Logistics of Disaster Response

JULY–AUGUST 2013 NUMBERTR 287 NEWS

Ⅲ Key Lessons for Postdisaster Humanitarian Logistics Ⅲ Building Adaptive Supply Chains Ⅲ Assembling a Model for Community Recovery Ⅲ Planning for the Worst, Teaming with the Best Ⅲ Securing the Fuel Supply Ⅲ Timely Interventions: Social Media, Ferries Ⅲ Commercial Aviation and Business Continuity

Plus: Communicating the Urgency for Action on Climate Change TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2013 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* Chair: Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia National Academy of Sciences Vice Chair: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing National Academy of Engineering Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board Institute of Medicine National Research Council Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center, and Visiting Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C. The Transportation Research Board is one Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock of six major divisions of the National William A. V. 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The program is supported by state Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis transportation departments, federal Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, Texas agencies including the component Phillip A. Washington, General Manager, Regional Transportation District, Denver, Colorado administrations of the U.S. Department Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Marietta, Georgia of Transportation, and other organiza- (ex officio) tions and individuals interested in the Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation development of transportation. (ex officio) LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, The National Research Council was orga- Washington, D.C. (ex officio) nized by the National Academy of John T. 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* Membership as of August 2013. TR NEWS NUMBER 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013

LOGISTICS OF DISASTER RESPONSE AND BUSINESS CONTINUITY 3 INTRODUCTION Transportation’s Roles in Disaster Response Jon S. Meyer 4 Many parties are involved in transportation’s role in disaster relief and business continuity; the articles assembled here offer snapshots of well-researched initiatives, improvements, collaborations, insights, and the steps ahead.

4 Improving Postdisaster Humanitarian Logistics: Three Key Lessons from Catastrophic Events José Holguín-Veras, Miguel Jaller, and Tricia Wachtendorf The authors present three practical lessons gleaned from fieldwork after the Port-au- Prince, Haiti, earthquake and the Tohoku, Japan, tsunami: the strategic differences between disasters and catastrophes, the need to control the spontaneous flow of supplies, and the benefits of integrating the civic society into the response and recovery.

11 Humanitarian Relief and Broken Supply Chains: Advancing Logistics Performance John T. (Jock) Menzies III and Omar (Keith) Helferich 18 All of the stakeholders in a relief operation—donors, humanitarian groups, governments, local nongovernment organizations, the military, and the private sector—are connected by a fragile supply chain. The challenge is to create a flexible and adaptive supply chain for humanitarian relief, capable of launching a variety of services appropriate to the incident, with a wide scope, in a short time. The authors identify practical approaches. 17 Humanitarian Clean Water Initiative in the Dominican Republic: Summary of a Sustainability Pilot John T. (Jock) Menzies III and Omar (Keith) Helferich

18 Building Resilience in Community Recovery: Overcoming Supply Chain Performance Challenges in a Crisis Charlotte Franklin The Arlington County Office of Emergency Management is implementing a supply chain–focused partnership between local government and private businesses. The goal is to enable a fast, smooth transition from the supply chain’s normal, cost-efficient function to 32 the life-saving focus needed in a crisis. 20 Summit Explores Lessons from Supply Chains 23 Disaster Resilience in America: Steps Forward Elizabeth A. Eide and Lauren Alexander Augustine 24 Fuel Supply in an Emergency: Securing the Weakest Link Herby Lissade 26 Social Media in Disaster Preparation, Response, and Recovery Sarah M. Kaufman 28 Ferries to the Rescue: Lessons for Resilience on Waterways Roberta E. Weisbrod and Adam Zaranko 30 Emergency Management and Business Continuity Within Commercial Aviation Richard Bloom, Joyce Kirk-Moyer, and Norm Wrona

32 Planning for the Worst, Teaming with the Best: Instituting an Emergency Management Program in Idaho to Maximize Performance Bryan D. Smith Instead of building a conventional emergency management office, the Idaho Transportation Department has established a broad, team-focused system and program that can tap into all the expertise, staff, and resources of the department and the state. The best cross-functional team can be ready for deployment anywhere in the state at any time, and COVER: A U.S. Coast Guard crew loads medical supplies for first responders in Port- can grow as fast as necessary, as big as necessary, for as long as necessary. au-Prince, Haiti, after the 2010 earthquake. Recent natural and human-caused disasters 38 Transportation Hazards and Security Summit and Peer Exchange: have highlighted gaps in international aid Advancing Research and Applications for Agencies and disaster relief logistics. (Photo: Stephen Stephan A. Parker Lehmann, U.S. Coast Guard) TR NEWS 40 POINT OF VIEW Communicating the Urgency for Action on Climate Change: Challenges and Approaches features articles on innovative and timely Robert B. Noland research and development activities in all modes of trans portation. Brief news items of interest to The science of climate change suggests that ambitious initiatives are needed in the transportation community are also included, planning for adaptation and in implementing policies to mitigate potentially severe along with profiles of transportation profes- impacts in the next 50 years. How can transportation professionals play a role in sionals, meeting an nouncements, summaries of new publications, and news of Trans portation advocating and implementing the most effective policy options? The author Re search Board activities. reviews research that offers guidelines for overcoming the barriers to communication about climate change. TR News is produced by the Transportation Research Board Publications Office Javy Awan, Editor and Publications Director Lea Camarda, Associate Editor ALSO IN THIS ISSUE: Jennifer J. Weeks, Photo Researcher Juanita Green, Production Manager 44 Profiles Michelle Wandres, Graphic Designer C. Randall (Randy) Mullett, public policy, corporate security, and communications TR News Editorial Board executive at Con-way Inc.; and Eric C. Shen, Director of Transportation Planning Frederick D. Hejl, Chairman for the Port of Long Beach, California Jerry A. DiMaggio Charles Fay Christine L. Gerencher 46 Research Pays Off Edward T. Harrigan Extending the Service Life of Pavement Markings: Iowa Applies Innovation and Christopher J. Hedges Russell W. Houston Technology to Reduce Costs, Increase Safety Katherine Kortum Omar Smadi, Neal Hawkins, and Robert Younie Thomas R. Menzies, Jr. G.P. Jayaprakash, Research Pays Off Liaison 49 Calendar

Transportation Research Board 50 TRB Highlights Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Executive Director Suzanne B. Schneider, Associate Executive Webinars Save State Agencies Money, 50 Director Lisa Berardi Marflak Mark R. Norman, Director, Technical Activities Cooperative Research Programs News, 50 Stephen R. Godwin, Director, Studies and Special Programs Second Strategic Highway Research Program News, 51 Gary J. Walker, Director, Administration and Finance On-Time Arrival App Wins Six-Minute Pitch: Young Members Council Sponsors Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Annual Meeting Challenge, 52 Ann M. Brach, Director, SHRP 2 Shana R. Johnson

