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" Some Rare-Element ' Mineral Deposits in Mainland China

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" Some Rare-Element ' Mineral Deposits ^ in Mainland China By K. Y. LEE ^ CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1312-N A digest of the published literature, ^including interpretations of geologically similar environments in mainland China UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 74-607065 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page *?* Abstract_______________________________________________________ Nl Introduction______________________________________________________ 1 Acknowledgments ___-___--____-_-__-_-----___._-___---____--___-__ 3 Yin-shan Range____-_____-______-__-__--_--__-----_____-_--__-__ 3 \ Regional geology.--------------------------------------.!--.--- 3 Stratigraphy . _--.__-__ __-.-_-_.. 7 Structure---_-----_----___-__-_.------__---__----._.-_-_.- 8 Ore deposits..-.------.._..-.____..._.._...._______.__ 9 Occurrence and areal distribution..-___----__--___._.____.__. 9 Rare-earth-bearing iron ores._--_---_--_--______-_-_-___ 10 Fluorite, quartz, and carbonate veins____-__-________--_. 11 Pegmatites. ___--_--___-----------------_---_-_------_ 11 Mineralogy._-____________-_____--_-_-____--_-___.__-__-._ 13 Mineralization.___________________________________________ 14 Nan-ling Range.____________-_____--____--_-_-_-_---_--_-____----- 15 "* Regional geology.________-____---_-_-_----_-----------------_. 15 Stratigraphy-._.______.__.--____--_--_.-_--.--___-__--_--- 18 Structure_ .__-___---._____-_----.------_--.------__--.--_ 19 Ore deposits._________-_-_____-___--------__---_------__-__--_ 20 Occurrence and areal distribution............________________ 20 Tungsten-quartz veins.____-_---_--_-__--__-___-_----__ 21 Pegmatites. _____-_--__--_-----_--------_--__----__--- 22 Disseminated grains in granodiorite.._.______-._______--_ 22 Tin-bearing placers._____-------_--_----_----_----__--_ 22 * Mineralization........____--_-_---_--__---------.--_----.. 23 Similar areas of rare-element mineral deposits_________________________ 24 Areas of fissure-filling or replacement carbonate veins._____________ 24 , Feng-huang______________._--____--__--________-__--___. 24 ' Tzu-chin-shan, Hu-yeh-shan, P'ing-yang, and Lin-hsien-Hsing- tai_______________________________------ 25 Areas of pegmatites_____-_------------------------------------ 27 > Altai Mountains_________________________________________ 27 Hai-ch'eng.__________--_.__---.--_----.---_--_- 28 Area of disseminated grains in niobium-bearing granite.____________ 28 Some rare-element minerals--------------------------------- __..-- 29 References cited_______._________-__--_------_-----_----___ 31 in IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Index map showing locations of some rare-element mineral de- N2 posits in mainland China_______________________________ 2. Generalized geologic map of the Yin-shan Range, north China. 4 3. Generalized geologic map of the Nan-ling Range, south China. 16 TABLE Page TABLE 1. Chemical composition of some rare-element minerals from mainland China___________________________________ N6 SOME RARE-ELEMENT MINERAL DEPOSITS IN MAINLAND CHINA By K. Y. LEE ABSTRACT This report is a summary of the rather fragmentary published literature on rare-element mineral deposits in mainland China. In the Tin-shan Range of north China these deposits occur in tabular iron ore bodies, in fissure fillings of veins, and in pegmatites. The iron ores and veins were emplaced in upper Pre- carnbrian limestone and dolomite, and the rare-element minerals consist of aeschynite, baotite, beiyinite, fluorite, monazite, niobo-aeschynite, oborite, pari- site, and other cerium- and yttrium-group minerals. The pegmatites occur in lower Precambrian gneiss, schist, and granites, and the rare-element minerals are allanite, ampangabeite, apatite, beryl, broggerite, chrysoberyl, columbite, euxenite, fergusonite, ferrithorite, fluorite, ilinenorutile, jiningite, monazite, samarskite, sinicite, sphene, tantalian aeschynite, thorite, toddite, tysonite, urano- thorite, xenotime, yinshanite, yttrotantalite, and zircon. In the Nan-ling Range of south China the rare-element minerals occur chiefly in tungsten-quartz veins, in tin placers, and as disseminated grains in granodiorite. The veins are of hypothermal. and less productive hydrothermal varieties, and were emplaced in fracture zones of Mesozoic granites and pre- Devonian metasedimentary rocks during Cretaceous orogeny. The principal known rare-element minerals of the vein deposits:are beryl, fluorite, helvite, monazite, xenotime, and uranium and thorium minerals. The disseminated grains in grano­ diorite include allanite, fergusonite, monazite, thorite, and xenotime. The tin placers contain monazite, phosphuranylite, and uraninite. Other areas of rare-element mineral deposits in mainland China are postu­ lated on the basis of similar geologic environment and mineral association. The cerium and yttrium groups and