flake 2 0 0230 flak shatter 1 0 0230 pecr piercer 1 0 0231 flak flake 16 0 0231 flak shatter 10 0 0231 flak shatter 1 0 0231 pecr piercer 1 0 0231 pecr piercer 1 0 0231 retf retouched fragment 1 0 0231 scpf scraper 1 0 0231 stfr struck fragment 3 0 0231 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0239 core tested piece 1 0 0239 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0239 flak flake 3 0 0239 flak shatter 8 0 0239 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0239 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0241 flak flake 1 0 0245 flak blade-like flake 3 0 0245 flak flake 1 0 0245 flak spall 1 0 0245 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0247 flak shatter 1 0 0249 burn burnt fragment 1 0 0249 flak flake 2 0 0249 flak shatter 4 0 0249 retf retouched flake 1 0 0249 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0251 flak flake 1 0 0253 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0253 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0255 flak flake 15 0 0255 flak shatter 3 0 0255 flak spall 1 0 0255 hams flake 2 0 0255 stfr struck fragment 4 0 0257 flak flake 1 0 0259 blad blade 1 0 0259 flak spall 1 0 0277 flak shatter 1 0 0290 blad blade 5 0 0290 flak flake 1 0 0290 retf retouched flake 1 0 0290 retf retouched flake 1 0 0292 flak spall 2 0 0299 flak flake 4 0 0299 flak shatter 4 0 0299 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0303 flak flake 3 0 0303 flak shatter 2 0 0303 hams flake 1 0 0304 flak flake 1 0 0306 flak spall 1 0 0316 flak flake 1 0 0316 flak shatter 1 0 0316 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0316 utfl utilised flake 1 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0329 flak flake 1 0 0329 flak shatter 1 0 0338 burn burnt fragment 3 0 0338 flak flake 1 0 0338 flak shatter 1 0 0352 flak flake 1 0 0382 flak flaked piece 1 0 0392 flak flake 1 0 0396 flak flake 2 0 0396 flak flake 8 0 0396 flak shatter 2 0 0400 core keeled core 1 0 0400 flak shatter 1 0 0400 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0402 flak shatter 13 0 0436 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0445 flak shatter 4 0 0448 core core/tool 1 0 0448 core keeled core 1 0 0448 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0448 core single platform blade core 1 0 0448 core single platform flake core 1 0 0448 flak flake 7 0 0448 flak spall 1 0 0448 retf retouched flake 1 0 0448 retf retouched flake 1 0 0448 scpf scraper 3 0 0448 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0448 utbl utilised blade 1 0 0450 core single platform flake core 1 0 0450 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0450 flak flake 4 0 0450 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0467 burn burnt fragment 0 0 0467 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0467 flak flake 2 0 0471 flak flake 1 0 0490 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0490 flak flake 1 0 0491 flak flake 1 0 0493 flak flake 2 0 0504 flak flake 2 0 0504 flak shatter 1 0 0504 flak spall 1 0 0512 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0516 flak spall 1 0 0516 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0522 flak flake 2 0 0522 flak flake 1 0 0522 flak shatter 4 0 0522 flak shatter 1 0 0522 flak spall 6 0 0530 flak flake 9 0 0530 flak shatter 3 0 0530 flak spall 1 0 0530 retf retouched flake 1 0 0530 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0531 flak flake 2 0 0534 core multi platform flake core 2 0 0534 core single platform blade core 1 0 0534 dent denticulate 1 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0534 flak flake 26 0 0534 flak flake 11 0 0534 flak shatter 16 0 0534 flak shatter 10 0 0534 flak spall 16 0 0534 notf notched flake 1 0 0534 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0534 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0538 flak flake 16 0 0538 flak shatter 3 0 0538 flak shatter 2 0 0538 flak spall 5 0 0538 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0538 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0538 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0540 flak shatter 1 0 0546 flak spall 1 0 0550 pecr spurred piece 1 0 0567 flak flake 2 0 0567 flak spall 3 0 0567 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0567 utfl utilised fragment 1 0 0578 flak flake 1 0 0596 utfl utilised fragment 1 0 0598 flak flake 1 0 0598 flak spall 2 0 0606 core tested piece 1 0 0606 flak chip 6 0 0606 flak flake 10 0 0606 flak flake 8 0 0606 flak shatter 13 0 0606 flak shatter 2 0 0606 flak shatter 2 0 0606 flak spall 26 0 0606 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0606 utbl utilised blade 2 0 0608 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0608 flak flake 9 0 0608 flak flake 2 0 0608 flak shatter 2 0 0608 flak spall 3 0 0609 core tested piece 1 