Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot Index
by Peter B Gunn
References in italics denote figures and tables. There may be textual references on these pages.
Aalden, Holland: brooch 81-2 Grave No. 125 55-6 Abbey Mills, Didcot 201 Grave No. 128 56 Abingdon Abbey 204 Grave No. 129 56-7 Abingdon, Oxon , Grave No. 135 58 Abingdon I Grave No. 136 58 amber beads 91 Grave No. 141 59 bone beads 225 Grave No. 149 59-60, 100 dating of graves 142 Grave No. 150 60 early Germanic burials 138 infants 110, 111 early settlement 142, 242 Grave No. 2 29, 86, 92 faience beads 97 Grave No. 13 32 metal-in-glass beads 96 Grave No. 19 33 spearheads 222 Grave No. 37 38 weapon burials 68, 69, 73 Grave No. 64 45, 75, 76, 81 age /sex distribution of deaths 108,108 Grave No. 68 46 Corporation Farm: prehistoric finds 13 Grave No. 74 47 pin finds 89 Grave No. 78 48 pottery 231 Grave No. 103 51 Roman settlement 208 Grave No. 118 54-5 soils 4 Grave No. 150 60 wooden grave structure 121 satellite burial F97 11 see also Ashville; Barton Court Farm neonatal 16 aerial photography Grave No. 38 38 and Didcot 242 see also gender structure land patterns 208 age structure (Didcot) xvi, 211, 233, 238 Mount Farm 27 and knives 222 Roman enclosures 111 and status 242 Roman evidence 14, 16, 26 child burials 224, 239 Wally Corner cropmarks 4, 6,7,7 Grave No. 6 214 aes (coin) 16 Grave No. 9 215 age structure (Berinsfield) xvi, 28, 106 infants 238 burial distribution 133, 136 ' Grave No 12 216, 223, 224, 229 comparison with Abingdon 108, 108 and children's status 242 cremation burials 109 agriculture distribution of deaths 107 Bronze Age 207 grave body position 117,118 cereal crops 4, 27, 142, 220 grave catalogue 28-66 passim disturbance by 11 grave good analysis 130-3 Mount Farm 27 grave population 112-116 pastoral 27, 142 knives 73, 74, 74 and plough damage 8, 101,116, 205, 213 weapon burials 67, 69-70 and Roman ditches: Didcot 208 child burials 69, 75, 106, 116 Thames valley 4 and beads 92 Alcester-Dorchester Roman road 6 and brooches 75, 76 alder remains 222, 235 grave dimensions 120, 121 ale 106 grave good analysis 129,130,131^ 132,132 Alfred 204 Grave No. 2 90 Alfriston, East Sussex 73, 83, 84 Grave No. 5 90 Allen, Major 4, 6, 7 Grave No. 10 31 Allen's Pit: pottery production 24 Grave No. 14 32 alluviation 201 Grave No. 15 32 Alton, Hants Grave No. 35 37 body burial position 239 Grave No. 48 39-40 cremation evidence 123 Grave No. 55 42 four-post structures 108, 123, 124 Grave No. 57 43 grave orientation 124 Grave No. 58 43 amber 142, 224 Grave No. 59 43 amber beads see under beads Grave No. 61 44, 70 amethyst 224 Grave No. 86 49, 88 Amey Roadstone Corporation 3 Grave No. 92 50 Amey's Pit, Burcot 142 Grave No. 122 55 amulet capsules 227
260 Index amulets 223, 229 cropmark evidence 26 Andover, Hants discovery of cemetery 202 weapon burials 68 early history 204 see also Portway land patterns 208 Anglo-Saxon cemeteries see Berinsfield; Didcot pottery 24, 26 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 137 prehistoric finds 13 Anglo-Saxon period " Roman biological samples 3 at Dorchester-on-Thames 243 archaeological background board game 223 Berinsfield 137-42 brooch finds 83 Didcot202, 203 and child burial 131 arrowheads 60, 67, 69, 210 and children's status 242 Ashendon, brooch finds 80 copper alloys 235 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford xvi, 4, 22, 28, 73, 99, 106, 202 cremation burials 61-2 '1980 pot' 101, 102-3 and cremations 108-9 Ashville, Abingdon 3, 27, 208 Didcot features 201, 202, 218-21 Asthall, Oxon, charred wood remains 121 and environmental change 27 Aston Remenham, Berks: brooch finds 80 finger rings 227 Aubrey, John: Miscellanies 97 gaming pieces 222-3 Avon valley: brooches 83 grave patterns 208 bag ring, ivory 53 graves 7, 22 bags/bag collections 228 Lechlade, Butler's Field 7 see also girdle groups ring ditch 14 bangle 227 rings 88 Banstead Down, Surrey 106 Roman coins in graves 229 Barham Down, Kent: inhumations 123, 124 Roman objects in burials 126 barrel padlock 212, 213, 222, 228 settlement 80, 237 Barrington A, Cambs: brooch finds 78 . shield boss 3 Barrow Hills, Radley, Oxon 13, 14, 209, 231 supine burial 239 barrows 130 textile remains 103 Mount Farm 13
vessels 4 Wally Corner 7, 14 '..:' _.. . early see also Barrow Hills; pond barrows ..--_.,. at Berinsfield xvi Barton-on-Humber, Humberside: work-boxes 224 at Dorchester-on-Thames 4 Barton Court Farm, Abingdon 3 •"••.».- settlement 137,138-41,139,142, 143, 204 Coleoptera 27 '...... Upper Thames valley 142 pottery 17, 24, 26, 209, 231 . mid Saxon period 141 Roman biological samples 3 . late Saxon period 141 basketwork 78 padlocks 228 Bassett Down, Wilts: metal-in-glass beads 96 see also Berinsfield; Didcot; graves; pottery; sunken beads 33, 37, 38, 45, 75, 76, 91-8, 97, 202, 224-6, 227, 238, 240 featured buildings (SFBs) amber 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 88,.91-2, 92, 93, 94,95, 96, animals 97,98,127 .'] beetles 27, 142 grave catalogue (Berinsfield) 29-34, 38, 40, 43-6, 48-53, birds 62 57,58 ' ••••'". domestic 110-11 barrel-shaped 240 cattle 110, 111,236, 237 biconical 240 dogs 40, 110, 111, 120, 126 bone 215, 216, 225 " horses 110, 212, 222-3, 236, 237 calcareous 91, 97 sheep 16, 38, 56, 62, 103, 110-11, 236, 237 classification of 28 livestock management 207 copper alloy 81 wild 110,119 crystal 41, 42, 88, 91, 94, 97 deer 11,12,110 disc 225 foxes 58, 110, 111, 119 faience 53, 91, 97 rodents 58, 110 glass 76, 81, 82, 88, 91, 92-7, 96, 224, 227, 229, 238 see also bone, animal grave catalogues antler picks 11, 12, 14 Berinsfield 31, 33, 34, 38, 40-3, 45-6, 49-58, 62 Apple Down, West Sussex Didcot214 buckle types 87 metal-in-glass 52, 81, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96-7 burial feature 240 see also beads, monochrome glass; beads, polychrome burial position 118, 124, 239 glass glass beads 96 grave catalogue (Didcot) 211, 214 grave structures 239 : ironstone 91, 97 post structures 108, 123, 124 lead 91, 97, 225 rings 90 monochrome glass 91, 92, 93, 93-4, 97, 225, 226, 240 spiral rings 88 annular 93 wood lining 121 barrel 214, 225 Appleford, Oxon biconical 94, 216, 225, 243 burial evidence 243 disc 93 Coleoptera 27 drawn-cylinder 94
