( o\ >„ -; )£ r- J C35 Annals of Horticulture IN NORTH AMERICA FOR THE YEAR 1889 A WITNESS OF PASSING EVENTS AND A RECORD OF PROGRESS By L. H BAILEY yy^-A y- COPYRIGHTED 1889 " ; | ' / V. • •' '.-.ft NEW YORK: RURAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 1890 By the same Author. HORTICULTURIST'S RULE-BOOK. A compendium of useful information for Fruit- Growers, Truck-Gardeners, Florists and others. Completed to the close of the year 1889. Flexible cloth, small i2mo, 236 pages. Price, $1. It is just such a portable book as many practical and experimental gardeners will want at hand, tor its condensed information on the multitude of sub­ jects which are constantly coming before them.— JOHN J. THOMAS. We have never seen in any similar treatise a col­ lection of facts so comprehensive, so practically in­ structive, so concisely and accurately stated.—E. S. CARMAN. It is difficult to conceive how a greater amount of practical, every-day information relating to fruits and vegetables could be condensed into smaller compass than is contained in this manual.—F. M. HEXAMER. HORTICULTURAL PRESS OF J. HORACE M'FARLANP, HARRISBURG, PREFACE A series of Annals of Horticulture, of which the present volume is the initial, is projected for the purpose of preserv­ ing in convenient form a record and epitome of yearly pro­ gress in horticulture. Our horticultural interests are becom­ ing so various and extensive, and records of them are so widely scattered, that such compendiums are a necessity ; and summaries of the most important discoveries and discussions must have a direct and immediate practical use, wholly aside from their values as history. A leading feature of the series must necessarily be com­ plete records of the introduction of horticultural plants; and the author desires that these volumes shall comprise the stand­ ard publication of new varieties. So far as record is concerned these publications can serve the purpose of the certificates is­ sued for new varieties by the Royal Horticultural Society in England, and by similar organizations in other countries ; and to this end, all North American originators and introducers are solicited to make records of their novelties and introduc­ tions. It certainly requires no argument to convince both dealer and purchaser that all interests will be greatly subserved by such annual records. Complete lists of all the varieties of fruits, kitchen garden vegetables and ornamentals now cultivated in North America, are needed. Such lists are indispensable to an understanding of the present condition of our horticulture, and they become 2 Annals of Horticulture. more valuable in each succeeding year as matters of history. They would furnish invaluable material for the study of the direction and extent of variation in cultivated plants; and, as varieties increase, they should serve a purpose in preventing the duplication of varietal names. A contribution to such comprehensive record has been made in this volume, in the insertion of a list of all the varieties of kitchen garden vege­ tables now cultivated in North America, so far as the names can be learned. The list has been prepared at immense labor and with great care. It is expected that similar lists for fruits and ornamentals will be added in other years. The present volume is in many directions fragmentary and incomplete in design. It is prepared under the pressure of many new enterprises, and it has the faults inherent in new ventures. It is particularly desired that future volumes shall be broader in their scope, and that European horticulture, particularly in all its relations to our own, shall receive greater attention. It is the purpose to present in each volume a few fresh and attractive accounts of the horticultural interests of other countries, in extension of the plan already inaugurated in our last chapter. The author is aware that accumulations of the year can never be complete unless the horticulturists of the country co-operate in making them, and he will be grateful for any facts which are worthy of record. L. H. BAILEY. GARDEN HOME, ITHACA, N. Y. December 31, i88g. CONTENTS. PART I-—General Annals. CHAPTER I. YIELDS AND PRICES OF 1889. 9 CHAPTER II. FRUIT INTERESTS. 16 1. Trees and Shrubs for the Cold North 16 § 1. For the Prairie States. § 2. For the Northeast. 2. The Newer Fruits of the South . 21 § 1. Notes on New Southern Fruits, with Particular Ref­ erence to Southern Florida. By E. N. Reasoner. § 2. Notes on Florida Peaches. By G. L. Taber. 3. Tendencies in California Horticulture 26 4. Oriental Fruits. 28 CHAPTER III. ORNAMENTALS 33 1. Recent Tendencies in Ornamental Gardening and in Ornamentals 33 § 1. Evolution in Taste. § 2. General Notes on Ornamentals. By F. L. Temple. 2. Chrysanthemums 39 § 1. Brief History. § 2. Chrysanthemum Notes. By Edwin Lonsdale. (3) 4 Amials of Horticulture. CHAPTER III.—ORNAMENTALS: Chrysanthemums, continued. i< 3. Chrysanthemum Shows of 1889. By John Thorpe. t$ 4. Some of the New Chrysanthemums. By John Thorpe. § 5. Chrysanthemums of 1889. By H. P Walcott. 