thorium are the major fare elements in the vein deposits of Shansi and Hunan provinces and in the pegmatites of the Altai Mountains and Hai-ch'eng areas. The yttrium group, thorium, and uranium are the principal rare elements in the Kwang-hai niobium-bearing granite. INTRODUCTION The rare-element mineral deposits of the Yin-shan Range, north China, and the Nan-ling Range, south China, are well known (fig. 1). They occur in tabular magnetite iron ores; in fissure fillings of fluorite, Nl N2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY RARE-ELEMENT MINERAL DEPOSITS, MAINLAND CHINA N3 quartz, and carbonate; in tungsten-quartz veins; in muscovite, biotite, and biotite-muscovite pegmatites; in tin placers; and as disseminated grains in granodiorite. The cerium and yttrium groups and thorium characterize deposits in the Yin-shan Range. The yttrium group, thorium, and uranium are the most common rare elements in deposits of the Nan-ling Range (table 1). Several similar areas of rare-element mineral deposits have also been studied. The purpose of this report is to provide a digest of the published literature for each type of rare-element mineral deposit and to ascer­ tain the mode of occurrence in relation to the mineral association and geologic environment. As information in the literature is generally fragmentary, the writer has added interpretations of some deposits. Because several of the minerals listed in this report are named for localities in mainland China and are generally unfamiliar to Western readers, a section in which these minerals are described has been included (p. N29). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to the following persons in the U.S. Geological Sur­ vey : L. D. Bonham for encouragement and advice during my research, Michael Fleischer for suggestions on mineralogy, and J. C. Olson and J. W. Adams for technical review. The research that led to this report was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense. YIN-SHAN RANGE REGIONAL GEOLOGY The Yin-shan Range (figs. 1, 2) is in the west-central part of the Inner Monogolian Autonomous Region and separates the Mongolian Plateau on the north from the North China Plain, dissected moun­ tains, and hills on the south. The range consists of Lang-shan, Shei- ten-o-la, Wu-la-shan, and Ta-ching-shan, the last three of which are included in this discussion. These mountains, separated by broad valleys and basins, trend east-west and attain altitudes that range from 1,500 to 1,900 meters. They are structurally a part of the east- west Inner Mongolian anteclise (Academia Sinica, Institute of Geology, 1959, p. 23). This landmass has been stable since the late Precambrian. It is flanked by the Mongolian geosynclinal fold belt on the north and the north China platform on the south. The basement rocks are widely exposed Precambrian metamorphic rocks penetrated by granite and pegmatites. A sporadically exposed marine sedimentary sequence of Paleozoic rocks unconformably overlies the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. These Paleozoic rocks are generally intercalated with volcanic rocks in the lower part and penetrated by igneous rocks. N4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY RARE-ELEMENT MINERAL DEPOSITS, MAINLAND CHINA N5 2 OIOZONJ30 OIOZOS3W OIOZ031Vd O NVINOA3Q QNV AHVUH31 oissvynr QNV Nvmrnis .2 « -J o C rt Q. ^ f' csS . _, <u a ra o <-. -M U b£ 4) 01 -> o 1 +j bj w £ .2 c 18« -3 °o 3 tn 60 o 'O |« £? p ' S3C -33 *8 378-978 70- TABLE 1. Chemical composition of some rare-element minerals from mainland China fin first column, symbols In brackets indicate the cerium and yttrium groups. Oxides, in weight percent. Tr., trace; Und., undetermined; NA, not available] O5 Allanite Aeschynite Fenghu- Ferguso- Jiningite Monazite Niobo- Sarnarskite Sinicite Tantalian Toddite Yinshanite angite nite aeschynite aeschynite 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a 8b 9 10 11 12 CaO.-. ......... .. 10.56 0.75 10.43 0.64 7. 43 0. 65 3. 54 2. 63 1.85 1.27 2.62 1.08 14.31 MgO........ ....... 1.94 .58 0.08 .26 0.49 . Tr. .05 .18 .14 .44 Tr. .18 .23 MnO . .... .62 Tr. .. .07 Tr. Tr. Tr: 1. 02 1.71 .12 .14 4.15 .06 O PbO...... ......... Und. .10 .35 .52 .......... Und. 1. 24 Und. 1.07 Und. .26 Und. g FeO.. ............ 9.50 2.83 .. .35 .. 6. 12 . 52 .36 . (3.16 ... 2J Fe,08 . 6.76 .. .31 1.47 17.28 .16 ............. 12.55 9.06 \5.13 4.31 Hj Al,03.- 17. 16 .06 1.36 .95 1.48 -...-.... .15 .32 .15 1.72 Und. .11 .48 » [Y]203 .27 10.99 .66 31.66 1 | .23 .70 13. 05 7.50 5.62 3.69 I W CeO,... ....... ..... 9.58 . 12. 98 h.84 J ...... -.... 12.20 CesOj.. ..--.-.... .. 11.14 -. J20. 07J | I 33.84 11.56 ............ 7.52 .... r g [Ce]jOj... ........... 9.28 15. 17 5.30 .. .... 33.69 19. 61 1. 21 10.80 25.42 .49 ... ..... ... M UO....... ........... 3.35 .. .......... 6.61 1 1 9.02 ... O UOj.. ......... .... .. ...- 6.24 6.57 .... 2.17 ... U203 .... 2.12 .. U308 .... ..... .40 .46 .......... .83 ............ 14.90 . 3.55 .. 5. 22 Th02.._ ........ .25 4.29 19.64 2.10 44.
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