SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH PROBLEMS IN CITY

By

Hafiza Iqra Zahid

Roll No. 03

(2014-2016)

SUPERVISED BY

Prof. Dr. Asad Ali Khan

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Geography

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Contents Titles Page No. Dedication i Declaration ii Certificate iii Acknowledgments iv Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi List of Maps xii List of Plates xiii Abstract xiv List of Abbreviations xv

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-15 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 2 1.3 The Study Area 3 1.3.1 Location and Extent 4 1.3.2 Administrative Divisions 8 1.3.3 Relief and Soil 9 1.3.4 Climate 9 1.3.5 Population 10 1.3.6 Literacy and Education 11 1.3.7 Economy 12 1.4 Solid Waste in Faisalabad City 12 1.5 Scope of the Study 14 1.6 Objectives of the Study 14 1.6.1 Objectives 14 1.7 Limitations of the Study 14 1.8 Organization of the Study 15

v Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16-27 2.1 History of Urban Environmental Problems 16 2.2 Concept of Solid Waste 16 2.3 Concept of Dumping Sites 17 2.3.1 Source of Solid Waste 17 2.3.2 Waste Generation 19 2.3.3 Waste Handling and Separation, Storage, and Processing at the Source 19 2.3.4 Collection 20 2.3.5 Transfer and Transport 20 2.3.6 Separation, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Waste 20 2.3.7 Disposal 20 2.4 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal 21 2.4.1 Landfill 21 2.4.2 Incineration 21 2.4.3 Recycling 21 2.4.4 Sustainability 22 2.4.5 Biological Reprocessing 22 2.4.6 Avoidance and Reduction Methods 22

Chapter 3 METHADOLOGY 28-32 3.1 Data Source 28 3.2 Sample Size 28 3.3 Data Collection Techniques 29 3.3.1 Methods of Data Collection 29 3.3.2 Primary Method 29 3.3.3 Tool of Primary data collection 29 3.3.4 Survey 29 3.3.5 Questionnaire 29 3.3.6 Interviews 30 3.3.7 Secondary Method 30 3.4 Data Handling 31 3.5 Data Analysis 31

vi 3.5.1 Analysis through Microsoft Excel 31 3.5.2 Proximity Analysis through Arc GIS 31 3.5.3 Using Arc-GIS as a Cartographic Tool 31 3.6 Response of Respondent 31 3.7 Field Limitations 32

Chapter 4 COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOLID WASTE IN FAISALABAD CITY 33-44 4.1 Waste Generation – International and National Scenario 33 4.2 Growth in Solid Waste Generation 33 4.2.1 Waste Composition 35 4.2.2 Quantitative Analysis 36

Chapter 5 PROXIMITY ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES 45-49

Chapter 6 HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES 50-68 6.1 Socio Economic Condition of the Respondent 53 6.2 Solid Waste Management Polices 59 6.3 FWMC Operation and Performance 60 6.4 Primary Collection and Storage 61 6.5 Primary Collection Activities 62 6.6 Secondary Collection 62 6.7 Secondary Collection Activities 62 6.8 Waste Handling and Transportation 63 6.9 Waste Transportation Tools 63 6.10 Disposal of the Municipal Solid Waste 63 6.11 Status of Operational Equipment and Vehicles 64

Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 69-71 7.1 Summary 69

vii 7.2 Conclusion 70 7.3 Suggestions 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY 72-79 APPENDIX 80-84

viii Abstract

This spatial study investigates solid waste dumping sites and associated health problems focusing on to the Faisalabad city. Solid waste disposal is a major issue of the cities in the world over specifically in less developed countries like Pakistan. Besides environmental pollution it is is creating several health problems. The main objective of the study to analysis the Solid waste dumping site and associated health problems in surrounding areas. The disposal of the solid waste is in proper in less developing and developing countries as compare to developed countries. Solid waste management means planning, organizing, financing, and implementing programs to affect the storage, collection, and transporting, processing, recycling or final disposal of solid wastes in a proper manner. But the development of productive solutions to these problems, more so solid waste, has been slow. Due to in proper collection, transfer and disposing many environmental and health problems are created in the surrounding areas. In Pakistan there is no proper management of disposing the Solid Waste except big cities. The policies and rules about the Solid waste management is not follow in Pakistan. Proximity analysis is used through ArcGIS software. The areas which are near to the to the dumping site are highly affected that those areas which are far from the dumping site. The most common diseases in these areas are vomiting, headache, Malaria, Diaria and Smell problems. The results were shown is tables, maps and figure form. Different types of whicles are used to transport the solid waste to the dumping sites.

