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A Critical Analysis of Slum Tours: Comparing the Existing Offer in South Africa, Brazil, India and Kenya

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A Critical Analysis of Slum Tours: Comparing the Existing Offer in South Africa, Brazil, India and Kenya UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES INSTITUT DE GESTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET D’AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE FACULTE DES SCIENCES 2009-2010 MAITRISE EN SCIENCES ET GESTION DU TOURISME MASTER IN SCIENCES AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT A critical analysis of slum tours: Comparing the existing offer in South Africa, Brazil, India and Kenya KLEPSCH, Linda Final year Master thesis completed under the guidance of Mrs. Anya Diekmann, Mr. Miguel Cotton, Mr. Jean-Michel Decroly and Mrs. Anne-Marie Duquesne as partial requirement towards the degree of Master in Sciences and Tourism Management A critical analysis of slum tours: Comparing the existing offer in South Africa, Brazil, India and Kenya 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor and professor, Mrs. Anya Diekmann for giving me the opportunity to perform research under her guidance. Her irreplaceable advice, support and ideas have allowed me to explore, learn, and study the subject of slum tourism. I would also like to thank my committee members, Mr. Miguel Cotton, Mr. Jean-Michel Decroly and Mrs. Anne-Marie Duquesne for their insightful comments and advice during the last two years of study and which contributed greatly to the success of this thesis. Special thanks goes to my family for letting me study tourism in Brussels in the first place and for their continuous support during my studies. Finally, I would like to thank my friends, colleagues and fellow students for their thoughts and comments on my thesis. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Acknowledgements 3 List of contents 4 List of annexes 7 Abstract 8 Key words 8 1. Introduction 9 2. Introduction to slum tourism 12 2.1. The origins of slum tourism 12 2.2. Slum development 14 2.2.1. Defining slum 15 2.2.2. Characteristics and development of slums 16 2.2.3. Linking slums and tourism 17 2.3. Slum tourism – Discourse on definitions, motivations and tourism professionals 19 2.3.1. Multiple denominations and definitions 19 2.3.2. Slum tourism: the motivational perspective 21 2.3.3. Slum tourism – An opportunity for tourism professionals? 22 3. Tourism and slum tourism for four different case studies 25 3.1. The choice of four specific contexts 25 3.1.1. Tourism in developing countries 28 3.2. South Africa 29 3.2.1. Tourism in South Africa 29 3.2.2. Township tourism – The South African perspective 32 3.3. Brazil 37 3.3.1. Tourism in Brazil and especially in Rio de Janeiro 37 3.3.2. Favela tourism – Slum tourism in Latin America 38 3.4. India 43 3.4.1. Tourism in India 43 3.4.2. Slum tours in Mumbai 46 3.5. Kenya 48 4 page 3.5.1. Tourism in Kenya 48 3.5.2. Touring Nairobi’s slums 51 4. Analysis of the existing offer of slum tourism in four countries 54 4.1. Methodology 54 4.2. South Africa – Cape Town and Johannesburg 57 4.2.1. General information on the tour businesses 57 4.2.2. Operation of the tours 58 4.2.3. Promotion and Distribution of the tours and tour operators 62 4.2.4. Visual and textual elements 63 4.2.5. Intermediate conclusion 66 4.3. Brazil – Rio de Janeiro 68 4.3.1. General information about the companies 68 4.3.2. Operation of the tours 69 4.3.3. Promotion and Distribution of the tours and tour operators 71 4.3.4. Visual and textual elements 72 4.3.5. Intermediate conclusion 73 4.4. India – Mumbai 74 4.4.1. General information about the companies 74 4.4.2. Operation of the tours 74 4.4.3. Promotion and Distribution of the tours and tour operators 77 4.4.4. Visual and textual elements 77 4.4.5. Intermediate conclusion 78 4.5. Kenya – Nairobi 79 4.5.1. General information about the companies 79 4.5.2. Operation of the tours 80 4.5.3. Promotion and Distribution of the tours and tour operators 83 4.5.4. Visual and textual elements 83 4.5.5. Intermediate conclusion 84 5. Characterisation of the existing slum tourism offer 86 5.1. Similarities in four country-specific contexts 87 5.1.1. Standardisation and diversification – Commodification of slums 87 5.1.2. Slum tours to break down negative images and stereotypes of slums and slum dwellers 88 5 page 5.1.3. Reinforcing the ambiguity of slums - ‘Exotisation’ of slum life and ‘heroisation’ of slum dwellers 89 5.1.4. Employing local guides with slum background 91 5.1.5. Tour operators claim interaction with locals during the tour 92 5.1.6. Community participation and community benefits 94 5.2. Differences due to the country-specific contexts 96 5.2.1. Evidence of “staged authenticity” in South Africa and Brazil 96 5.2.2. Importance of official recognition by travel guide books and by tourism associations and authorities 97 5.3. Defining a slum tourism offer – (Re)defining slum tourism? 