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North Carolina; Delaware’s use of recycling Printed in the United States of America. materials and techniques; sustainability in Copyright © 2013 National Academy of Sciences. airspace system planning; and more. All rights reserved. For permissions, contact TRB. TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 3 —Jon S. Meyer, Chair Meyer, S. —Jon and Business Continuity Continuity Business and . The magazine’s editorial board editorial magazine’s The . Task Force on Logistics of Disaster Relief Relief Disaster of Logistics on Force Task Appreciation is expressed to TRB Senior TRB to expressed is Appreciation Cambridge, W. Joedy Officers Program Brotemarkle Scott and May, in retired who of issue this developing in work their for News TR coordi- in work her for Cambridge salutes marine, on issues theme of variety a nating topics security transportation and freight, feature additional many recruiting in and career. TRB her during articles provide snapshots of the many parties involved parties many the of snapshots provide TR News News TR he Transportation Research Board established the Task Force Task the established Board Research Transportation he on Logistics of Disaster Response and Business Continuity in Continuity Business and Response Disaster of Logistics on to forum a provide to is force task the of mission The 2012. The need for this dialogue is readily apparent in the response the in apparent readily is dialogue this for need The hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic season and the second-costliest in second-costliest the and season Atlantic 2012 the of hurricane U.S. history. The feature articles, minifeatures, and sidebars in this in sidebars and minifeatures, articles, feature The history. U.S. and and Superstorm Sandy, the deadliest and most destructive issue of of issue years—for example, the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan in tsunami and earthquake 2011 the example, years—for in transportation’s role in disaster relief and business continuity— business and relief disaster in role transportation’s in their well-researched initiatives, improvements, collaborations, improvements, initiatives, well-researched their to the many natural disasters that have occurred in the past few past the in occurred have that disasters natural many the to insights, and the steps ahead—to stimulate interest in this topic, this in interest stimulate ahead—to steps the and insights, as well as participation in the ongoing efforts of the task force. task the of efforts ongoing the in participation as well as organizations, and U.S. and international relief agencies. agencies. relief international and U.S. and organizations, levels of government, the military, research, nongovernmental research, the military, of levels government, relief and humanitarian aid logistics—from academia, industry, all industry, academia, logistics—from aid humanitarian and relief the different parties involved in of involved the aspects parties disaster various the different initiate and facilitate discussion, feedback, and exchange between exchange and feedback, discussion, facilitate and initiate T 4 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 tsunami. the March2011Tohoku Improving Postdisaster Humanitarian Logistics Airport nearthesiteof Flooding attheSendai industry….” across the transportation facilitate communication tion, improve safety, and formance, reduce conges- solutions to enhance per- transportation technology oping or implementing plary leadership in devel- Change Award for “exem- House Champion of recipient of a U.S. White Holguín-Veras is a 2013 Publisher’s Note: sity of Delaware, Newark. Research Center, Univer- ciate Director, Disaster Criminal Justice and Asso- ment of Sociology and ciate Professor, Depart- York. Wachtendorf is Asso- nic Institute, Troy, New ing, Rensselaer Polytech- Environmental Engineer- Department of Civil and and the Environment, structure, Transportation, and the Center for Infra- F R Urban O Freight Systems D N E T Excellence H for C Sustainable A W A Foundations’ I Center C of I R T Research and D Educational N A Research , R Associate, Volvo E L L A Director, J and Jaller is L E U H. Hart G Professor I and M , Holguín-Veras S A is William R E V - N Í U G L O H É S O J ThreeKey Lessons from Catastrophic Events C oal calne. n h atrah lre and large aftermath, the In challenges. notable mal capacity. inoperablefunctionfractiontoatheiror atnor-of be to likely are systemssupporting the of all and destroyednecessarythelackmayrun;inputs or to be mayactivities technical the conduct to needed injured,displaced;equipmentmaterialsorthe and vidual members of the social networks may be indi-killed,severe,as aresystemscomponents andthese cations, and finance. The impacts of a catastrophe on portingsystems,transportation, suchas communi- conducting technical activities through a set of sup- individuals of systems—networks sociotechnical challenge. operations in the aftermath of suchPD-HL events is a hugeeffective and efficient Conducting effort. largerresponsetheaffected populationsin the but not only in transporting and distributing supplies to tance of postdisaster humanitarian logistics (PD-HL),Tohoku tsunami in 2011 reinforce the critical impor- Catastrophic events present other unique and unique other present events Catastrophic complex in embedded is today world The the 2010 Port-au-Prince earthquake, and the Oceantsunami, Hurricane Katrina2005, in atastrophic events such as the 2004 Indian2004 the asatastrophic suchevents top three lessons learned from the Port-au-Princethe from learned lessons three top definitelessons. Thefocus here, however, theonis Joplintornados, andSuperstorm the Sandy hasyielded tsunami, Tohoku the earthquake, au-Prince the World Trade Center, Hurricane Katrina, the eventsPort- as the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on unfolding the observe response. to after soon required are extremely difficult to study—travel to the area is Lastly,stage.catastrophes to stage fromtransition quicklycanextremely areanddynamicevents the postcatastrophe logistics and operations.in experience In have respondersaddition, of percentage cule response. a Because of catastrophic eventsare rare, minus- onlya efficiency and nature the affects distracting site, the at resources from more critical arrive tasks ( donations ority local assets are destroyed; and huge flows of nonpri- compromised;responseis criticallargeportionsof a organize to society civic local the of ability the taintyprevails about theneeds forcritical supplies; uncer- great time; short a in transported be must suppliescritical of volumeschangingdynamically Fieldwork that has spanned such catastrophic such spanned has that Fieldwork Moreover,poorunderstandinga catastrophesof 1–3

F A U.S. , M S : P ORCE IR ORSE AMUEL HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 5

PHOTO: OXFAM Pallets of water treatment gear are loaded onto an Oxfam aid flight to Haiti after the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. ). 10 Catastrophe and affected severely cases, most In response effective an lead to unable local of role the destroyed; Mostly minimal is response the in supplies mag- the of because increases Huge precautionary impacts; the of nitude a be could buying opportunistic or areas nearby in problem in help cannot destroyed, Severed, response compli- entry, of points few a Only efforts distribution cating the and area impacted the of size required personnel from resources of amounts nificant tasks critical of source primary the is help Outside supplies In short, the local civic society is able to provide to able is society civic local the short, In By contrast, a catastrophe is likely to have had an had have to likely is catastrophe a contrast, By critical supplies, and the capacity to mobilize and dis- and the state of the mobilize civic the leadership, to of availability capacity the and supplies, critical tribute critical supplies. The response effort has area, in the points disaster entry to multiple access a in than simpler is effort distribution local the and catastrophe. comparable a to response in resources of wave first meaningful a effort the local complements help Outside disaster. the in outlined as hours, 48 to 24 initial the beyond ( Framework Response National impact on the local leadership, which may be unable be may which leadership, local the on impact ). ). 4–6 ). 2, 9 2, Typically survives the disaster and is and disaster the survives Typically response the lead to able surviving the destroyed; partly Only the of part become may supplies response business- of needs the with Increases pre- response; the and people, es, buying opportunistic or cautionary problem a be could could functional, but impacted Partly response in help provide entry of points Multiple enter to alternatives with responders area the manageable but Challenging the of because complex, controlled be can Exceedingly that nuisance A sig- distracts that problem major A out- days; initial in key is help Local supplies additional brings help side Disaster ), a disaster can be understood as “a non- be can understood ), a disaster 7 The typical impacts of disasters and catastrophes and disasters of impacts typical The ). In contrast, a catastrophe is “a high-consequence “a is catastrophe a contrast, In ). 8 Leadership of civic society civic of Leadership in supplies of stocks Local households and businesses supplies for Demand chains supply Private-sector entry of points of Number area disaster the to distribution local the of Complexity effort of convergence Material supplies nonpriority result Net Characteristic TABLE 1 Comparison of Impacts: Disasters Versus Catastrophes Catastrophes 1 Comparison of Impacts: Disasters Versus TABLE are summarized in Table 1 (below). In disasters, the disasters, In (below). 1 Table in summarized are to local is capacity respond viable and on depends Defining Terms is definition the Although a appropriate subject of ( debate Disasters of Disasters all sizes leave and trails of destruction or cate- description easy defy that suffering human can experience and families Individuals gorization. per- a on catastrophic or disastrous are that impacts from defined are disasters nevertheless, level; sonal perspective— personal a from not and sociological a can societies and is on communities how focus the events. extreme to respond and for prepare best affected the of capacity the exceeds that event routine in to a area respond preserves way lives, that saves and eco- the maintains ecological, social, property, region” affected the of stability political and nomic, ( event that society generatesimpacted the of ability the widespreadthat] [so impacts, and crippling ( compromised” severely is respond to Lesson 1. Disasters and Lesson 1. Disasters not the same; are catastrophes for both. be ready and the Tohoku responses. These two events provide events two These responses. Tohoku the and com- and unified a to leading lessons complementary ( improvement for suggestions of set prehensive 6 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 events. respond toemergency war—are well-suitedto residents displacedby assistance toCongolese Caritas—here providing networks suchas Collaborative aid umental challenge. onlythe local social networks can address the mon- ply the PODs cannot be provided by outside sources; urban areas, therefore, the resources to man and sup-deploy.In catastrophes that have an impact on large Army division,Army whichneedsweeksthreefourto to teers—approximately the size of an average U.S. average an of size the teers—approximately 150200toPODsrequired 20,000 25,000to volun- earthquake, for example, manning and supplying the tion networks ( transportationdistribu-theand onimpactssevere the and supplied; and manned,established, be to relativelyactivitycata-isdisasters insimplein but cal supplies at the points of distribution (PODs).acatastrophic Thisevent is the local distribution of criti- The most challenging component in the response to Manning the Distribution provide the first wave of resources. cannot society civic local the result, a as disaster; a afterthanintense more much responseare itself the for andpopulation impacted the for demands critical supplies are unable to function. Moreover,companiesthe managethatlocalsupply chains for the suppliesreach,usuallyaredestroyedandof out or be to severelycompromised—local likely inventories is ofcritical respond to capacity material The leadcivicthetosociety organize toand efforts.aid graphic areas to be served; the large number of PODs strophes is hugely complex, because of the large geo- In the immediate aftermath of the Port-au-Prince 11 ). cal use. needed but could be useful later, and tion and consumption, the marketplace. ications,rangeanda productsof thathave failed in such as wedding gowns, used clothing, expired med- nomicalamount of useless and inappropriate items, tributes much-needed supplies, along with an astro- ago ( rial convergence were first identified almost a century plies without being asked by the Haitian government.unsolicited, as international donors sent critical sup- national aid that arrived at Haiti was both donationsin-kind can be useful;and a large portion of the inter- “unsolicited” donations, but in-kind and unsolicited ( hnmnn ( phenomenon understood poorly and overlooked, unique, a is plies, donations, and equipment to the disasterMaterial area—convergence—the spontaneous flow of sup- opportunistic buying. convergence and precautionary or Lesson 2. Control material 2, 13 .Nonpriority supplies3. that are not of any practi- Low-priority supplies2. that are not immediately High-prioritysupplies 1. for immediate distribu- The impacts and problems associated with mate- Nonpriority items often are termed “in kind” and Materialconvergence comprises three groupings 3, 11, 12 ): ). Recent rough estimates indicate that , 1 12 11, 3,