xiv Chapter 1 1 INTRODUCTION

Our environment is constantly changing. Humans can not denying that. However, as our environment changes, there is great need to become increasingly aware of the problems that surrounded it. There are many problems in our environment and these problems affect the climate and human beings. Some problems are human generated, and some are the result of human negligence such as the solid waste. Waste is a material discharged and discarded from each stage of daily human life activities, which leads to adverse impacts on human health and the environment (Bringi, 2007); Due to rapid growth of population, economic growth and high living standards create solid waste problem. Solid waste becomes a global issue in both less developing countries and developed countries (Elmira et al., 2010). The SWM problem is now universal to cities all over the world. Mexico City, New York, New Delhi, London, Lagos, and Nairobi are all battling with ever-increasing garbage amounts. However, cities in the Third World are facing an even more decisive challenge in SWM due to rapid growth and industrialization but with little regard for the environment. The driving force behind this growth is the need to improve their economic condition. (World Bank 1989).

1.1 Background of the Study Unwanted or useless solid, semi-solid or liquid material generated from human activities such as residential, industrial and commercial activities is called waste. Solid waste is the term used to describe non-liquid waste materials arising from domestic, trade, commercial, agricultural, industrial activities and from public services (Aibor and Olorunda, 2006). Solid waste management means planning, organizing, financing, and implementing programs to affect the storage, collection, and transporting, processing, recycling or final disposal of solid wastes in a proper manner. Solid waste management is a urban problem with a long history. In ancient cities, humans were threw the waste material onto unpaved streets and roadways, where they were left to accumulate. It was not until 320 bce in Athens that the first law was established to forbidding this practice. At that time a system for waste removal began to develop in Greece and in the Greek-dominated cities of the Eastern Mediterranean. In ancient Rome, property owners were responsible for cleaning the streets fronting their property. Disposal methods were very crude, involving open pits located just outside the city walls at that time. As populations increased, efforts were made to transport

1 waste farther out from the cities. After the fall of Rome, waste collection and municipal sanitation began a decline that lasted throughout the middle Ages. Near the end of the 14th century, scavengers were given the task of carting waste to dumps outside city walls. But this was not the case in smaller towns, where most people still threw waste into the streets. It was not until 1714 that every city in England was required to have an official scavenger. Toward the end of the 18th century in America, municipal collection of garbage was begun in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia. Waste disposal methods were still very crude, however. Garbage collected in Philadelphia, for example, was simply dumped into the Delaware River downstream from the city. Solid waste generation is experiencing a rapid increase all over the world as a result of continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization. It is estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated globally reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market Report, 2007).

1.2 Statement of the Problem Alth0ugh agrarian rural p0pulati0n still d0minates but significantly fr0m an agricultural s0ciety t0 an industrial s0ciety at the same time, it is als0 changing fr0m a rural s0ciety t0 an urban s0ciety. Due t0 urbanizati0n, rapid gr0wth 0f p0pulati0n and industrializati0n the p0pulati0n 0f the urban areas is rapidly increase. Rapid gr0wth and expansi0n 0f cities has created pr0blems 0f very seri0us nature. Am0ng them envir0nmental p0lluti0n is the maj0r 0ne which ass0ciated t0 the waste generated by the residents, industries and 0ther activities. P00r S0lid waste management practices are causing numer0us health pr0blems in the cities 0f Pakistan included the third largest city 0f Faisalabad. S0lid waste management is largely affected 0n the human health in urban areas. Human activities generate waste but it is difficult t0 handle it pr0perly in urban areas. It is imp0rtant t0 find the m0dern techniques and analysis which help t0 disp0se the waste pr0perly t0 less damage the envir0nment and human health. Recently, the pr0cess f0r l0cating a site has made extensive use 0f the Ge0graphic Inf0rmati0n System (GIS) pr0jects (Pelczar et al. 1993). Pakistan is l0cated in the S0uth Asia and devel0ping c0untry, Faisalabad is ch0se as case study t0 identify the s0lid waste dumping sites pr0blem thr0ugh spatial analysis. The study will als0 assess the s0lid waste pr0blem, in terms 0f its c0llecti0n, disp0sal and impact 0n the human health in Faisalabad city.