261 Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot
melon 94 sheep 62, 110-11, 236, 237 pentagonal cylinder 94 beads 215, 216, 225 short coiled/coiled cylinders 93 . and building identification 141 short cylinder rounded 94, 214, 225 combs 44, 45, 90, 227 organic 225 counters 223 paste 35, 81 disc 44 polychrome glass 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 226 gaming pieces 222 biconical 95, 2.14, 216, 226 human xviii, 3, 8, 11, 106-8, 202, 204, 211, 233-4 cylinder 95 fromF116 14 disc 95, 216, 226 osteological evidence 232, 237-8 horned 216, 226 , see also cremation burials; graves; osteo-arthritis; melon 95 osteophytes short cylinder 216, 226 pendant 98 short cylinder rounded 95 pins 49, 58, 76, 88, 127 and sex determination 112 and shells 109,110 shell 91, 97 spindle whorl 227 stone 36, 56, 91, 97 weaving pick xvi, 220 wood 215, 216 bowls 22, 24 Beaker: barrows 14 bronze (Perlrandbecken) 204, 243 beakers 19, 22, 24, 26 carinated 22, 102 Beckford, Hereford & Worcester: brooch finds 80, 83, 84 Roman 26 Bede 137, 243 boxes, wood 97, 101, 229 Beech House, Dorchester-on-Thames 102, 138 see also work-boxes beetles 27, 142 bracken: in graves 123 belt fittings 86-7, 126, 130, 137, 138, 225, 229 bracteates 226-7 copper alloy 30, 51, 56, 87, 127 Bradstow, Kent: inhumations 123, 124 Dorchester-type 68 Bretton, Greater Peterborough, Cambs 81 iron 29 Brighthampton, Oxon mount 87, beads 97, 225 see also buckles brooches 78 Bergh Apton, Norfolk 100, 103, 106 bucket 98 Berinsfield, Wally Corner xvi, 2-197 British Museum 13, 28, 223 archaeological/historical context 137-42 Broadstairs, Kent: inhumations 123 cemetery detail 112 bronze cemetery plan and organisation 133-7, 250 bowls 204 discovery of cemetery 3-4, 8 buckle 215 excavation method 8 disc 224 finds 11-14, 67-111 objects 88, 229 limits of cemetery 112 pendants 225 place name 8, 144 spear-shaft fitting 71 post-excavation history xviii wire knot rings 240 prehistoric features 11-14 work-box 229 Roman features 14-16 Bronze Age 27 Roman period 26-7 agriculture and land use 207 Roman pottery 16-26 at Wally Corner 7 site in context 142-3 flint 210 site geography 4 early xvi social organisation 127-33 at Radley 14 see also age structure; gender structure; grave goods; graves; pond barrow 11, 58, 76 pottery; status pottery 209 Bidford-on-Avon, Warwicks: weapon burials 73 early/middle: pottery finds 13 Big Rings henge monument, Dorchester-on-Thames 4, 13, 14 middle/late: land division 207 biological deposits: Mount Farm 27 brooches 75, 75-86, 76, 90, 103, 240 bird vertebra 62 annular 227 Birmingham: City Museum 84 applied 62, 82, 83 Bishop's Court, Dorchester-on-Thames 4,142, 143 bow 81 Bishop's Court House, Dorchester-on-Thames 142, 143 button 32, 33, 75, 80, 126-7 Blewburton, Oxon: brooch finds 77, 81 disc 75, 76-7, 78, 81, 85, 88, 118, 126, 224 Blewburton Hill, Oxon 106 copper alloy 82, 99 Blewbury, Oxon 13 grave catalogue 29-31, 37-8, 40, 43-4, 48-9, 55-6, 60 bone equal-armed 30, 31, 77, 81-2, 82, 124, 126, 142 animal xvi, xviii, 109-11, 207, 218, 236, 236 and female burials 131, 132,132 bird 62 Germanic 137 cattle 236, 237 gold 202, 243 dog 126 Roman 49,' 82, 126 fox 58 saucer 75-6, 77, 83-4, 88, 90, 91, 95, 98, 99, 127, 142, 143 fromF116 14 ., ' . applied 45, 57, 77, 142 horse 236, 237 cast 76, 77-80, 79, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 127 rodents 58 grave catalogue 33-4, 38, 41-2, 44-5, 47-8, 51, 53, 62
262 Index
copper alloy 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 57, 62 cereal crops 4, 27, 142, 220, 235 shoulder 127-30 ceremony 14 silver 83, 97 and ring-cairns 13 small square-headed 48, 85, 85, 127 sites: Dorchester-on-Thames group of 4 small-long 43, 49-50, 52, 75, 80-1, 85, 112, 118, 126 see also rites square-headed xviii, 51, 53, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 83, 83-6, 84, chains 45, 75, 81, 216, 228 86, 87, 88,127, 142 chalk 201 Stutzarmfibel (supporting-arm) 45, 75, 76, 81, 126, 142 Chamberlains Barn, Leighton Buzzard, Beds and textiles 103, 106 beads 225 Broomfield, Essex: weaving 103 necklaces 88 brush holders 32, 33, 53, 89, 98 Site I: glass beads 95 bucket urns, Deverel-Rimbury xvi, 11, 13, 14, 108 Site II: pendant 227 buckets 97, 98, 98-101, 99, 118, 124, 126 Chambers, Richard 3 copper alloy-bound 36, 41, 42, 51, 59-60, 78/88, 106 charcoal 11, 52, 57, 121, 207, 215, 218, 221, 239 iron from 37, 40, 41, 46, 98, 99, 100 staining 31 loop of 62 charnel deposits 68, 119, 120 Buckland cemetery, Dover Chartham, Kent 228 beads 28, 92, 96, 211 chatelaines 202, 213, 215, 216, 225, 228, 234, 238, 240 glass 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 225, 226 Chatham Lines, Kent: brooch finds 85 body burial position 118, 239 Cheapside, London 223 buckets 100 chemical polution 233 buckles 87, 229 chert 54, 209 child burial 116 Chessell Down, Isle of Wight: brooch finds 83, 84 infant burial 238 Chi-squared test 131-2 keys 228 Chilterns209 knives 73, 222 Christianity rings 90 conversion to 124 shears 229 and 'Final Phase' 240-2 weaving 103, 106 and grave orientation 124 buckles 83, 86-7, 142, 222, 227, 229, 240 and King Cynegils 137 " copper alloy 51, 56, 78, 87, 127 and pagan burial grounds 143, 243 iron 36, 37, 38, 40, 45, 48-9, 53, 55, 57, 86, 87, 216, 240 spread of 92 iron/bronze 215 and work-boxes 224 loops 87, 88 chronology see dating loops, iron 39, 40, 41, 42, 54 Church Piece, Warborough, Oxoh 138 plates 48, 87 civitates 24, 137 shield-on-tongue 87 clay 11, 201, 218 Burcot Lane 4-6, 8 pottery manufacture 209 " ' Burcot, Oxon: Amey's Pit 142 roofing tiles 26 Burgred of Mercia 141 well lining 14-16 burials, satellite see satellite burial cloth bags 90 Burwell, Cambs 124, 223, 224, 229 coffins 121, 239 Butler's Field see Lechlade coins 81, 82 button brooches 32, 33, 75, 80, 126-7 of Burgred of Mercia 141 Caesarius of Aries 92 copper alloy 35, 