0 0609 flak chip 3 0 0609 flak flake 35 0 0609 flak flake 4 0 0609 flak shatter 8 0 0609 flak shatter 8 0 0609 flak spall 14 0 0609 stfr struck fragment 3 0 0609 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0612 core core/tool 1 0 0612 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0612 flak flake 17 0 0612 flak shatter 8 0 0612 flak spall 2 0 0612 pecr piercer 1 0 0612 pecr piercer 1 0 0612 stfr struck fragment 4 0 0612 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0614 flak chip 8 0 0614 flak flake 1 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0614 flak flake 1 0 0614 flak flake 1 0 0614 flak shatter 4 0 0614 flak spall 1 0 0614 flak spall 8 0 0614 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0614 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0616 flak shatter 2 0 0616 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0619 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0621 flak flake 2 0 0627 flak flake 1 0 0636 flak flake 4 0 0636 retf retouched flake 1 0 0644 flak shatter 2 0 0644 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0644 unsk non-struck fragment 0 3 0646 core core fragment 1 1 0646 flak flake 4 0 0646 retf retouched fragment 1 1 0646 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0648 flak flake 9 0 0648 flak spall 3 0 0656 flak flake 4 0 0658 burn burnt fragment 2 0 0658 scpf end scraper 1 0 0661 flak flake 5 0 0661 flak shatter 1 0 0661 retf retouched flake 1 0 0672 stfr struck fragment 3 0 0676 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0676 flak flake 5 0 0676 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0678 flak flake 3 0 0678 flak flake 5 0 0678 flak shatter 3 0 0678 flak spall 10 0 0678 retf retouched flake 1 0 0678 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0680 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0684 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0684 flak flake 5 0 0684 flak spall 4 0 0686 scpf end/side scraper 1 0 0686 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0694 flak chip 1 0 0694 flak flake 1 0 0694 flak flake 3 0 0694 flak flake 8 0 0694 flak shatter 1 0 0694 flak shatter 1 0 0694 flak spall 7 0 0694 flak spall 2 0 0696 flak flake 2 0 0696 flak shatter 1 0 0696 flak spall 1 0 0696 retf retouched flake 1 0 0696 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0696 utfl utilised flake 2 0 0698 hams flake 1 0 0698 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0740 flak shatter 1 0 0740 flak spall 1 0 0746 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0746 utfl utilised fragment 1 0 0756 flak shatter 1 0 0756 utbl utilised blade 1 0 0758 flak shatter 7 0 0758 flak spall 1 0 0790 core single platform flake core 1 0 0790 flak blade-like flake 3 0 0790 flak blade-like flake 3 0 0790 flak flake 5 0 0790 flak flake 6 0 0790 flak spall 1 0 0790 pecr spurred piece 2 0 0790 retf retouched flake 1 0 0790 scpf scraper 1 0 0792 flak flake 7 0 0794 core core fragment 1 0 0794 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0794 flak flake 3 0 0794 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0796 core core/tool 1 0 0796 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0796 flak flake 11 0 0796 flak shatter 2 0 0796 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0797 dent denticulate 1 0 0797 flak flake 3 0 0797 flak shatter 3 0 0797 pecr spurred piece 1 0 0797 scpf end scraper 1 0 0800 dent serrated flake 1 0 0800 flak flake 8 0 0800 flak spall 1 0 0801 flak flake 1 0 0801 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0803 blad blade 1 0 0803 flak flake 5 0 0803 retf retouched flake 2 0 0811 flak chip 1 0 0811 flak flake 13 0 0811 flak flake 4 0 0811 flak shatter 2 0 0811 retf retouched fragment 1 0 0811 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0817 blad blade 2 0 0817 core multi platform flake core 2 0 0817 flak flake 6 0 0817 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0818 core tested piece 1 0 0818 flak flake 6 0 0820 flak flake 3 0 0820 flak shatter 2 0 0825 flak flake 1 0 0825 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0831 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0834 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0834 flak flake 10 0 0834 flak flake 7 0 0834 flak spall 2 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0839 blad blade 2 0 0839 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0839 flak flake 6 0 0839 flak spall 1 0 0839 retf retouched flake 1 0 0851 blad blade 1 0 0851 core tested piece 1 0 0851 flak flake 10 0 0851 flak shatter 1 0 0851 scpf scraper 1 0 0851 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0855 flak flake 6 0 0855 flak spall 6 0 0858 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0858 flak flake 3 0 0858 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0864 