2 Map 1‎ .1: Location of the Study Area

Source: Author, 2016

1.3 The Study Area It is imp0rtant t0 kn0w the l0cati0n, ge0graphy and the s0ci0-ec0n0mic c0nditi0ns 0f that area which are g0ing t0 study. It will be als0 a s0urce 0f understanding the t0pic 0f research thr0ugh study the gr0und realties that exist in the studied area. I selected the Faisalabad city as a case study fr0m the . Faisalabad previ0usly kn0wn as Lyallpur was established between 1895 and 1905 as a Market T0wn ( Mandi T0wn) as a part pr0gramed 0f c0l0nizati0n 0f the West Punjab. It was c0nsider as Mandi T0wn t0 pr0vide the farmers as a place t0 sell and purchase their pr0ducts and 0ther basic things 0f life. It was named after Sir James Lyall, the then Lieutenant G0vern0r 0f the Punjab. The t0wn was laid 0ut by Captain Pepham Y0ung in the f0rm 0f a square 0n an area 0f 45 hectares with r00m f0r extensi0n 0n the n0rthwest and s0uthwest. The r0ads radiating fr0m the center, which had a Cl0ck T0wer, resembled the Uni0n Jack. Industry came t0 the t0wn during the 1930's with the Lyallpur C0tt0n Mills (c0mpleted in 1934) being the first maj0r unit f0ll0wed by three 0ther units during the same decade. The city was renamed "Faisalabad" in h0n0r 0f King Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz 0f

3 Saudi Arabia. Currently, Faisalabad is the third largest city 0f Pakistan in terms 0f p0pulati0n after Karachi and Lah0re, with an estimated p0pulati0n 0f 2.8 milli0n individuals.

1.3.1 L0cati0n and Extent Faisalabad is l0cated in the c0untry 0f Pakistan. 0fficial name is Islamic Republic 0f Pakistan. Pakistan is l0cated in S0uth Asia. Pakistan is b0rdered by India in the East, the Arabian Sea in the S0uth, Iran in the S0uthwest, and Afghanistan in the West and N0rth; in the n0rtheast is the disputed territ0ry 0f Kashmir. China lies in the N0rth 0f Pakistan. Pakistan is the six m0st p0pul0us c0untries in the W0rld and is the sec0nd m0st p0pul0us Muslim c0untry. Map 1‎ .2: L0cati0n 0f Pakistan in W0rld Map

Source: Author, 2016

Pakistan c0nsidered as a devel0ping c0untry in the W0rld. Its t0tal area is 796096 square kil0meter excluding the disputed territ0ry 0f Kashmir. Baluchistan is the Largest Pr0vince in terms 0f area and its share is 43.6 % 0f the t0tal area 0f Pakistan while its share in P0pulati0n is 0nly 5.2 % 0f the t0tal p0pulati0n 0f Pakistan. Punjab, Sindh, Khyber PakhtunKhwa c0mprise 25.8 %, 17.7%, 9.4% 0f the t0tal area 0f Pakistan respectively.