45, 98, 214, 229 calcareous beads 91, 97 gold 141 Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography 6, 7, Roman 35, 45, 49, 60, 61, 62, 75, 118, 126, 226, 238, 240 7 aes (Valentinian) 16 Cambridgeshire of Constantine 229 brooch finds 76, 80 of Honorius 138 see also individual locations Theodosian 138 ' caskets (work-boxes) 216, 223-4, 229, 238, 240, 253 silver 62, 214, 229 Cassington, Oxon Coleoptera 27 Beaker material 13 combs, bone 44, 45, 90, 227 Cassington I 80, 96 Constantine: coin 229 pottery finds 209 Coombe, Kent: weaving 103 Purwell Farm 83, 90 copper alloy 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 88-9, 98,101, 220, 222, 228, 229, stave-built vessel 99 230 Castle Bytham, Lines 223 amulet capsules 227 Castle Hill, Little Wittenham, Oxon 4, 142 Anglo-Saxon period 235 cattle 110, 111, 236, 237 belt fittings 30, 51, 56, 87, 127 Catuvellauni, civitas of 24 and buckets 98, 99,100 Ceawlin: West Saxon king 137 coins 35, 45, 98, 214, 229 celery 27 discs 53, 55, 56, 98 Cell Well (spring) 4 finger rings 213, 227 Celtic objects 82 grave catalogue cemeteries, Anglo-Saxon see Berinsfield; Didcot Berinsfield, 29-62 passim Cenwulf, King of the Mercians 204 Didcot 212-13, 214, 216, 217 Cerdicl37 mount 53, 227
263 Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot
textile remains 103-6 cemetery plan/dimensions 237-42 - toilet implements 41, 42, 53, 78, 89-90 documentary evidence 204 work-box 216, 223, 229 early discoveries 202-4 see also brooches; buckets; pins; rings environmental evidence 232-6 Coppergate, York 235 finds 222-31 coprolites: of dogs 111 flint assemblage 209-10 Corallian Ragstone 11, 14, 26 grave catalogue 211-18 cores, flint 210 location and geology 201, 201 Corporation Farm, Abingdon: prehistoric finds 13 methodology 202 Cotto, stamp of 23 prehistoric features 205-7 counters, gaming 222, 223 regional context 242-3 cowrie shells 97, 224, 227, 229 Roman features 207-8 cremation burials (Berinsfield) xvi, 28, 61-2, 108-9, 124 see also grave goods; graves; pottery No 31 16, 61,100, 108 Didcot Power Station xvi, 201, 202, 204 No 90 61, 108 disc beads see under beads No 111 58, 62, 100, 108, 109, 123 disc brooches see under brooches No 165 62, 108 discs see also graves; pond barrows (F116); satellite burial (F97) bone 44 cremation urns 101, 123, 124 bronze 224 cropmarks copper alloy 53, 55, 56, 98 Didcot 201, 202, 203 disease 28, 108 Dorchester-on-Thames area 5,26 ' : and malnutrition 234 Drayton 242, 243 of teeth 51, 107, 107, 108, 108, 212, 234 evidence from 143 tuberculosis 31, 108 Long Wittenham 141, 242, 243 see also osteo-arthritis Milton 202, 242 dishes 22, 23, 24 Mount Farm 27 ditches (Berinsfield) 3, 11 Queenford Farm Roman cemetery 4 grave dimensions 120 Thames valley 27 pottery from 22, 23, 24 Wally Corner xvi, 3, 4-8, 6, 7, 14 Roman period xvi, 6, 8, 16, 55, 60 crops 4, 27, 142, 220, 235 No.,36 23, 34 Crutch Furlong, Berinsfield 8 No. 36/1 23 crystal beads 41, 42, 88, 91, 94, 97 No. 36/39 34 Cuddesdon, Oxon: princely burial at 141-2 No. 36/46 23 cups 22, 98 No. 36/46 (39/100/137) 16 cursus: Dorchester-on-Thames 4,13,14 No. 36/46/100 124, 133 Cynegils: king of the West Saxons 137, 243 No. 39 23 Cynric 137 No. 46 23 dagger 202-4 No. 99 19,118 Dartford, Kent: brooch find 83 No. 100 35, 39, 40, 43, 47, 56 dating No. 100/46 126 at Wally Corner 3 No. 123 16, 23 brooches 76-7, 78, 82, 83, 84, 88 No. 138 12 buckles 87 No. 139 23 and burial body positions 118 No. 140 23 Didcot graves 233, 240 No. 153 12, 23 Didcot sunken featured buildings 237 No. 154 24 finger rings 88 No. 155 24 flint 210 No. 157 23 grave structures 121 No. 160 23 graves 124-7, 125, 126, 142 ditches (Didcot) human bone 106 primary 205, 207 knives 73, 74 recuts 205, 207 pottery 16, 23, 231 Roman period xvi prehistoric finds 13 secondary 205, 207 radiocarbon 138 No. 3 207-8, 210, 218, 233 toilet implements 90 No. 11 205, 207 weapon types 67, 68 No. 12 210 of well (F9) 16 No. 25 205, 207, 208 decoration No. 36 205, 207 of brooches 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84 No. 37 205, 207 of pots 35, 44, 51, 52 .' No. 39 207-8, 210, 221, 233 deer 11,12,110 No. 60 205, 207 dental health see teeth No. 87 207, 208, 233 Deverel-Rimbury urn (F97) xvi, 11, 13, 14, 108 ditches and gullies (Berinsfield) dice 223 No. 156 23 Didcot No. 159 23 Anglo-Saxon features 218-21, 237 No. 162 23 archaeological background xvi, 202, 203 No. 163 23
264 Index documentary evidence: Didcot 204 prehistoric 9 dogs 40, 110,111,120,126 Roman 9, 14-16 Dorchester Archaeological Society 3 No 50 111 Dorchester Tithe Award (1846) 8 see also pond barrows (Fl-16); satellite burial (F97) Dorchester-Alcester Roman road 6 Didcot 206, 207 Dorchester-on-Thames prehistoric 205-7 archaeological background 4 late prehistoric 202 Beech House 102, 138 Roman 202, 205, 207-8 brooch finds 79 Anglo-Saxon 201, 202, 218-21, 219 buildings excavated 138, 141 modern feature 9 210 cropmarks/archaeological sites 5 ovoid feature No 5 239 cursus 4, 13, 14 trenches 202 Dorchester VI: bone beads 225 see also ditches; gullies; pits; postholes; sunken featured early Saxon settlement 138-41, 142, 143 buildings (SFBs) environmental change to north 27 Fengate, Peterborough 207 episcopal see of 143, 243 ferrules .; excavated sites 140 iron 89 mid Saxon period 141 iron spear 36, 37, 59, 67 Old Castle Inn site 138 spear 70 prehistoric finds 13 field systems 8, 23, 124 ring ditches 14 Filkins, Oxon 96, 97 Roman & Saxon evidence 4 'Final Phase'burials 91, 227, 240-2 Roman period 26, 137-8 finger rings see under rings Roman settlement 26, 208 Finglesham, Kent 71, 88, 106 Roman town of 26, 27 flagons 19, 23, 24, 210 Site IX: prehistoric land division 207 flakes 11, 213, 218, 220 see also Big Rings; Bishop's Court; Bishop's Court House; unretouched 210 Dyke Hills; Queenford Farm flat graves 13, 14 Dover see Buckland cemetery flax 27, 75, 103, 142 Drayton Cursus 202 flint 209, 209-10 Drayton, Oxon 141, 242, 243 flakes 205,213,218,220 .: . , , . Drayton St Leonard road 4, 6 worked 11, 45, 54, 205, 207 . . droveways 202, 207 