Physiochemical Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Urban Areas of Faisalabad Saeed Q*., Bhatti I.A., Ashraf A., Ahmad B
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International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06 183 Physiochemical Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Urban Areas of Faisalabad Saeed Q*., Bhatti I.A., Ashraf A., Ahmad B. University of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Faisalabad,Pakistan *[email protected] Abstract-- In order to determine quality of water used for standard analytical techniques.The quality of ground water has drinking purposes physicochemical analysis in selected been assessed by comparing each parameter with the standard residential areas of Faisalabad, an industrial city of Pakistan was desirable limit of that parameter in drinking water as carried out .Samples were collected from twenty different sites prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). and analyzed for following parameters such as color, odor, taste, Unfortunately, while Pakistan is blessed with adequate surface pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, P-alkalinity, M-alkalinity, total hardness and concentration of principal cations and anions and groundwater resources, rapid population growth, + + 2+ 2+ 2+ - 2- urbanization and unsustainable water consumption practices such as Na , K , Mg , Ca , Fe , Cl and SO4 . Standard methods were used for determination of physical and chemical have placed immense stress on the quality as well as the characteristics of the water samples. The data showed the quantity of water resources in the country. Per capita water variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: availability in Pakistan has decreased from 5,000 cubic meters pH 7.12- 7.73, conductivity 639-6690 µS/cm, total dissolved solids per annum in 1951 to 1,100. The principal source of drinking 1260-6573 mg/L, P-alkalinity 17-60 mg/L, M-alkalinity 270-940 water for the majority of people in Pakistan is groundwater. mg/L, total hardness (Calcium and Magnesium) 220-620 mg/L About 80% of the Punjab has fresh groundwater and as per and concentration of principal cations and anions such as Na+ 19- Government figures, the Punjab has the best rural water 55 mg/L , K+ 16-48 mg/L, Mg2+ 9.72-81.1 mg/L, Ca2+ 32-100 mg/L, - 2- supply amongst the provinces. It is stated that only 7 % of the Cl 20-960 mg/L and SO4 50.8-72.6 mg/L. The concentrations of the investigated parameters in the drinking water samples were rural population depends on a dug well or a river, canal or within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. stream [3]. Index Term— Drinking water, physiochemical analysis, Faisalabad has a large number of textile and dying mills, cationic and anionic analysis, WHO standards, where generally weaving, dying, printing and finishing of cloth is carried out. These operations usually produce I. INTRODUCTION intensely alkaline liquor high in dissolved materials and Fresh water has a scare commodity due to over exploitation suspended soil. In the absence of adequate treatment facilities and pollution of water. Increasing population and its and effective drainage system, bulk of the effluent from these necessities have led to the deterioration of surface and sub industrial units flow into open land and low lying areas with surface water. The importance of ground water for the consequential severe damage to flora and fauna. The offensive existence of human society cannot be overemphasized. smell of stagnant pools of waste water is great source of Ground water is ultimate, most suitable fresh water resource nuisance to the local people [4]. with nearly balanced concentration of the salts for human consumption. Over burden of the population pressure, A. Description of the study area Faisalabad is the third largest city of Pakistan after unplanned urbanization, unrestricted exploration policies and Karachi and Lahore, with an estimated population of 2.6 dumping of the polluted water at inappropriate place enhance the infiltration of harmful compounds to the ground water [1]. million individuals and located at 31°21′52″N 72°59′40″E. District area is 5,856 km² and work force is 1.27 million. GDP Contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, nitrates (at PPP): US$45 b .Literacy rate of Faisalabad is 51.9 %. Total and salt have found their way into water supplies as a result of their inadequate treatment and disposal of waste (human and GDP is (at PPP) US$45 billion and main industries include textiles, hosiery, knitwear, power looms, shuttle looms/air jet livestock), industrial discharges and overuse of limited water looms and foundry. Faisalabad district is un paralleled in its resources [2]. Contamination of water resources available for household and agricultural productivity, with cotton and wheat as its major crops, besides grains and ghee (clarified butter)[5]. Faisalabad drinking purposes with