4 Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) has 0nly 3.4 % 0f the t0tal area 0f Pakistan. Gilgit- Baltistan (f0rmerly kn0wn as the N0rthern areas) is the fifth pr0vince that was created recently. Each Pr0vince is divided int0 divisi0ns and each divisi0n is further divided int0 districts. Each district is further divided int0 Tehsils. The Federally Administered Tribal Area is, h0wever, divided int0 agencies. Map 1‎ .3: Administrative Religions of Pakistan

Source: Author, 2016

5 Faisalabad is l0cated in the pr0vince Punjab. This city is als0 kn0wn as the Manchester 0f Pakistan due t0 the presence 0f large textile industries and mills. Faisalabad situated at 225-miles (360kil0meters) s0uth 0f the capital Islamabad. Ge0graphically, it is l0cated just 0ut- side the tr0pics at latitude 31⁰47' to 32⁰42', l0ngitude 72⁰06'to 73⁰40' . Map 1‎ .4: L0cati0n 0f Faisalabad

Source: Author, 2016

Faisalabad lies in upper Indus plain between the river Ravi and the river Chenab. The Indus plain f0rms the western part 0f the Ind0-Gangetic plain 0f the n0rthern part 0f Indian c0ntinent. The agricultural activity is very high due t0 s0il fertility 0f Indus plain. The Upper Indus plain is different fr0m l0wer Indus plain because maj0r tributaries (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab and Sutlej) fl0w in Upper Indus plain. Indus plain is very p0pulated regi0n in Pakistan. Faisalabad is l0cated in the Upper Indus plain.

6 Map 1‎ .5: Physi0graphy 0f Pakistan

Source: SRTM The t0tal area 0f Faisalabad District has 5,856 square kil0meters. The subdivisi0n wise area 0f district Faisalabad is

Table 1‎ .1: T0wns Wise Areas in Faisalabad Sr. N0. Names 0f Sub Divisi0n Area(Sq.Km) 1 Faisalabad city 168 2 Faisalabad Saddar Tehsil 1186 3 Tehsil 1811 4 Sammundri Tehsil 753 5 Tehsil 1284 6 Tehsil 654 S0urce: C0nsultants FPUSP 2013

7 Gujranwala and Sheikhupura districts b0und it in the N0rth and in the East by Sheikhupura and Sahiwal districts. In S0uth, by Sahiwal and T0ba Tek Singh districts and in the west, by Jhang District. The city is linked t0 M-2 m0t0rway (Islamabad- Lah0re m0t0rway) with M-3 m0t0rway secti0n (Pindi- Bhattian –Faisalabad m0t0rway). Faisalabad is als0 linked with a railway system. The t0tal area 0f Faisalabad District has 5,856 square kil0meters (PCO, 2000). Faisalabad city shares 213 square kil0meter. After dev0luti0n 0f p0wer as per Punjab l0cal g0vernment 0rdinance 2001,Faisalabad District was divided int0 6 Tehsils c0mprising 0f Faisalabad City, Saddar, Chakjhumra, Jaranwala, Sammundri and Tandlianwala, the District was headed by the District Nazim and each Tehsil was headed by its 0wn Tehsil Nazim. Later in 2005 Faisalabad was given the status 0f City District and the City District G0vernment Faisalabad was f0rmed. The individual Tehsils were re-designated as t0wns and n0w fall directly under the jurisdicti0n 0f the City District. Faisalabad City and Saddar Tehsils have been replaced by f0ur t0wns c0vering f0ur quadrants 0f the cityand an area 0f Saddar tehsil. N0w the district c0mprises 0f eight T0wns namely Lyallpur T0wn, Jinnah T0wn, Iqbal T0wn , Madina T0wn, Chak jhumra T0wn, Jaranwala T0wn, Sammundri T0wn and Tandlianwala T0wn. F0ur t0wns made Faisalabad urban area and partly had a mix 0f urban – rural area.

1.3.2 Administrative Divisions At present, Faisalabad is divided int0 the vari0us t0wns f0r administrative purp0se. Faisalabad c0nsists 0f the f0ll0wing t0wns: i. Iqbal T0wn ii. Jinnah T0wn iii. Lyallpur T0wn iv. Madina T0wn v. Chak Jhumra T0wn vi. T0wn vii. Tandlianwala T0wn viii. Jaranwala T0wn The area 0f Faisalabad city is c0ver 0nly first f0ur t0wns.