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0864 flak flake 1 0 0864 retf retouched flake 1 0 0869 core core fragment 1 0 0869 core multi platform blade core 1 0 0869 core single platform flake core 1 0 0869 flak chip 1 0 0869 flak flake 4 0 0869 retf retouched fragment 1 0 0877 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0877 flak flake 4 0 0877 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0878 flak flake 3 0 0878 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0880 flak flake 4 0 0880 notf notched flake 1 0 0880 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0882 core keeled core 1 0 0882 core keeled core 1 0 0882 flak flake 4 0 0882 flak shatter 2 0 0882 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0884 flak flake 3 0 0884 flak spall 1 0 0887 flak flake 18 0 0887 flak shatter 6 0 0887 pecr piercer 1 0 0887 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0888 flak flake 1 0 0888 flak shatter 2 0 0890 flak flake 5 0 0890 flak shatter 2 0 0890 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0893 flak flake 1 0 0896 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0896 flak flake 2 0 0896 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0901 core single platform flake core 1 0 0901 flak flake 6 0 0901 flak shatter 4 0 0901 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0901 utfl utilised flake 2 0 0912 flak flake 1 0 0913 flak flake 1 0 0914 flak flake 6 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0914 retf retouched flake 1 0 0915 core discoidal core 1 0 0915 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0915 flak flake 9 0 0915 flak flake 10 0 0915 flak spall 6 0 0915 hams hammerstone 1 0 0915 scpf end/side scraper 1 0 0917 flak chip 1 0 0917 flak flake 2 0 0917 flak flake 3 0 0917 flak shatter 1 0 0918 flak chip 3 0 0918 flak spall 2 0 0918 retf retouched flake 1 0 0919 core core fragment 1 0 0919 core tested piece 1 0 0919 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0919 flak flake 3 0 0919 flak shatter 1 0 0919 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0919 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0924 flak flake 1 0 0925 corf core fragment 1 0 0925 flak flake 1 0 0925 flak flake 4 0 0925 flak shatter 2 0 0925 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0925 utbl utilised blade 3 0 0926 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0926 flak flake 8 0 0926 unsk stone 1 0 0926 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0927 flak flake 1 0 0927 flak shatter 1 0 0927 notf notched flake 1 0 0927 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0928 flak flake 2 0 0931 core single platform flake core 1 0 0931 flak flake 2 0 0932 blad blade 1 0 0932 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0932 flak flake 7 0 0932 utfl utilised flake 0 0 0933 flak flake 3 0 0934 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0934 flak flake 11 0 0934 flak spall 2 0 0942 flak chip 2 0 0942 flak flake 7 0 0942 flak shatter 7 0 0942 flak spall 17 0 0942 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0963 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0963 flak flake 4 0 0963 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0965 flak chip 1 0 0965 flak flake 2 0 0965 flak flake 1 0 0965 flak shatter 7 0 0965 flak shatter 1 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0965 flak spall 5 0 0965 flak spall 1 0 0965 mcrl microlith 1 0 0965 unsk non-struck fragment 0 2 0966 flak flake 5 0 0966 flak shatter 2 0 0966 notf notched flake 1 0 0968 flak flake 2 0 0969 flak flake 6 0 0973 corf core trimming flake 1 0 0973 flak flake 2 0 0973 flak shatter 1 0 0978 notf notched flake 1 0 0978 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0980 flak chip 8 0 0980 flak flake 5 0 0980 flak shatter 7 0 0980 flak spall 11 0 0980 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0983 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0983 flak flake 21 0 0983 flak flake 1 0 0983 flak shatter 5 0 0983 flak shatter 1 0 0983 flak spall 15 0 0983 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0984 flak flake 1 0 0984 flak shatter 3 0 0987 core tested piece 1 0 0987 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0987 flak flake 3 0 0993 corf core trimming flake 1 0 0993 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0993 flak flake 4 0 0993 flak shatter 1 0 0993 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0997 flak flake 2 0 0997 flak spall 1 0 1062 flak spall 1 0 1067 flak flake 9 0 1067 flak shatter 2 0 1067 flak spall 3 0 1067 retf flaked tool 1 0 1068 flak chip 1 0 1068 flak shatter 2 0 1068 flak spall 2 0 1068 stfr struck fragment 1 0 1074 corf core tablet 1 0 1074 flak flake 1 0 1085 flak flake 1 0 1085 retf retouched flake 1 0 1094 core tested piece 1 0 1094 flak flake 1 0