foederatil37, 138 . _ :. . Droxford, Hants 68, 121 Fonaby, Lines: weaving 103 .... dung beetles 27, 142 fort, Roman: Dorchester-on-Thames 4 v Dunstable, Beds: Marina Drive 224, 225, 242 foxes 58, 110, 111, 119 ... •.....; Dyke Hills, Dorchester-on-Thames 4, 137, 142, 242 Franks/Frankish influences . •-,/. ear scoops/picks 89-90 bowls (Perlrandbecken) 204,243 ; . \ East Harting, Sussex 14 brooches 85 '•• . . • East Shefford, Berks 78, 96 bucket 98 , , . Egbert's Penitential 92 buckles 87,142 Elbe, River 81, 142 burial customs 92 - Empingham, Leics 121 horned bead type 226 ' Environmental Archaeology Unit, Oxford Museum 235 knives 73 environmental evidence: Didcot 232-6, 235 and Merovingian influences 95, 98, 100, 142 epigenetic traits and pendants 227 distribution of 135, 137 Frei-Weinheim, Germany 227 - lack of 133 Frilford, Oxon 96, 138 and weapon burials 67, 69-70, 70, 71, 130, 133 Frilford I 78, 142 '.-'.. ethnicity 69, 118, 133 frogs 110, 111 exports: of brooches 77 Gadebridge Park, Herts: Roman settlement 229 faience beads 53, 91, 97 gaming pieces 213, 222-3, 228 Fairford, Glos Gault clay 4 beads 226 gender structure (Berinsfield) xvi, 28 amber 92 and Abingdon Anglo-Saxon cemetery 108, 108 faience 97 and bones 106 metal-in-glass 96 and burial distribution 133-7, 136 brooches 78, 83 cremation burials 109 drinking cup 98 distribution of deaths 107 families xvi, 70 female burials with brooches 75, 76,103 and burials 118 and female deaths 106-7 grave re-use 117 and grave body position 117, 118- importance of 143 grave catalogue 28-66 passim and shrines 123 and grave dimensions 120 status within 130, 242 grave good analysis 128, 130, 130-3, 132, 147-9 . Farmoor, Oxon 3, 27 grave population 112-116 Faversham, Kent 223 and knives 73-4, 74 features Saxon female burial (grave 134) 7 Berinsfield wealthy female burial (Grave 102) 87, 99, 100
265 Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot
weapon burial rites 67 Grave No. 19 33, 253 see also age structure Grave No. 20 33, 68, 70, 253 gender structure (Didcot) xvi, 211, 233, 237-8 Grave No. 21 33, 76, 87-8, 253 and knives 222 • Grave No. 22 33-4, 76, 79, 91, 95, 253 role of women 223, 229 . Grave No. 24 14, 16, 34, 72, 253 and status 242 Grave No. 25 16, 34, 254 geography: Wally Corner site 4 , Grave No. 26 35, 87, 101, 110, 254 geology: Dorchester-on-Thames area 26 Grave No. 27 35, 254 Gewissae 137, 243 Grave No. 28 35, 68, 70, 72, 95, 96, 254 girdle groups 90-1, 131 Grave No. 29 14, 36, 68, 72, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 254 see also rings Grave No. 30 36, 74, 89, 254 girdle hangers 234 Grave No. 32 36-7, 254 girdle-hung objects 228 Grave No. 33 37, 255 glass Grave No. 34 14, 37, 72, 101, 255 beads see under beads Grave No. 35 16, 37-8, 75, 76, 91, 255 objects 38, 41, 62 Grave No. 37 38, 69, 89, 91, 155 gold Grave No. 38 38, 106, 255 brooches 202, 243 Grave No. 42 38, 77, 78,106, 255 coins 141 Grave No. 43 39, 40, 47, 68, 72, 86, 87, 255 pendants 240 Grave No. 44 39, 256 textile fragments 235 Grave No. 47 39, 69, 256 Government Depot 201 Grave No. 48 39-40, 256 grass: in graves 123 Grave No. 49 40, 89, 203, 203, 206, 256 grassland 27, 235 Grave No. 50 39, 40, 47, 48, 89, 110, 256 grave goods (Berinsfield) xvi, 28, 63-5, 167-96 Grave No. 51 8, 40-1, 72, 99-100, 256 grave catalogue 28-66 Grave No. 52 8, 41, 68, 72, 86, 101, 257 object count 127-33, 232 Grave No. 53 41, 72, 88, 257 by age 129, 132 Grave No. 54 8, 41-2, 77, 78, 86, 87, 88, 89, 97, 99, 100, 106, by gender 128, 130, 132 257 by wealth 132,134 Grave No. 55 42, 257 social status analysis 145-6, 147-9 Grave No. 56 42, 257 grave goods (Didcot) xvi, 240, 249-53 Grave No. 57 43, 257 and Christian influence 242 . Grave No. 58 43, 76, 80-1, 158 distribution 241 Grave No. 59 43, 46, 75, 76, 77, 158 grave catalogue 211-18 Grave No. 60 43-4, 89, 258 and wealth 238, 239 , Grave No. 61 14, 44, 69, 70, 102, 158 gravel Grave No. 62 44, 158 pit 3, 4 Grave No. 63 8, 44-5, 78-9, 90, 158 quarrying xvi, 7, 16, 118 Grave No. 64 45, 75, 76, 81, 98, 102, 203,103, 259 Burcot Lane 4-6 Grave No. 66 45, 75, 77, 103, 259 cemetery damage 112,118 Grave No. 67 46, 259 Gravelly Guy excavations 13 Grave No. 68 46, 259 graves (Berinsfield) xvi, 7, 14 Grave No. 69 46, 69, 72, 99, 100, 259 body positions 116-18 Grave No. 72 46, 159 . crouched 117, 118, 124, 126 Grave No. 73 14, 47, 75, 77, 78, 103, 159 supine 116-17, 124, 133 Grave No. 74 47, 260 cemetery detail 212,112 Grave No. 75 47,260 dating 124-7, 125,126 Grave No. 76 14, 47, 69, 260 excavation method 8 Grave No. 77 16, 48, 61, 75, 76, 77, 78, 85, 85, 102,260 grave catalogue 28-66 Grave No. 78 48, 260 grave characteristics 113-15 Grave No. 8148, 260 grave dimensions 120-1 Grave No. 82 48-9, 260 grave orientation 124 Grave No. 83 49, 75, 76, 81, 82, 90, 101, 160 grave structures 121-4, 122 Grave No. 86 49, 88, 260 multiple burials 119-20, 131 Grave No. 91 49-50, 75, 80-1, 89,101, 102, 262 unaccompanied burials 133, 143 Grave No. 92 50, 262 Grave No. 1 28, 68, 72, 151 Grave No. 101 50, 90,101, 262 Grave No. 2 29, 86, 90, 92,151 Grave No. 102 50-1, 75, 76, 78, 83, 83-4, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 99, Grave No. 3 29, 151 100, 161 Grave No. 4 23, 29,151 Grave No. 103 50,51,262 Grave No. 5 29-30, 75, 77, 90, 91, 102, 103, 151 Grave No. 104 51-2, 69, 75, 81, 90, 91, 93, 101, 102, 203, 103, Grave No. 6 30, 68, 72, 74, 87, 102, 151 106, 223, 262 Grave No. 8 30-1, 76, 77, 81-2, 82, 92, 252 Grave No. 106 52, 262 Grave No. 10 31, 252 Grave No. 107 16, 53, 75, 76, 78, 83, 84, 84, 85, 90, 91, 97, 98, Grave No. 11 14, 31, 68, 72, 252 103,103,106,162 Grave No. 13 32, 252 Grave No. 108 53-4,162 Grave No. 14 32,152 Grave No. 109 54, 262 Grave No. 15 32,252 Grave No. 110 54, 72, 111, 262 Grave No. 18 32, 80, 253 . . Grave No. 117 31, 54, 262
266 Index