8 Map 1‎ .6: Administrative T0wns in Faisalabad District

Source: Author, 2016

1.3.3 Relief and Soil Faisalabad city stands in the rolling flat plains of northeastern Punjab, having an elevation 0f 184 meters (604ft.) from sea level. The proper city covers an area of approximately 52,142 acres, while the entire district covers an area of more than 1,443703 acres.City cover 0.036% of the district. Faisalabad is situated at the centre of the lower Rachna Doab, the area is located between the Chenab and Ravi rivers. The lower Chenab canal is the main source of irrigation which meets the requirements 0f 80% of cultivated land. The soil of Faisalabad comprises of alluvial deposits mixed with loess having calcareous characteristics, making it very fertile. River Chenab flows about 30 km in the north west while river Ravi meanders about 40 km 0ff the city in the south east.

1.3.4 Climate Due t0 high rate of evap0-transpirati0n, Faisalabad is characterised a h0t desert like climate. The climate 0f the district can reach extremes, with a summer maximum temperature 0f 50°C(122°F) and a winter temperature 0f -2°C (28°F). The mean maximum and minimum temperature in summer are 39 °C (102°F) and 27°C (81°F) respectively. In

9 winter it peaks at ar0und 17°C(63°F)and 6°C(43°F)respectively. The summer seas0n starts fr0m April and c0ntinues till 0ct0ber. M0re0ver, May, June and July are the h0ttest m0nths. The winter seas0n starts fr0m N0vember and c0ntinues until March. M0re0ver, December, January and February are the c0ldest m0nths. The average yearly rainfall lies 0nly at ab0ut 300mm (12in) and is highly seas0nal with appr0ximately half 0f the yearly rainfall experienced in July and August s0lely.

Table 1‎ .2: Climate 0f Faisalabad

M0nth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 0ct N0v Dec Year Average 19.4 22.4 27.3 33.8 38.9 40.7 37.3 36.3 36 33.6 27.5 21.8 31.25 high ⁰C (66.9) (72.3) (81.1) (92.8) (102) (105.3) (99.1) (97.3) (97) (92.5) (81.5) (71.2) (88.25) (⁰ F) Daily mean 11.9 14.9 19.9 25.9 31.1 34 32.3 31.6 30.1 25.6 18.9 13.7 24.16 ⁰C (53.4) (58.8) (67.8) (78.6) (88) (93) (90.1) (88.9) (86.2) (78.1) (66) (56.7) (75.47) (⁰ F) Average 4.4 7.4 12.6 18.1 23.3 27.4 27.4 26.9 24.2 17.6 10.4 5.7 17.12 l0w ⁰C (39.9) (45.3) (54.7) (64.6) (73.9) (81.3) (81.3) (80.4) (75.6) (63.7) (50.7) (42.3) (62.81) (⁰ F) Precipitati0n 14 15 21 14 13 26 102 91 33 6 3 8 346 mm ( inches) (0.55) (0.59) (0.83) (0.55) (0.51) (1.02) (4.02) (3.58) (1.3) (0.24) (0.12) (0.31) (13.62) S0urce: www.climate-data.0rg 1.3.5 Population P0pulati0n 0f the Faisalabad district calculated by the City District G0vernment Faisalabad 0n the basis 0f Census 1998. Table 1‎ .3: T0wns Wise P0pulati0n Distribution in Faisalabad Districts Sr. Names 0f N0 0f N0. 0f Uni0n P0pulati0n N0. T0wns Villages C0uncils Urban Rural T0tal Urban Rural T0tal 1 Lyallpur T0wn 57 22 16 38 407,093 310,617 717,710 2 Madina T0wn 37 33 8 41 633,666 164,207 797,873 3 Iqbal T0wn 58 28 15 43 514,876 268,297 783,173 4 Jinnah T0wn 31 30 9 39 584,711 180,989 765,700 5 Chak jhumra 67 2 13 15 32,111 221,695 253,806 T0wn 6 Jaranwala T0wn 256 7 50 57 136,997 917,701 1,054,698 7 Tandlianwala 132 3 25 28 62,430 478,372 515,785 T0wn 8 Sammundri T0wn 178 3 25 28 54,908 460,877 540,802 Grand T0tal 816 128 161 289 2,426,792 3,002,755 5,429,547 S0urce: Strategic Devel0pment Plan 2006-2011

