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The Educational Backgrounds of Britain's Leading People Elitist Britain 2019 The educational backgrounds of Britain’s leading people www.suttontrust.com www.gov.uk/government/organisations/social-mobility-commission @suttontrust @SMCommission CoverCover background.inddSutton background.indd Trust Report All Pagescover All PagesFinal.indd All Pages 16/06/201914/06/201914/06/2019 20:17:26 11:06:27 11:06:27 About the Sutton Trust About the Social Mobility Commission The Sutton Trust champions social mobility from The Social Mobility Commission is an advisory birth to the workplace so that all young people non-departmental public body established under have the chance to succeed in life. It does this the Life Chances Act 2010 as modified by the through evidence-led programmes, agenda- Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016. It has a duty to setting research and policy influence. assess progress in improving social mobility in the UK and to promote social mobility in England. © Sutton Trust & Crown copyright 2019 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Please cite the Sutton Trust and the Social Mobility Commission when using material from this research. Creative Direction & Design by Sabroso Studio sabroso-studio.com Contents Elitist Britain 2019 2 Forewords 4 Key Findings 6 In numbers: Independent Schools 7 In numbers: Oxbridge 8 Policy Recommendations 10 Introduction Sectors 17 ● Politics 27 ● Business 37 ● Media 45 ● Whitehall & Public Bodies 53 ● Public Servants 61 ● Local Government 69 ● Influential Women 75 ● Creative Industries 81 ● Sport 89 ● Conclusions 96 Appendix A 98 Appendix B 100 References 105 Acknowledgements Elitist Britain | 1 Forewords Sir Peter Lampl Founder of the Sutton Trust and Chairman of the Education Endowment Foundation Over the last two decades, successful educational institutions need to open their the Sutton Trust has doors to those beyond a privileged few. Top state schools pioneered research need to ensure that they are as open to disadvantaged into the educational young people as the well-off; those with the means to backgrounds of those obtain tutoring for the 11-plus, or to purchase a home at the top of British in the catchment area of a high-performing school. society. In that time we Our independent sector, which has long been a have covered fields from source of educational and professional success, also the legal profession should enable access for a wider section of society. to medicine, from the Independent schools offer their pupils an array of media to Nobel Prize winners. Across a wide variety advantages, from smaller class sizes, to top notch of professions we see a similar picture – those sporting facilities and opportunities for extracurricular educated at independent schools and Oxbridge development. Opening up independent day schools on are over-represented among Britain’s elite. the basis of merit, not money, via the Sutton Trust’s Open This report is published at a critical juncture Access scheme, has long been an objective of mine. for this country. We find ourselves an increasingly At university level, Oxford and Cambridge divided society. Divided by politics, by class, by have both recently announced ambitious geography. Social mobility, the potential for those schemes to widen access. It is essential that to achieve success regardless of their background, these great universities deliver on that promise. remains worryingly low. The British education system Elitist Britain 2019 lays bare the lack of is partly responsible for this divide, but it also has opportunities for so many young people across the potential to rectify it. Giving young people from Britain. Amid an atmosphere of political tumult in all backgrounds access to the knowledge and skills Westminster, it must not be forgotten that addressing needed to succeed in life is key to bridging the gap. Britain’s stubborn social mobility problem remains one For this to happen, the country’s most of the most important challenges that lies ahead. “Giving young people from all backgrounds access to the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in life is key to bridging the social mobility gap.” 2 | Elitist Britain Dame Martina Milburn Chair, Social Mobility Commission The Social Mobility Yet still more than a third of the current Cabinet went to Commission is delighted private school and over 57 per cent attended Oxbridge. to be working with the Even newer industries, such as tech firms and PR firms Sutton Trust to look at have a high proportion of privately educated CEOs. the “power gap” which Geographical differences are also worrying with separates those who many of the most prestigious jobs in businesses, dominate the top of journalism, law and politics, based in London, many professions despite unaffordable rents and prohibitive house and businesses prices. Ideally more organisations should move their and those who headquarters out of the capital to the regions. are left behind. Both organisations know that Not everyone needs or wants to make it to the education lies at the heart of the social divide top but those who wish to should get the chance to and people who have the best educational do so. Many sectors including the law, media and opportunities often get the best, well-paid jobs. the civil service are now taking steps to address the Elitist Britain shows little has changed at the top issue through better apprenticeships, paid internships in recent years. Decision makers in government, and blind recruitment - but it is a slow process. The business and the judiciary are still dominated by the Social Mobility Commission will shortly publish seven per cent of the population who are educated practical guidance for employers to help them widen privately and the one per cent who go to Oxford access and improve progression opportunities. or Cambridge University. But should this small elite Politicians, employers, educators and policy makers have such a big say in running the country? all need to work together to ensure that Britain’s elite Our analysis does suggest small shifts to address this becomes much more diverse, in gender, ethnicity imbalance. A record number of MPs (52 per cent) went and social background. It is time to close the power to comprehensive schools and fewer army officers were gap and ensure that those who hold the reins of educated at independent schools than five years ago. power can relate to and represent ordinary people. “Politicians, employers and educators all need to work together to ensure that Britain’s elite becomes much more diverse in gender, ethnicity and social background.” Elitist Britain | 3 Key findings → The United Kingdom in 2019 is an increasingly 52%. Nonetheless, 29% of MPs still come from divided nation. The vote to leave the European a private school background, four times higher Union both reflected and accentuated deep social than the electorate they represent. The House divisions across the country. The nature of Britain’s of Lords is even less representative, with 57% ‘elite’ is higher in the national consciousness than of its members having been educated privately. ever, with trust between significant sections of This figure is actually 8 percentage points higher the population and those at the highest levels of than 2014, potentially owing to the profile of new politics, business and the media, under strain. The Lords appointed by David Cameron and Theresa latest indications are that social mobility across the May in the interim. The cabinet, at the time of UK is low and not improving. This deprives large analysis in spring 2019, was composed of 39% parts of the population, both socio-economically independently educated members. This is in stark and geographically, of opportunity. This study, contrast with the shadow cabinet, with just 9% - the conducted for the first time by both the Sutton lowest level of the privately educated in Britain’s Trust and the Social Mobility Commission, offers a elite outside professional football. Increasing snapshot of who gets to succeed in Britain in 2019. numbers of MPs have university degrees (up 5 percentage points), with the numbers graduating → This report looks at the educational backgrounds from Oxbridge (24%) consistent over time. of Britain’s elite across a broad range of sectors. The Sutton Trust’s Leading People (2016), and → Business the Social Mobility Commission’s Elitist Britain Business saw some of the highest rates of (2014) painted a picture of a country whose power internationally educated members of the elite, with structures are dominated by a narrow section of 43% of FTSE 350 CEOs, and over half (51%) of the the population: the 7% who attend independent Sunday Times Rich List top 100 schooled abroad. schools, and the roughly 1% who graduate from just Looking at those educated in the UK alone however, two universities, Oxford and Cambridge. Looking there were large numbers who were independently at the five years since 2014, Elitist Britain 2019 educated – 57% of the Rich List and 48% of FTSE shows isolated pockets of positive change, but a 350 CEOs. Tech firm CEOs and entrepreneurs, picture characterised by persistent inequality. a source of business innovation, also had large numbers of privately schooled members, but at 44%, → The broad trajectory of private school over- entrepreneurs had the highest rate of non-university representation appears to be downwards, but graduates outside sport and the creative industries. change is happening slowly. Two fifths of the elite examined here (39%) attended independent schools, → Media more than five times as many as the population The media, alongside politics and the civil service, at large (7%).
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