Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient the Geological Society of London Books Editorial Committee

Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient The Geological Society of London Books Editorial Committee

Chief Editor Rick Law (USA)

Society Books Editors Jim Grifﬁths (UK) Dave Hodgson (UK) Phil Leat (UK) Nick Richardson (UK) Daniela Schmidt (UK) Randell Stephenson (UK) Rob Strachan (UK) Mark Whiteman (UK)

Society Books Advisors Ghulam Bhat (India) Marie-Franc¸oise Brunet (France) Anne-Christine Da Silva (Belgium) Jasper Knight (South Africa) Mario Parise (Italy) Satish-Kumar (Japan) Virginia Toy (New Zealand) Marco Vecoli (Saudi Arabia)

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Dowdeswell, J. A., Canals, M., Jakobsson, M., Todd, B. J., Dowdeswell,E.K.&Hogan, K. A. (eds) 2016. Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 46.

Domack, E. W., Amblas,D.&Canals, M. 2016. Bedrock meltwater channels in Palmer Deep, Antarctic Peninsula. In:Dowdeswell, J. A., Canals, M., Jakobsson, M., Todd, B. J., Dowdeswell,E.K.&Hogan, K. A. (eds) Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 46, 211–212, http://doi.org/10.1144/M46.52 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY MEMOIR NO. 46

Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient

EDITED BY

J. A. DOWDESWELL University of Cambridge, UK

M. CANALS University of Barcelona, Spain

M. JAKOBSSON Stockholm University, Sweden

B. J. TODD Geological Survey of Canada, Canada

E. K. DOWDESWELL University of Cambridge, UK

and

K. A. HOGAN British Antarctic Survey, UK

2016 Published by The Geological Society London THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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Distributors For details of international agents and distributors see: www.geolsoc.org.uk/agentsdistributors Typeset by Nova Techset Private Limited, Bengaluru & Chennai, India Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY Contents

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xx

Acknowledgements xxi

Section 1 Introduction

DOWDESWELL, J. A., CANALS, M., JAKOBSSON, M., TODD, B. J., DOWDESWELL,E.K.&HOGAN, K. A. Introduction: an Atlas of Submarine 3 Glacial Landforms

Section 2 Acoustic methods

JAKOBSSON, M., GYLLENCREUTZ, R., MAYER, L. A., DOWDESWELL, J. A., CANALS, M., TODD, B. J., DOWDESWELL, E. K., HOGAN,K.A.&LARTER,R.D. 17 Mapping submarine glacial landforms using acoustic methods

Section 3a Fjords: landforms

DOWDESWELL, J. A., BATCHELOR, C. L., HOGAN,K.A.&SCHENKE, H.-W. Nordvestfjord: a major East Greenland fjord system 43

BARNES, P. M., PICKRILL,R.A.&BOSTOCK, H. C. Thompson and Bradshaw sounds, Fiordland, New Zealand: a relict, mid-latitude, 45 temperate glacier system

MACLEAN, B., BLASCO, S., BENNETT, R., HUGHES CLARKE,J.E.&PATTON, E. Mega-scale glacial lineations, Peel Sound, Canadian Arctic 47 Archipelago

BENNETT, R., MACLEAN, B., BLASCO,S.&HUGHES CLARKE, J. E. Glacial lineations in Navy Board Inlet, Nunavut, Canada 49

MACLEAN, B., BLASCO, S., BENNETT, R., HUGHES CLARKE,J.E.&PATTON, E. Moat features, Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago 51

MACLEAN, B., BLASCO, S., BENNETT, R., HUGHES CLARKE,J.E.&PATTON, E. Crag-and-tail features, Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic 53 Archipelago

DOWDESWELL, E. K., TODD,B.J.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Crag-and-tail features: convergent ice ﬂow through Eclipse Sound, Bafﬁn Island, 55 Arctic Canada

FRANSNER, O., NOORMETS, R., FLINK,A.E.&HOGAN, K. A. Crag-and-tail landforms in outer Rijpfjorden, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 57

DOWDESWELL, J. A., TODD, B. J., DOWDESWELL,E.K.&BATCHELOR, C. L. Ice-sculpted bedrock in channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago 59

NOORMETS, R., KIRCHNER,N.&FLINK, A. E. Submarine medial moraines in Hambergbukta, southeastern Spitsbergen 61

BRADWELL,T.&STOKER, M. S. Recessional moraines in nearshore waters, northern Scotland 63

LASTRAS,G.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Terminal and recessional moraines in the fjords of southern Chile 65

GRAHAM,A.G.C.&HODGSON, D. A. Terminal moraines in the fjord basins of sub-Antarctic South Georgia 67

HILBE, M., STRUPLER, M., HANSEN, L., EILERTSEN, R. S., VAN DAELE, M., DE BATIST,M.&ANSELMETTI, F. S. Moraine ridges in fjord-type, 69 perialpine Lake Lucerne, central Switzerland

BURTON, D. J., DOWDESWELL, J. A., HOGAN,K.A.&NOORMETS, R. Little Ice Age terminal and retreat moraines in Kollerfjorden, NW Spitsbergen 71

DOWDESWELL, J. A., SOLHEIM,A.&OTTESEN, D. Rhombohedral crevasse-ﬁll ridges at the marine margin of a surging Svalbard ice cap 73

FLINK, A. E., NOORMETS,R.&KIRCHNER, N. Annual moraine ridges in Tempelfjorden, Spitsbergen 75

DOWDESWELL, J. A., OTTESEN,D.&PLASSEN, L. Debris-ﬂow lobes on the distal ﬂanks of terminal moraines in Spitsbergen fjords 77

SHAW, J. Fjord-mouth submarine moraines, SW Newfoundland 79

SHAW,J.&LINTERN, D. G. Landforms in a Paciﬁc fjord system: Douglas Channel, British Columbia, Canada 81 vi CONTENTS

DOWDESWELL,J.A.&OTTESEN, D. Eskers formed at the beds of modern surge-type tidewater glaciers in Spitsbergen 83

FORWICK, M., KEMPF,P.&LABERG, J. S. Eskers in deglacial sediments of three Spitsbergen fjords 85

LAJEUNESSE, P. Long continuous dendritic eskers offshore of Southampton Island, northern Hudson Bay 87

DOWDESWELL, E. K., TODD,B.J.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Ice-proximal fans in Dexterity Fjord, Buchan Gulf, Bafﬁn Island, Canadian Arctic 89

BARNES, P. M., PICKRILL, R. A., BOSTOCK, H. C., DLABOLA, E. K., GORMAN,A.R.&WILSON, G. S. Relict proglacial deltas in Bradshaw 91 and George sounds, Fiordland, New Zealand

STACEY,C.D.&HILL, P. R. Cyclic steps on a glaciﬂuvial delta, Howe Sound, British Columbia 93