Grave No .118 54-5, 163 gullies (Didcot) Grave No. 120 55,163 . No. 61 208, 218 Grave No. 12155,68,263 No. 68 221, 239 Grave No. 122 14, 55, 62, 108, 163 Hagbourne Marshes, Oxon 201 Grave No. 125 14, 55-6, 76, 77, 90, 91, 97, 163 ' Hampnett, Glos: metal-in-glass beads 96 Grave No. 126 56,163 Hampshire Grave No. 127 56,97,163 early settlement 137 Grave No. 128 56, 69, 87, 164 see also individual locations Grave No. 129 56-7, 111, 164 handle mounts: of buckets 98 Grave No. 130 57,89,164 Harnham Hill, Salisbury, Wilts: weapon finds 68, 71 Grave No. 133 57,164 Harwell, Berks 121, 142, 204 Grave No. 134 7,11, 58, 76, 88,101, 102, 123, 164 Haslingfield, Cambs 78, 99, 223 Grave No. 135 58, 164 hearth/pit No 80 (Didcot) 218-20, 229, 221, 235, 237 Grave No. 136 16,58,165 Hedges, John W 103 Grave No. 141 58-9, 110, 111, 119, 119, 165 henge monument (Big Rings) 4, 13, 14 Grave No. 148 59,165 Henry II, King 204 Grave No. 149 59-60, 99, 100, 165 Herpes, France: brooch find 84 Grave No. 150 60, 69, 76, 77, 89, 90, 91, 165 High Down, Sussex: buckets 100 Grave No. 151 60,165 Higham, Kent: bucket 99 Grave No. 152 4,14, 60-1, 166, 239 hillforts: Castle Hill, Oxon 4 Grave No. 161 4, 61, 166 Holborough cemetery, Kent 68 Grave No. 164 4,61,166 'hollow bead' 227 see also age structure; cremation burials; gender structure; Holywell Row, Suffolk 91, 98, 226 grave goods; satellite burial Honorius: coin 138 graves (Didcot) hook: copper alloy 38, 59, 89 body burial positions hoops: copper alloy 51 crouched 239 horn 234 supine 238-9 core: of cattle 236 body orientation 240 horn-handled knives 234 body stature 233 Horn Down 204 discovery of 201 horses 110, 212, 222-3, 236, 237 grave catalogue 211-18 households xvi, 70 grave characteristics 238 and burial customs 133, 242 grave concordance 244-8 and cemetery organisation 137 grave structures 239-40 importance of 143 unaccompanied burials 239 Howletts, Kent: glass beads 93 Grave No. 1 212, 220, 230, 239 human bone see bone, human Grave No. 2 212-13, 222-3, 228, 229 immigrants, Germanic 69 Grave No. 3 213 imports 142 Grave No. 4 202, 213, 227, 229 of brooches 81, 83 Grave No. 5 202, 213-14, 228 of buckles 87 Grave No. 6 214 of pottery 24 Grave No. 7 210, 214-15, 224, 225, 226, 229, 230, 238, 239 Ine, King 204 Grave No. 8 215, 222, 229, 239, 240 inhumations see graves Grave No. 9 215 injuries 28, 107 Grave No. 10 215 Ipswich, Suffolk: buckets 100 Grave No. 11 215-16, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230 iron 67, 70, 89, 91, 101, 220, 221, 227, 228, 234, 235 Grave No. 12 202, 216-17, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, . and buckets 37, 40, 41, 46, 98, 99, 100 238, 239, 240 grave catalogue Grave No. 13 217 Berinsfield, 28-62 passim Grave No. 14 210, 217 Didcot 212-17 passim Grave No. 15 217 shears 212, 213, 222, 228, 229 " Grave No. 16 217,-224, 227, 238 slag 56, 117 Grave No. 17 202, 218, 237 spearhead 215, 222 see also age structure; gender structure; grave goods in weapons 72, 73 Great Chesterford, Essex: brooch finds 85 see also buckles; knives; nails; pins; rings grog 12, 208 Iron Age gullies (Berinsfield) 11 at Wally Corner 7 pottery from 22 burial practices 124 Roman period 38 Dorchester-on-Thames area 4 No. 16 16, 23 Dyke Hills 137 No. 16/45 23, 133 horned beads 226 No. 37/71 23 Mount Farm trackways 27 No. 41 23, 30, 37, 39, 133 pottery 17 No. 45 16 middle Iron Age 13, 29, 35, 40, 48, 52, 61 No. 70 16, 23, 48, 61 ironstone bead 91, 97 No. 99 11, 16, 23, 29 ironworking: weapon manufacture 72 No. 132 23, 32, 55, 56, 60, 222, 133 Isle of Wight No. 158 23 Chessell Down: brooch finds 83, 84
267 Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot
early settlement 137 toilet implements 90, 98 ivory weapon burials 74 bag ring 53 wooden grave structure 121 counters 223 Butler's Field 7, 26 cylinders 222 burial feature 240 in grave goods 142 Roman building material 26 ring 90 ' wooden box 229 jars 19, 22, 24, 210 work-boxes 223-4 in cremation burials 61, 62 Liebenau, Germany 123 from ditches 24 lime 138 from well (F9) 23 limestone 37, 44, 60 Roman 26 fragment 31 storage 17, 22 as grave lining 36, 47, 55, 100, 118 jewellerysee beads; brooches; necklaces; pendants; rings pebble 56 Jones, Martin 51 linen 85, 99, 106 jugs 22 Little Wilbraham, Cambs 98 Jutish foundation traditions 137 Little Wittenham, Oxon: Castle Hill 4, 142 Kempston, Beds: brooch find 83 London 'Kempston Cross' type brooches 77, 127, 142 Institute of Archaeology 127, 145 Kent Museum of 223 bead types 226 Long Wittenham, Oxon 4, 13, 142 links with 142 cropmarks 141, 242, 243 pendants/bracteates 226-7 burial evidence 243 work-boxes 224 discovery of cemetery 202 see also individual locations Northfield Farm: cropmarks 26 keys 91, 131, 227, 228 parish boundary 204 kilns pin finds 89 malt 237 Long Wittenham I pottery 26 abandonment of cemetery 143 Sandford (near Littlemore) 22 - bone beads 225 King Harry Lane cemetery, Verulamium 91, 240 brooches 78, 79-80, 81 Kingston Down, Kent: padlocks 228 dating of graves 142 ' Kingston, Kent 97, 224, 227 high-status finds 141 knapping, of-flint 209 - metal-in-glass beads 96 knives xviii, 88, 89, 96, 222, 225, 227, 228, 229, 240, 243 spearheads 222 and age /gender 67, 73-4, 74 weapon burials 68, 69 -in burials 68 Long Wittenham II for butchery 236 monochrome beads 225 horn-handled 234 silver pins 224 iron 88, 127 Longcot, Oxon: beads 96, 97 grave catalogues loomweights 142 Berinsfield 28-46, 48-61 loops, iron 29, 30 Didcot 211, 212-17 passim Lower Heyford, Oxon: beads 96, 97 locations 74, 74 Luton, Beds: brooches 78 technical observations 75 Lyminge, Kent: brooch finds 85 typology/dating 66, 73 magic: and beads 92, 97 Lackford, Suffolk: vessel find 103 malt kiln 237 Lagore crannog, Ireland 94 Marholm Rd, Bretton (Greater Peterborough) latchlifters 228 Marina Drive, Dunstable, Beds 224, 225, 242 Lavoye, France 226 market gardening 27 lead beads 91, 97, 225 medieval period: pottery (Berinsfield) 61 Leagrave Common, Beds: pendant 99 Mediterranean, trade with 92 .. . leather Melbourne Street, Southampton 236 bags 90 mercenaries, Germanic 137, 138 container 101 - Mercia 137, 141, 204, 243 purse 91 Merovingian influences 95, 98, 100, 142 sling 71 see also Franks Lechlade, Glos metal-in-glass beads see under beads, glass beads 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 • metal/metalwork 8, 13, 138, 229, 237 body burial position 239 - see also bronze; copper; iron buckets 100 methodology: Didcot 202 continued cemetery use 143 mice 110 grave orientation 124 midwifery 229 pin finds 88, 89 Migration period: Norway and Sweden 106 post structures 108,123 milk 106 rings 88, 90 Milton, Oxon 204 spangles 98 Anglo-Saxon finds 202 spearhead 222 burial evidence 243 stone lining of graves 121 cropmarks 242