. h cnegne con- convergence The ).

G /C T T : P OMA ARITAS OEKA AYLOR HOTO about 5 to 15 percent of the cargo arriving at the site disaster, the private sector should be engaged to facil- consists of high-priority supplies, about 25 to 35 per- itate these procedures. cent are low-priority supplies, and nonpriority supplies make up a staggering 50 to 70 percent. Lesson 3. Integrate the civic society in disaster preparation and Controlling Nonpriority Supplies response efforts. The flow of nonpriority supplies is the most prob- Effectively integrating the civic society into all facets lematic component of material convergence. Non- of the disaster cycle, particularly in the preparation priority supplies consume resources that could be and response, is probably the most important lesson. applied to more important tasks, create major com- Examples from Haiti and Japan illustrate this critical plications to the response, and offer little to help the point (4–6). survivors or the response. Disaster responders refer to the flow of useless, nonpriority goods as “a second- Tapping into Networks tier disaster” (14). These supplies “often complicate After the Port-au-Prince earthquake, large and expe- unnecessarily the logistics of relief operations,” “fre- rienced international organizations had problems dis- quently… have not been asked for,” “do not respond tributing critical supplies to survivors. The massive to the needs of the affected population,” “lead to a amount of aid that arrived in Haiti piled up at the port waste of time and resources,” “are useless or irrele- and airport and did not reach the population in need vant,” and “should be discarded as soon as possi- with the speediness required by the circumstances. ble…to make room for useful supplies” (3, 11, 13). Even the United Nations was unable to find trucks to Research suggests that the media’s portrayal of transport supplies (4). needs—mostly subjective and based on what is con- This crisis of connectivity started when the earth- sidered newsworthy—can generate nonpriority sup- quake effectively decapitated the local leadership. Young residents of a plies (3). Moreover, vehicles carrying nonpriority When the massive flow of aid arrived in Haiti, the temporary camp in supplies can clog the entry points to the area and international relief groups could not connect with Léogâne, Haiti, distribute usually require longer inspection times because of local leaders. Without the leaders’ connections to water from a truck. The United Nations created a poor documentation. These vehicles often do not local truckers and social networks, the relief groups registry of local truckers have a consignee and circulate until locating someone attempted to distribute the supplies themselves, but in Haiti to implement the willing to receive the cargo; failing that, some drivers because of personnel constraints, the agencies could efficient flow of aid and may dump the loads, creating health hazards. open far fewer PODs than were needed to serve nearly supplies. ARIS Proactive Steps P OPHIA

Proactive steps are needed to increase the net bene- S fits from material convergence by maximizing high- HOTO BY and low-priority flows and minimizing the negative P

impacts of nonpriority supplies. Disaster plans should ATIONS explicitly consider material convergence—this is a N NITED critical first step. Second, strategies must be devel- U oped to reduce nonpriority flows. This may require education efforts aimed at potential donors, the media, and local leaders (15). Access controls should expedite the traffic of high-priority supplies, reroute low-priority supplies to storage locations, and prevent nonpriority supplies from reaching the affected area

(2, 3, 11). JULY–AUGUST287 NEWS TR 2013 Precautionary or opportunistic buying is another behavior that affects disaster response, particularly in surrounding areas. Anticipating shortages, individuals and businesses rush to purchase critical supplies of food, water, fuel, and electricity generators. This removes from the market critical supplies that are best positioned—in terms of proximity—to help the survivors and the response itself. Rationing of critical supplies or other forms of demand management would be beneficial to the response. Before a 7 8 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 sector initiatives. supplemented byprivate- efforts faltereduntil tsunami. ExclusiveSDF efforts aftertheTohoku participates incleanup Defense Force(SDF)sailor A JapanMaritimeSelf- tant lessons in integration with the private sector.private the integrationwith in lessonstant The response to the Tohoku tsunami providesPrivate-Sector impor- Resources effectively. organizing the local population and the PD-HL effort networks,and used many ofthe churches asPODs, itively,leadersunderstoodthe mobilizedthis, their distributionlocaleffort.Intu-the backbone of the disasterarea,theyareideally positioned becometo increasing resiliency. erswithstrong connections thetorest theofCAN, nodein the larger network, has a leader and follow- church,a evangelicalchurches;each andCatholic estimatedDominican30,000anRepublicthe have mittedvolunteers alreadyground.the on Haiti and efficiencyand ease, through large networks ofcom- Catholic churches, respectively. CARE– Caritas and RD, the Iglesias social de arms of Social the evangelical Servicio the and the were purposes; two notable CANs in the Haiti relief effortsCANs are large social networks established for other put in place efficient and effective PD-HL operations. personnel, and know-how. equipment,local to accessopeningtruckers, local later,whentheUnited Nations created registrya of 2 million beneficiaries. The crisis subsided two weeks Moreover, because the CANs are spread out in the withundertakePD-HLto able were CANs The Collaborativeaidnetworks (CANs) were ableto aftermath of a large disaster or catastrophe. the local knowhow that can make a difference in the transportationhave supplies,ownandassets,port cedures. Private-sector companies produce and and resources trans- input PD-HLinpreparations andresponse pro- private-sector integrating effectively humanitarian crisis. the avert to supplies other and water, food, with loaded trucks of hundreds deploy to initiative the and retail companies ignored thefood warningsfew anda tookjuncture, critical this At crisis. itarian of areas both much-needed supplies and aggravated the human- deprived this assessed; be could conditions until deliveries stopped and disaster a proceduresusual surroundingafter areasfollowed routinely transported supplies to the impacted and in fuel for this purpose. returntrips—although the SDF could have brought sector companies, however, citing a lackment of refusedfuel offersfor theof assistance from several distributeprivate-critical supplies to survivors. The govern- governmentasked the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) to after members of parliament angrily complained; the gathered momentum. government’s attention while the humanitarian crisis well.nuclearThe crisis consumed almosttheofall ThePD-HL operations after thetsunami didnotgo

This example provides a potent argument for argument potent a provides example This that chains supply commercial the Meanwhile, ThePD-HL operation started almost a week late,

