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Inshore Spawning Grounds of the Squid Doryteuthis Gahi Suggest the Consistent Use of Defoliated Kelp Lessonia Trabeculata in Central Chilean Waters

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Inshore Spawning Grounds of the Squid Doryteuthis Gahi Suggest the Consistent Use of Defoliated Kelp Lessonia Trabeculata in Central Chilean Waters Marine Biology Research ISSN: 1745-1000 (Print) 1745-1019 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/smar20 Inshore spawning grounds of the squid Doryteuthis gahi suggest the consistent use of defoliated kelp Lessonia trabeculata in Central Chilean waters Sergio A. Carrasco & Alejandro Pérez-Matus To cite this article: Sergio A. Carrasco & Alejandro Pérez-Matus (2016): Inshore spawning grounds of the squid Doryteuthis gahi suggest the consistent use of defoliated kelp Lessonia trabeculata in Central Chilean waters, Marine Biology Research, DOI: 10.1080/17451000.2015.1136064 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2015.1136064 Published online: 21 Mar 2016. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=smar20 Download by: [201.236.4.18] Date: 21 March 2016, At: 21:47 MARINE BIOLOGY RESEARCH, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2015.1136064 SHORT REPORT Inshore spawning grounds of the squid Doryteuthis gahi suggest the consistent use of defoliated kelp Lessonia trabeculata in Central Chilean waters Sergio A. Carrasco and Alejandro Pérez-Matus Subtidal Ecology Laboratory & Center for Marine Conservation, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Coastal spawning grounds of the squid Doryteuthis gahi were identified for the first time at three Received 13 July 2015 sites in Central Chile during 2014 and 2015. A total of 15 egg masses were collected from Accepted 10 December 2015 between 10 and 15 m depth and brought to the laboratory for evaluating capsular, RESPONSIBLE EDITOR embryonic and when possible, paralarval characters. Egg capsules from all spawning areas ∼ ∼ Omar Hernando were similar in size ( 25 mm in length) and number of embryos per capsule ( 15). Egg- Ávila-Poveda laying patterns, in addition to field observations, suggest that relatively small D. gahi may be using shallow waters in semi-protected environments to reproduce and spawn. Additionally, KEY WORDS the differential use of healthy versus defoliated kelp Lessonia trabeculata suggests that egg- Defoliation; egg-laying; egg laying females selectively choose substrata that limit mechanical damage to the fragile egg size; kelp; Loliginidae; capsules and that also allow for adequate water flow, which could be reduced in a mass of paralarvae kelp fronds. These findings highlight the opportunistic behaviour of D. gahi which use overgrazed L. trabeculata, a condition that is widespread in areas with high herbivory pressure. Introduction evaluating how ecosystem changes mediate short- Understanding how ecologically and economically term responses to variable environmental conditions. important coastal marine species cope with anthropo- Nonetheless, for most of the cephalopod species genically induced environmental changes such as over- inhabiting this particular environment, ecological and fishing, increasing temperatures and/or habitat loss is demographic consequences of their early life history critical for evaluating the synergistic effects of fisheries traits are as yet unknown (but see Carrasco et al. and climate change on marine ecosystems (Harley et al. 2012; Uriarte et al. 2012; Pardo-Gandarillas et al. 2006). Identifying responses to ecosystem perturbations 2015). For example, the widely distributed long- generally requires long-term datasets in long-lived finned squid Doryteuthis gahi (d’Orbigny, 1835), is the Downloaded by [201.236.4.18] at 21:47 21 March 2016 species of commercial and ecological value (e.g. coastal only loliginid species that spawns in cold waters of reef fishes; Hsieh et al. 2009; Field et al. 2010). Nonethe- around 5°C (Arkhipkin et al. 2000; Barón 2002; Cinti less, responses of short-lived species (invertebrates) to et al. 2004) and the only one that attaches egg-capsules environmental changes have also provided important to ecologically and economically important substrates insights into their ecological functioning under deleter- such as the brown macroalgae Lessonia spp. and ious conditions (see Pörtner 2002;Byrne2011). Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh (Arkhipkin & Among invertebrates, cephalopods have a unique Middleton 2003; Rosenfeld et al. 2014). Although spawn- suite of life history traits (i.e. semelparity, short gener- ing areas have been previously reported from San ation time, low adult mortality, high food conversion Lorenzo Island, Perú (Cardoso et al. 2005; Argüelles and elevated growth rates; see Arkhipkin 2013). et al. 2008), the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (Arkhipkin These traits, in addition to the high spatiotemporal het- et al. 2000) and the Magellanic channels of Southern erogeneity of the physical environment observed in Chile (Rosenfeld et al. 2014), no other formal records the Humboldt Current System (HCS) (Camus 2001; (i.e. in situ observations) have