98 6. Research limitation in the present context 101 7. Recommendations for further research 102 8. General Conclusion 103 Bibliography 105 Annexes 114 6 LIST OF ANNEXES page Annexe 1: World Tourism Organisation statistics 115 1.1. International tourist arrivals by (sub-) region 1.2. Over time change in % of International Tourist Arrivals per subregion Annexe 2: Tour operators’ and travel websites per country 116 Annexe 3: Tour operators’ websites for South Africa, Brazil, India and Kenya 119 Annexe 4: Summarising table of analysis for South Africa 122 Annexe 5: Print screen of Soweto Funk Tours 128 Annexe 6: Print screen of Rhubuluza 129 Annexe 7: Print screen of Meljo Tours 130 Annexe 8: Print screen of Township Tour SA 131 Annexe 9: Table of analysis for Rio de Janeiro 132 Annexe 10: Print screen of Favela Adventures 137 Annexe 11: Print screen of Jeep Tours 138 Annexe 12: Table of analysis for Mumbai 139 Annexe 13: Print screen of Go heritage India Journeys 143 Annexe 14: Print screen of Reality Tours and Travel 144 Annexe 15: Table of analysis for Nairobi 145 Annexe 16: Print screen of Explore Kibera Tours 150 Annexe 17: Print screen of Victoria Safaris 151 7 ABSTRACT This paper focuses on evaluating tour operators’ websites with regards to their offer of slum tours in South Africa, Brazil, India and Kenya. After an introductory background, the first chapter (chapter 2.) focuses on the scientific literature pertaining to slum tourism. It is concerned with the origins of slum tourism, slum development and its links to tourism, as well as its denominations and definitions, its motivational perspective and prospects for tourism professionals. The next chapter (chapter 3.) attempts to explain briefly the country specific backgrounds with regards to historical and political developments and, more importantly, with regards to tourism and slum tourism based on the existing literature. Chapter 4. comprises an analysis of tour operators’ websites for each of the four countries based on tourism businesses in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Rio de Janeiro, Mumbai and Nairobi. The analysis will be based solely on findings from online content analysis. Finally, in the fifth chapter, findings for the four countries will be compared and differences and similarities in the scientific literature will be discussed in order to characterise and define the global existing offer for slum tourism. Key words: slums, tourism, favelas, townships, community benefits, offer, tour operators 8 1. Introduction Many cities in the developing world have to cope with rapid growth in population, fast urbanisation and polarisation in society, leading to further problems such as satisfying employment and settlement needs. This is where tourism is perceived as an important foreign exchange earner, a creator of employment opportunities, a magnet of capital and a promoter of economic independence for developing countries (Britton, 1982: 336). Tourism has become an important activity and economic driving force for the majority of countries in the world. The impacts of tourism are far reaching and the activity itself takes place on every continent. Nevertheless, its economic, social and cultural impacts are different for every country. Countries which do not yet entirely profit from tourism as much as industrial countries are the developing countries, mostly in Africa, Latin America and Asia. However, before the current economic crisis, tourist arrivals and revenues were steadily growing in favour of these three tourist regions (WTO, 2006) which start to rebound as the latest WTO publications and statistics (Annexe 1) confirm (WTO, 2009, 2010). Tourism can be an interesting option for development, for it is dominated by small-, micro- and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) which do not often require high capital for a start-up and specific technical knowledge in order to be successful (Fletcher, 2009). Many governments have turned to tourism in order to restructure and redevelop their local economy. In developing countries, this development is the result of global economic restructuring and the decline of traditional activities such as manufacturing or industry. Former centres of production have been restructured to become centres of consumption. The positive impacts of tourism on destination promotion and image enhancement sought by city planners and urban managers, which in turn, benefit local economies in terms of job creation and enterprise development are mentioned by scholars such as Rogerson (2004: 249). Developing countries are starting to discover more recent and ‘alternative’ forms of tourism such as pro-poor tourism, community-based tourism and alternative tourism. They are also attempting to re-invent themselves in terms of tourism based on the existing sites and truths they can offer: poverty in the developing world is such an existing truth and run-down urban settlements are actual sites.
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