3. Roses. By E. G. Hill. 55 CHAPTER IV PLANT DISEASES AND INSECTS. ... 59 1. Vegetable Pathology 59 2. Economic Entomology 61 3. Arsenites for the Plum Curculio . 63 4. Desirability of Laws to Control Insect Ravages and Plant Diseases. .. 69 CHAPTER V. NATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. 71 1. Horticultural Work of the National Department of Agriculture .. 71 2. Horticultural Work of the Experiment Stations.-. 75 3. Irregularities in Weights and Measures 80 4. The National Flower Discussion 82 5. Missouri Botanic Gardens. 83 CHAPTER VI. CONVENTIONS OF NATIONAL SOCIETIES PERTAINING TO HORTICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1889 86 1. American Pomological Society 86 2. Society of American Florists 87 3. American Association of Nurserymen. 91 4. Association of American Cemetery Superintend­ ents .. 92 5. The Northwestern Cider and Vinegar-Makers' Association. 92 6. American Seed Trade Association . 94 Contents. 5 PART If—Special Annals. CHAPTER VII. ANNALS OF PLANTS -. 96 1. Introductions of 1889 96 2. Catalogue of American Kitchen Garden Vegetables 106 3. Plant Portraits of 1889. 141 CHAPTER VIII. DIRECTORIES. 157 1. Directory of the National, State, Provincial and other Most Important Horticultural Societies in North America .. 157 2. List of Horticulturists, or Horticulturists and Botanists, of Experiment Stations in North America .. 162 3. The Botanic Gardens of the World 164 4. Some American Seedsmen and Nurserymen 169 CHAPTER IX. TOOLS AND CONVENIENCES OF THE YEAR 174 CHAPTER X. RECENT HORTICULTURAL LITERATURE 193 1. Register of Experimental Horticulture 193 § 1. Title Index. £ 2. Subject Index. 2. Books of 1889 . 213 3. Horticultural Periodicals of the World 214 CHAPTER XI. NECROLOGY OF 1889. 217 Annals of Horticulture. CHAPTER XII. HORTICULTURE IN OTHER LANDS .. 231 I. Horticulture in Paraguay. By Dr. Thornas Mor- ong 231 2. Trees and Fruits of the "Palm Hills" of India. By Rev. S. B. Fairbank 240 Index •• • 245 ORTICULTURE may be divided into four general subjects: Pomology, Olericul­ ture, Floriculture and Landscape Horti­ culture. Pomology considers the science and culture of fruits, olericulture has to do with vegetable gardening, floriculture grows herbaceous or various small plants for their individual merits as objects of ornament, while landscape horticulture shapes and applies the conceptions of landscape gardening and is well nigh inseparable from it. Each of these subjects may be again divided into many divisions, any one of which is large enough to absorb the thought and practice of a life­ time. There are perhaps no branches of business which in­ clude so many diverse subjects and practices as horticulture. Even agriculture or general farming, in the restricted sense in which we now use these terms, is much less various in its constitution than this. The breeds and farriilies of domestic animals are many times outnumbered by the species of plants which fall to the domain of horticulture, while all the prac­ tices of general agriculture are much fewer and mostly less various than those required of the horticulturist. Horticulture considers an immense range of industry and appeals to widely diverse motives and emotions. In par­ ticular, it appeals strongly to all the finer instincts, de­ manding a high appreciation of expression in nature, and inspiring an elevated feeling for works of art. It is also a vocation of specializations. Particular and explicit knowledge is nowhere more needed than here; and watch- 8 Annals of Horticulture. fulness of every detail in a multitude of plants, and endeavors is essential to success. So it comes that horticulturists are usually good observers. In fact, in the finer branches, good observation is the chief requirement and the most important stock in trade. As horticulture appeals to the emotions as well as to the simple requirements of existence, it follows that it becomes a most fitting vocation for a full and happy life. All this demands a culture in the individual, and a keenness of perception which few occupations require ; for occupations are rare in which high emotion is necesssary to the conduct of their elementary principles. All the beauty and variety of contiguous nature and the most interesting types of the vegetation of the world, become plastic materials in the hands of the cultivator. It is but a step from all this material form and color into that larger realm which composes landscapes and paints imaginations, a step so small that horticulture all but passes into fine art. Unhappily, there are comparatively few horticulturists who possess the delicacy of feeling necessary to the full enjoyment of the art, and there are perhaps fewer still who have the special knowledge necessary to the largest material success. There are few, even, who know the scope of horticulture. Pomology and floriculture are so widely separate in the minds of most, cultivators that no affinities are seen between them.