DOCSLIB.ORG

The Innovative Role of Telecenters in Rural Nepal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Innovative Role of Telecenters in Rural Nepal Information, Communication and Social Networks: The Innovative Role of Telecenters in Rural Nepal Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Western Sydney Atma Ram Ghimire January 2012 Dedication To, My late mother Radha Devi Ghimire – For the life that I have My father Ganga Prasad Ghimire – For his deep faith in education and inspiration My wife Seeta – For her encouragement and support My grandson Amish – 2 years old, future knowledge Sage And To all the people and organisations working to improve the lives of rural poor through the use of the Internet in Nepal Acknowledgements I am indebted to many people for their inspiration, support and guidance without which this research was not possible at this late stage of my career. I would like to acknowledge their valuable contribution in completing this research. First of all, I would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to my supervisors Prof. Tim Turpin (Principal Supervisor) and Dr. Phillip Toner, who constantly encouraged me, engaged professionally with research process, guided, supported and made themselves ‘always available’. Thank you for promoting innovative concepts and critical thinking, bearing my awesome ideas and expressions and at times my perception of academic argument, especially Professor Tim for always putting things in positive perspective and Dr. Toner for his frank opinion and statements. I am especially grateful to Prof. Tim and Robyn offering peaceful and creative boatshed living at Scotland Island in completing my last stage of writing. I am thankful to University of Western Sydney for RTS, Tuition Scholarship (after a year), library and other resources, CINIS and Prof. Oscar Hauptman for inspirational and engaging environment and interaction. I would like to thank many people in Nepal, who helped during field research, group discussion and conference organization. I am thankful to all program owner institutions, NITC, HLCIT, NWP, READ, all 25 Telecenter managers, management committee members and users who supported me by participating in interviews and supported in many other ways. I am especially thankful to Mr. Mahabir Pun for his time, interview and suggestions. The most cordial thanks go to Biplav Man Singh and FNCCI for organising the conference in Kathmandu with Telecenter stakeholders. Finally, this research would not have started far less been completed without the encouragement and support from my wife Seeta and my family members Amar, Alka, Ashish, Anusha and Barsha. The special appreciations go to my sons Amar and Ashish for assisting me in the preparation of the final document. I should not forget to appreciate little Amish for letting me study instead of playing with him. I thank all other individuals, who have been part of this process directly or indirectly. My sincere thank you to all of you! Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my Knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledgement in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or part, for a degree at this or any other institutions. ...................................................... Signature Atma Ram Ghimire Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. ix List of Participation in Events .................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviation .................................................................................................................... xi Appendices ................................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1 Research Case and Background ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Why Nepal? ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 The Technological Background: ...................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Defining ICT? ............................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 ICT in Nepal ............................................................................................................... 6 1.4 What are Telecenters? ....................................................................................................... 7 1.5 The Core of the Research Problem ................................................................................ 9 1.6 Research Gaps .................................................................................................................. 13 1.7 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 13 1.8 Research Design............................................................................................................... 14 1.9 The Analysis and Findings ............................................................................................. 15 1.10 Organization of the Thesis ........................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2 Conceptual and Empirical Issues .......................................................................... 22 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 ICT: An Enabling Technology for Driving Innovation ............................................ 22 2.2.1 ICT Investment and Productivity in Developed Economies ............................ 25 2.2.2 ICT Productivity and Social Return in Developing Economies ....................... 26 i 2.3 The Digital Divide and ICT4D ..................................................................................... 29 2.3.1 Disaggregating the Digital Divide .......................................................................... 33 2.4 The Internet as a Social Process .................................................................................... 39 2.4.1 The Emergence of the World Wide Web (WWW) ............................................. 42 2.4.2 Implications of the Internet for Developing Countries ..................................... 42 2.4.3 Diffusion and Use of the Internet in Developing Countries: The Telecenter Mechanism .......................................................................................................................... 45 2.4.4 Telecenters in Nepal ................................................................................................ 50 2.6 Assessing the Impact of Telecenters and Their Social Consequences .................... 64 2.5.1 Social Capital ............................................................................................................. 65 2.5.2 Trust ........................................................................................................................... 