, U.S. N U.S. , B M : P AVY RADLEY ATTHEW HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 9 but nearby areas nearby but help; to how on public the advise to access control to plans make area disaster the or rationing via buying tunistic agree- and campaigns educational sector private with ments informa- geographic and sensing, infrastructure for systems tion assessment and phones satellite as such ment, generators reputable CANs, and other key other and CANs, reputable a to contribute could that groups committee logistics within relations good with PD-HL society civic the divide example, help—for outside be to districts small into area the groups outside to assigned PD-HL in participants potential covering events catastrophic jurisdictions multiple • Preposition supplies in lower-risk in supplies • Preposition distribution • local for Plan available are • resources Ensure to media the engage • Proactively donations manage • Proactively oppor- or • precautionary Control remote imagery, • satellite Use equip- communication • Preposition Policy Implications Policy groups, • private-sector Integrate for contact of • point a Designate of integration • the Facilitate train to • exercises Develop for scenarios • multiple Consider functions response • scalable Design detail in • operations PD-HL Plan Similarly, private-sector representatives could be could representatives private-sector Similarly, engaged as part of a PD-HL committee, which would which committee, PD-HL a of part as engaged contacts, be as activated needed. Their know-how, the to difference critical a make could resources and Companies disaster. by a large affected populations a both with supplies critical of trade the in involved to positioned best are presence a and local regional and help, as resources they have to access regional conditions. local know PODs, PODs, training local leaders and members in first and the like, procedures, aid response and disaster enhanced could lead to citizenry, a prepared better and a more PD-HL efficient resiliency, community process. damage to infrastructure and infrastructure to damage population on impacts operate that systems supporting environments disaster in disasters scalable from brought be must supplies area disaster the outside challenge lacking create supplies nonpriority problems challenge major a is buying prevents the advantageous the prevents sector, private of involvement society civic of rest the and CANs, and confusion produces PD-HL inefficiencies coordination major to lead help and efforts, duplicated problems, needs unmet civic the involve to fails exercises society • Lack of technologies to assess to • technologies of Lack other and • communication of Lack • Usually not suitable for large for • suitable not Usually catastrophes • consider not Do not are plans in • listed Operations PD-HL consider • explicitly not Do of bulk the • catastrophes, In major a is • distribution Local are fuel, as such • resources, Critical and low- of • donations Excessive opportunistic or • Precautionary Findings links • pre-established of Lack of leaders • designated of Lack outside integrating • Difficulties realistic of and • training of Lack The The efficiency of PD-HL operations after cata- Assessment and communication and Assessment Relief distribution and donations and distribution Relief management Response plans Response Integration with civic society civic with Integration Goal nation with the public sector, and without practice and without sector, the with public nation training. or a with struc- greatly increase could events strophic ture as steps that simple Such incorporates society. civic participationthe of components by various the local nodes from CANs to designating serve as Integrating Key Segments Key Integrating the of and Haiti underscore Japan The experiences soci- civic the of segments key integrating of benefits ety into and disaster preparations response procedures. In both cases, elements of the civic society instructions any without need a fulfill to up stepped coordi- without proceed, to how about idea clear or TABLE 2 Key Findings and Policy Implications (17) Policy Implications Key Findings and 2 TABLE 10 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 waited tobesorted. piles ofclothesstill months afterthestorm, was needed;many donated clothingthan region receivedfarmore New York–New Jersey Hurricane Sandy, the In theaftermathof .Holguín-Veras, J., N. Pérez, S. Ukkusuri, T. Wachtendorf, 1. References edge and appreciate this support. Response (NSF-IIS 1124827). The authors acknowl- plinary Study of Humanitarian Logistics for Disaster Enabled Discovery System Cyber- for Advanced and Multidisci- (NSF-RAPID); Disasters Earthquake (NSF-RAPID 1034365); Structures Field Investigation Logistic on Post- Humanitarian Alternative of Field Investigation on the Comparative Performance 0624083); with (NSF-HSD/DRU Convergence Materiel Contending projects: Foundation Science researchthroughfundedNationalseveralThewas Acknowledgments along with the key policy implications. the of disasters, several encompassing findings research authors’ chief the summarizes 9) (page strophicevents are worthya first step ( readiness. FEMA’s grants to foster planning for cata- NationaltheResponse enhanceFramework toand appropriateimplementactionsguidelinestothe in Jurisdictions at risk of catastrophic events must take Enhancing Readiness cading Disasters and a Persistent Threat: The Tohokudisaster Humanitarian Logistic Practices Under Cas- and B. Brown.EmergencyB. and Logistics IssuesAffecting the 16

).Table 2

A M E F , R L : P GENCY ANAGEMENT MERGENCY EDERAL OLL IZ HOTO 7 Holguín-Veras, J., E. Taniguchi, F.17. Ferreira, M. Jaller, and 16. 15. 4 $75 Million of Stuff. 14. 13. 2 Fritz, C. E., and J. H. Mathewson. 12. Jaller, M. Resource Allocation11. Problems During Disasters: 10. .Holguín-Veras, J., M. Jaller, L. N. V.2. Wassenhove, N. Pérez, 9. Wachtendorf, T., B. Brown, and J. Holguin-Veras. Wachtendorf,J. Brown,andT., Cata-B. 9. Pearce,L. D. R. An Integrated Approach for Community 8. 7. Taniguchi, Holguín-Veras,F.E. Jaller,J., F. Ferreira,M. 6. Holguín-Veras, J., E. Taniguchi, F. Ferreira, M. Jaller, and 5. T.Wachtendorf.Jaller, Holguín-Veras,andCom- M. J., 4. Holguín-Veras, J., M. Jaller, L. Van Wassenhove, 3. N. Pérez, enn te otDsse Hmntra Logistic Humanitarian Post-Disaster Response the cerning R. Thompson. The Tohoku Disasters: Chief Findings Con- grant/fy2013_npgp_grant_program_overview.pdf. www.fema.gov/pdf/government/ Agency. Management National Preparedness Grant Program org/guidelines. Centerfor International Disaster Information. www.cidi. DonationsDisasterInternationalEffective for Guidelines Health Sector the in Logistics and Management Supply Humanitarian Washington, D.C., 1957. Sciences,of AcademyNationalStudies,Disaster on tee Disaster Control Problem. Troy, New York, 2011. ronmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, ial Convergence Handling. Department of Civil and Envi- TheCases of Points of Distribution Planning and Mater- work. agement Agency. www.fema.gov/national-response-frame NationalResponseFramework aster Humanitarian Logistics and T. Wachtendorf. On the Unique Features of Post-Dis- Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 76–82. 2022 Record:Journal theofTransportration Research Board, No. In Improvement. for gestions PreliminarySug- andSynthesis A Katrina:to Response Management Following Hurricane Katrina and Convergence Material Problematizing Chains: ply strophe Characteristics and Their Impact on Critical Sup- of British Columbia, Canada, 2000. School of Community and Regional Planning, University VulnerabilityandHIRV.Analysis: RiskImpact, Hazard, ms.asp. Agency. http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/hazdisuse System: An Introduction EmergencyManagementU.S. the Hazards,andDisasters, Logistics and Transportation Review Response Logistic ian Chief Findings Concerning the Post Disasters: DisasterTohoku Humanitar- The Thompson. R. and Aros-Vera, 2012. January D.C. Washington, Board, Research portation Response. Presented at 91st Annual Meeting of the Trans- ings Concerning the Post-Disaster Humanitarian Logistics Thompson.R.Tohoku The Disasters: Preliminary Find- and Practice CANs and PIEs, tic Structures After the Port-au-Prince Earthquake: ACEs, parative Performance of Alternative Humanitarian Logis- ards Review PhenomenonDisasterUnderstudied and and T. Wachtendorf. Material Convergence: An Important 30, No. 2012, pp. 494–506. , Transportation Research Board of the National the of Board Research Transportation , , 2011. , 2013. , Vol. 46, No. 10, 2012, pp. 1623–1640. . Pan American Health Organization, 2001. . Transportation Research Part A: Policy TransportationA: ResearchPart . Newsweek . Federal Emergency Management . Transportation Research Part E: Part Research Transportation . Special Report for the Commit- Journal of . Management . FederalEmergency. Man- , February 18, 2002. Transportation Research Transportation Convergent Behavior: A (in preparation), 2013. . Federal Emergency . Natural Haz- Natural . . 2010. , Vol. . TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 11

