Ecology and Human Well-Being Ecology and Human Well-Being Edited by Pushpam Kumar B. Sudhakara Reddy Copyright © The Indian Society for Ecological Economics, 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2007 by Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I1, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 www.sagepub.in Sage Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 Sage Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP Sage Publications Asia-Pacifi c Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Published by Vivek Mehra for Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, typeset in 10/12 pt Book Antiqua by Star Compugraphics Private Limited, Delhi and printed at Chaman Enterprises, New Delhi. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ecology and human well-being / edited By Pushpam Kumar, B. Sudhakara Reddy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Human ecology—India. 2. Human ecology—Economic aspects—India. 3. Social ecology—Economic aspects—India. 4. Well-being—India. 5. Quality of life—India. 6. India—Social conditions. 7. India— Economic conditions. I. Kumar, Pushpam. II. Sudhakara Reddy, B. GF661.E25 304.20954—dc22 2007 2007020323 ISBN: 978–0–7619–3553–7 (HB) 978–81–7829–712–5 (India–HB) The Sage Team: Sugata Ghosh and Janaki Srinivasan Contents List of Tables viii List of Figures xii List of Abbreviations xv Preface xviii Introduction by Pushpam Kumar and B. Sudhakara Reddy xx SECTION 1: ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL RESILIENCE 1. Social Resilience of the Riverbank Erosion Displacees in Bangladesh 3 M. Zulfi quar Ali Islam 2. Environmental Degradation and its Impact on Dryland Ecosystems: 20 A Case Study of Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh Ramakrishna Nallathiga 3. Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Changes: Salinity Ingress and 38 Ground Water Depletion in Coastal Gujarat Jyothis Sathyapalan and S. Iyengar 4. Reconciling Weak and Strong Sustainability 50 B.S. Sri and M.S.V. Prasad SECTION 2: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND QUALITY OF LIFE 5. Fish Biodiversity of Digha Fishery in Eastern India: An Empirical Analysis 69 Anita Chattopadhyay Gupta and Rabindra N. Bhattacharya 6. Aquaculture vs Wild Shrimp Fishery: A Bio-economic Analysis of 93 West Bengal and Orissa Kausik Gupta, J. Chowdhury and Raman Khaddaria 7. Linking Conservation with Livelihood: Lessons from Management of 104 Gir-Protected Area in Western India Amita Shah vi Ecology and Human Well-Being 8. Environmental Implications of Integrated Pest Management: Farming of 133 Paddy and Vegetables Alka Singh, Ranjit Kumar, P.K. Jain and A.K. Mangal SECTION 3: VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM 9. Social Perceptions and Valuation of Urban Wetlands in Kolkata 147 Sumana Bandyopadhyay, K. Narayanan and A. Ramanathan 10. Assessment and Valuation of Forest Revegetation 161 Dibyendu Mondal, S. Singh and J.V. Dhameliya 11. Alternative Welfare Measures: Overview and Case Study of India 179 Brent Bleys 12. Storm Protection Value of Mangroves in Coastal Orissa 197 Saudamini Das SECTION 4: COMMUNITY AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 13. Community Participation in Joint Forest Planning and Management 213 in Karnataka P. Sudha, V. Ramprasad, P.R. Bhat, R. Jagannatha Rao and N.H. Ravindranath 14. Sustainability and Food Security Issues among Farmers in Tamil Nadu 230 H.N. Chanakya, S.T. Somashekara Reddy and P. Balachandra 15. Collective Action in an Embedded Choice Model: A Study of Fishing 253 Cooperatives in Calcutta Zakir Husain 16. Environment and Community Action: A Case Study of Shifting Cultivation 273 Subhash Chandra Srivastava SECTION 5: POLICY REFORMS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 17. Globalisation and Sustainable Development: Economic and Environmental 285 Confl icts Prabha Panth 18. Environmental Protection: The Role of Regulatory System in India 303 P.M. Prasad Contents vii 19. Successful Voluntary Participation in Common Property Resource 333 Lekha Mukhopadhyay 20. Integrating Watershed Management: Stakeholders, Dynamics 352 and Institutions Saravanan V. Subramanian 21. Interactive Goal Linear Programming in Land Use Planning 381 in Haryana A.K. Vasisht and S.S. Kumar About the Editors and Contributors 397 Index 399 List of Tables 1.1 Social Resilience of the Displacees for Minimising their Socio-economic Losses 7 1.2 Differential View of Sources of Response Expected and Responded to Displacees’ Immediate Needs 12 1.3 Differential View of Sources of Response Expected and Responded to Displacees’ Subsistence Needs 14 1.4 Differential View of Sources of Response Expected and Responded to Displacees’ Resettlement Needs 15 2.1 