268 Index
Milton I: discovery of cemetery 202 Oswald of Northumbria 137 Milton II141 Oxford, see also Ashmolean Museum sunken featured buildings 202 Oxford Archaeological Unit 3, 13, 27, 201 Minchin recreation ground 137, 142 Oxford Mail 4 Minster Lovell, Oxon 97, 121, 142 Oxford Museum: Environmental Archaeology Unit 235 Mitcham, Surrey: beads 96 Oxford University Archaeological Society 3, 6 Molleson, Miss T 28 Oxfordshire County Museum Service xvi Monkton, Thanet: buckle finds 87 padlock, barrel 212, 213, 222, 228 Moor Ditch 201, 204, 243 Paglesham, Essex: brooch finds 84 Morning Thorpe, Norfolk 103, 106, 240 Pakenham, Suffolk 81 mortality 106, 108, 238 paste beads 35, 81 Mount Farm, Berinsfield 6, 8 pathology 211, 234 aerial photography of 4 Pearith Farm, Long Wittenham 13 agriculture 27 pebbles 56, 218 barrow 13 pegs, wooden 121 cropmarks 27 pendants 97, 99, 126, 202, 223 and early Saxon occupation 142 bone 98 excavations 4 bronze 225 prehistoric finds 13 gold 240 prehistoric land division 207 metal 229 Roman period 27 silver 214, 226-7, 238 Roman/Saxon evidence 4 Peterborough, Cambs mounts, copper alloy 53, 227 Bretton 81 Mucking, Essex Fengate 207 animal husbandry 237 Petersfinger, Wilts 68, 92, 97, 100 bracken/grass in graves 123 Pewsey, Wilts: weapon burials 68 brooch finds 82 picks bucket 98 antler 11, 12, 14 foederati at 138 ear scoops 89-90 glass beads 93 weaving xvi, 218, 220,228.-.. postholes 218, 237 pins 75, 76, 78, 88-9,224, 243: •:...-.' nails 16, 121, 228 bone 49, 58, 76, 88, 127 . iron 34, 38, 44, 50, 56, 60, 61, 62, 216, 221 copper alloy 29, 30, 36, 41, 42, 49, 50, 88-9, 217, 224 National Power xvi, 201 iron 43, 44, 47, 48, 53, 56, 82, 89, 91, 101, 216, 224. necklaces 75, 88, 91, 97-8, 202, 225, 226, 227, 229, 238, 240, 242 silver 224 Neolithic period spatulate-headed 36, 89 Dorchester-on-Thames ceremonial sites 4 wood 41, 88 flint 210 pits (Berinsfield) 6, 16 late No. 17 16,23 •- xvi No. 23 23 at Wally Corner 7 No. 38 16,-23, 38, 110-11 Didcot features 205 No. 40 16, 23, 37 Didcot finds 207 No. 79 23 - . ," • Dorchester-on-Thames ring ditches 14 No. 142 16, 23 ' . pottery: Didcot 205, 208-9 see also pond barrows (Fl 16) New Forest 236 pits (Didcot) 205 Newark, Notts: vessel find 103 No. 5 230 Newnham, Northants: brooch find 84 No. 10 221, 230 .•_..._. North Leigh, Oxon: work-boxes 223, 224 . No. 11 208 Northfield Farm, Long Wittenham: cropmarks 26 No. 18 208, 210 Norton, Northants: brooch finds 84 No. 20 205, 207, 208 Norton-on-Tees, Cleveland 227, 239 No. 24 205 textile remains 106 No. 56 205, 207 Norway No. 88 210 weaves 106 pit/hearth No 80 218-20, 229, 222, 235, 237 see also Scandinavia place name: Berinsfield 8, 144 Notitia Dignitatum 137, 138 plant remains 8, 16, 223 oak remains 52, 121, 235 carbonized 207 Ock, River 242 Mount Farm 27 Old Castle Inn site, Dorchester-on-Thames 138 cereals 4, 27, 142, 220, 235 oppidum (Dyke Hills) 4 charred xvi, 235 organic remains 225, 234-5 in graves 51,121,123 see also horn; textile remains; wood and pendants 227 Orpington, Kent, weaving 103 weeds 27, 235 Orsett, Essex, weaving 103 plates osteo-arthritis 34, 36, 37, 42, 47, 50, 52, 54, 57, 59, 61, 107, 233 copper alloy 35, 59 234 iron 43, 44 osteological evidence 232, 237-8 Pleistocene age 201 osteophytes 59, 61, 233, 234 Pliny: Natural History 92
269 Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot
Polhill, Kent 224, 229 reduced wares 17, 19-22, 23, 24 pond barrows samian wares 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26 F116 (Berinsfield) xvi, 7, 9-10, 11, 11,58, 62, 76, 110, 120, 123 shell-tempered wares 22, 23, 24 prehistoric finds 11-12, 13, 14 South Spanish Dressel 19 Radley 13, 14 Verulamium products 19, 23, 24 population see age structure; epigenetic traits; gender structure; white slipped wares 17, 19, 22, 23, 26 social organisation white wares 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26 Portway, Andover Anglo-Saxon 16, 17, 23, 100, 101, 101-3 beads 93, 95 and building identification 141 body burial position 117, 239 cremation burials 108 burial rites 131 grave catalogue 29-33, 35-9, 42, 48, 51, 54-6, 61 cemetery 76, 77 organic ('grass') tempered fabrics 55, 102 child burial 116 quartz-tempered fabrics 102 iron finds 91 sandy wares 102 rings 88 medieval 61 stone lining of graves 121 see also vessel types Portway Down, Andover: weaving 106 pottery (Didcot) xvi, 215 postholes Prehistoric Berinsfield late Neolithic 205, 207, 208-9 four-post structures 123-4 early Bronze Age 209 Cremation 111 (F112-115) 58, 62, 108, 123 Durrington Walls sub-style (Grooved Ware) 209 Didcot 205 Grooved Ware 205, 207, 209 No. 58 210, 218, 219, 220, 230, 237 Woodlands sub-style (Grooved Ware) 209 No. 59 218, 237 Roman 204, 207, 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 240 No. 65 221 Oxfordshire fabrics 210 No. 82 218, 219, 237 white wares 210 No. 83 218, 219, 237 Anglo-Saxon 210, 216, 218, 220, 220, 221, 230-1, 239 pots grass-tempered wares 212, 218, 230, 231, 237 '1980' pot 100, 101, 102-3 quartz-tempered fabrics 231 in cremation burials 62 sand-tempered wares 231, 237 decorated 35, 44, 51, 52 prehistoric period undecorated 45 Didcot features 201, 202, 205-7 pottery features/finds: Berinsfield 11-14 at Mount Farm 142 see also Bronze Age; Iron Age; Neolithic period; pottery at Yarnton: Peterborough ware 207 Price, DrJL28 pottery (Berinsfield) 46, 49, 50, 58 pulverised fuel ash (PFA) 215, 216, 233 Prehistoric 12 purses 227, 228 Beaker 12-13, 14 Purwell Farm, Cassington, Oxon 83, 90 . All-Over-Cord 11,13 pyre construction 123 Middle style 13 quarrying xvi, 4, 16, 39, 40 Late style 13 . at Didcot 202 coarse ware 13 and cemetery damage 47, 48, 69, 70, 112, 116, 118, 119, 120, Deverel-Rimbury, xvi 11, 12-13, 14 131, 137 middle Iron Age 13, 29, 35, 40, 48, 52, 61 quartz 208, 209, 230 Roman 13, 16-26, 17, 18, 20-21, 25, 101 quartz pebbles 47 amphorae 17, 19, 24, 26 Queenford Farm, Dorchester-on-Thames 4, 138, 142 Antonine samian ware 23 radiocarbon dating 138 'Belgic type' fabrics 17, 19 radiography 28, 75 black-burnished wares 17, 22, 23, 24 Radley, Oxon calcareous-tempered wares 17, 22 prehistoric finds 13 colour-coated wares 26 see also Barrow Hills Dorset products 22 Reading, Berks: bead finds 96 - fine wares 17, 19, 22, 26 red deer antlers 11,12 fine wares (colour-coated) 17, 26 reeds: in graves 121 grave catalogue 28, 30-44, 47-8, 51-7, 59-61 Reginald de Courtenay 204 late 23-4, 26 ring ditches 7, 120 mid 23 Barrow Hills No 611 14 mortaria 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26 Big Rings henge monument.13 Nene Valley colour-coated ware 17, 23-4 Dorchester-on-Thames 14 Nene Valley ware 19, 24 Spong Hill 121 Oxfordshire colour-coated wares 17, 22, 23, 24, 26 Stanton Harcourt 13 white 19 ring-cairns: SW Britain 13 Oxfordshire fine wares 17 rings 45, 75, 91, 227, 238 Oxfordshire reduced ware 24 copper alloy 29, 30, 49, 50, 55, 56, 78, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98, 212 Oxfordshire wares 19, 24, 26 finger oxidised wares 17, 19, 23, 26 copper alloy 213, 227 parchment ware 22, 23 silver 33, 41, 42, 76, 78, 87-8, 127 pink grogged ware 24 iron 29, 30, 33, 34, 52, 55, 56, 88, 90, 91, 229 red colour-coated fabrics 19 ivory 90
270 Index
metal 228 pendants 227 silver 215, 216, 217, 225 and Viking period 94 silver wire knot 224, 225, 240, 243 • weaves/weaving 103, 106 silver/bronze wire knot 240 schist 12 rites Schretzheim, Germany 91, 95, 226 of burial 14, 118, 121, 133, 211 scrapers 90 enclosure rituals 207 Second Gravel Terrace 201, 207 weapon burial 67, 68-70, 130, 131, 131, 132 secondary burials 4 Rochester Museum 99 seeds 16, 235 rodents 58, 110 Sewerby, East Yorks rods 29, 30, 88, 91 amber beads 91, 92 Roman period annular beads 93 animal bones 109, 110 body burial position 239 beads 93, 94, 226 buckle types 87 Berinsfield evidence 26-7 burial rites 131 Berinsfield features xvi, 9, 14-16 child burial 116 ditches 6, 8, 16, 23, 55, 60 glass beads 95 grave dimensions 120 grave dimensions 120 No. 36 34 textile remains 103 No. 36/39 34 sex see gender structure No. 36/46/100 124 Shakenoak, Oxon: pottery 231 No. 100 35, 39, 40, 43, 47, 56 shale spindle whorls 55, 56, 91, 212, 213, 222, 228 No. 138 12, 13 shears 238 No. 153 12 iron 212, 213, 222, 228, 229 gullies 38 sheep 236, 237 No. 41 30, 37, 39 bone 62, 110-11 No. 70 48, 61 burial 16, 38, 56 No. 99 29 and wool 103 No. 132 32,55,56,60,222 shell beads 91, 97 pits shells No. 38 38,110-11 and bone 209,110 : No. 40 37 cowrie 97,224,227,229 " ~ brooches 49, 81, 82, 126 perforated 44, 45 buckets 100 shields/shield fittings 67-8, 72-3, 118 buildings 141 and age of death 69 burial practices 118, 121, 124 burial practices 130, 131 cemeteries 4, 108, 143 deposition 69 cremation cemetery: Didcot 202 iron grips 72 dating of grave goods 126 shield boards 72, 72, 73 " Didcot features 201, 202, 205, 207-8 shield bosses 67-8, 68, 72, 72, 73, 87, 96, 97,98,100, 126,127 ditches xvi, 240 grave catalogue (Berinsfield) 28, 30, 31, 34-7, 39-41, 46, No. 3 218,233 48,49,54,55,59 No. 39 221, 233 and knives 74 No. 87 233 Wally Corner discovery 3 Dorchester-on-Thames 4, 137-8 shield grips 62, 68 field system 133 shoe-tags 240 finger rings 227 Shudy Camps, Cambs: shears 229 flints 11 Sibertswold, Kent 227, 228 road: Dorchester-Alcester 6 silver 229, 230 Wally Corner 3, 6, 7, 8 brooches 83,97 see also coins; pottery; Queenford Farm; wells (F9) coins 62,214, 229 roofing tiles, clay 26 finger rings 33, 41, 42, 76, 78, 87-8, 127 royal burial: Dorchester-on-Thames 141 objects 124 rushes: in graves 51, 121 pendants 214, 226-7, 238 St Birinus 4, 8, 137, 141, 243 pins 224 Salisbury, Wilts: Harnham Hill: weapon finds 68, 71 rings 215, 216, 217, 225 Sambucus seeds 16 textile fragments 235 Sandford (near Littlemore, Oxon): pottery kilns 22 wire 227 Sarre, Kent 84, 96, 223 wire knot rings 224, 225, 240, 243 satellite burial (F97): Berinsfield xvi, 22, 11, 14, 108 Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 242 child burial 11 slag, iron 56, 117 prehistoric finds 12, 13 Snape, Suffolk 106,118 saucer brooches see under brooches Snell's Corner, Hants 68 Saxon period see Anglo-Saxon period social organisation Scandinavia Berinsfield 127-33 board game 223 Didcot 242 brooches 80,83 see also status; wealth Migration period 106 social status see status padlocks 228 soils
271 Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot
Dorchester-on-Thames area 26 of graves 121-4, 122 soil blocks 202 great hall (Drayton) 202 Thames valley 4 hall houses 243 South Oxfordshire Archaeological Society 3 timber buildings 14, 141, 202 Southampton: Melbourne Street 236 see also sunken featured buildings (SFBs) spangles 75, 81, 98, 99, 100, 124 studs copper alloy 45 copper alloy 34 spearheads 68, 70-1, 87, 96, 100, 127; 204, 211, 229 disc-headed 28 and age at death 69 iron 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 54, 72, 73 and burial rites 131 sword 141 grave catalogue (Berinsfield) 33-5, 37, 39-41, 44, 46, 54, Stufe 95, 226 59, 61-2 sunken featured buildings (SFBs) iron 215, 222 Didcot 201, 218-21, 242 types 67 SFB 4 218, 220, 221, 230, 237, 240 wooden-shafted 222 SFB 38 205, 210, 218-20, 219,220, 221, 228, 230, 235, 237, spears 67, 67, 68, 68, 69, 70, 118, 126, 131, 132, 235 239,240 and burial rites 131 Dorchester-on-Thames 138, 141 wooden-shafted 70, 71, 239 Drayton 202 spindle whorls 97, 224 Long Wittenham 243 bone 227 Milton 202 shale 55, 56, 91, 212, 213, 222, 228 Mount Farm 142 spinning 103 Sutton Courtenay, Oxon see also spindle whorls early Anglo-Saxon features 202 spoil heaps 8 parish 204 Spong Hill, Norfolk pottery 13, 231 brooch find 85 settlement 242-3 burial feature 240 Sutton Courtenay