provided additional spawn- Thiel et al. 2007), provide a valuable model for ing locations throughout the species’ geographic range. CONTACT Sergio A. Carrasco [email protected] Subtidal Ecology Laboratory & Center for Marine Conservation, Estación Costera de Investi- gaciones Marinas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile The supplementary material for this article (Video Clip S1) can be accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5epnb7cYxs © 2016 Taylor & Francis 2 S. A. CARRASCO AND A. PÉREZ-MATUS Temperate subtidal habitats along the southeast Canelillo (33°21′54′′S, 71°41′27′′W) and Punta de Tralca Pacific coast (habitat of D. gahi) are dominated by lush (33°25′29′′S, 71°42′19′′W) (see Table I). The former corre- monospecific kelp beds of the brown macroalgae Lesso- sponded to a recreational wharf dominated by a sandy nia trabeculata Villouta & Santelices, providing suitable bottom (no kelp) and sunken fishing objects such as reproduction and feeding grounds for many species of concrete moorings and ropes, whereas the latter two fish and invertebrates inhabiting coastal habitats (Angel corresponded to hard-bottom, kelp-dominated habitats &Ojeda2001; Pérez-Matus et al. 2007;Villegasetal. where healthy and overgrazed patches of Lessonia trabe- 2008). Within this particular environment, however, culata intermix (see Figure 1a,b, respectively). All samples some coastal areas lack protection from fishing (i.e. were hand-collected by scuba diving at depths between open access sites), have lower abundances of fish preda- 10 and 15 m, where bottom temperatures ranged tors and higher abundances of herbivorous grazers between 12 and 13°C. In all cases samples were trans- (Gelcich et al. 2010, 2012), resulting in a significant ported in seawater to the laboratory and each egg impact on kelp condition by transforming kelp beds mass placed separately in 500 ml plastic containers into defoliated forests (i.e. kelp with few or no stipes with constantly flowing fresh seawater at ambient temp- remaining; Figure 1a,b). Species-specific responses to erature (12.4 ± 1.6°C; mean ± SD). The stage of embryonic these small-scale habitat changes in kelp forest ecosys- development in each egg mass was determined accord- tems along the HCS still remain unexplored. ing to Arnold et al. (1974) and Guerra et al. (2001). All Since this variation in habitat traits may be directly observations were conducted at the laboratory, Estación related to a series of abiotic and biotic factors, which Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM). in turn may modulate species’ behaviour (see Werner Once in the laboratory, the number of capsules per & Peacor 2003; Shears et al. 2008; Ling et al. 2010), egg mass and the relationship between capsule length the main objectives of this study were to: (1) provide (L, mm) and the number of encapsulated embryos the first insights into how changes in local habitat were evaluated in all samples collected. Egg masses traits of L. trabeculata kelp forests may provide suitable containing more than 30 capsules were partially ana- habitat for egg deposition in the coastal squid D. gahi, lysed (i.e. 50% of the total amount of capsules; see and (2) morphologically characterize the egg-masses Table I for details). In all cases, total capsule length collected from inshore spawning grounds (i.e. kelp was measured using a vernier caliper to the nearest and no kelp sites) in Central Chile. 0.05 mm and encapsulated embryos were counted and photographed under a dissecting scope at 20× magnification (Olympus SZ61). In order to characterize Materials and methods the inshore spawning grounds of D. gahi in Central Egg masses of the squid Doryteuthis gahi were collected Chile, differences in capsule size among sites were eval- during eight field surveys carried out from May 2014 to uated using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), January 2015 at three areas with open access manage- and the relationship between capsule size vs number ment regimes (i.e. fishing is unregulated) in central of embryos encapsulated was evaluated using Pear- Downloaded by [201.236.4.18] at 21:47 21 March 2016 Chile: Valparaíso Harbor (33°02′25′′S, 71°36′31′′W), son’s product-moment correlation. Table I. Locations, dates and egg mass characteristics of Doryteuthis gahi collected from spawning grounds in Central Results Chile from May 2014 to February 2015. In the field, egg masses consisted of a clump of No. of fi Collection Egg capsules per Capsule length (mm) elongated, gelatinous and translucent capsules rmly Spawning sites dates mass clump Mean (range) attached to the substrata at its basal end. Egg masses Valparaíso 18/05/2014 1 8 34.6 (31.1–38) were predominantly collected from heavily grazed 18/05/2014 2 8 28.6 (23.6–37) 18/05/2014 3 11 33.2 (30.5–36.9) stipes (i.e. no blades; see Figure 1b) of the brown macro- Punta de Tralca 19/08/2014 4 57 23.6 (17.6–30.1) alga Lessonia trabeculata (Canelillo and Punta de Tralca), – 21/08/2014 5 37 23.1 (10.1 33.6) but also from man-made substrata such as rope moor- 21/08/2014 6 32 23.2 (19.1–29.4) 21/08/2014 7 7 28.6 (26–31.1) ings (Valparaíso).
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