EILERTSEN, R. S., LONGVA,O.&CORNER, G. D. A Younger Dryas moraine ridge and fjord delta in Valldal, Norddalsfjorden, 95 Møre og Romsdal, Norway

SHAW, J. Paraglacial landscapes in St George’s Bay, Newfoundland, Canada 97

O´ COFAIGH, C., HOGAN, K. A., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&STREUFF, K. Stratiﬁed glacimarine basin-ﬁlls in West Greenland fjords 99

NOORMETS, R., KIRCHNER, N., FLINK,A.E.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Possible iceberg-produced submarine terraces in Hambergbukta, Spitsbergen 101

EVANS,J.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Submarine gullies and an axial channel in glacier-inﬂuenced Courtauld Fjord, East Greenland 103

DOWDESWELL, J. A., OTTESEN,D.&NOORMETS, R. Submarine slides from the walls of Smeerenburgfjorden, NW Svalbard 105

LASTRAS, G., AMBLAS, D., CANALS, M. & DETSUFA SHIPBOARD PARTY. Fjord-ﬂank collapse and associated deformation in 107 Ayse´n Fjord, Chile

DOWDESWELL, J. A., DOWDESWELL,E.K.&RODRIGO, C. Pockmarks in the fjords of Chilean Patagonia 109

BROTHERS, L. L., LEGERE, C., HUGHES CLARKE, J. E., KELLEY, J. T., BARNHARDT, W. A., ANDREWS,B.D.&BELKNAP, D. F. Pockmarks in 111 Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada

EILERTSEN, R. S., BØE, R., HERMANNS, R., LONGVA,O.&DAHLGREN, S. Kettle holes, ‘dead-ice’ topography and eskers on a lake ﬂoor in Telemark, 113 southern Norway

O’BRIEN, P. E., SMITH,J.&RIDDLE, M. Bouldery debris mantle deposited by cold-based ice offshore of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica 115

GREENWOOD,S.L.&JAKOBSSON, M. Enigmatic ridges in Lake Va¨ttern, Sweden 117

JAKOBSSON, M., O’REGAN, M., GREENWOOD, S. L., FLODE´ N, T., SWA¨ RD, H., BJO¨ RCK,S.&SKELTON, A. Postglacial tectonic structures and 119 mass wasting in Lake Va¨ttern, southern Sweden

SHAW,J.&POTTER, D. P. Anthropogenic modiﬁcation of a fjord: Bay of Islands, Newfoundland 121

TODD,B.J.&SHAW, J. Tidal power generation in the glaciated, macrotidal Minas Scour Trough, Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada 123

LAVOIE, C., DOMACK, E. W., HEIRMAN, K., NAUDTS,L.&BRACHFELD, S. A Holocene volcanic knoll within a glacial trough, Antarctic Sound, 125 northern Antarctic Peninsula

LAJEUNESSE, P., DUCHESNE, M. J., ST-ONGE, G., LOCAT, J., HIGGINS, M., SANFAC¸ON,R.&ORTIZ, J. The Corossol Structure: a glaciated crater 127 of possible impact origin in the northwestern Gulf of St Lawrence, eastern Canada

Section 3b Fjords: landform assemblages

DOWDESWELL, J. A., DOWDESWELL, E. K., RODRIGO,C.&DIAZ, J. Assemblage of glacial and related landforms in the 131 fjords of southern Chile

DOVE, D., FINLAYSON, A., BRADWELL, T., HOWE,J.A.&AROSIO, R. Deglacial landform assemblage records fast ice-ﬂow and retreat, Inner 135 Hebrides, Scotland

SHAW,J.&POTTER, D. P. A glacial landform assemblage in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, eastern Canada 139

GEIRSDO´ TTIR,A´ ., MILLER,G.H.&LARSEN, D. J. Landforms in Hvı´ta´rvatn, central Iceland, produced by recent advances of surging and 143 non-surging glaciers CONTENTS vii

FORWICK, M., DOWDESWELL, J. A., LABERG,J.S.&OTTESEN, D. Glacial landform assemblages in Spitsbergen fjords from the last full-glacial, 147 deglaciation and the late Holocene

DOWDESWELL,J.A.&OTTESEN, D. Submarine landform assemblage for Svalbard surge-type tidewater glaciers 151

BATCHELOR, C. L., DOWDESWELL, J. A., DOWDESWELL, E. K., TODD,B.J.&SHARP, M. J. A tidewater glacier landform assemblage in 155 Belcher Inlet, Canadian Arctic

Section 4a Continental shelf: landforms

TODD, B. J. The Laurentian Channel: a major cross-shelf trough in Atlantic Canada 161

PINET, N., BRAKE,V.&DUCHESNE, M. J. Partly-ﬁlled U-shaped morphology of the Laurentian Channel, 163 St Lawrence Estuary, Canada

CLARK,C.D.&SPAGNOLO, M. Glacially eroded cross-shelf troughs surrounding Iceland from Olex data 165

RYAN, J. C., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&HOGAN, K. A. Three cross-shelf troughs on the continental shelf of SW Greenland from Olex data 167

BELLEC, V. K., PLASSEN, L., RISE,L.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Malangsdjupet: a cross-shelf trough on the North Norwegian margin 169

CANALS, M., AMBLAS,D.&CASAMOR, J. L. Cross-shelf troughs in Central Bransﬁeld Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 171

MOREAU,J.&GHIENNE, J.-F. Cross-shelf trough and ice-stream lineations in the 440 Ma Late Ordovician rocks of northern 173 Africa mapped from high-resolution satellite imagery

O´ COFAIGH, C., LIVINGSTONE,S.J.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Mega-scale glacial lineations in Marguerite Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 175

CANALS,M.&AMBLAS, D. The bundle: a mega-scale glacial landform left by an ice stream, Western Bransﬁeld Basin 177

RISE, L., OTTESEN, D., OLESEN,O.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Buried mega-scale glacial lineations in the Norwegian Channel from 179 3D seismic imagery

DOWDESWELL, J. A., OTTESEN,D.&RISE, L. 3D seismic imagery of mega-scale glacial lineations and ﬂow-switching by ice 181 streams on the Norwegian continental shelf

TASIANAS, A., BU¨ NZ, S., VADAKKEPULIYAMBATTA,S.&MIENERT, J. Buried subglacial landforms in the SW Barents Sea imaged 183 using high-resolution P-Cable seismic data

GUITARD, M. E., SHEVENELL, A. E., LAVOIE,C.&DOMACK, E. W. Mega-scale glacial lineations and grounding-zone wedges in 185 Prydz Channel, East Antarctica

BJARNADO´ TTIR,L.R.&ANDREASSEN, K. Enigmatic needle-like seaﬂoor features in the Bear Island Trough, central Barents Sea 187