UN PHOTO BY TIM MCKULKA Emergency relief comprises a spectrum of inter- a spectrum comprises relief Emergency examined be can also practices relief Emergency Critical Challenges crucial is services and goods of delivery timely The to In Hurri- addition response. disaster to effective examples recent Sandy, Superstorm and Katrina cane include the 2004 Asian tsunami; the 2009 earth- demand for humanitarian assistance will continue to continue will assistance humanitarian for demand in and increase a of dramatic conflicts rise because vulnerabilities caused by financial and energy water, and insufficient pricing, scarcity crises, food part the of disasters—in severity and the increased urbanization. and growth population of result opera- relief during provided services The ventions. tions recognize the basic hierarchy of needs forfood, shelter, survival, medicines, including water, clothing, and—in health many situations—mental assistance. Table management. continuity of viewpoint the man- from continuity for process the reviews page) (next the 1 for produced paper white a in described agement, Professionals Management Chain Supply of Council attacks. terrorist (9/11), 2001 11, September the after atural and human-made disasters inflict ter- inflict disasters human-made and atural rible casualties, destroy property, and dis- rible destroy casualties, property, commerce. and life of flow normal the rupt According to the United Nations, the global On December 14, 2012, the Supply Chain Resilience Project of the Regional Catastrophic Pre- Catastrophic Regional the of Project Resilience paredness Grant Program conducted a D.C. The strategictabletop in Washington exercise capacity chain supply for potential the confirmed evaluation high- and event disaster major a of result a as failures waste- and water the of failure probable the lighted to that the noted damage transport network; water coupled with would hoarding, suppress capability, food resupply;sup- the and affect indicated severely thatwould demand hoarding andunanticipated pharmaceuticals. of ply The Haiti earthquake of 2010, for example, took the took example, for 2010, of earthquake Haiti The Hur- 2005, In people. 220,000 estimated an of lives damage and deaths 1,836 in resulted Katrina ricane Super- States. United the in billion $100 of excess in that clear made again October past this Sandy storm fail- chain supply cause to likely are events extreme ures such as shortages of transport, facilities, and supplies. N John DC Velocity

*Publisher’s Note: *Publisher’s (Jock) Menzies III died August 17, 2013, after sustaining critical injuries in a cable car accident near Arnold, Maryland. An article in the online noted that Menzies had “transformed the way the logistics community, and organizations, relief individuals to respond natural disasters around the world.” Menzies is President, American Logistics Aid Network, Annapolis, Maryland, and Chairman, Terminal Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland. Helferich is Supply Chain Professor, Management, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant. JOHN T. (JOCK) MENZIES III* AND OMAR (KEITH) HELFERICH Advancing Logistics Performance Logistics Advancing Humanitarian Relief and Broken Supply Chains Supply Broken and Relief Humanitarian Sudanese war refugees receive emergency food aid distributed by the World Food Programme. World According to the United Nations, the global need for humanitarian assistance will continue to rise. 12 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 Indonesia, in2009. earthquake inPadang, after a7.6magnitude unload reliefsupplies the IndonesianAirForce Operations Groupandof Force 353rdSpecial Members oftheU.S.Air TABLE 1FirstFourStepsinEachPhaseofHumanitarianLogisticsRelief 4. Implement relief plan. 3. Develop charter and 2. Analyze capabilities 1. Establish planning Planning relief plan. and risks. team. 4. Establish a continuous 3. Initiate development of 2. Develop mitigation plans. 1. Define mitigation Mitigation improvement process. mitigation programs. opportunities. power shifts and conflicts generate new threats. throughterroristThird,globalasacts.life, human with interfere to opportunities unanticipated and of advances in technology introduces unprecedented complex and vulnerable. Second, the acceleratinginterdependent, supplyratethenetworks become more enhanced responses. First, as societies become more uncertain increasingly world. an in relief humanitarian for chain challengeis to create aflexible and adaptive supply relativelyafragileThechain. supplyconnectedby sector—are private the military,and the (NGOs), governments,local nongovernmental organizations organizations, relief humanitarian tion—donors, opera-relief a stakeholdersin the of Allagencies. percentfor60 percent80to expendituresof aidby and the 2011 flooding in Thailand. Japan; in event plant powernuclear and tsunami, quakesPadang,in Indonesia; the2011 earthquake, Morecomplex disasters will require significantly Field research has estimated that logistics account 4. Determine corrective 3. Evaluate and act on 2. Acknowledge major risks 1. Develop a detection plan. Detection

actions and improvements. observations. information and and warnings.

F A U.S. , C A : P ORCE IR RAM ARON HOTO 4. Evaluate safety, security 3. Evaluate communications. 2. Evaluate direction and 1. Review and implement a Response property, and people. and function of processes, control. response plan. the impact on the infrastructure, the difficulty of difficulty the infrastructure, the on impact the magnitude of the event, the level of the threat to life, a check.” “Whoispaying forthis?” ortobetold, “First send essence, constraints a relief agency does not expect the to be asked, the of is time consider when systems; funding by imposed not do often chains of disaster response. Models of humanitarian supply affect the scope, speed, effectiveness, and efficiency and operationshumanitarian in roleimportant an humanitarian response. Funding systemsswift and financial flows curtail play can this event; an to and financial resources for the supply chains. human of lack the dopreparations, theseaslenge plexity and uncertainty of the com- events, The however,solutions. system chal- and models network appropriatesupplyimplement to strive and study Agency (FEMA) and the American Red Cross (ARC) performance.TheFederal Emergency Management been have agencies redesigning their relief processes continuously States, to improve United the In Exploring theVulnerabilities support. commercialsupply chains to provide much oftheir on rely they nevertheless, day; every somewhere contrast, must facein high-impact, organizations, low-likelihoodHumanitarian risksrisks. likelihood impact, recurrent risks low- but ignore against private-sector high-impact, protect low-to plans Most develop companies globalization. and plexity increasedthroughcom- as well deliveries,as time practices, such as lean initiatives to support just-in- bestbusinessinvulnerable throughchanges more boundaries. political and urgency, extreme uncertainty, high resources,limitedobjectives, ambiguous finances, decoupledhumanitarianasthe suchchain,supply The complexity of the situation—such as the as situation—such the of complexity The Funding is usually decoupled from the response Commercial supply chains are also becoming also are chains supply Commercial Thesetrends intensify distinctive weaknesses in 4. Resume sustainable 3. Maintain worker and 2. Ensure continuity of 1. Review and implement Recovery operations. community support. management. controls. recovery plans and TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 13

City Island in the Bronx, the in Island City placed was York, New - evacu mandatory a under - Super during order ation Agencies Sandy. storm deploy to able be must operations, large-scale evacuations, mass as such notice. short on Communications between Communications aid can responders first the between coordination scene the on groups many disaster. a of

A S T H N : P DMINISTRATION AFETY RAFFIC IGHWAY ATIONAL HOTO Manage rapid-response and demand-driven information-sharing and collaboration on Rely solu- effective for processes established Follow of risk with a resources, Address redundancy Improve flexibility through the principle of Operate within complex networks and require and networks complex within Operate For example, ARC’s Disaster System for Human System Disaster ARC’s For example, u u u u u u

trained in various skills at differing levels at any time. Resourcesany at canlevels differing contact at skills thousands various in of trained volunteers During hurricane and high-alert periods,or Teams Response ARC’s Emergency Logistics Advanced ARC the to respond to ready and call on are ALERTs hours. few a within center national critical. critical. The must organizations responding main- to the link must and communications internal tain incident command center, as well as to all major organizations. responding Comparing Networks that agrees generally community humanitarian The its logistics lag net- behind logistics humanitarian and those Commercial ofsector. the commercial works have many similarities; both do the following: systems, response, agile enhance to tions, and postponement—meeting needs with a minimum deployment the through inventory—and of amount skills. multiple of risk assessments, risk