I: discovery of cemetery 202 cremation 81 weaving picks 228 weaving 103 Sutton Hoo ship burial 100, 103, 141 wooden grave structure 121 sword beads 92, 96 square-headed brooches see under brooches sword studs 141 Standlake Down cemetery: wooden grave structure 121 swords: Upper Thames burial sites 68 Standlake, Oxon Syston Park, Lines: beads 226 burial with knives 240 tabby weaves 103, 106 chatelaines 228 tablet weaves 75, 103, 106 glass, beads 95 Taplow, Bucks 121, 223 monochrome beads 225 technology, and flint 210 Standlake I teeth beads 92, 96 condition of 28, 106 brooch finds 79 development of 233 pins 224 disease 51, 107, 107, 108, 108, 212, 234 Standlake la: work-boxes 224 of horses 212, 222-3 Stanton Harcourt, Oxon 13, 209 records 211 stature, body 69, 211 textile remains 8, 103, 103-6, 204-5, 223, 234-5, 239 status and beads 92 and bucket finds 100 Berinsfield grave catalogue 30,33,36-8,40, 42-5,47,48,50-3, and burial practices 130, 131 56,60 Didcot evidence 242 and brooches 75-6, 85 Dorchester-on-Thames evidence 141 cloth bag 90 and grave dimensions 120 Didcot grave catalogue 216 and grave good analysis 133 gold 235 Long Wittenham evidence 143 linen 85, 99, 106 social status computer program 127, 145-6, 147-9 and pins 88-9 and wearing of rings 90 silver 235 see also wealth thread remains 223, 224 Stevens Road 201 Thame, River 4, 27, 242 Stone, Bucks: brooch finds 80 Thames, River 4, 26, 76 stone confluence 4, 242 beads 36, 56, 91, 97 floodplain 207 and building identification 141 Roman farming close to 27 buildings: Roman period 14 Thames Valley 201 gaming pieces 222 beads 92, 96, 97 grave lining 34, 69, 121 cropmarks 27 pebbles 56, 218 geography & archaeology 4 schist 12 rings 88 stone-lined well see wells (F9) Roman settlement 26 structures Saxon graves 7 four-post 123-4 toilet implements 90 Cremation 111 (Fl 12-115) 58, 62, 108,123 see also Upper Thames valley/region
272 Index -
Theodosian coin 138 of Sutton 204 thread remains 223, 224 voles, water 110 tiles 26, 210 Wahlheim, Alzey, Germany 227 timber buildings 14, 141, 202 Wakerley, Northants: weaving 106 toilet implements 88,127 ... Wallingford, Oxon 13 bone combs 44, 45, 90, 227 Wally Corner 4-8, 26, 27 brush holders 32, 33, 53, 89, 98 agriculture 27 ' copper alloy 41, 42, 53, 78, 89-90 cropmarks 4-8, 6, 7, 14 ear scoops/picks 89-90 flax 27 scrapers 90 geography 4 tweezers 40, 88, 89, 227 gravel pit xvi, 3, 4 trackways see also Berinsfield Dorchester-on-Thames area 26 Wantage, Oxon 4, 142 Mount Farm 27 Warborough, Oxon: Church Piece 138 Wally Corner 6 Wasperton, Warwicks: brooch find 85 trade Watchfield, Oxon: buckles 87, 142 and amber 92 water voles 110 brooch exports 77 wealth and buckles 87 and body burial position 117, 239 with Continent 142 and child burials 224 imports 142 Didcot assessment 242 of brooches 81,83 and Didcot grave goods 238 of buckles 87 Didcot Grave No 12 223 of pottery 24 female burial: Berinsfield (Grave 102) 87, 99, 100 trauma 107 and grave dimensions 120 tree-root holes 205 and grave distribution 143 trenches: Didcot 202 and grave goods 130, 132, 133, 134, 142 Trier region 67, 73 and Roman grave goods 126 tuberculosis 31, 108 and weapon burials 69-70, 143 tweezers 40, 88, 89, 227 see also status Upper Thames valley/region weapons antler deposits 14 ...... Berinsfield xviii, 67-75, 100, 111.. ""_ , beads 96, 97 and burial positions 118 brooches 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83 burial rites 67, 68-70, 130, 131,131, 132 buckles 87 combinations 68, 68 • .. ^ burial sites 68 depositions 69 . as cultural unity 243 and epigenetic traits 67, 69-70, 70, 71, 130, 133 keys 91 technical observations 70-3, 71 land division 207, 208 types/dating 66, 67-8 •,/".'"..' later phase of burials 143 and wealth 69-70, 143 post structures 123 burials: Dyke Hills, Dorchester-on-Thames 242 prehistoric period Didcot: spearhead 222 finds 13 see also arrowheads; knives; shields; spearheads; spears; swords Neolithic/Bronze Age pottery 209 weaving xvi, 103-6, 228, 234 sites 13 pick xvi, 218, 220, 228 rings 90 tablet weaves 75, 103, 106 Saxon period weeds 27, 235 early Saxon burials 138 wells early Saxon culture xvi Mount Farm 142 early Saxon settlement 137,139,142, 143 pit excavation (Wally Corner) 6 shield bosses 67, 68 Romano-British (F9): Berinsfield xvi," 3, 7, 11, 14-16, 15, 62 spearhead types 67 pottery from 23 toilet implements 89, 90 Weser, River 81, 142 weapon burials 68, 69, 72, 74 Wessex urns Dorchester-on-Thames as first see of 4,137 cremation 101, 123, 124 spearhead types 67 Deverel-Rimbury (F97) xvi, 11, 13, 14, 108 weapon burials 68, 69 Valentinian coin 16 West Heslerton, North Yorks 106, 227, 237 Verulamium: King Harry Lane cemetery 91, 240 West Saxons 137,141,143, 204, 243 vessel types 19, 22, 26, 230 West Stow, Sussex 220, 228, 237 see also beakers; bowls; cups; dishes; flagons; jars; jugs; Westgarth Gardens, Suffolk: Anglo-Saxon cemetery 70 pots; urns Wheatley, Oxon Vicarage field, Stanton Harcourt, Oxon 13 bone beads 225 Victoria and Albert Museum, London 202 brooches 78, 79 Viking period 94 buckle types 87 see also Scandinavia dating of graves 142 villa: Roman period 26 metal-in-glass beads 96 vills whetstone fragment 12 royal 141 whorls see spindle whorls
273 Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot wicker-lining: from pits 6 logs: in graves 51-2, 121 Willington, Oxon 204 pegs 121 Winchester 137, 243 pins 41, 88 Winnall, Hants 225, 229 and shield manufacture 72, 73 wire, silver 227 spear shafts 70, 71, 222, 239 wood 11, 234, 235 timber buildings 14, 141, 202 beads 215, 216 tree-root holes 205 boxes 97, 101, 229 work-boxes 223 buckets 36, 40, 41, 99 wool 103 copper alloy-bound 41, 42, work-boxes 216, 223-4, 229, 238, 240, 253 iron-bound 46 Worthy Park, Hants: weapon burials 68, 73 carbonized 55, 121 Yarnton Flood plain 13 four-post structures 123 Yarnton, Oxon: land division 207 from pits 6 Yates' continuity correction: Chi-squared test 131-2 in grave goods 239 Yelford, Oxon: beads 92 grave lining 121, 123 York: Coppergate 235 and knives 75
274