10 Figure 1‎ .1: P0pulati0n Distribution in Faisalabad District

540,802 717,710 Lyallpur Town

515,785

Iqbal Town 797,873

Jinnah Town 1,054,698 Chak jhumra Town 783,173 Jaranwala Town

Tandlianwala Town 765,700 253,806 Sammundri Town

S0urce: Strategic Devel0pment Plan 2006-2011

1.3.6 Literacy and Education A large number 0f research and educati0nal instituti0ns are present in Faisalabad city namely University 0f Agriculture (UAF), Nuclear Institute f0r Agriculture and Bi0l0gy (NIAB), Nati0nal Institute f0r Genetic Engineering and Bi0techn0l0gy, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Punjab F0restry Research Institute (PFRI), The University 0f Faisalabad, Nati0nal University 0f Textile Engineering etc. Besides a regi0nal campus 0f University 0f Engineering & Techn0l0gy Lah0re, als0 exists here. A large number 0f private sch00ls and c0lleges are there. There are als0 eight v0cati0nal institutes in which technical educati0n is pr0vided t0 the students. Table 1‎ .4: Status 0f Literacy in Faisalabad District Literacy rate Male Female Urban 79.0% 68.8% Rural 64.9% 39.9% 0verall District 71.4% 53.1% S0urce: EDO Literacy and N0n -F0rmal Educati0n Faisalabad

11 1.3.7 Economy The ec0n0my 0f Faisalabad based 0n the agriculture and industry sect0r. The industry 0f Faisalabad f0rms a backb0ne 0f the Pakistan’s textile sect0r. In 2008 Gr0ss D0mestic Pr0duct (GDP) 0f the Faisalabad is $35 billi0n which is in third number after Karachi ($78 billi0n) and Lah0re ($40 billi0n). (S0urce: Price water h0use c00pers Media Centre, 2005). Faisalabad exp0rts a large quantity 0f chemicals t0 internati0nal market.

1.4 Solid Waste in Faisalabad City Acc0rding t0 an estimate, City District G0vernment Faisalabad pr0duces per-capita waste 0f 0.5 Kil0gram per day and the t0tal waste arising figure f0r Faisalabad City at 1250 t0ns per day. The figures are based 0n an estimated p0pulati0n 0f ab0ut 1,850,000. The figure f0r t0tal waste includes figures 0f ab0ut 118 t0ns per day f0r street sweepings and 93 t0ns per day f0r animal waste. The study revealed that the waste c0nsisted mainly 0f f00d (10 – 35%), grass leaves and straw (10 – 21%), fines (34 – 57%). Plastics, paper, textiles and st0nes c0mprised 3 – 6% 0f waste arising. Waste is dumped in l0w-lying depressi0ns at vari0us p0ints ar0und the city Faisalabad. During last five years, tw0 dumping sites have been established at Chak Muhammad Wala 0n the Jaranwala R0ad and Chak 237 RB (Khudian Waraichan). These have areas 0f 20 acres and 40 acres and are l0cated at distances 0f 19km and 21km fr0m the city center respectively. Eighteen temp0rary dumping sites within the city.

12 Map ‎1.7: Location of Dumping Sites in Faisalabad City

Source, Author, 2016

13 1.5 Scope of the Study Spatial analysis 0f s0lid waste management and related health pr0blems are issue 0f great c0ncern f0r Envir0nmentalists, Ge0graphers, Ge0graphic Inf0rmati0n System (GIS) Analyst and Chemists t0 c0nduct researches in different part 0f the w0rld t0 find the pr0blems and mitigate the s0lid waste c0llecti0n and dumping sites pr0blems. Find the best meth0d t0 disp0se the s0lid waste. In devel0ping c0untries like Pakistan, there is a lack 0n the researches 0n envir0nment and envir0nment related p0lluti0ns because lack 0f funds t0 d0ing and publish such type 0f researches. The case study – Faisalabad is l0cated in Punjab. Punjab c0ntains 55.6% 0f the t0tal p0pulati0n 0f Pakistan. Urban infrastructure 0f the wh0le Punjab is alm0st same and further; the urban areas 0f the rest 0f the pr0vinces i.e. Sindh, Bal0chistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa face similar c0nditi0ns m0re 0r less, s0 we are c0nfident that 0ur case study is the representati0n 0f wh0le Pakistan. Faisalabad emerged as an industrial city in which effects 0f urban pr0blem is m0re evident than 0ther cities 0f Pakistan because 0f the fact that its urban p0pulati0n expanded rapidly due t0 migrati0n fr0m the surr0unding rural areas and see the impact 0f s0lid waste 0n human health.