P T C Y N MTA : HOTO RANSIT ITY ORK EW Maximum responsiveness—flexibility and agil - and Maximum responsiveness—flexibility agil The environment after a major disaster is usually is disaster major a after environment The A major event, by involves definition, multiple Humanitarian supply chains must be capable of be must capable chains supply Humanitarian large-scale operations in a relatively short time. short relatively a in operations large-scale ity—includes a capability to respond quickly to a range of needs as for well human resources, as for the In all disasters, major and equipment. supplies is systems of communications establishment quick Improving Responsiveness Improving After the 9/11 prac- World Center Trade best attacks, many apply could team industry an that thought prepa- efficient and effective more provide and tices ration and response to major held disasters. A team corporations of major several from representatives challenges the reviewed and NGOs with discussions indus- that concluded team the disaster; major a after disaster for solution the supply not could try alone communications, communications, or the stage of ham- the event—may resources Limited objectives. ambiguous yield to ability the as well as needs, the of assessments per equip- of amounts and types appropriate the obtain ment and materials for the search and between rescue and for Communications recovery. and survival delays this effective; always not are responders first the on organizations many the among coordination assistance. provide to ready are that scene damage, the of status the about uncertainty with rife even imme- after require that the events major for initialacute is urgency damage survival assessment.basic encompassing Therescue, and search diate move- such needs as treatment, and triage medical con- with ment out of and way, harm’s supply priority, of water takes and needs these Addressing food. secondary efficiency resource and cost of siderations until the next stage of the of relief phase effort. Reviewing each at critical is situation the of awareness transitions the with shift priorities the because relief, recovery. to response initial from political boundaries. The challenges are obvious but can be countries, spans effort when a response complex even across following States county United the and in case parish the was boundaries—as disasters recent to response The Katrina. Hurricane to continues raise about questions the appropriate roles of business, government, and NGOs in sup- resources. plying logistics logistics response practices—a collaborative effort necessary. was NGOs launching a scope. variety wide of services appropriate to potentially a the with incident, of type and federal agencies prepare for disaster response during the year, but when a disaster occurs, the response must be immediate and must allow for 14 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 TABLE 2Commercial andHumanitarianLogistics:AComparison Sandy. following Superstorm New York, immediately relief efforts inQueens, coordinate logisticsof Red Crossvolunteers services Alert for logistics Asset availability Uncertainty Risk segments Supply chain environment Operating Metrics Operating mode Business motive Attribute global supply chain highest risk usually is the disruption of the Assess risk through continuity planning; flows Direct link between financial and material Operate on •continuum from initial Generally defined• processes to achieve service, flexibility, sustainability scorecard: cost, speed, quality, customer Economic value added and balanced Uninterrupted Profit for stakeholders Commercial Networks Initiatives base need on an approved plan Initiatives include planning for logistics assets with range of estimated certainty Decisions under risk are likely, but usually and operation of network; lean practices decision, development, implementation, efficiency and effectiveness logistics and supply chain management.logisticssupplychainandNearly30 inefficient in resultsinevitably response and ning sented in Table 2 (below). ical differences in the two types of networks, as pre- The complexity of humanitarian disaster plan- disasterhumanitarian of complexity The Researchand experience, however, point to crit- Disaster logistics• must be able to respond in “organized chaos” with little Some disaster• events such as hurricanes allow a few days for planning, but organizations to locate assets American Logistics Aid Network (ALAN) assists nongovernmental Finding assets in and near the impact area is frequently difficult; nonprofit Demand and •supply can change quickly—as with Hurricane Katrina, All segments• of supply chain operate under uncertainty in disaster human suffering affected by the disruption; failure can result in loss of lifeFrequently and prolonged the greatest risk is the “last mile,” serving the recipient most ambiguous Financial and material flows are decoupled; identity of true customers is Space for humanitarian• efforts is often less available, because of the Focus on humanitarian• aid recipients—life saving and life support are Less certainty• and less definition of processes Shift with •phases of event: during initial response, life-saving and support Not well recognized;• focus mostly on outputs instead of on outcomes from Interrupted Provide essential services to affected recipients Humanitarian Networks

or no advance warning alerts for intentional acts of destruction sometimes only hours or, in the case of tornadoes, a few minutes; often no Superstorm Sandy, and Japan tsunami for food, water, transport, warehouse space, and communicationssituations, demand frequently exceeds supply and capability—for example number of areas of need initial priorities; costs become more of a concern in recovery phase efficiency gains importance services are key, cost is secondary; during recovery operations, cost- recipients’ perspective

C R A , C J : P ROSS ED MERICAN OLSTON ASON HOTO tive during the initial hours after a disaster. methodsandhigh-tech approaches ineffec-maybe aid. As a result, relief efforts predicated on advanced coordinationof the andplanning complicatelocal electricity of availabilityintermittent the and ture during a response to a disaster. Damaged infrastruc- percent of delivered materials are reported as wasted agement and risk reduction planning and prepared- man- risk chain supply with coordinationgreater practices. commercial best adopting by achieved be cannot logistics humanitarian differences in advances the that suggest efforts; collaborative of increased value the suggest logistics commercial humanitarian and between similarities The humanitarian of logistics. improvement continuous the researchfor opportunitiesareas of several indicate and literature the from findings and Experience Advancing HumanitarianLogistics Moreover, disaster relief and development require TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 15 Applying LSS system tools appears to be practical be to appears tools system LSS Applying Interest in using these methods to design and 1. Define, measure, analyze, improve, and control and improve, analyze, 1.measure, Define, validate, and design, analyze, 2. measure, Define, and useful in disaster response, with proper planning proper with response, disaster in useful and methodolo- major two offers LSS preparedness. and gies: is increasing. such as logistics services plan critical methods LSS connected have however, studies, Few 17 page on sidebar The logistics. humanitarian with contin- LSS of application an of results the provides disaster relief. LSS tools can assist organizations in man- LSS tools can relief. organizations assist disaster chain supply in resilient and effective becoming the in resolving assist could and therefore agement logistics. humanitarian of challenges plan, of cycle Deming the parallels which (DMAIC), do, check, and actand place; in already and processes is used for improving processes. new designing for method a supply network; investigate use of a private-sector system, with costs shared by the response community. community. response the by shared costs with system, private-sector a of use investigate network; supply equipment. handling collaboration among Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster, and balanced scorecard metrics. scorecard balanced and Disaster, in Active Organizations Voluntary among collaboration appropriate. as ALAN, like organizations team. recovery and response NGOs’ disaster primary the of members formal and volunteers, and staff trained as and in extreme circumstances. circumstances. extreme in and procurement. for system a and awareness. delivery cycle time, and financial efficiency and cost of providing goods to beneficiaries. to goods providing of cost and efficiency financial and time, cycle delivery sciences. social and medical the from metrics economic and social health; family of profiles longitudinal • Maintain a knowledge base for disaster response, to be shared among responding agencies and organizations. and agencies responding among shared be to response, disaster for base knowledge • a Maintain • Apply CPI to ensure the flow of funding and voluntary efforts to sustain humanitarian initiatives. humanitarian sustain to efforts voluntary and funding of flow the ensure • to CPI Apply and transport special for companies logistics as such organizations commercial and FEMA with • Collaborate • Apply CPI to improve project efficiency and effectiveness; promising applications include chapter logistics planning, logistics chapter include applications promising effectiveness; and efficiency project improve • to CPI Apply risks. assessing and priorities, setting improvements, process implementing plans, generating in • tools LSS Use humanitarian complex, a across tracking and transactions in-field for systems and technology • information Develop through coordinating storage—by and handling, transport, resources—for limited of • problem Address well as sheltering, and feeding for facilities have that organizations other and faith-based with • working Consider • Adopt end-to-end and real-time information management systems. systems. management information pressures time real-time under and • working end-to-end while Adopt information accurate gathering in have workers field difficulty • the Address resources human all for system a has Cross Red American visibility; pipeline and standardization • process Implement cycle. order the in errors and delays eliminate to chain supply the across mapping process • standard sector. Develop private the involve to programs responsibility social • corporate Establish opportunity. emerging an as situational and sourcing • crowd visibility Explore increase to sourcing crowd with tools systems information • geographic Integrate Description of Improvement of donation-to- Description beneficiaries, reaching items of percentage example, for outcomes; on focused • metrics Develop as such life, of quality addressing metrics example, for solutions; sustainable for metrics • longitudinal Develop outcomes. and outputs for approach scorecard • balanced Apply Disaster Disaster planning and response take place in a For example, a managerial approach known as Disaster management Disaster resources Disaster management Disaster systems Disaster continuous process continuous Disaster using (CPI) improvement (LSS) Sigma Six Lean methods Disaster management information process and standardization Potential Area Potential performance Disaster metrics TABLE 3 Potential Improvements to Disaster Logistics Management to Disaster 3 Potential Improvements TABLE Continuous Improvement and planning distribution the for needed is Research the control of In logistics processes. needed humanitarian are techniques planning accessible particular, disaster. a confronting workers relief for limited environment. An initial demand a basic, low-tech with approach planning response may that techniques other complement high- and low- inexperi- for easy relatively are that and tactics tech enced individuals to that suggests Research become available. to resources employavailable are until resource-dependent less are additionalthat tools response. and planning on-site facilitate includes in 2002, developed (LSS), Six Sigma Lean to applied be could that tools response and planning ness ness during nondisaster periods. Table 3 (below) summarizes areas for research and logistics. initiatives humanitarian of state to the advance 16 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 operating procedures.) (SOPs =standard and-effect diagram. relief: examplecause- FIGURE 1Humanitarian TABLE 4ExampleFailure ModesandEffects AnalysisforHumanitarianRelief on time drinking water Distribute safe safe drinking Store water for drinking water Provide safe Requirement Process Function Missed delivery limited storage No storage or Unsafe water Failure Mode Potential ent differences account for some of this lag, but lag, this of some for account differences ent tation, best practices, and operating efficiency. Inher-behindprivatethesectortechnology in implemen- lag chains supply humanitarian earlier, noted As Achieving BestPractices ods applied to a humanitarian initiative. Table 4 (below) present examples of Six Sigma meth-ity networks, and audit guides. Figure 1 (above) and checklists,process flow charts, control plans, activ- tools, including DMAIC, cause-and-effect diagrams, the Dominican Republic. The pilot used several LSS tive providing clean water to poverty-level families inuous improvement models to a humanitarian initia- maintenance flowrates quality parts Water shortage Sickness, disease• Contamination• Scarcity,• loss, or Supply of water• disease Smell, sickness, and Failure Potential Effect of leakage but no space contamination(chemical, metal) Equipment Operationsoutput restrictedsupply deadbattery nosources aridregion Inoperablevehicle nofuel nopurification Damagedstorage tank Nowater Waternot suitable Machine Transport• unavailable Impassable •routes No cover or• protection Leaks, theft• Damaged or •destroyed treatment Contamination; poor water Mechanisms of Failure Potential Causes and Nomode of transport containers storage structures or Materials usedcontaminated sources Poorknowledge of locations, operations Limitedpersonnel didnot follow SOPs othermethods untrainedworker notevaluated damagedinfrastructure Improperwater SOPs Usage Remotedelivery location Slowtime in transit Effectiveness Delivery by truck Guard or monitor• the Use an open• well and None Process Control the staff and financial resources for implementation. ducedtoolsapproachesand or—more likely—lack intro-newlyimportance ofrecognized theyet not humanitarianlogisticsdecision makers eitherhave improvement with LSS and related tools. process for areafertile a is logisticsHumanitarian improved.continuouslyand controlled, managed, humanitarian supply chain—how the operations are parts have achieved. This limitation affects the entire degree of granularity that their commercial counter- the to financestheir knowingdifficulty have they as organizations,humanitarian hurts also metrics storage temporary storage Poortravel conditions The lack of standardized or universally accepted Man Maintenance Method drop) cart and horse, pipeline, air Change delivery mode (e.g., to Use inexpensive• filter and Build or acquire• water Invest in treatment• facility Filter the •water; improve Recommended Action storage device individuals community or for storage tank for the or filter devices supply quality control of water water,unsustainable operation) misseddelivery, shortage of safe Failureto Achieve Objectives (e.g., TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 17