RU¨ THER, D. C., ANDREASSEN,K.&SPAGNOLO, M. Aligned glacitectonic rafts on the ﬂoor of the central Barents Sea 189

OTTESEN, D., DOWDESWELL, J. A., RISE, L., THORSNES,T.&BELLEC, V. K. Lateral ice-stream shear-margin moraines on north 191 Norwegian shelves

DOWDESWELL, E. K., TODD,B.J.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Submarine medial moraines and convergent ice ﬂow, Scott Inlet, Bafﬁn Island, 193 Arctic Canada

O´ COFAIGH, C., DUNLOP,P.&BENETTI, S. Submarine drumlins on the continental shelf offshore of NW Ireland 195

JAKOBSSON, M., GREENWOOD, S. L., HELL,B.&O¨ IA˚ S, H. Drumlins in the Gulf of Bothnia 197

NITSCHE, F. O., LARTER, R. D., GOHL, K., GRAHAM,A.G.C.&KUHN, G. Crag-and-tail features on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, 199 West Antarctica

GYLLENCREUTZ, R., FREIRE, F., GREENWOOD, S. L., MAYER,L.A.&JAKOBSSON, M. Glacial landforms in a hard bedrock terrain, 201 Melville Bay, northwestern Greenland

RISE, L., BELLEC, V. K., OTTESEN, D., BØE,R.&THORSNES, T. Hill–hole pairs on the Norwegian continental shelf 203

BØE, R., OTTESEN, D., RISE,L.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Streamlined ridges and depressions in the glacial sediments of the 205 Arendal Terrace, Norwegian Skagerrak viii CONTENTS

HUUSE,M.&KRISTENSEN, T. B. Pleistocene tunnel valleys in the North Sea Basin 207

GREENWOOD, S. L., JAKOBSSON, M., HELL,B.&O¨ IA˚ S, H. Esker systems in the Gulf of Bothnia 209

DOMACK, E. W., AMBLAS,D.&CANALS, M. Bedrock meltwater channels in Palmer Deep, Antarctic Peninsula 211

CANALS,M.&AMBLAS, D. Small, deep shelf-basins and their sedimentary inﬁll, western Bransﬁeld Strait, Antarctic Peninsula 213

HOGAN, K. A., DOWDESWELL, J. A., LARTER, R. D., O´ COFAIGH,C.&BARTHOLOMEW, I. Subglacial meltwater channels in 215 Marguerite Trough, western Antarctic Peninsula

NITSCHE, F. O., LARTER, R. D., GOHL, K., GRAHAM,A.G.C.&KUHN, G. Bedrock channels in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica 217

DUTRIEUX, P., JENKINS,A.&NICHOLLS, K. W. Ice-shelf basal morphology from an upward-looking multibeam system deployed 219 from an autonomous underwater vehicle

GRAHAM,A.G.C.&HOGAN, K. A. Crescentic scours on palaeo-ice stream beds 221

DOWDESWELL, J. A., OTTESEN, D., RISE,L.&FORSBERG, C. F. Fan-like sediments on outer Haltenbanken, mid-Norwegian shelf 223

BARRIE,J.V.&CONWAY, K. W. Glacier-fed outwash plain on the Paciﬁc margin of Canada 225

LAJEUNESSE, P. Late Wisconsinan grounding-zone wedges, northwestern Gulf of St Lawrence, eastern Canada 227

DOWDESWELL,J.A.&OTTESEN, D. A set of grounding-zone wedges in Vestfjorden, North Norway 229

REBESCO, M., URGELES, R., O¨ ZMARAL, A. & CORIBAR SCIENTIFIC PARTY. Grounding-zone wedges and mega-scale glacial lineations in 231 Kveithola Trough, Barents Sea

DOWDESWELL, J. A., OTTESEN,D.&FORWICK, M. Grounding-zone wedges on the western Svalbard shelf 233

DOWDESWELL, J. A., FUGELLI,E.M.G.&BATCHELOR, C. L. Grounding-zone wedges on the West Greenland shelf imaged 235 from multibeam and seismic data

EVANS,J.&HOGAN, K. A. Grounding-zone wedges on the northern Larsen shelf, Antarctic Peninsula 237

BART,P.J.&NITSCHE, F. O. Geometry and volume of a middle shelf grounding-zone wedge in Ross Sea, Antarctica 239

MCMULLEN, K., DOMACK, E. W., LEVENTER, A., LAVOIE,C.&CANALS, M. Grounding-zone wedges and mega-scale glacial 241 lineations in the Mertz Trough, East Antarctica

ANDERSON,J.B.&JAKOBSSON, M. Grounding-zone wedges on Antarctic continental shelves 243

DECALF, C., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&FUGELLI, E. M. G. Seismic character of possible buried grounding-zone wedges in the 245 Late Ordovician glacial rocks of Algeria

ELVENES,S.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Possible ‘lift-off moraines’ at grounded ice-sheet margins, North Norwegian shelf edge 247

DOWDESWELL, J. A., OTTESEN,D.&RISE, L. Skjoldryggen terminal moraine on the mid-Norwegian shelf 249

DICKENS, W. A., GRAHAM, A. G. C., SMITH,J.A.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Large, buried glacial moraines revealed by TOPAS 251 sub-bottom proﬁling, South Orkney Islands, South Atlantic Ocean

O´ COFAIGH, C., BENETTI, S., DUNLOP,P.&MONTEYS, X. Arcuate moraines on the continental shelf NW of Ireland 253

DOWDESWELL,J.A.&OTTESEN, D. Current-modiﬁed recessional-moraine ridges on the NW Spitsbergen shelf 255

TODD, B. J. Recessional moraines on the southern Scotian Shelf of Atlantic Canada 257

TODD, B. J. De Geer moraines on German Bank, southern Scotian Shelf of Atlantic Canada 259

ELVENES, S., BØE,R.&RISE, L. Post-glacial sand drifts burying De Geer moraines on the continental shelf off North Norway 261

ARNDT,J.E.&EVANS, J. Glacial lineations and recessional moraines on the continental shelf of NE Greenland 263

JAKOBSSON,M.&ANDERSON, J. B. Corrugation ridges in the Pine Island Bay glacier trough, West Antarctica 265 CONTENTS ix

KING, E. L., RISE,L.&BELLEC, V. K. Crescentic submarine hills and holes produced by iceberg calving and rotation 267

DOWDESWELL,J.A.&HOGAN, K. A. Huge iceberg ploughmarks and associated corrugation ridges on the northern Svalbard shelf 269

HILL, J. C. Iceberg ploughmarks on the upper continental slope, South Carolina 271

LO´ PEZ-MARTI´NEZ, J., RIVERA, J., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&ACOSTA, J. Giant ploughmarks on the South Patagonian continental 273 margin produced by Antarctic icebergs

