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Florida's Dissenters Rebels and Runaways: 1 J Territorial Days to Emancipation

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Florida's Dissenters Rebels and Runaways: 1 J Territorial Days to Emancipation FLORIDA'S DISSENTERS REBELS AND RUNAWAYS: 1 J TERRITORIAL DAYS TO EMANCIPATION BY LARRY EUGENE RIVERS A THESIS SUBMIr£ED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON (GOLDSMITHS COLLEGE) (DEPARTMENT OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES) 2001 1 ABSTRACT This thesis examines slave resistance in Florida from the territorial period to emancipation. Florida bond servants manifested varying degrees of resistance. Much like other enslaved blacks throughout the South, the way slaves reacted to Florida's peculiar institution depended on their overall personality, size of the plantation or farm, and treatment by owners and managers (ie. overseers, stewards, foremen, and slave drivers). Enslaved blacks' behavior could range from mild daily dissidence to individual or collective violence against their masters, other whites, and occasionally fellow bond servants. Running away became the most frequent form of conservative resistance employed by bond servants to demonstrate their disenchantment with the day-to-day realities of slavery. The introduction explains the overall purpose and focus of this study. Specifically, it covers Florida slave resistance from 1821 to 1865. Chapter 2 One explores the daily for.ms of slave dissidence that ranged from feigning illness to stealing food and other materials from the farms and plantations of Florida. Chapters Two through Four consider the various reasons slaves absconded including, but not limited to, their treatment, family and kinfo1k concerns, and demands of the work routine. Chapter Five analyzes the most extreme form of slave resistance--physical violence. This type of resistance, either individual or collective, was a frequent result of bondservants' frustration and anger with the Florida slave regime. Chapter Six focuses on Florida slave holders' and society's responses to the perennial problem of slave runaways through the enactment of slave patrol laws. Although Florida statutes created them, slave patrols usually functioned only during times of crisis. Slave catchers--that is, owners, overseers, professionals, and other whites in the community-­ more frequently served in the capture and return of fugitives than did slave patrols. Resistance in the form of slaves running away to join and fight for the Union army during the Civil War constitutes the primary focus of chapter Seven. Chapter Eight presents an overall profile of 3 Florida runaways. For example, it analyzes the types of slaves who more frequently absconded, their age, their personality traits as described by owners, and their gender. The concluding chapter summarizes and places in perspective the various forms of Florida slave resistance during the overall period under study. 4 PREFACE I am very grateful for the patience and assistance of a great number of people both in London and the United States of America for their help in this project. First, I would like to thank Dr. Peter D. Fraser for supervising this thesis. His extremely helpful suggestions improved this thesis in many ways. I would also like to thank nineteenth-century-Florida scholar Canter Brown Jr. for reading several drafts of this thesis and making helpful suggestions for its improvement. I offer thanks to Donnie D. Bellamy, regents professor emeritus of history at the Fort Valley State University; William W. Rogers, Sr., professor emeritus of history at Florida State University; Jane Landers, associate professor of history at Vanderbilt University, Jerrell H. Shofner, professor emeritus of history at the University of Central Florida; and Daniel L. Schafer, professor of history at University of North Florida. Others merit recognition as well. I appreciate 5 the following for their generous research assistance and financial support: Florida A&M University sabbatical leaves committee; Charles U. Smith, distinguished professor of sociology, Florida A&M University, Aubrey M. Perry, professor of psychology, Florida A&M University; France J. Stafford, history professor emeritus, Florida A&M University; David Jackson, Jr., associate professor of history, Florida A&M University; Roland M. Smith, Vice President of Student Life, University of Delaware; David J. Coles, assistant professor of history at Longwood College; James M. Denham, Professor of history at Florida Southern College, Lakeland; Barbara Gray-Brown, Tallahassee; Joan Morris and Jody Nor.man, Florida Photographic Collection, Florida State Archives; Mary Ann Cleveland, Emily Hohmeister, Cynthia C. Wise, Dorothy Williams, and Randi Bailey, Florida Collection, State Library of Florida, Tallahassee; Joe Knetsch, Bureau of Survey and Mapping, Division of State