Population Growth in Anantapur 24 2.2 Land Use Pattern in Anantapur 27 2.3 Water Balance Status in Anantapur 28 2.4 Unsustainable Withdrawal of Groundwater in Anantapur 28 2.5 Forest Offences in Anantapur 30 2.6 Wildlife Attacks in Anantapur 30 2.7 Matrix of Tactical Interventions 34 3.1 Distribution of Sample Households in the Study Area 40 3.2 Methodologies Adopted for the Physical, Chemical and Micro Biological Analysis of Water 41 3.3 Demographic Characteristics of the Selected Sample Villages 42 3.4 Salinity Affected Households by Landholding Class 43 3.5 Characteristics of the Wells Examined in and around Pinjarat Village 44 3.6 Physical and Aggregate Properties of Water Samples Collected from the Pinjarat Village 45 3.7 Inorganic Non-metallic Constituents of Water Samples Collected from the Pinjarat Village 46 3.8 Average Cost and Output (in Rupees) of Agricultural Cultivation per year for One Acre Plots with and without Salinity Ingress 47 3.9 Sensitivity Analysis of Net Benefi ts from Agriculture under Alternative Assumptions (for Cash Flows summed up over Twenty-Five Years at 2004 Prices) 47 5.1 Regression Results of the Schnute Models 78 5.2 Values of the Parameters of the Digha Mohona (Estuary) Fishery Model 80 5.3 Optimum Values of the Variables under Different Regimes andAlternative Economic Biodiversity Scenarios 81 List of Tables ix 5.4 Dynamic Profi t-maximising Values of the Variables under Three Alternative Economic Biodiversity Scenarios 85 5.5 Impact of Perturbations of the Discount Rate δ 87 5.6 Impact of Perturbations in the Intrinsic Growth Rate, r 87 6.1 Regression Results 99 6.2 Average Price, Average Yield and Total Supply of Different Sectors for Different Regions 100 6.3 Impact of Changes in Technology on ΨA and ΨW in Sundarban and Dhamara 100 7.1 Value of Economic Services from Gir-PA 108 7.2 Summary Benefi ts and Costs 109 7.3 Budget Estimates for PA-Management in Gir 111 7.4 Benefi ts and Costs to Maldharis in Gir 112 7.5 Population and Employment among Villages in the Periphery of Gir 113 7.6 Changes in Land Use among Peripheral Villages 115 7.7 Status of CPLRs in Selected Villages 116 7.8 Differential Interface across Households 119 7.9 Distribution of Households Reporting Changes in Water Table 123 7.10 Farmers’ Responses for Adoption of Measures to Improve Effi cient Use of Water 123 7.11 Use of CPRs among Sample Households 124 7.12 People’s Expectations from Management of Gir-PA 125 7.13 Status and Issues Pertaining to PA-Resources: A Recapitulation 126 7.14 Approaches for Alternative Water Use 129 7.15 Farmers with Unirrigated Small Holdings and Landless with Limited/ No of Livestock 130 7.16 Maldharis within PA 130 8.1 Pesticide Use Pattern on Sample Farms 137 8.2 Types of Chemical Pesticide used in Paddy and Vegetable Cultivation 138 8.3 Major Insects and Diseases 139 8.4 Rank and Willingness to Pay for Risk Avoidance in Each Environment Category 140 8.5 Risk Score for Paddy and Vegetables Pesticide Applied in the Study Area 141 8.6 Environmental Risk Associated with Pesticide Use in Paddy by NFFS and FFS Farmers 141 8.7 Environmental Risk Associated with Pesticide Use in Vegetables by Non-IPM and IPM Farmers 142 9.1 Willingness to Pay as Proportion of Income 155 9.2 Distribution of Rural Households Unwilling to Pay 156 9.3 Distribution of Urban Households Unwilling to Pay 156 10.1 Accounting Framework and Various Parameters Covered 165 10.2 Existing Valuation Methods for Environmental Services 169 x Ecology and Human Well-Being 10.3 Year-wise Change in Soil Quality 170 10.4 Year-wise Status of Carbon Sequestration 170 12.1 Monthly Distribution of Cyclonic Storms for the Period 1891–1990 for the East and West Coast of India 199 12.2 Total Number of Cyclonic Storms (CS) and Severe Cyclonic Storms (SCS) Crossing Different Coasts of India (1891–2000) 199 12.3 Categorisation of Cyclonic Disturbances 205 12.4 Monthly Frequency Distribution of Cyclonic Disturbances in the Coast of Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara and Bhadrakh Districts of Orissa State for the Period 1891–1990 206 12.5 Annual Probability of Cyclone per km of Selected Coastline of Orissa Coast 207 13.1 Extent of JFPM Area in the Eastern Plains Region 215 13.2 Entry Point Activities Taken Up under the Eastern Plains Afforestation Project 218 13.3 Community Response to Impact of JFPM 219 13.4 Income Generation from JFPM Area in the Western Ghats and Eastern Plains Region 222 14.1 Demographic Information for Various Ranges of Per Capita Food Consumption 235 14.2 Average Family Composition among Various Ranges of Per Capita Food Consumption 236 14.3 Total Food Consumption per day for the Sample Families 237 14.4 Daily Per Capita Total Food Consumption among Sample Families 237 14.5 Share of