STEWART, T. J., STAGPOOLE, V. M., WOOD,R.A.&CARTER, L. Ploughmarks and pits on the Chatham Rise: a record of 275 deep-keeled Antarctic icebergs at 438 20′ S

SACCHETTI, F., O´ COFAIGH,C.&BENETTI, S. Iceberg ploughmarks on Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic 277

LEWIS, C. F. M., TODD, B. J., SONNICHSEN,G.V.&KING, T. Iceberg–seabed interaction on northwestern Makkovik Bank, 279 Labrador Shelf, Canada

VADAKKEPULIYAMBATTA, S., BU¨ NZ, S., TASIANAS,A.&MIENERT, J. Iceberg ploughmarks in the SW Barents Sea imaged 281 using high-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic data

BJARNADO´ TTIR, L. R., OTTESEN, D., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&BUGGE, T. Unusual iceberg ploughmarks on the Norwegian continental shelf 283

ARNDT,J.E.&FORWICK, M. Deep-water iceberg ploughmarks on Hovgaard Ridge, Fram Strait 285

JAKOBSSON, M. & O’REGAN, M. Deep iceberg ploughmarks in the central Arctic Ocean 287

GALES, J. A., LARTER,R.D.&LEAT, P. T. Iceberg ploughmarks and associated sediment ridges on the southern Weddell Sea margin 289

DOWDESWELL,J.A.&OTTESEN, D. Three-dimensional seismic imagery of deeply buried iceberg ploughmarks in North Sea sediments 291

THORSNES, T., BRUNSTAD, H., LA˚ GSTAD,P.&CHAND, S. Trawl marks, iceberg ploughmarks and possible whale-feeding marks, 293 Barents Sea

CHAND, S., THORSNES, T., RISE, L., BRUNSTAD,H.&STODDART, D. Pockmarks in the SW Barents Sea and their links with 295 iceberg ploughmarks

JAKOBSSON, M. & O’REGAN, M. Pockmarks on the Mendeleev Rise, central Arctic Ocean 297

DOWDESWELL,J.A.&TODD, B. J. Mud volcanoes and ice-keel ploughmarks, Beaufort Sea shelf, Arctic Canada 299

ANANYEV, R., DMITREVSKIY, N., JAKOBSSON, M., LOBKOVSKY, L., NIKIFOROV, S., ROSLYAKOV,A.&SEMILETOV, I. Sea-ice ploughmarks 301 in the eastern Laptev Sea, East Siberian Arctic shelf

WILKINSON,J.P.&WADHAMS, P. The three-dimensional shape of sea ice revealed by multibeam sonar 303

JAKOBSSON, M., O’REGAN, M., GYLLENCREUTZ,R.&FLODE´ N, T. Seaﬂoor terraces and semi-circular depressions related to 305 ﬂuid discharge in Stockholm Archipelago, Baltic Sea

THORSNES, T., BELLEC,V.K.&DOLAN, M. F. J. Cold-water coral reefs and glacial landforms from Sula Reef, mid-Norwegian shelf 307

BØE, R., BELLEC, V. K., DOLAN, M. F. J., BUHL-MORTENSEN, P., RISE,L.&BUHL-MORTENSEN, L. Cold-water coral reefs in the 309 Hola glacial trough off Vestera˚len, North Norway

LOBKOVSKY, L., ANANYEV, R., DMITREVSKIY, N., DUDAREV, O., JAKOBSSON, M., NIKIFOROV,S.&ROSLYAKOV, A. Permafrost patterns 311 in the SE Laptev Sea, East Siberian Arctic Ocean

CANALS,M.&AMBLAS, D. Seaﬂoor kettle holes in Orleans Trough, Bransﬁeld Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 313

Section 4b Continental shelf: landform assemblages

STEWART, M. A. Assemblage of buried and seabed tunnel valleys in the central North Sea: from morphology to ice-sheet dynamics 317

GREENWOOD, S. L., CLASON,C.C.&JAKOBSSON, M. Ice-ﬂow and meltwater landform assemblages in the Gulf of Bothnia 321

BJARNADO´ TTIR,L.R.&ANDREASSEN, K. Ice-stream landform assemblage in Kveithola, western Barents Sea margin 325 x CONTENTS

BATCHELOR, C. L., DOWDESWELL, J. A., JAKOBSSON, M., HOGAN,K.A.&GEBHARDT, C. A. Landform assemblage produced by 329 ice-grounding events on the Yermak Plateau

HOGAN, K. A., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&NOORMETS, R. Assemblages of submarine landforms in the glacial troughs of the northern 333 Barents Sea, east of Svalbard

BATCHELOR, C. L., DOWDESWELL, J. A., DOWDESWELL,E.K.&TODD, B. J. A subglacial landform assemblage on the outer 337 shelf of M’Clure Strait, Canadian Arctic, ploughed by iceberg keels

AMBLAS,D.&CANALS, M. Landform assemblage produced by the Biscoe Trough ice stream, northern Antarctic Peninsula 341

GRAHAM, A. G. C., NITSCHE, F. O., LARTER,R.D.&GOHL, K. Submarine landform assemblage produced beneath the 345 Dotson–Getz palaeo-ice stream, West Antarctica

KLAGES, J. P., KUHN, G., HILLENBRAND, C.-D., GRAHAM, A. G. C., SMITH, J. A., LARTER,R.D.&GOHL, K. A glacial landform 349 assemblage from an inter-ice stream setting in the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica

SIMKINS, L. M., ANDERSON,J.B.&GREENWOOD, S. L. Glacial landform assemblage reveals complex retreat of 353 grounded ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Section 5 Continental slope: landforms

OWEN,M.J.&LONG, D. Barra Fan: a major glacial depocentre on the western continental margin of the British Isles 359

STEWART,H.A.&LONG, D. Glacigenic debris-ﬂows observed in 3D seismic high-resolution seaﬂoor imagery, Faroe–Shetland 361 Channel, NE Atlantic

PIPER, D. J. W., CAMPBELL,D.C.&MOSHER, D. C. Mid-latitude complex trough-mouth fans, Laurentian and Northeast fans, 363 eastern Canada

RYDNINGEN, T. A., LABERG,J.S.&KOLSTAD, V. Evolution of Andfjorden Trough-Mouth Fan, Norwegian Sea: buried glacigenic 365 debris-ﬂows and mega-scale glacial lineations

LABERG,J.S.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Glacigenic debris-ﬂows on the Bear Island Trough-Mouth Fan, Barents Sea margin 367

OTTESEN, D., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&BUGGE, T. Deeply buried glacigenic debris-ﬂows imaged in 3D seismic data from early 369 Quaternary sediments of the northern North Sea

CAMERLENGHI, A., REBESCO,M.&ACCETTELLA, D. Storfjorden Trough-Mouth Fan, Barents Sea margin 371

REBESCO, M., CAMERLENGHI,A.&LLOPART, J. Glacigenic debris-ﬂow deposits, Storfjorden Fan 373