PHOTO: LIVING WATER INTERNATIONAL, WWW.WATER.CC to achieve sustainable process to sustainable achieve Review of the filter performance after six months; six after performance filter the of Review profiles: family on water clean of impact the of Review cause- a using development, further for issues Identifying need audits performance and installation for Guidelines clean for methods CPI of use ongoing the for checklist A u u u u u Results indicated that more than 90 percent of the filters the of percent 90 than more that indicated Results act, and Improve, control The met methods the of steps and the objectives World Initiatives to provide safe water to developing countries can countries developing to water safe provide to Initiatives improvement. process continuous from benefit The authors thank key stakeholders for their support of the pilot sus- pilot the of support their for stakeholders key thank authors The Universidad Engineering, tainability initiative, Cascade including Good Samaritan Hospital, the Safe Worldwide, Wolverine Team, Water Sustainability. Chain Supply and Este, del Central health, education, economics, and community; and community; and economics, education, health, diagram. and-effect (ml) milliliters 500 of range target the in rates flow maintained the during declined incidents Medical minute. per ml 800 to number the and water, clean the of use the after months six the Some discontinued also declined. of days missed school trust not did they or salty, tasted water the because program suitable not was water the believed they or technology, the children. young very for improvement: Spanish. in completed and further simplified be to stakeholders. primary the to provided be will iniatives water Eval- and Monitoring for Report Organization–UNICEF successful Health most The 2012. Treatment Water Household uating results were in areas with households, answer questions, resolve minor a maintenance resident paid month. each to stakeholder check primary the to on report and issues, Acknowledgment Summary Summary of a Sustainability Pilot JOHN T. (JOCK) MENZIES III AND OMAR (KEITH) HELFERICH The tools were used to guide activities guide to used were tools The Deliverables at the first stage included stage at the first Deliverables Deliverables included the following: the included Deliverables Humanitarian Clean Water Initiative in the Dominican Republic Dominican the in Initiative Water Clean Humanitarian

Evaluation of electronic versus paper surveys for primary for surveys paper versus electronic of Evaluation Install filters in households, conduct surveys, and enter and surveys, conduct in households, filters Install of surveys after Conduct six filter locations months of Develop, test, redesign, and translate into Spanish the Spanish into and translate redesign, test, Develop, Collect and analyze data with Survey Monkey and Write protocols for the clean water procedures. procedures. water clean the for protocols Write Long-term, in-field availability of products and services and products of availability in-field Long-term, social and economic, educational, medical, Measurable ser- and products improve to collaboration Stakeholder umanitarian relief has broadened its focus from particu- from focus its broadened has relief umanitarian lar response situations to the strategic—that is, how best how is, strategic—that the to situations response lar

u u u u u u u u u Analyze and check. check. and Analyze CPI provided the following benefits: following the provided CPI The The project provided a biosand filter for safe water to and plan. Define Measure and do. do. and Measure and collect information about performance: about information collect and data collection; data education, economics, and community activity. community and economics, education, Microsoft Excel to demonstrate sustainability. demonstrate to Excel Microsoft to operate a sustainable network. Many corporations build a build corporations Many network. sustainable a operate to of perfor- standards by establishing of sustainability culture improvement process continuous mance and implementing initia- humanitarian a of support the in applied was CPI (CPI). com- mill sugar bateys—the the in water safe provide to tive to were goals The Republic. Dominican the towns—of pany funding ensure effectiveness, and efficiency project improve to efforts the sustain and voluntary flow, project stimulate span. expected its throughout the data into Survey Monkey. Survey into data the profiles—health, family on impact the determine to operation surveys surveys and for guidelines baseline household installation, follow-up. month through proper installation and maintenance training; maintenance and installation proper through and households; recipient in improvements vices. households in the region of La Romana in the Dominican or Six Sigma the typical followed The CPI method Republic. process. cycle Deming health, education, economic and community activity, and a six- a and activity, community and economic education, health,

the project charter, the project plan, a process chart for the ini- the for chart process a plan, project the charter, project the and tiatives, a improve- for template continuous achieving initiatives. water clean for ment H 18 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 challenges. distribution are inventory, deliveryand experience and although businesseshave emergency occurs— necessary beforean supply chainapproachis for implementinga the SourisRiver. A plan Building Resilience in Community Recovery prepare forfloodingof North Dakotaresidents Virginia. Arlington, Management, Emergencyof Office Arlington Partnerships, Preparedness, Coordinator,Resiliency, N Deputy is author The I L K N A R F E T T O L R A H C OvercomingSupply Chain Performance Challenges in aCrisis A tion to the life-saving focus needed in a crisis. fromthesupply chain’s normal, cost-efficient func- sistent. The goal is to enable a fast, smooth transition the delivery and distribution challenges remain con- changedepending on the effects of the disaster, but may needed are that supplies of types nuity.The munity;theyare theexperts recoveryin andconti- com- the intosupplies move to placeprocesses in for the delivery of emergency resources?” vate businesses by asking, “How can we clear thelocal waygovernment initiates the conversation withapproach, pri-this efficiently.Withmore and quickly deliverythecriticalonof supplies citizens to more resource management as a supply chain issue focuses issue. inventory an as managementresource on focuses inherentweakness—itanemergency planninghas government-centeredthisBut us.” for approach to conversationa thatbegins “Here’s whatyou cando uiess led hv te xets and expertise the have already Businesses recovery disaster approaching contrast, In disasterhasaddressed private businesses in a from recovery for managementresource t thelocalt level, thetraditional approach to normal. to return can businesses and lives that ciently,so deliverdisaster recovery resources quickly andeffi- stand ready to clear the way for private businesses to well before an emergency occurs. Government must Plans for supply chain involvement must be in place planning. disaster togovernment’s approachlocal participants, whether invited or not. Local emer- Local not. or invited whether participants, response phase. right supplies could already be on the way duringshort-term immediately,recoverystartIfthecould the the community will experience delay at some point. ity, the delivery of short-term recovery resources into apply: not working. In this is context, the therefore following observations management resource recovery ning—the need is for doing. The current approach to The middle of an emergency is too late to start plan- Resource ManagementLessons Timingis the most important component of any u u