73 2.5.3 Openness Issues ....................................................................................................... 79 2.5.4 Absorptive Capacity ................................................................................................. 81 2.6 National Innovation System (NIS) ............................................................................... 86 2.7 A Framework for Analysis ............................................................................................. 87 2.8 Research Gaps and Pervasive Contradictions ............................................................. 92 Chapter 3 Location: Context of the Study ............................................................................. 94 3.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 94 3.2 The Geographic Context ................................................................................................ 94 3.3 The Political Context ...................................................................................................... 95 3.5 The Economic Context .................................................................................................. 96 3.6 Education ........................................................................................................................ 103 3.7 The Caste and Linguistic Context ............................................................................... 104 ii 3.8 Information and Communication Technology in Nepal ......................................... 109 3.8.1 Legal, Regulatory and Institutional Framework ................................................. 109 3.8.2 ICT and Partner Organizations ............................................................................ 110 3.9 Telecommunications ..................................................................................................... 111 3.10 Telecenters and Policy Regime in Nepal .................................................................. 113 Chapter 4 Research Method ..................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nepal Human Rights Year Book 2021 (ENGLISH EDITION) (This Report Covers the Period - January to December 2020)
    Nepal Human Rights Year Book 2021 (ENGLISH EDITION) (This Report Covers the Period - January to December 2020) Editor-In-Chief Shree Ram Bajagain Editor Aarya Adhikari Editorial Team Govinda Prasad Tripathee Ramesh Prasad Timalsina Data Analyst Anuj KC Cover/Graphic Designer Gita Mali For Human Rights and Social Justice Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) Nagarjun Municipality-10, Syuchatar, Kathmandu POBox : 2726, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977-1-5218770 Fax:+977-1-5218251 E-mail: insec@insec.org.np Website: www.insec.org.np; www.inseconline.org All materials published in this book may be used with due acknowledgement. First Edition 1000 Copies February 19, 2021 © Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) ISBN: 978-9937-9239-5-8 Printed at Dream Graphic Press Kathmandu Contents Acknowledgement Acronyms and Abbreviations Foreword CHAPTERS Chapter 1 Situation of Human Rights in 2020: Overall Assessment Accountability Towards Commitment 1 Review of the Social and Political Issues Raised in the Last 29 Years of Nepal Human Rights Year Book 25 Chapter 2 State and Human Rights Chapter 2.1 Judiciary 37 Chapter 2.2 Executive 47 Chapter 2.3 Legislature 57 Chapter 3 Study Report 3.1 Status of Implementation of the Labor Act at Tea Gardens of Province 1 69 3.2 Witchcraft, an Evil Practice: Continuation of Violence against Women 73 3.3 Natural Disasters in Sindhupalchok and Their Effects on Economic and Social Rights 78 3.4 Problems and Challenges of Sugarcane Farmers 82 3.5 Child Marriage and Violations of Child Rights in Karnali Province 88 36 Socio-economic
    [Show full text]
  • National Services Policy Review: Nepal
    UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL SERVICES POLICY REVIEW NEPAL New York and Geneva, 2011 ii NATIONAL SERVICES POLICY REVIEW OF NEPAL NOTE The symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a reference to the document number. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. For further information on the Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Branch and its activities, please contact: Ms. Mina MASHAYEKHI Head, Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy Branch Division of International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities Tel: +41 22 917 56 40 Fax: +41 22 917 00 44 E-mail: trade.negotiations@unctad.org www.unctad.org/tradenegotiations UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2010/3 Copyright © United Nations, 2011 All rights reserved. Printed in Switzerland FOREWORD iii FOREWORD For many years, UNCTAD has been emphasising the importance of developing countries strengthening and diversifying their services sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Reintegration Challenges of Ex- Maoist Combatants in Nepal
    Poverty, stigma and alienation: Reintegration challenges of ex- Maoist combatants in Nepal A participatory action research project with ex-PLA fighters in Nepal Simon Robins, Ram Kumar Bhandari and the ex-PLA research group May 2016 Centre for Applied Human Rights Poverty, stigma and alienation: Reintegration challenges of ex- Maoist combatants in Nepal A participatory action research project with ex-PLA fighters in Nepal May 2016 The cover image is a photomontage showing ex- PLA fighter Bikkil Sthapit, originally from Achham and now living in Kailali. Photo by Pooja Pant. All rights reserved. © CAHR 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. About the Authors The research of this project was led by Simon Robins and Ram Kumar Bhandari in collaboration with a team of 12 ex-PLA peer researchers who collected the data and led efforts to mobilise other ex-fighters and to drive action that advanced their collective interests. The ex-PLA research team consisted of: Prem Bayak Prem is from Kailali and served 11 years in the PLA. He was injured in 2005 and paralysed from the waist down. He continued in PLA, stayed in the cantonment until 2012 and was a Battalion Commander when he left. He established an organisation in Kailali for disability rights, is active in social activism, community networking and coordinates the ex-PLA National Network. Shanti Kandel Shanti is from Kalikot, now based in Kailali, and served in the PLA for 7 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Process Communication Campaign