LARTER, R. D., HOGAN, K. A., HILLENBRAND, C.-D. & BENETTI, S. Debris-ﬂow deposits on the West Antarctic continental slope 375

GALES, J. A., LARTER, R. D., LEAT,P.T.&JOKAT, W. Components of an Antarctic trough-mouth fan: examples from the Crary Fan, 377 Weddell Sea

GREENE, H. G., REYNOLDS,J.R.&TODD, B. J. Ice-sheet related landforms at the continental shelf edge, Albatross Bank, Alaska 379

BELLEC, V. K., RISE, L., BØE,R.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Glacially related gullies on the upper continental slope, 381 SW Barents Sea margin

GALES, J. A., LARTER,R.D.&LEAT, P. T. Submarine gullies on the southern Weddell Sea slope, Antarctica 383

DOWDESWELL, J. A., DOWDESWELL, E. K., TODD, B. J., SAINT-ANGE,F.&PIPER, D. J. W. Channels and gullies on the continental 385 slope seaward of a cross-shelf trough, Labrador margin, eastern Canada

GARDNER,J.V.&MAYER, L. A. Chatham Fan and adjacent upper Baranof Fan channels and levee, US Gulf of Alaska margin 387

MAYER,L.A.&GARDNER, J. V. Cascades and plunge pools on the continental slope of the Gulf of Alaska 389

MAYER, L. A., GARDNER,J.V.&ARMSTRONG, A. A. An ultrahigh-latitude submarine channel: Northern Chukchi Rise 391

AMBLAS,D.&CANALS, M. Contourite drifts and canyon-channel systems on the Northern Antarctic Peninsula Paciﬁc margin 393

LABERG, J. S., BAETEN, N. J., FORWICK,M.&WIBERG, D. H. Ocean-current controlled sedimentation: the Lofoten Contourite Drift, 395 Norwegian Sea CONTENTS xi

BAETEN, N. J., LABERG,J.S.&FORWICK, M. Submarine mass movements affecting contourites on the continental slope 397 offshore of the Lofoten Islands, North Norway

VOLPI, V., ACCETTELLA, D., DIVIACCO,P.&REBESCO, M. Slope instability along the western margin of 399 the Antarctic Peninsula

LARTER, R. D., HOGAN,K.A.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Large sediment drifts on the upper continental rise 401 west of the Antarctic Peninsula

CAMERON, G. D. M., KING,E.L.&TODD, B. J. A large, glacially modiﬁed, shelf-edge canyon, 403 Scotian Shelf, Atlantic Canada

DOWDESWELL, E. K., TODD,B.J.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Canyons and slides on the continental slope seaward of a shallow bank, 405 Labrador margin, eastern Canada

RISE, L., BØE, R., BELLEC, V. K., THORSNES,T.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Canyons and slope instability on the Lofoten–Vestera˚len 407 continental margin, North Norway

LABERG, J. S., AMUNDSEN,H.B.&RYDNINGEN, T. A. The Andøya Canyon, Norwegian Sea 409

MICALLEF, A., MASSON, D. G., BERNDT,C.&STOW, D. A. V. Submarine spreading in the Storegga Slide, Norwegian Sea 411

THORSNES, T., RISE, L., BELLEC,V.K.&CHAND, S. Shelf-edge slope failure and reef development: Trænadjupet Slide, 413 mid-Norwegian shelf

HOGAN, K. A., VANNESTE, M., DOWDESWELL,J.A.&MIENERT, J. Geomorphology of the huge Hinlopen–Yermak landslide 415 on the northern Svalbard margin

CANALS, M., AMBLAS, D., CASAMOR,J.L.&LASTRAS, G. Gebra Slide: glacial and tectonic controls on recurrent submarine 417 landsliding off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula

Section 6 Fjord–shelf–slope: landsystems

BRADWELL,T.&STOKER, M. S. Glacial sediment and landform record offshore NW Scotland: a fjord–shelf–slope transect 421 through a Late Quaternary mid-latitude ice-stream system

TODD, B. J., SHAW,J.&VALENTINE, P. C. Submarine glacial landforms on the Bay of Fundy–northern Gulf 429 of Maine continental shelf

DOWDESWELL, J. A., OTTESEN,D.&RISE, L. Landforms characteristic of inter-ice stream settings on the Norwegian and 437 Svalbard continental margins

ANDREASSEN, K., BJARNADO´ TTIR, L. R., RU¨ THER,D.C.&WINSBORROW, M. C. M. Retreat patterns and dynamics of the former 445 Bear Island Trough Ice Stream

DOWDESWELL, J. A., HOGAN,K.A.&O´ COFAIGH, C. Submarine glacial-landform distribution across the West Greenland margin: 453 a fjord–shelf–slope transect through the Uummannaq system (70–718 N)

GARCI´A, M., BATCHELOR, C. L., DOWDESWELL, J. A., HOGAN,K.A.&O´ COFAIGH, C. A glacier-inﬂuenced turbidite system and 461 associated landform assemblage in the Greenland Basin and adjacent continental slope

JAKOBSSON, M. Submarine glacial landform distribution in the central Arctic Ocean shelf–slope–basin system 469

CANALS, M., AMBLAS, D., DOMACK, E. W., LASTRAS, G., LAVOIE, C., CASAMOR,J.L.&SMITH, C. The seaﬂoor imprint of the 477 Gerlache–Boyd Ice Stream (65–628 S), northern Antarctic Peninsula

LIVINGSTONE, S. J., O´ COFAIGH, C., HOGAN,K.A.&DOWDESWELL, J. A. Submarine glacial-landform distribution along 485 an Antarctic Peninsula palaeo-ice stream: a shelf–slope transect through the Marguerite Trough system (66–708 S)

GRAHAM, A. G. C., JAKOBSSON, M., NITSCHE, F. O., LARTER, R. D., ANDERSON, J. B., HILLENBRAND, C.-D., GOHL, K., KLAGES, J. P., 493 SMITH,J.A.&JENKINS, A. Submarine glacial-landform distribution across the West Antarctic margin, from grounding line to slope: the Pine Island–Thwaites ice-stream system

O’BRIEN, P. E., BEAMAN, R., DE SANTIS, L., DOMACK, E. W., ESCUTIA, C., HARRIS, P. T., LEVENTER, A., MCMULLEN, K., POST, A., 501 QUILTY, P. G., SHEVENNELL,A.&BATCHELOR, C. L. Submarine glacial landforms on the cold East Antarctic margin

LE HERON, D. P. The Hirnantian glacial landsystem of the Sahara: a meltwater-dominated system 509 xii CONTENTS

Section 7 Conclusion

DOWDESWELL, J. A., CANALS, M., JAKOBSSON, M., TODD, B. J., DOWDESWELL,E.K.&HOGAN, K. A. The variety and distribution of 519 submarine glacial landforms and implications for ice-sheet reconstruction