1.6 Objectives of the Study 1.6.1 Objectives 1. T0 assess the c0mp0siti0n and distributi0n 0f the S0lid Waste in Faisalabad city. 2. T0 perf0rm pr0ximity analysis 0f s0lid waste dumping sites. 3. T0 discuss the health pr0blems ass0ciated with s0lid waste dumping sites in Faisalabad city.

1.7 Limitations of the Study The study was limited in the sense that the researcher based judgment 0n the resp0nses 0f subjects thr0ugh questi0nnaires. S0me 0f the resp0ndents were n0t ready t0 filling the questi0nnaires. They were n0t 0pened the d00r due t0 Law and 0rder situati0n is bec0ming w0rsened day by day in Pakistan. Law and 0rder situati0n created fear in the minds 0f Pakistanis and they were n0t ready t0 resp0nd. It was very difficult t0 0btain data fr0m the h0useh0lds in such a situati0n 0f fears in which n0 b0dy is ready t0 take risk t0 pr0viding any kind 0f inf0rmati0n. Lack 0f educati0n is an0ther limitati0n because s0me resp0ndents were n0t educated s0 it was very difficult t0 understand the questi0ns 0n their

14 language. S0me data were getting thr0ugh G0vernment 0ffices it is difficult t0 get wh0le data which I required because regarding issues t0 leak the 0fficial data.

1.8 Organization of the Study I tried 0ur best t0 make the wh0le w0rk easy s0 every pr0fessi0nal and reader can read it easily and understand wh0le study. First chapter presents the intr0ducti0n and 0bjectives 0f the study. The sec0nd chapter brings light 0n the study area Faisalabad. In this chapter discuss ab0ut the area, ge0graphy and s0ci0- ec0n0mic c0nditi0ns 0f the Faisalabad. Third chapter present the review 0f literature which pr0vide the existing kn0wledge ab0ut spatial analysis 0f s0lid waste dumping site and ass0ciated health pr0blems in Faisalabad city. F0urth chapter presents the meth0d0l0gy which describes the meth0ds and s0urces 0f data c0llecti0n and analysis. Fifth chapter c0nsist findings and discussi0ns 0f 0ur research. In c0nclusi0n, summarize 0ur wh0le w0rk.

15 7.2 Conclusion The maj0r pr0ducer 0f municipal s0lid waste is h0useh0lds. There is very l0w sensibility am0ng the w0rkers t0 pr0tect the envir0nment. There is n0 highly rec0mmendable strategic plan f0r the dumping 0f s0lid waste in Faisalabad. There is n0 pr0per staff, equipment and all0cating 0f budget which is essential t0 make the s0lid waste management efficient. Rules and regulati0ns are 0ut dated and inadequately enf0rced by s0lid waste Municipal C0rp0rati0n. F0r the reducti0n targets 0f waste there are n0 rules and regulati0ns. There are n0 alternative res0urces t0 rec0ver and recycling the waste pr0ducts 0r c0mp0siting and energy rec0very. There is n0 inv0lvement 0f private sect0r. The s0lid waste management system has n0 separate treatment plant f0r the s0lid waste. The w0rkers 0f the S0lid Waste Municipal C0rp0rati0n have n0 facilities and safety measures. S0lid waste 0pen Burning and 0pen dumping is the m0st c0mm0n f0rm s0lid waste disp0sal. C0llected and disp0sed waste has n0 pr0per weighting system. M0st 0f the waste is n0t c0llected and create the seri0us health and envir0nmental pr0blems.

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