    Final Evaluation Report Peace Process Communication Campaign Submitted by Basudev Neupane Tejendra J. Pherali to SEARCH FOR COMMON GROUND Nepal Peace Process Communication Campaign – Final Evaluation Report July 2008 Key Terms Peace Process A project being implemented by Search for Common Communication Ground – Nepal (SFCG-N) with financial support from the Rockwool Campaign (PPCC): Foundation to achieve the long term of goal of raising mass awareness through the use of the media. Implementing Local organisations that worked jointly with SFCG-N in Partners: implementing various PPCC activities such as the production of Public Service Announcements and composing of national peace songs, as well as the coordination of regional working groups. Peace Song Retreat: An event organised to bring people together from different ethnic and political groups in order to build relationships through the process of composing national peace songs. Musical Retreat: An event to craft the music for the national peace songs composed during the Peace Song Retreat. Peace Songs: Two melodious songs written with the aim of spreading messages of peace, harmony and tolerance. These peace songs have captured the voices, culture and sentiments of a wide range of different groups and peoples. Live Musical Show: A concert organised to disseminate the national peace songs live on Kantipur Television, the most popular TV channel in Nepal, and 16 FM radio stations across the country. Regional Working Groups: An informal group of journalists, civil society organisations and human rights activists formed to build mutual relationships as well as to influence media professionals in developing positive media response to the peace process.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Publication
    RESEARCH REPORT Emerging Issues of Confict in November 2019 Federalized Context in Nepal 1 EMERGING ISSUES OF CONFLICT IN FEDERALIZED NEPAL Research Report November 2019 ASIAN ACADEMY FOR PEACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Emerging Issues of Conflict in Federalized Context in Nepal November 2019 1000 Copies ASIAN ACADEMY Copyright : © FOR PEACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ISBN : 978-9937-0-6973-1 Research Advisors : Mr. Shiva K Dhungana Mr. Tulasi R Nepal Reacher Team : Leader – Rabindra Bhattarai Member – Rita Bhadra Shrestha Member – Sharad Chandra Neupane Publisher : Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development Thapagaun, Baneshwor, Kathmandu Email: asianacademy11@gmail.com Tel: 015244060 i FOREWORD The research ‘Emerging Issues of Conflict in Federalized Context in Nepal’ has aimed at identifying the issues related to the implementation of the federal restructuring in the country. The research is an outcome of the desk review and field level interviews and focus group discussions in nine districts namely Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, Dhanusha, Mahottari, Makawanpur, Surkhet, Kailali and Rukum West, as well as drawings from a national level interaction held in Kathmandu to disseminate and validate the findings from the field. Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development (Asian Peace Academy) expresses its sincere gratitude to Kurve Wustrow, Centre for Training and Networking in Non-violence Actions and Civil Society Platform for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding (CSPPS) for their support to undertake this research. A team of researchers collected and analysed the information to draw findings of the study. Therefore, the research is a collaborative effort of the researchers and field level supporting hands. I would like to thank Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Being Lgbt in Asia: Nepal Country Report
    BEING LGBT IN ASIA: NEPAL COUNTRY REPORT A Participatory Review and Analysis of the Legal and Social Environment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Persons and Civil Society United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Paci c Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: aprc.th@undp.org Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-paci c.undp.org/ 2014 November Proposed citation: UNDP, USAID (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: Nepal Country Report. Bangkok. This report was technically reviewed by UNDP and USAID as part of the ‘Being LGBT in Asia’ initiative. It is based on the observations of the authors of the report on the Nepal National LGBTI Community Dialogue held in Kathmandu in April 2014, conversations with participants, and a desk review of published literature. The views and opinions in this report do not necessarily reflect official policy positions of the United Nations Development Programme or the United States Agency for International Development. UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Copyright © UNDP 2014 United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: aprc.th@undp.org Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-pacific.undp.org/ Design: Safir Soeparna/Ian Mungall/UNDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Is Unable to Fully Implement Unscrs Related to Terrorist Financing
    government is unable to fully implement UNSCRs related to terrorist financing. Since 2010, FATF has identified Yemen as a risk to the international financial system because of its strategic AML/CFT deficiencies. The government has committed with the STC to enhance management of state revenues and announced in December the formation of a committee authorized to inspect and audit customs and tax collection points to ensure that funds were not diverted from government coffers. Countering Violent Extremism: There were no significant changes in 2019. International and Regional Cooperation: Yemen joined the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS in 2019. The Republic of Yemen Government continued to cooperate with the GCC, the United States, and other donor countries as it concentrated on working toward a political solution to the conflict. Despite the challenges, the Republic of Yemen Government remained a dependable international partner as it worked to reestablish the rule of law within the territory it holds. Yemen, with the United States, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia, participates in the Yemen Security Working Group, which includes military and diplomatic representatives from its three member states, and develops several cooperative capacity-building initiatives for Yemeni military and security forces. For example, in July, 15 Yemen Coast Guard personnel participated in a two-and-a-half week ship boarding and inspection course held in Aden and delivered by the UN’s Office on Drugs and Crime’s Global Maritime Crime Program. In addition, around 150 Yemen Border Guard members participated in five Export Control and Related Border Security-funded iterations of Yemen Border Interdiction Training in Riyadh.