heavy elements, metal ions and currently relies on groundwater supply from two different harmful microorganisms is one of the serious major health problems. Thus there is a need to look for some useful sources which are Cheniot tubewell field near the Chenab River and Rukh Branch Canal seepage in / near the city. The indicators, both chemical and physical, which can be used to water table is declining and there is increasing competition for monitor the quality of drinking water. This study analysis, the physiochemical status of residential water from other users (e.g. agriculture, industry). Nevertheless, in the near term, resources are judged adequate tap water from selected areas of Faisalabad because these to meet water demand in the city. Further studies are needed to properties are very important for public health benefits. pH and conductivity was determined with instruments. Alkalinity, assess the number of seepage tube wells, which can be installed in the available areas near the canals. hardness and total dissolved solids titrimetrically. Concentration of cations and anions was determined by using 1211406-9393- IJBAS-IJENS @ December 2012 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06 184 II. EXPERIMENTAL B. Sampling method A. Sampling location The drinking water samples were collected in prewashed (with City district Faisalabad consists of eight towns, which are detergent, distilled HNO3 and doubly deionized distilled, Lyallpur town, Madina town , Jinnah town, Iqbal town, respectively water) polyethylene bottles from 20 different Samundri town, Tandianwala town, Jaranwala town and Chak stations of Faisalabad in May 2006. Conductivity and pH of Jhumra town.Twenty different places from Jinnah town of the samples were measured at collection spots [6]. The Faisalabad district were selected for sampling. samples were obtained from water pump after allowing the T ABLE I water to run for at least five minutes and each sample bottle Water samples and sites and its cap rinsed three times. These samples were Sample Sampling Sample Sampling subsequently stored at 4°C for as short a time as possible # Site # Site before analysis to minimize physiochemical changes. Because only very minute amount of particulate was present in the Jinnah Puli samples, filtration was not considered necessary [7]. 1 Colony 11 Sidhupura C. Physiochemical analysis Gulzar Analytical reagent grade chemicals were employed for the 2 Dhobi Ghat 12 Mahala preparation of all solutions. Freshly prepared doubled distilled Sheikh water was used in all experiments. Prior to analysis all 3 Gulberg C 13 Colony instruments were calibrated according to manufacurers’s Lakkar recommendations.Conductivity and pH were determined using 4 Mandi 14 Altaf Ganj portable instruments [8]. Total dissolved solids was estimated by evaporation method at 180°C. Determination of P- Gurunanak Alkalinity, M-Alkalinity and total hardness were done by 5 Pura 15 Saifabad titrimetric measurement [9].Sodium and potassium ion concentration was determined by flame photometric method Gulfishan [10]. Concentration of chloride was determined by 6 Gulberg A 16 Colony Argenometric method. and sulfate [11].Aesthetic examination Ameen such as color, odor and taste was carried out by sensory 7 Dhera Sain 17 Town method. 8 Ghausiabad 18 Afghanabad Rehmat Shadab 9 Town 19 Colony Chuur 10 Majra 20 Sabzimandi 1211406-9393- IJBAS-IJENS @ December 2012 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06 185 T ABLE II Analysis of physiochemical parameters of the drinking water samples. P- M- Sample # pH EC(µS/cm) TDS(mg/L) Alkalinity(mg/L) Alkalinity(mg/L) Total Hardness 1 7.35 2160 1512 60 520 520 2 7.65 3470 2429 60 550 290 3 7.65 4220 2954 50 710 340 4 7.47 6640 4648 60 800 520 5 7.73 939 6573 40 270 290 6 7.18 2760 1932 60 470 620 7 7.7 6060 4242 50 750 222 8 7.51 5290 3703 60 940 310 9 7.37 5800 4060 40 790 300 10 7.31 2350 1645 60 610 430 11 7.12 3400 2380 60 600 420 12 7.61 6240 4368 50 770 220 13 7.24 2010 1407 50 460 240 14 7.51 1800 1260 40 510 320 15 7.4 6060 4242 17 800 400 16 7.45 6470 4529 50 850 360 17 7.56 6690 4683 50 740 340 18 7.61 3030 2121 50 780 310 19 7.35 6160 4312 90 810 350 20 7.2 2060 1442 50 490 290 1211406-9393- IJBAS-IJENS @ December 2012 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06 186 T ABLE III Analysis of cations and anions in drinking water samples. Sodium Calcium Potassium Magnesium Chloride Sulfate Sample # (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) 1 42 68 30 81 330 72 2 38 40 28 42 740 55.6 3 55 56 48 47 170 64 4 37 72 28 82 344 71.8 5 33 60 29 31 370 50.8 6 19 100 19 90 400 87.8 7 35 40 28 33 320 53.7 8 40 56 29 41 960 60.8 9 38 72 22 41 400 58.5 10 29 88 18 48 360 59.5 11 31 100 22 38 550 71 12 37 32 28 33 124 52.8 13 39 80 24 9.72 320 49.9 14 29 56 16 42 340 52.4 15 32 68 25 55 115 68 16 46 44 38 60 370 66 17 35 40 28 59 450 63 18 36 36 26 54 390 51 19 50 52 40 43 150 61.4 20 30 80 23 22 360 55 CONCLUSIONS [4] Javed, M.Y.