Site 090

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0000 flak spall 1 0 0001 blad blade 1 0 0001 fabr fabricator 1 0 0001 flak flake 3 0 0001 hams hammerstone 1 0 0001 retf retouched flake 2 0 0001 scpf scraper 1 0 0001 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0021 flak flake 4 0 0021 flak shatter 1 0 0021 flak spall 1 0 0035 flak flake 3 0 0037 blad blade 1 0 0045 flak flake 2 0 0057 flak flake 10 0 0057 flak shatter 2 0 0060 flak flake 15 0 0060 flak shatter 3 0 0060 flak spall 3 0 0060 grnd quern 1 0 0060 retf retouched flake 2 0 0060 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0060 unsk non-struck fragment 0 4 0063 flak chip 2 0 0063 flak flake 7 0 0063 flak shatter 1 0 0063 flak spall 3 0 0063 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0066 flak flake 1 0 0068 flak shatter 1 0 0096 flak flake 1 0 0096 flak spall 1 0 0105 blad blade 1 0 0105 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0105 flak flake 2 0 0105 flak spall 1 0 0106 flak flake 2 0 0108 core core fragment 1 0 0108 flak flake 1 0 0111 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0111 retf retouched flake 1 0 0115 flak flake 1 0 0118 flak spall 1 0 0118 pecr spurred piece 1 0 0118 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0126 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0126 flak flake 8 0 0127 utbl utilised blade 1 0 0129 flak spall 3 0 0130 core core fragment 1 0 0130 flak flake 4 0 0136 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0144 flak flake 3 0 0176 flak flake 6 0 0176 flak shatter 3 0 0189 flak shatter 1 0 0189 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0203 blad blade 1 0 0204 flak spall 1 0 0222 flak flake 1 0 0222 flak spall 1 0 0223 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0232 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0290 core tested piece 1 0 0290 flak flake 1 0 0290 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0292 flak flake 1 0 0298 flak spall 1 0 0300 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0302 flak flake 2 0 0302 flak shatter 1 0 0312 flak chip 7 0 0312 flak flake 20 0 0312 grnd quern 5 0 0312 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0312 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0314 blad blade 1 0 0314 core discoidal core 1 0 0314 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0314 flak flake 3 0 0314 notb notched blade 1 0 0314 retf retouched flake 1 0 0320 flak shatter 1 0 0324 blad bladelet 1 0 0324 flak flake 1 0 0328 flak shatter 1 0 0334 core single platform flake core 1 0 0334 flak flake 7 0 0334 flak shatter 2 0 0334 grnd quern 1 0 0342 flak flake 1 0 0342 flak shatter 1 0 0344 blad blade 1 0 0344 flak flake 3 0 0344 flak spall 1 0 0345 core multi platform blade core 1 0 0345 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0345 flak flake 2 0 0345 flak spall 1 0 0355 flak flake 4 0 0360 flak flake 1 0 0362 flak flake 12 0 0362 utbl utilised blade 1 0 0363 flak flake 1 0 0377 flak shatter 4 0 0377 flak spall 1 0 0377 grnd quern 3 0 0378 core single platform flake core 1 0 0378 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0378 flak flake 1 0 0380 flak shatter 2 0 0384 flak flake 2 0 0384 flak shatter 1 0 0384 stfr struck fragment 1 0 0386 flak spall 3 0 0388 flak flake 2 0 0390 core single platform flake core 1 0 0390 flak flake 1 0