    [Show full text]
  • 1032 16 - 22 October 2020 16-22October #1032 B Perhaps Becausetheydonot Complain Aboutthegovernment, and Crumblinginfrastructure
    www.nepalitimes.com www.nepalitimes.com #1032 16 - 22 October 2020 32 pages Rs 50 SAFE and HEALTHY DASAIN From all of us here at Himalmedia, we wish readers and partners a safe and healthy Dasain. At a time of unprecedented upheaval caused by this pandemic, our minds must turn to the most vulnerable in our society. Let us bring out the best in us as Nepalis to be kind, compassionate and to help each other to get over this crisis. This week, Nepali Times is bringing out this Dasain Special Edition in both print and ePaper. We hope this compilation of our most read articles of the past seven months will be relevant and interesting to you. With all of your support, we hope to restart the weekly print edition soon every Friday. The Nepali Times editorial team is taking a Dasain break, so there will be no ePaper on 23 October. However, the paper will have daily online coverage throughout the holidays on www.nepalitimes.com Himalmedia KUNDA DIXIT implement policies that would pandemic response, stays put. outwit SARS-CoV-2. Politics The Chair of the Covid-19 Crisis is business as usual in many Management Committee is countries, including Nepal. The stripped of his defence minister pandemic has actually created a portfolio, but is still calling the Upended Dasain ‘buffer’ for the Oli administration, shots at the PMO, despite exposes masking failures in performance of cronies involved in importing and delivery that were evident medical equipment and test kits. even before Covid-19. All three new ministers esides language and shared expect anything from it.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Transformations Institutionnelles Et Politiques Du Régime Népalais Depuis 2008, Et Le Rôle Des Partis Maoïstes
    NEPAL 11 janvier 2019 Les transformations institutionnelles et politiques du régime népalais depuis 2008, et le rôle des partis maoïstes Avertissement Ce document a été élaboré par la Division de l’Information, de la Documentation et des Recherches de l’Ofpra en vue de fournir des informations utiles à l’examen des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière. Il ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra ou des autorités françaises. Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008) [cf. https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lignes_directrices_europeennes.pdf ], se veut impartial et se fonde principalement sur des renseignements puisés dans des sources qui sont à la disposition du public. Toutes les sources utilisées sont référencées. Elles ont été sélectionnées avec un souci constant de recouper les informations. Le fait qu’un événement, une personne ou une organisation déterminée ne soit pas mentionné(e) dans la présente production ne préjuge pas de son inexistence. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Népal : Les transformations institutionnelles et politiques du régime népalais depuis 2008 Table des matières 1. L’instauration d’une monarchie constitutionnelle (1990-2006) ..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Democratic Republic Nepal: Deepening Problems and Prospects Than Bahadur Chetri Abstract Constructing Federal Democratic Republic Is a Complex Process
    A Peer-Reviewed Article Federal Democratic Republic Nepal: Deepening Problems and Prospects Than Bahadur Chetri Abstract Constructing federal democratic republic is a complex process. Both old and new democracies face different forms of challenges in building and maintaining, either internally or externally. Hence, this paper assesses the challenges in developing and maintaining democratic republic Nepal. With the help of secondary sources of information, it argues, building democracy in Nepal is undermined by foundational challenges and deepening challenges. Nepal, a closer analysis from the perspective of the constitution, geography and national wealth, rule of law, the nature of the party and their leaders, the prospect of a democratic republic is unclear. Keywords: Bureaucracy, constitution, consolidated democracy, federalism, populist parties. Introduction This paper, aims to assess the state of Federal Democratic