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SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH PROBLEMS IN FAISALABAD CITY By Hafiza Iqra Zahid Roll No. 03 (2014-2016) SUPERVISED BY Prof. Dr. Asad Ali Khan Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Geography DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY The Islamia University of Bahawalpur PAKISTAN Contents Titles Page No. Dedication i Declaration ii Certificate iii Acknowledgments iv Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi List of Maps xii List of Plates xiii Abstract xiv List of Abbreviations xv Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-15 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 2 1.3 The Study Area 3 1.3.1 Location and Extent 4 1.3.2 Administrative Divisions 8 1.3.3 Relief and Soil 9 1.3.4 Climate 9 1.3.5 Population 10 1.3.6 Literacy and Education 11 1.3.7 Economy 12 1.4 Solid Waste in Faisalabad City 12 1.5 Scope of the Study 14 1.6 Objectives of the Study 14 1.6.1 Objectives 14 1.7 Limitations of the Study 14 1.8 Organization of the Study 15 v Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16-27 2.1 History of Urban Environmental Problems 16 2.2 Concept of Solid Waste 16 2.3 Concept of Dumping Sites 17 2.3.1 Source of Solid Waste 17 2.3.2 Waste Generation 19 2.3.3 Waste Handling and Separation, Storage, and Processing at the Source 19 2.3.4 Collection 20 2.3.5 Transfer and Transport 20 2.3.6 Separation, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Waste 20 2.3.7 Disposal 20 2.4 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal 21 2.4.1 Landfill 21 2.4.2 Incineration 21 2.4.3 Recycling 21 2.4.4 Sustainability 22 2.4.5 Biological Reprocessing 22 2.4.6 Avoidance and Reduction Methods 22 Chapter 3 METHADOLOGY 28-32 3.1 Data Source 28 3.2 Sample Size 28 3.3 Data Collection Techniques 29 3.3.1 Methods of Data Collection 29 3.3.2 Primary Method 29 3.3.3 Tool of Primary data collection 29 3.3.4 Survey 29 3.3.5 Questionnaire 29 3.3.6 Interviews 30 3.3.7 Secondary Method 30 3.4 Data Handling 31 3.5 Data Analysis 31 vi 3.5.1 Analysis through Microsoft Excel 31 3.5.2 Proximity Analysis through Arc GIS 31 3.5.3 Using Arc-GIS as a Cartographic Tool 31 3.6 Response of Respondent 31 3.7 Field Limitations 32 Chapter 4 COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOLID WASTE IN FAISALABAD CITY 33-44 4.1 Waste Generation – International and National Scenario 33 4.2 Growth in Solid Waste Generation 33 4.2.1 Waste Composition 35 4.2.2 Quantitative Analysis 36 Chapter 5 PROXIMITY ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES 45-49 Chapter 6 HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITES 50-68 6.1 Socio Economic Condition of the Respondent 53 6.2 Solid Waste Management Polices 59 6.3 FWMC Operation and Performance 60 6.4 Primary Collection and Storage 61 6.5 Primary Collection Activities 62 6.6 Secondary Collection 62 6.7 Secondary Collection Activities 62 6.8 Waste Handling and Transportation 63 6.9 Waste Transportation Tools 63 6.10 Disposal of the Municipal Solid Waste 63 6.11 Status of Operational Equipment and Vehicles 64 Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 69-71 7.1 Summary 69 vii 7.2 Conclusion 70 7.3 Suggestions 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY 72-79 APPENDIX 80-84 viii Abstract This spatial study investigates solid waste dumping sites and associated health problems focusing on to the Faisalabad city. Solid waste disposal is a major issue of the cities in the world over specifically in less developed countries like Pakistan. Besides environmental pollution it is is creating several health problems. The main objective of the study to analysis the Solid waste dumping site and associated health problems in surrounding areas. The disposal of the solid waste is in proper in less developing and developing countries as compare to developed countries. Solid waste management means planning, organizing, financing, and implementing programs to affect the storage, collection, and transporting, processing, recycling or final disposal of solid wastes in a proper manner. But the development of productive solutions to these problems, more so solid waste, has been slow. Due to in proper collection, transfer and disposing many environmental and health problems are created in the surrounding areas. In Pakistan there is no proper management of disposing the Solid Waste except big cities. The policies and rules about the Solid waste management is not follow in Pakistan. Proximity analysis is used through ArcGIS software. The areas which are near to the to the dumping site are highly affected that those areas which are far from the dumping site. The most common diseases in these areas are vomiting, headache, Malaria, Diaria and Smell problems. The results were