Lands, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee; Peter A. Krafft, director of Cartography for the Florida Resources and Environmental Analysis Center at Florida State University; Nathan Woolsey, Milton; Elizabeth 6 Alexander and Bruce Chappel, P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida; David Nolan, St. Augustine; Taryn Rodriguez-Boette and Charles A. Tingley, St. Augustine Historical Society Research Library; Ann Murphey, Tampa; Fay Farmer and Bonney A. McClellan, Keystone Genealogical Library, Monticello; Charles Carroll Fishburn Jr., Quincy; Miles Womack, Quincy; Willie Speed, Apalachicola; George Chapel, Apalachicola; Tom Hambright, May Hill Russell Monroe County Public Library, Key West; Vernon Peeples, Punta Gorda; William G. Dayton, Dade City; Hal Hubener, Lakeland Public Library; Julius J. Gordon, Tampa; Tom Muir and Marshall L. Emerson, Historic Pensacola Preservation Board; Darcie MacMahon, Florida Museum of Natural History; Anthony Dixon, Tallahassee; and Clifton Lewis, Bartow. And finally, I would like to thank my wife, Betty Jean Hubbard-Rivers, and our sons, Larry Omar and Linje Eugene for their support throughout this difficult and challenging project. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page 1 Abstract 2 Preface 5 Table of Contents 8 Introduction 10 Chapter 1 33 Daily Dissidence Chapter 2 86 Away Without Leave Chapter 3 135 Destinations of Runaways Chapter 4 177 Runaways in Search Family Members, Kinfolk, and Loved Ones Chapter 5 213 Slave Violence in Nineteenth-Century Florida Chapter 6 254 Catch the Runaway 8 Chapter 7 288 Florida Bondservants and the Civil War Chapter 8 316 Profile Of A Florida Runaway Chapter 9 366 Conclusion Bibliography 379 9 INTRODUCTION The question of slave resistance in the antebellum and Civil War South has confronted and divided scholars since the 1929 appearance of U. B. Phillips's Life and Labor in the Old South. In his influential work, Phillips provided a picture of contented slaves who were enrolled in a "school" that would teach and train them to become obedient and loyal workers. Fourteen years after its publication, Herbert Aptheker challenged Phillips while setting off a debate that has continued to the present time. Aptheker's American Negro Slave Revolts showed a different side to bond servants. In his eyes, slaves did not comprise a homogenous group of complacent workers on the farms and plantations of the Old South. Rather, he perceived that southern slaves displayed a revolutionary tradition during much of the antebellum period. 1 Now, the debate was off and running. Some scholars soon suggested that historical fact failed to support Aptheker's thesis of a revolutionary 10 tradition among slaves. Particularly, in 1956 Kenneth M. Stampp wrote The Peculiar Institution during the beginning of the nation's civil rights movement. He described slaves as a "troublesome property" for their owners. Stampp noted that bond people expressed unhappiness and dissidence when certain agreed upon boundaries were crossed or rules broken by their masters. He claimed that the most-common forms of resistance were conservative, involving slaves refusing to work or else simply disappearing from the plantations and farms.2 Yet, late 1950s revisionists such as Stampp did not always find themselves in agreement when it came to explaining slave behavior and personality. Stanley Elkins's intriguing book Slavery: A Problem in American Institution and Intellectual Life, for example, spurred debate concerning the dominant slave personality. Its thesis suggested that an oppressive system such as slavery produced a Sambo­ type personality in most slaves. This personality prototype offered a portrait of bond servants as docile, irresponsible, loyal yet lazy, humble but deceitful. 3 Historian John Wesley Blassingame's The Slave Community, written in 1976, became the first 11 book-length study that responded directly to the Elkins thesis. Where Elkins found a single Sambo­ like personality, Blassingame declared that bond servants manifested a variety of personalities embracing possibly three different types. While Blassingame agreed that some slaves could have become Sambos, he also asserted that others developed a "Nat" personality, suggesting that they could be truculent and rebellious. He maintained, as well, that they could also take on the "Jack" personality type. This last classification could prove the most difficult to define. As Blassingame noted, though, a slave could become "sullen and uncooperative when he [or she] could afford to be, deferential when he [or she] could not, and who was cautious and calculating in his [or her] efforts to make the best" of a dehumanizing and abusive system. 4 During the 1970s, other important revisionist works found their way into print. In 1972, Gerald W. Mullin's Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia demonstrated
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