Republic and analyzes its prospects of development in Nepal. It argues, probability of sustaining democracy is dubious, the country lacks certain conditions which are necessary in maintaining democratic republic. Democracy is a form of government, a form of state, a form of society based on ethical values and a system of economy (Verma, 2008). Building democracy denotes establishment of electoral democracy and liberal democracy. It starts following the end of the autocratic regime. This transition to democracy is a dynamic and complex process. It may be 'consolidated', 'partially consolidated' or 'fully Federal Democratic... Than Bahadur Chetri - 114 - consolidated'. The matured democracy may de-consolidate over time. Deepening democracy is a process by which "a newly established democratic regime becomes sufficiently durable that a return to non democratic rule is no longer likely"(Gasioorowski and Power, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Chand Commits to Peaceful Politics but Many Questions Remain Unanswered
    WITHOUT F EAR OR FAVOUR Nepal’s largest selling English daily Vol XXIX No. 16 | 8 pages | Rs.5 O O Printed simultaneously in Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Bharatpur and Nepalgunj 32.2 C 0.4 C Saturday, March 06, 2021 | 22-11-2077 Nepalgunj Jumla Congress lawmakers against backing Oli and rather for leading new government But with a formal proposal yet to be made to the party and the Nepal Communist Party besieged with legal complications, it is in no hurry to make a decision. ANIL GIRI of Oli,” Gagan Thapa, a parliamentar- KATHMANDU, MARCH 5 ian from Kathmandu, told the Post. “They said that Nepali Congress With the Nepal Communist Party so should lead the next government if deeply divided, both its warring fac- the opportunity arises.” tions have offered the Nepali Congress, According to Thapa, the Congress which has just 63 seats in the 275-mem- should first ask for the resignation of ber House of Representatives, a Prime Minister Oli. chance to lead the government. “Resignation of Prime Minister Oli If the suggestions of the Nepali should be our agenda. Then we should Congress lawmakers are anything to be open to all options but we seem to go by, it will side with the faction led have dropped the agenda of Oli’s by Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Madhav resignation,” Thapa added. Kumar Nepal as the party has already Oli, however, has said that he will labelled Prime Minister KP Sharma not resign but face the House instead. Oli’s House dissolution move uncon- The Dahal-Nepal faction of Nepal stitutional, a position that the Communist Party is expected to regis- Supreme Court also upheld.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal Integrated Governance Project (Igp) End-Line Survey 2019
    EPAL NTEGRATED OVERNANCE ROJECT N I G P (IGP) END -LINE SURVEY 2019 NEPAL INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE PROJECT (IGP) END-LINE SURVEY 2019 October 2020 Evaluation/Survey Mechanism Number: AID-367-C-15-00001 Disclaimer The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Nepal Integrated Governance Project (IGP) End-line Survey 2019 ii Acronyms and Abbreviations v Survey Team Members vi Executive Summary vii Survey Purpose vii Project Background vii Findings viii Conclusions ix Introduction and Background 1 Survey Purpose 1 Survey Methodology 2 Sampling Frame 2 Survey Instrument 4 Limitations 5 Findings 7 Section 1: Inclusion and Tolerance 7 Section 2: Peaceful Conflict Resolution 9 Remaining Issues of the Peace Process 12 Section 3: Participation and Governance 15 B. Sixteen IGP Indicators 15 C. Media 21 D. Election 21 E. Corruption 23 F. Citizens Interactions With Elected Representatives and the Bureaucracy 25 G. Human Trafficking 27 G1. The Proportion of People Who Are Aware of Human Trafficking 27 H. Effective Government 28 I. Assessment of Governments After The New Constitution 29 Appendix 1: Survey Statement of Work 38 Appendix 2: List of Indicators That Changed Significantly Between 2015 and 2019 43 Appendix 3: Contributing Questions for 16 IGP Indicators 57 Appendix 4: Desegregation of 16 PMP IGP Indicators 59 Appendix 5: Study Districts and Cluster and Sample Size 75 Appendix 6: Tables of All
    [Show full text]