shown is tables, maps and figure form. Different types of whicles are used to transport the solid waste to the dumping sites. xiv Chapter 1 1 INTRODUCTION Our environment is constantly changing. Humans can not denying that. However, as our environment changes, there is great need to become increasingly aware of the problems that surrounded it. There are many problems in our environment and these problems affect the climate and human beings. Some problems are human generated, and some are the result of human negligence such as the solid waste. Waste is a material discharged and discarded from each stage of daily human life activities, which leads to adverse impacts on human health and the environment (Bringi, 2007); Due to rapid growth of population, economic growth and high living standards create solid waste problem. Solid waste becomes a global issue in both less developing countries and developed countries (Elmira et al., 2010). The SWM problem is now universal to cities all over the world. Mexico City, New York, New Delhi, London, Lagos, and Nairobi are all battling with ever-increasing garbage amounts. However, cities in the Third World are facing an even more decisive challenge in SWM due to rapid growth and industrialization but with little regard for the environment. The driving force behind this growth is the need to improve their economic condition. (World Bank 1989). 1.1 Background of the Study Unwanted or useless solid, semi-solid or liquid material generated from human activities such as residential, industrial and commercial activities is called waste. Solid waste is the term used to describe non-liquid waste materials arising from domestic, trade, commercial, agricultural, industrial activities and from public services (Aibor and Olorunda, 2006). Solid waste management means planning, organizing, financing, and implementing programs to affect the storage, collection, and transporting, processing, recycling or final disposal of solid wastes in a proper manner. Solid waste management is a urban problem with a long history. In ancient cities, humans were threw the waste material onto unpaved streets and roadways, where they were left to accumulate. It was not until 320 bce in Athens that the first law was established to forbidding this practice. At that time a system for waste removal began to develop in Greece and in the Greek-dominated cities of the Eastern Mediterranean. In ancient Rome, property owners were responsible for cleaning the streets fronting their property. Disposal methods were very crude, involving open pits located just outside the city walls at that time. As populations increased, efforts were made to transport 1 waste farther out from the cities. After the fall of Rome, waste collection and municipal sanitation began a decline that lasted throughout the middle Ages. Near the end of the 14th century, scavengers were given the task of carting waste to dumps outside city walls. But this was not the case in smaller towns, where most people still threw waste into the streets. It was not until 1714 that every city in England was required to have an official scavenger. Toward the end of the 18th century in America, municipal collection of garbage was begun in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia. Waste disposal methods were still very crude, however. Garbage collected in Philadelphia, for example, was simply dumped into the Delaware River downstream from the city. Solid waste generation is experiencing a rapid increase all over the world as a result of continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization. It is estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated globally reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market Report, 2007). 1.2 Statement of the Problem Alth0ugh agrarian rural p0pulati0n still d0minates but significantly fr0m an agricultural s0ciety t0 an industrial s0ciety at the same time, it is als0 changing fr0m a rural s0ciety t0 an urban s0ciety. Due t0 urbanizati0n, rapid gr0wth 0f p0pulati0n and industrializati0n the p0pulati0n 0f the urban areas is rapidly increase. Rapid gr0wth and expansi0n 0f cities has created pr0blems 0f very seri0us nature. Am0ng them envir0nmental p0lluti0n is the maj0r 0ne which ass0ciated t0 the waste generated by the residents, industries and 0ther activities. P00r S0lid waste management practices are causing numer0us health pr0blems in the cities 0f Pakistan included the third largest city 0f Faisalabad. S0lid waste management is largely affected 0n the human health in urban areas. Human activities generate waste but it is difficult t0 handle it pr0perly in urban areas. It is imp0rtant t0 find the m0dern techniques and analysis which help t0 disp0se the waste pr0perly t0 less damage the envir0nment and human health.