Context Cat. Type Quantity Non-str. 0390 flak spall 1 0 0392 flak flake 3 0 0392 flak shatter 4 0 0392 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0396 flak chip 1 0 0396 flak flake 4 0 0396 flak shatter 1 0 0396 flak spall 2 0 0398 flak chip 3 0 0398 flak flake 4 0 0401 core multi platform flake core 1 0 0401 flak blade-like flake 1 0 0401 flak flake 2 0 0401 flak shatter 2 0 0401 flak spall 1 0 0411 burn burnt fragment 1 0 0411 flak flake 1 0 0411 flak shatter 1 0 0411 flak spall 1 0 0413 flak flake 2 0 0413 flak spall 3 0 0413 stfr struck fragment 2 0 0422 flak flake 2 0 0422 flak spall 1 0 0422 utfl utilised flake 1 0 0425 core core/tool 1 0 0434 pecr piercer 1 0 0441 flak flake 6 0 0441 flak shatter 8 0 0441 unsk utilised fragment 1 0 0453 unsk non-struck fragment 0 1 0461 flak flake 2 0 0461 knff backed knife 1 0 0463 flak blade-like flake 2 0 0463 flak flake 8 0 0463 flak spall 7 0

Appendix III.f Small Finds (site 088)

SF no Context Period Material Object Name No frags Wt Length Width Depth Diameter Comments 1001 0020 PRE FLINT Arrowhead 1 2 Complete leaf shaped arrowhead, unpaternated and bifacially finely marked. 1002 0042 PMED COPPER ALLOY Coin 1 12 1799 George III Halfpenny. OBV Bust with Georgius de gratia rex. REV Britannia 1799. Third issue. Soho mint 1003 0061 PRE STONE Hand quern? 1 1910

1004 0788 PMED COPPER ALLOY Jetton 1 2 0.5 27 A worn jetton. On one side is vissible an orb and possibly the letters ONV. On the other side a lion. Possibly a Lion of St Mark jetton from nuremburg of 16th century date. Found with metal detector. 1005 0041 PMED COPPER ALLOY Button 1 2 7 21 Button with circular, flat front. On the back is a U‐shaped hoop. 1006 0636 PRE STONE Tool? 1 335 106 53 Ovoid shaped stone with one end rounded and the other end chamfered. Ovoid in section. 1007 0882 PRE CERAMIC Loomweight 4 397 105 88 Pieces of a cylindrical loomwieght with the remains of a central perforation. On the underside the weight is decorated with finger impressions.

02 December 2014 Page 1 of 4 SF no Context Period Material Object Name No frags Wt Length Width Depth Diameter Comments 1008 0809 PRE STONE Wristguard 1 110 21 8 Fragment of fine‐grained stone, slightly waisted and with two perforations. Sand and evidence of possible other material on surface. See parallels in Ann Woodwards catalogue. 1009 0809 PRE AMBER Toggle 3 45 12 Boat‐shaped frags of amber with perforation on the underside from Beaker burial. Some concretions/sand on surface. Shallow v‐perforation on one surface. Ian Sheppard PPS 2009 ‐ V‐ perforated buttons of Eng and Ire. Beck and Sherwin 1990 Amber in Prehistory. 1010 0809 PRE AMBER Toggle 1 44 22 Single fragment of boat‐shaped amber with 2 perforations. From Beaker burial. (see same refs as listed in SF 1009). 1011 0809 BONE Object? 1 51 89 30 Piece of mineralised bone, possibly worked? 1012 0606 PRE CERAMIC Loomweight 6 67 57 25 Small fragments of loomweights. One piece has impressed decoration in a row. The fabric is orange/buff coloured with few visible inclusions. 1013 0600 PRE CERAMIC Loomweight 14 232 87 65 Fragments of a triangular loomweight. One piece has remians of a perforation. One piece appears to be a point. Fabric is buff coloured and has the occasional flint inclusion. 1014 0783 PRE CERAMIC Loomweight 1 433 97 89 Piece of a cylindrical loomweight with central perforation. Fabric is buff/orange coloured with occasional flint inclusion.