Section 8 Glossary, cumulated bibliography and index

BELL, T., COOPER, A. K., SOLHEIM, A., TODD, B. J., DOWDESWELL, J. A., CANALS, M., JAKOBSSON, M., DOWDESWELL,E.K.&HOGAN,K.A. 555 Glossary of glaciated continental margins and related geoscience methods

Cumulated bibliography 575

Geographical index 612

Subject index 615 List of Contributors

Daniela ACCETTELLA Philip M. BARNES Istituto Nazionale di Oceanograﬁa e di Geoﬁsica Sperimentale, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 34010 Sgonico, Trieste, Italy Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6021, New Zealand

Juan ACOSTA Walter A. BARNHARDT Instituto Espanõl de Oceanografıá, Corazoń de Marıá8, US Geological Survey, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, 28002 Madrid, Spain Massachusetts 02540, USA

David AMBLAS J. Vaughn BARRIE GRC Geocie`ncies Marines, Universitat de Barcelona, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources 08028 Barcelona, Spain Canada, PO Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada H. B. AMUNDSEN Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Philip J. BART N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Howe-Russell E235, Roman ANANYEV Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36 Nahimovski Prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia; National Research Ian BARTHOLOMEW Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK John B. ANDERSON Department of Earth Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Christine L. BATCHELOR Houston, Texas 77005, USA Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK Karin ANDREASSEN Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Rob BEAMAN Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway James Cook University, Townsville City, Queensland 4811, Australia Brian D. ANDREWS US Geological Survey, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Daniel F. BELKNAP Massachusetts 02540, USA School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469 USA Flavio S. ANSELMETTI Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Trevor BELL Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Department of Geography, Memorial University of Switzerland Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada Andrew A. ARMSTRONG Joint Hydrographic Center, University of New Hampshire, V. K. BELLEC Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Jan Erik ARNDT Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Sara BENETTI Research, Van-Ronzelen-Strasse 2, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany School of Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK Riccardo AROSIO Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Robbie BENNETT Oban PA37 1QA, UK Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Reidulv BØE Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, Christian BERNDT N-7491 Trondheim, Norway GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148, Kiel, Germany S. BU¨ NZ Department of Geology, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Svante BJO¨ RCK Environment and Climate, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Geology, Lund University, So¨lvegatan 12, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway 223 62 Lund, Sweden

Nicole J. BAETEN Lilja R. BJARNADO´ TTIR Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway N-7491 Trondheim, Norway xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Steve BLASCO Shyam CHAND Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

Helen C. BOSTOCK Chris D. CLARK National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Department of Geography, University of Shefﬁeld, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Shefﬁeld S10 2TN, UK

Stefanie BRACHFELD Caroline C. CLASON Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Montclair State University, Montclair, Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden New Jersey 07043, USA Kim W. CONWAY Tom BRADWELL Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Canada, PO Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, V8L 4B2, Canada Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Alan K. COOPER Virginia BRAKE US Geological Survey, Marine and Coastal Geology, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 345 Middleﬁeld Road, Menlo Park, California 94205, USA 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, Quebec G1K 9A9, Canada CORIBAR SCIENTIFIC PARTY Laura L. BROTHERS T.J.J. Hanebuth, H. Lantzsch, A. Caburlotto, T. Ho¨rner, US Geological Survey, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, J. Llopart, R.G. Lucchi, L.S. Nicolaisen, G. Osti and A. Sabbatini Massachusetts 02540, USA Geoffrey D. CORNER Harald BRUNSTAD Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Lundin Petroleum Norge AS, Postboks 247, N-1326 Lysaker, Norway N-9037 Tromsø, Norway

Tom BUGGE Sven DAHLGREN Det Norske Oljeselskap ASA, Munkegata 26, Buskerd Telemark Vestfold County Councils, Postboks 2163, N-7011 Trondheim, Norway N-3103 Tønsberg, Norway

Lene BUHL-MORTENSEN Marc DE BATIST Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Ghent University, N-5817 Bergen, Norway B-9000 Ghent, Belgium

Pa˚l BUHL-MORTENSEN Laura DE SANTIS Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanograﬁa e di Geoﬁsica Sperimentale, N-5817 Bergen, Norway 34010 Sgonico, Trieste, Italy

David J. BURTON Carole DECALF Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, BP Exploration, Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK Middlesex TW16 7LN, UK

Angelo CAMERLENGHI DETSUFA SHIPBOARD PARTY Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, M. Azpiroz, I. Bascunãń, A. M. Calafat, P. Duhart, J. Frigola, 34010 Sgonico, Trieste, Italy R. L. Hermanns, O. Iglesias, P. Kempf, S. Lafuerza, O. Longva, A. Micallef, X. Rayo, S. A. Sepu´lveda and G. Vargas Gordon D. M. CAMERON Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Juan DIAZ PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada School of Ocean Sciences, Catholic University of Valparaiso, Altamirano 1480, Valparaiso, Chile Donald C. CAMPBELL Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, William A. DICKENS PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK; Miquel CANALS Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, GRC Geocie`ncies Marines, Universitat de Barcelona, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK 08028 Barcelona, Spain Paolo DIVIACCO Lionel CARTER Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Victoria University, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand 34010 Sgonica, Trieste, Italy

Jose L. CASAMOR Erin K. DLABOLA GRC Geocie`ncies Marines, Universitat de Barcelona, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, 08028 Barcelona, Spain New Zealand LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xv

Nikolay DMITREVSKIY Tom FLODE´ N P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 36 Nahimovski Prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Margaret F. J. DOLAN Carl Fredrik FORSBERG Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Ulleva˚l Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway

Eugene W. DOMACK Matthias FORWICK College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, St Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA N-9037 Tromsø, Norway

Dayton DOVE Oscar FRANSNER British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Longyearbyen N-9171, Norway

Evelyn K. DOWDESWELL Francis FREIRE Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Julian A. DOWDESWELL Edith M. G. FUGELLI Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, BP Exploration, Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK Middlesex TW16 7LN, UK

Mathieu J. DUCHESNE Jennifer A. GALES Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Canada, 490 rue de la Couronne, Que´bec, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Quebec G1K 9A9, Canada Marga GARCI´A Oleg DUDAREV Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Av. de las Palmeras 4, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain; Department of Geology, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Paul DUNLOP School of Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, James V. GARDNER Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA Pierre DUTRIEUX Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, Catalina A. GEBHARDT University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Box 355640, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA; Marine Research, Van-Ronzelen-Strasse 2, D-27568 British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Bremerhaven, Germany High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Aslaug GEIRSDOTTIR Raymond S. EILERTSEN Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Geological Survey of Norway, Framsenteret, 101 Reykjavı´k, Iceland Postboks 6606 Langnes, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway Jean-Franc¸ois GHIENNE Sigrid ELVENES Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, UMR 7516 CNRS-Universite´ de Strasbourg, EOST, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway 1 rue Blessig 67084 Strasbourg, France