02 December 2014 Page 2 of 4 SF no Context Period Material Object Name No frags Wt Length Width Depth Diameter Comments 1015 0696 PRE CERAMIC Loomweight 1 276 101 65 Conical shaped loom weight with a perforation through the top. Fabric is buff coloured with occasinal flint inclusion. Additional failed perforation close to the base. Bronze age? 1016 0619 PRE CERAMIC Loomweight 1 610 94 108 Half of a cylindrical loomweight with remains of a central perforation. The fabric is buff coloured and vesicular with some flint/quartz inclusions. 1017 0646 PRE STONE Tool? 1 231 79 54 Piece of sandstone with worked faces. Looks like the head of a tool. 1018 0606 PRE CERAMIC Spindle whorl 1 19 18 35 Ring shaped spindle whorl with central perforation. Edges are rounded. Lower surface roughly made. Fabric is brown in colour with few inclusions. Found in a soil sample. 1019 0534 PRE CERAMIC Loomweight 3 52 59 32 Three fragments of a loomweight ‐ two are corner pieces, possibly from a triangular loomwieght. Fabric is a buff/brown colour with moderate amounts of quartz/flint inclusions. 1020 0060 PRE STONE Hammerstone 1 899 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1004) 1021 0061 PRE STONE Hammerstone 1 334 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1005) 1022 0003 PRE STONE Hammerstone 1 712 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1006)

02 December 2014 Page 3 of 4 SF no Context Period Material Object Name No frags Wt Length Width Depth Diameter Comments 1023 0062 PRE STONE Hammerstone 1 977 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1007) 1024 0178 PRE STONE Hammerstone 1 480 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1008) 1025 0003 PRE STONE Hammerstone 1 223 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1009) 1026 0069 PRE FLINT Flake 1 49 Palaeolithic flake. SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1010) 1027 0086 PRE FLINT Flake 1 45 Palaeolithic flake. SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1011) 1028 0117 PRE FLINT Flake 1 3 Palaeolithic flake. SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1012) 1029 0178 PRE FLINT Quernstone 1 539 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1013) 1030 0022 PRE BONE? Bead? 1 0 SF number amended by RB on 15.2.11 (was 1014)

02 December 2014 Page 4 of 4 Appendix III.f Small Finds (site 090)

Small Context Period Material ObjectName Wt Length Width Height Description 1001 0176 PREH Fired Clay Spindle whorl 20 36 24 Complete biconical spindle whorl with central perforation. Made from a buff/orange fabric with occasional sand inclusions. Possibly Bronze Age. 1002 0191 UNK Iron ?Fitting 22 85 22 Iron strip, slightly curved. One terminal is flattened into a triangular shape. From the middle of the shaft is a curved protrusion. Heavily corroded. 1003 0218 PMED Copper alloy Coin 0.4 17 Copper alloy farthing of James I (1603 ‐ 25). Obv: very worn overall. Part of the legend remains reading "IACO" following a mint mark of a mullet. Rev: Harp with crown and legend " FRA:ET[HIB] : R[EX]. The coin is struck off centre and bent. The mint mark could mean the coin is from the second issue so dating to 1611‐12. 1004 0220 PMED Copper alloy Button 1 14 6 Cast copper alloy button with integral fastening loop. Outer surface is flat and decorated with a star pattern. Underneath surface has the lettering "WARRAMTED . RXTSAQUNL". Button worn around the edge. 1005 0220 UNK Iron Clench Bolt 52 80 29 Iron shaft with square head and smaller square plate at the opposite terminal. Heavily corroded. Likely to be a piece of structural ironwork such as a clench bolt. 1006 0237 PMED Iron Horseshoe 378 154 140 Lge comp horseshoe W143mm L142mm ‐ prob carthorse/shirehorses. 4 rectangular nailholes arranged 4/4. 2 tapering nails in situ. Probably late post‐medieval 1007 0338 PMED Iron Horseshoe 177 129 124 Almost complete horseshoe, 4 rectangular nailholes arranged 4/4. Much thinner metal than SF1006. Prob 17th C. The horseshoe is heavily corroded and broken at one terminal.

02 December 2014 Page 1 of 4 Small Context Period Material ObjectName Wt Length Width Height Description 1008 0326 UNK Copper alloy Bell 31912 ?Rim fragment of a crotal bell. Tthe surfaces are pitted.

1009 0326 PMED Copper alloy Button 3 18 6 Flat disc shaped button head with broken iron loop on the underside. Head is slightly lipped around the rim. Iron loop is corroded. 1010 0326 MOD Copper alloy Coin 8.3 28 Worn coin. Obv: bust facing right, possible lettering "GEO". Modern damage to surface. Smooth most places from wear. Rev: worn almost smooth. 1011 0326 PMED Copper alloy Ring 3194 Copper alloy ring with chamfered band. Damaged on the outer edge. Possibly a washer/collar, or even a curtain ring. 1012 0326 PMED Copper alloy Fitting 12 45 33 Folded piece of copper alloy sheet with four rivet holes in opposing pairs. The object has a longer length where folded then tapers. Possibly a fitting of some type ‐ perhaps a handle escutcheon. 1013 0012 Copper alloy ?Sheet/waste 59 51 33 Piece of folded sheet lead, curved and broken. Could be a piece of lead binding. 1014 0364 Iron Nails 32 58 12 Eight pieces of iron nails. The heads are square but not much larger than the nail shafts. Some encrustation of dirt and all are corroded. 1015 0221 Iron Nails 7288 Two pieces of iron nails. Heads are not much broader than the shaft of the nails. Shafts are square/ rectangular in section. Both pieces are corroded. 1016 0334 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 34 61 37 Fragment of a loomweight ‐ an angled piece. Possibly from a triangular loomweight. Made from an orange fabric (with buff coloured surface) with moderate inclusions.

02 December 2014 Page 2 of 4 Small Context Period Material ObjectName Wt Length Width Height Description 1017 0377 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 77 68 49 Three pieces of a triangular loomweight ‐ two clearly join together. The larger piece is a corner. The fabric is orange with a buff coloured outer surface. It has moderate amount of sand inclusions, some large in size. Of Iron age date. 1018 0384 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 07942 Fragment of a cylindrical loomweight. The outer surface is quite rough and slopes upto the collar/shoulder of the loomweight. Fabric is a buff/grey colour with moderate sand/flint inclusions and voids. Of bronze age date. 1019 0384 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 185 55 38 Four fragments of a triangular loomweight. One of the fragments is a corner piece. The outer surface appears smooth/polished. The fabric is buff coloured with a grey core. It is a predominantly fine fabric with occasional flint inclusions. 1020 0388 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 36 35 41 Fragment of a ?cylindrical loomweight. It has a rough outer surface and remains of a central perforation. The fabric is buff coloured with moderate inclusions and voids ‐ some large. Possibly a Bronze age loomweight. 1021 0392 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 45 51 49 Fragment of a loomweight. Orange outer surface/grey core. The outer surface is rough. The fabric contains moderate amounts of flint and voids. 1022 0386 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 177 64 54 Three pieces of loomweights ‐ all seem to be corner fragments so possibly from Iron age triangular loomweights. The fabrics are buff coloured with moderate amounts of sand inclusions. 1023 0403 PREH Fired clay Loomweight 103 57 52 Fragment of a loomweight with curved outer surface ‐ possibly a corner. Fabric is coarse with frequent sand inclusions and voids. Mainly buff/orange coloured. 1024 0060 PREH Flint Grinder 81 36 Flint tool which has one surface edge that is heavily pitted/rough ‐ appears to have been used as a grinder. (Re‐ numbered from 1001)

02 December 2014 Page 3 of 4 Small Context Period Material ObjectName Wt Length Width Height Description 1025 0060 PREH Ceramic Loomweight 88 58 43 Fragment of a cylindrical loomweight ‐ this piece has a corner edge. The fabric is buff‐orange; has some occasional flint inclusions and voids that may have been organic material. Probably Bronze Age. (Re‐numbered from 1002). 1026 0057 PREH Ceramic Spindle Whorl 14 36 17 Biconical spindle whorl ‐ incomplete. Perforation is central, passing through the object at an angle. Diameter of perforation is 4mm ‐ 8mm. Fabric is orange with sandy inclusions. (Re‐ numbered from 1003).