Carlota ESCUTIA Karsten GOHL Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Granada 18100, Spain Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Jeffrey EVANS Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Andrew R. GORMAN Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

Andrew FINLAYSON Alastair G. C. GRAHAM British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK

Anne E. FLINK H. Gary GREENE Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, Longyearbyen N-9171, Norway California 95039, USA xvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Sarah L. GREENWOOD Mads HUUSE Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

Michelle E. GUITARD Martin JAKOBSSON College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, St Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Richard GYLLENCREUTZ Adrian JENKINS Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK

Louise HANSEN Wilfried JOKAT Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Peter T. HARRIS Joseph T. KELLEY GRID-Arendal, Arendal 4836, Norway School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469 USA Katrien HEIRMAN Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Geophysics, Philipp KEMPF Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Ghent University, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark

Benjamin HELL Edward L. KING Swedish Maritime Administration, Hydrographic Ofﬁce, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 601 78 Norrko¨ping, Sweden PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada

Reginald HERMANNS Tony KING Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, C-CORE, Morrissey Road, St John’s, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X5, Canada

Michael HIGGINS Nina KIRCHNER Sciences de la Terre, Universite´ du Que´bec a` Chicoutimi, Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Saguenay, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden

Michael HILBE Johann P. KLAGES Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany

Jenna C. HILL Vidar KOLSTAD Burroughs and Chapin Center for Marine and Wetland Studies, DONG E&P Norge AS, Roald Amundsens Plass 1, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina 29528, USA N-9257 Tromsø, Norway

Phil R. HILL Thomas Bojer KRISTENSEN Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, DONG Energy Wind Power, Kraftværksvej 53, Skærbæk, PO Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada 7000 Fredericia, Denmark

Claus-Dieter HILLENBRAND Gerhard KUHN British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, German

Dominic A. HODGSON Petter LA˚ GSTAD British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Postboks 25, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK N-2027 Kjeller, Norway

Kelly A. HOGAN J. LO´ PEZ-MARTIŃEZ British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Departamento de Geologıá y Geoquı´mica, Facultad de Ciencias, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Universidad Autońoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain

John A. HOWE Jan Sverre LABERG Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Oban PA37 1QA, UK N-9037 Tromsø, Norway

John E. HUGHES CLARKE Patrick LAJEUNESSE Ocean Mapping Group, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, De´partement de Ge´ographie et Centre d’E´ tudes Nordiques, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada Universite´ Laval, Que´bec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Darren J. LARSEN Brian MACLEAN Department of Geology and Planetary Science, University of Pittsburgh, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Pennsylvania 15260, USA PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada

Robert D. LARTER Douglas G. MASSON British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Larry A. MAYER Galderic LASTRAS Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, GRC Geocie`ncies Marines, Universitat de Barcelona, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA 08028 Barcelona, Spain Katherine MCMULLEN Caroline LAVOIE Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Department of Geosciences/CESAM, University of Aveiro, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal Aaron MICALLEF Daniel P. LE HERON Department of Physics, University of Malta, MSD 2080, Malta Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK Jurgen MIENERT Department of Geology, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Phil T. LEAT Environment and Climate, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Gifford H. MILLER Christine LEGERE INSTAAR and Department of Geological Sciences, Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 USA St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada Xavier MONTEYS Amy LEVENTER Geological Survey of Ireland, Beggars Bush, Haddington Road, Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, Dublin D04 K7X4, Ireland New York 13346, USA Julien MOREAU Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, C. F. Michael LEWIS University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Copenhagen K, Denmark PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada David C. MOSHER D. Gwyn LINTERN Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada Lieven NAUDTS Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS-OD Nature), Stephen J. LIVINGSTONE B-8400 Ostend, Belgium Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK Keith W. NICHOLLS British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Jaume LLOPART High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Institut de Cie`ncies del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Sergey NIKIFOROV P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leopold LOBKOVSKY 36 Nahimovski Prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36 Nahimovski Prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia; Frank O. NITSCHE National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia Palisades, New York 10964, USA

Jacques LOCAT Riko NOORMETS De´partement de Geólogie et de Geńie Geólogique, Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, Universite´ Laval, Que´bec, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada Longyearbyen N-9171, Norway

David LONG Philip E. O’BRIEN British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia

Oddvar LONGVA Colm O´ COFAIGH Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, Department of Geography, Durham University, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Durham DH1 3LE, UK xviii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Hans O¨ IA˚ S Michele REBESCO Swedish Maritime Administration, Hydrographic Office, 601 78 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Norrko¨ping, Sweden 34010 Sgonico, Trieste, Italy

Odleiv OLESEN Jennifer R. REYNOLDS Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA

Joseph ORTIZ Martin RIDDLE Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Ohio 44242, USA Tasmania 7050, Australia Leif RISE Matthew O’REGAN Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Jesus RIVERA Dag OTTESEN Instituto Espanõl de Oceanografıá, Corazoń de Marıá8, Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, 28002 Madrid, Spain N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Cristian RODRIGO Matthew J. OWEN Department of Geology, Andre´s Bello University, Quillota 980, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, Vinã del Mar, Chile London WC1E 6BT, UK Alexander ROSLYAKOV Asli O¨ ZMARAL P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, 36 Nahimovski Prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany Jonathan C. RYAN Eric PATTON Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Tom Arne RYDNINGEN Richard A. PICKRILL Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; DONG E&P Norge AS, Roald Amundsens PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada; Plass 1, N-9257 Tromsø, Norway Present address: 4169 Highway 2, Wellington, Nova Scotia B2T 1A3, Canada Fabio SACCHETTI School of Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Nicolas PINET Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, Quebec G1K 9A9, Canada Francky SAINT-ANGE Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, David J. W. PIPER PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Richard SANFAÇON Canadian Hydrographic Service, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Mont-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4, Canada Liv PLASSEN Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Hans-Werner SCHENKE Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany Alix POST Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Igor SEMILETOV National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, D. Patrick POTTER 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Martin J. SHARP Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Patrick G. QUILTY Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia John SHAW Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Denise C. RU¨ THER PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Amelia E. SHEVENELL N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Sogn og Fjordane University College, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, N-6851 Sogndal, Norway Florida 33701, USA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xix