02 December 2014 Page 4 of 4

Appendix IV. Oasis Data Collection Form

OASIS ID: suffolkc1-154978

Project details

Project name FLN 088 and FLN 090, Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton: An Archaeological Assessment

Short description Archaeological excavations associated with the continuing expansion of Flixton Park of the project Quarry revealed evidence for multi-period activity. The principal periods identified were: Early Neolithic (pits), Early Bronze Age (funerary monuments), Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age (settlement), Late Iron Age/Early Roman (field system) and post- medieval (field system).

Project dates Start: 18-05-2009 End: 31-12-2013

Previous/future Yes / Yes work

Any associated FLN 013, 053, 056, 057, 059, 061,062, 063, 064, 065, 068, 069, 086, 091 - HER project reference event no. codes

Type of project Recording project

Site status None

Current Land use Industry and Commerce 5 - Mineral extraction

Monument type FUNERARY MONUMENTS Early Bronze Age

Monument type HUT CIRCLES Late Bronze Age

Monument type FOUR POST STRUCTURES Late Bronze Age

Monument type PITS Late Bronze Age

Monument type FIELD SYSTEM Late Iron Age

Monument type FIELD SYSTEM Post Medieval

Monument type PITS Early Neolithic

Significant Finds POTTERY Early Neolithic

Significant Finds AMBER TOGGLES Early Bronze Age

Significant Finds BEAKER POT Early Bronze Age

Significant Finds WRISTGUARD Early Bronze Age

Significant Finds LOOMWEIGHTS Late Bronze Age

Significant Finds WORKED FLINT Late Bronze Age

Significant Finds SPINDLE WHORL Late Bronze Age

Significant Finds POTTERY Late Bronze Age

Significant Finds QUERN Late Bronze Age

Investigation type '''Full excavation''','''Open-area excavation'''

Prompt Direction from Local Planning Authority - PPG16

Project location

Country England

Site location SUFFOLK WAVENEY FLIXTON (NEAR BUNGAY) FLN 088 and FLN 090, Flixton Park Quarry

Study area 3.15 Hectares

Site coordinates TM 3075 8680 52.4298562578 1.39467947483 52 25 47 N 001 23 40 E Point

Height OD / Min: 13.50m Max: 16.50m Depth

Project creators

Name of Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Organisation

Project brief Local Authority Archaeologist and/or Planning Authority/advisory body originator

Project design Edward Martin originator

Project Stuart Boulter director/manager

Project supervisor Stuart Boulter

Type of Quarry sponsor/funding body

Name of Cemex UK Materials Ltd. sponsor/funding body

Project archives

Physical Archive Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service recipient

Physical Archive FLN 088 and 090 ID

Physical Contents ''Animal Bones'',''Ceramics'',''Environmental'',''Human Bones'',''Industrial'',''Metal'',''Worked stone/lithics'',''other''

Digital Archive Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service recipient

Digital Archive ID FLN 088 and 090

Digital Contents ''Animal Bones'',''Ceramics'',''Environmental'',''Human Bones'',''Metal'',''Stratigraphic'',''Survey'',''Worked stone/lithics'',''other''

Digital Media ''Database'',''Images raster / digital photography'',''Spreadsheets'',''Survey'',''Text'' available

Paper Archive Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service recipient

Paper Archive ID FLN 088 and 090

Paper Contents ''Animal Bones'',''Ceramics'',''Environmental'',''Human Bones'',''Metal'',''Stratigraphic'',''Survey'',''Worked stone/lithics'',''other''

Paper Media ''Context sheet'',''Correspondence'',''Drawing'',''Manuscript'',''Map'',''Miscellaneous available Material'',''Notebook - Excavation',' Research',' General Notes'',''Photograph'',''Plan'',''Report'',''Section'',''Survey '',''Unpublished Text''

Entered by Stuart Boulter ([email protected])

Entered on 17 October 2014

OASIS:

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