Lauren M. SIMKINS Katharina STREUFF Department of Earth Sciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Houston, Texas 77005, USA Michael STRUPLER Alasdair SKELTON Geological Institute, ETH Zu¨rich, CH-8092 Zu¨rich, Switzerland Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, ¨ Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Henrik SWARD Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius va¨g 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Catherine SMITH College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Alexandros TASIANAS St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA Department of Geology, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, James A. SMITH N-9037 Tromsø, Norway British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Terje THORSNES Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, Jodie SMITH N-7491 Trondheim, Norway Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Brian J. TODD Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Anders SOLHEIM PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930, Ulleval Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway Roger URGELES Institut de Cie`ncies del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Gary V. SONNICHSEN Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Sunil VADAKKEPULIYAMBATTA PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada Department of Geology, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Matteo SPAGNOLO N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Department of Geography and Environment, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, UK Page C. VALENTINE US Geological Survey, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Guillaume ST-ONGE Massachusetts 02543, USA Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski and GEOTOP, Universite´ du Que´bec a` Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec G5L 3A1, Canada Maarten VAN DAELE Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Ghent University, Cooper D. STACEY B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, PO Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada Maarten VANNESTE Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ulleva˚l Stadion, Vaughan M. STAGPOOLE 0806 Oslo, Norway Geological and Nuclear Science Research Institute, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand Valentina VOLPI Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Heather A. STEWART 34010 Sgonica, Trieste, Italy British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Peter WADHAMS Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Margaret A. STEWART University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Daniel H. WIBERG Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Tineke J. STEWART Geological and Nuclear Science Research Institute, PO Box 30-368, Jeremy P. WILKINSON Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Daniel STODDART Lundin Petroleum Norge AS, Postboks 247, Gary S. WILSON N-1326 Lysaker, Norway University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

Martyn S. STOKER Monica C. M. WINSBORROW British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK Department of Geology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Dorrik A. V. STOW Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Ray A. WOOD Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK Chatham Rock Phosphate Ltd, PO Box 231, Takaka 7142, New Zealand Preface

Twenty years ago, the international marine community brought together high-latitude glacier-influenced seafloor. The distribution and geometry a first Atlas of Acoustic Images of the high-latitude geo-marine environ- of these submarine landforms provide key information on past ice-sheet ment (Davies et al. 1997). The present Atlas of Submarine Glacial Land- extent, the direction and nature of ice flow and dynamics, and a well- forms presents a new attempt to summarize the state of knowledge of preserved window on the detailed form and composition of former ice- these high-latitude glacier-influenced systems, focusing in particular sheet beds. The development of ice-breaking research vessels and high- on high-resolution seafloor imagery derived mainly from multibeam resolution imaging technologies has allowed seafloor mapping at water swath bathymetry and associated acoustic-stratigraphic data. It is depths from tens to thousands of metres across high-latitude continental timely to provide a compilation of the variety of submarine glacial margins. and related landforms, together with their stratigraphic setting where The 180 or so contributions to the Atlas are organized in terms of possible, for several scientific, technological, environmental and econ- their positions on a continental margin into those from: (1) fjords; (2) omic reasons. First, new-generation techniques have revolutionized continental shelves and plateaux; and (3) the continental slope, rise the high-resolution imaging of the modern seafloor over the past two and deep-sea basins beyond. Two-page papers focus on individual sea- decades and these instruments have now been deployed widely in floor landforms from the polar seas, whereas four-page papers describe polar waters, providing vast quantities of new data. Secondly, and discuss assemblages of submarine glacial landforms. Entire fjord– palaeo-shelf surfaces, buried in glacial-sedimentary depocentres, can shelf–slope systems of submarine landforms on high-latitude margins, now be imaged better than ever before using 3D seismic-reflection sometimes referred to as landsystems, are outlined in 12 eight-page con- methods, providing novel insights into sedimentary architecture and tributions, encompassing a continuum of glacimarine climatic settings past environmental conditions. Thirdly, it is now widely recognized from relatively mild (e.g. Gulf of Maine, Norway, Svalbard) to that the polar regions and their changing ice cover are both a key extreme (e.g. Arctic Basin, East Antarctica) and timescales from the driver of global change and important responders to it, making their modern margins of tidewater glaciers, through Quaternary examples, understanding of enhanced significance (e.g. IPCC 2013). Finally, to the ancient glaciations of northern Africa in the Late Ordovician. industry is increasingly interested in understanding the dimensions and architecture of glacial sedimentary depocentres on present and past continental shelves because of the considerable potential of some References glacial-sedimentary facies as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Davies, T.A., Bell,T.et al. (eds) 1997. Glaciated Continental Margins: An Atlas The Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms presents a comprehensive of Acoustic Images. Springer, Berlin. series of contributions by researchers from 20 countries that describe, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2013. Climate Change 2013: illustrate and discuss the full variability of landforms found on the The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Acknowledgements

It is a pleasure to thank many people and organizations who, in a number Norwegian Polar Institute (NP), the Norwegian Hydrographic Service of ways, have made publication of the Atlas of Submarine Glacial Land- (NHS – Permission No. 14/G754), the Norwegian MAREANO forms possible. Project and Olex. The release of both 2D and 3D seismic-reflection At the Geological Society, Angharad Hills, Jo Armstrong and data from industry was also invaluable, and we thank the companies Tamzin Anderson have been enormously helpful throughout the who supported various Atlas contributions in this way, including BP, process of bringing the volume to publication, together with Hannah Eni, Statoil and TGS. Turner of NovaTechset. David Hodgson has also leant his support as The home departments and institutions of the six editors provided Series Editor of the Geological Society Memoirs. considerable support throughout the project, for which we are grateful. As well as the six editors of the Atlas, Christine Batchelor (Scott Much of the final editing of the Atlas took place when Julian and Polar Research Institute) provided much editorial support, especially Evelyn Dowdeswell were visiting researchers at Gateway Antarctica with the figures. Dag Ottesen (Norwegian Geological Survey) gave in the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, supported by a Cam- important initial insights during the development of the structure and bridge–Canterbury Fellowship. We thank Bryan Storey and his col- organization of the Atlas. We also thank the many individual contribu- leagues for their support over this period. tors to the volume and those who provided formal reviews and informal comments on the papers. Sponsorship of the Atlas from BP, Eni, Kongsberg and Det norske Julian Dowdeswell allowed colour to be used throughout the volume and supported much Scott Polar Research Institute, of the editorial work. We thank, in particular, Anna-Marie Greenaway University of Cambridge and Liz Jolley (BP), Jonathan Craig and Giancarlo Davoli (Eni), Jan Miguel Canals Haug Kristensen (Kongsberg) and Tom Bugge (Det norske). University of Barcelona Many sources of marine-geophysical data were used in the various contributions to the Atlas. This work was supported by the research Martin Jakobsson councils and other funding agencies of a number of countries. We Stockholm University acknowledge the work of many scientists and technical staff in the Brian Todd collection and processing of these datasets, and the crews of many Geological Survey of Canada ships operating in the harsh environment of the polar seas. Specific data sources are given in the captions to individual papers within the Evelyn Dowdeswell volume. In addition, several large datasets in particular provided many Scott Polar Research Institute, swath-bathymetric images, photographs and stratigraphic profiles used University of Cambridge in the Atlas contributions, including those from the Canadian ArcticNet Kelly Hogan Project, the Hydrographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA), the British Antarctic Survey