The private sector and the nonprofit sector are During the period when response is the prior-

, FEMA , B A : P OOHER NDREA HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 19 Federal, state, local, and Federal, state, nongovernmental the City of agencies at and Bexar San Antonio County Emergency Operations Center in coordinate Texas activities in preparation for Hurricane Ike in 2008. Locations are being determined for the drop-off the for determined being are Locations The for-profit supply delivery systems actively systems delivery supply for-profit The u u These observations are a true These wherever observations disaster housing. Shifting to a supply chain model introduces model chain supply a to Shifting housing. which allows the delivery of adaptability, recovery point from managed, and preplanned be to resources B. point to A Program Actions Program of Office County Arlington the 2013, Year Fiscal In Northern the of behalf on Management, Emergency Virginia Emergency Response System (NVERS), began a implementing supply part- chain–focused busi- private and government local between nership nesses: and distribution and of distribution By disaster recovery resources. intersect with the nonprofit services at work in at the work services nonprofit the with intersect food, services medical daily delivering community, food example, shelter—for and water, supplies, and chains donate nearly-out-of-date food pantries The every day. new approach to recovery to food management could resource leverage this point of intersection and avoid reinventing a process that works. already may occur. The concepts can be examined to deter- to examined be can concepts The occur. may can tools what and taken be can actions what mine be designed to address the dilemmas of recovery planning. resource ). 1 Recovery resource conversations have focused have conversations resource Recovery Community resiliency can resiliency be Community only measured When an incident disrupts normal operations, normal disrupts incident an When u u u

populations and locations vary; and the destruction the and vary; locations and populations complicating resources, of storage safe the affect may ware- and of inventory deployment preplanned the recovery recovery time. A resilient community will recover effec- more normal new the to return will and faster tively than one that is not. Local man- emergency agement therefore needs to make supply chain gency managers therefore could work with both sec- both with work could therefore managers gency regu- address and for prepare to event an before tors and full impede may that obstacles policy and latory successful participation. Emergency managers are immediately phase chaotic the during available less situa- after a on-the-ground event major event; therefore an before established be could awareness tional operate to sectors nonprofit and private the allow to effectively. and efficiently, independently, on inventory and warehousing. Yet emergencies are emergencies Yet warehousing. and inventory on unpredictable; the needs, quantities, and affected resiliency a priority, not an after-the-fact solution. after-the-fact an not priority, a resiliency after an incident by the length and efficiency of the of efficiency and length the by incident an after the supply chain abruptly shifts into an into emergency shifts abruptly chain the supply objec- including changes, everything which in mode, deci- demand, of balance the flow, commodity tives, established of repetition the procedures, sion-making infrastructure. supporting of choices the and cycles, The of mechanics these shifts can be examined in ( approaches new developing

P A J : , FEMA , UGUSTINO OCELYN HOTO 20 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 O chain capacity has been published, ning.” h Fdrl mrec Mngmn Aec, U.S. Agency, Department of Homeland Security. Management Emergency Federal the mendations and remedies for disaster resource plan- resource disaster for remedies and mendations goal is to develop salient, supply chain–focused recom- report_finalrev.pdf. RegionalCatastrophic Preparedness GrantProgramof occur when a disaster strikes,” Franklin observed. “The supply-and-demandthat shiftsto readily more adapt gency.”“emer- to shifts abruptly “normal” when chain ply importance of understanding what happens in the sup- County’s Office of Emergency Management, noted the ery and distribution of resources. successful supply chain solution that expedites the deliv- resources.Thepresentations explored createhowto a vital other andsupplies, medicalservices,financial of ined supply chain issues in the delivery exam- Panelists Cross. Red American the for ServicesDisaster of President day was Charley Shimanski, Senior Vice lenges. chal- recovery addressing solutions for components critical the defined focused on real-world experiences Presentations and recovery. community for resources of delivery the in tures infrastruc- power and munications, that confront the transportation, issues com- examined Panelists program. Allen (retired) keynoted the first day’s disaster resource to planning. approach chain supply relatedthedevelopmentto localaof solutions and challenges the on centered discussions and private sectors, as well as from nonprofits, program chain.plyWithspeakers panelistsand publicfromthe improve to disaster approach planning new by working a through the addressed sup- summit The Exercise. a two-day Local Supply Chain Capacity in a Crisis Summit a sions from the summit, which was funded through the http://recoverydiva.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/arlingtonsummit SummitExplores Lessons from Supply Chains A report with recommendations for local supply local for recommendations with report A “Supply chain modeling is more flexible and can and flexible more is modeling chain “Supply Charlotte Franklin, Deputy Coordinator of Arlington The keynote speaker on the second Thad Admiral Guard Coast U.S. of Emergency Management successfully completed n January 30–31, 2013, the Arlington County Office a drawing on discus- Thad Allen Shimanski Charley lenge. Foundation’sResilient100CitiesCentennial Chal- Rockefellerthefrom grant processthrougha in is tionsdevelopingin theirpublicown access portals Management Agency(FEMA).Documentation assistjurisdic- to Emergency Federal Security land Initiativegrant from the U.S. Department of Home- diction. Funding is through an Urban Areas Security ter. The portal design is easily adaptable to any juris- where know to donate public and receivegeneral supplies the during and a disas- businesses help to tions. The online resource provides real-time updatesadd map layers and expand usability across jurisdic- projectwillmajor a and web, thedevelopment on sis Centers sentatives, staff from Information Sharing repre-Private-sectorandactivities. theirAnaly- supports that suppliers, and stewards of the critical infrastructure resentativesfrom financial institutions andmedical included grocers, retailers, supply chain experts, rep- Arlington, Virginia (see sidebar at left). Participants Summit Exercise convened January 30–31, 2013, in tions. distribute critical supplies and to help manage dona- Goodwill and the Salvation Army to help receive and sites,temporary shelters, and organizations such as ments can rely on food pantries, medical dispensing govern- local and providers community,resource using the distribution paths already in place in every 2 1 the or information proper Without uncertainties. events is incomplete and imprecise.of effects the or events future about information when risks assess help can readiness situational sense-and-respond for required information ular cially in a disaster ( risk inherent in these decisions can be critical, espe- the uncertaintyand ofassessment Thefuture. the decisionsAlmostallincorporate uncertainty about Risk andFlexibility ness. ply chain–focused approach to emergency prepared- are available to all communities as a guide for a sup- Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program, tions from the summit, which was funded by Recommenda-services.FEMA’sand goods ofdelivery and mitigate the impact of a disaster on the distribution eventremedies everythatcommunityapply tocan before-the- tangible, develop to together worked summitreport_finalrev.pdf. http://recoverydiva.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/arlington www.isaccouncil.org. Risk analysis is the main tool for dealing with dealing for tool main the is analysis Risk u u 2 A Public Recovery Resource Access Portal is in A Regional Catastrophic Resource Planning Resource Catastrophic Regional A 1 (ISACs), and local emergency managers 2 ). Providing the real-time, gran- TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 21

PHOTO: GEORGE ARMSTRONG, FEMA The Salvation Army and other voluntary agencies provide critical services in emergency situations and have already established networks within the community. Weather conditions; and conditions; Weather Real-time situational awareness through the Transportation—specifically, detours, Transportation—specifically, traffic out- electrical and power Energy—specifically, dis- service Telecommunications—specifically, identifi- Resource management—specifically, status, Infrastructure especially water condi- u u u u u u u Of the respondents, 80 percent thought that able real-time information is provided in a trustwor- a in provided is information real-time able format. useable and thy Survey Insights determine the To that information would be most immediately providers resource recovery to valuable pro- 30 to sent was survey a emergency, an following fessionals who deal with supply chain matters in Recipients either operations. normal or emergency infor- real-time the list a from identify to asked were supply for valuable most be would that items mation results survey The a crisis. during continuity chain respon- the of percent 100 to percent 93 that showed about the dents agreed value of real- the following information: time local emergency operations center (EOC) and a mode with of EOCs elec- interfacing via real-time, systems. alert tronic changes changes in regulations or policy would be useful. addi- following the that indicated also Respondents conditions, and bridge and road closures and access; and closures road and bridge and conditions, supplies; fuel mobile and ages access; Internet and ruptions and drop-offs for locations needs, resource of cation providers; other with coordination and deliveries, tions; ). 3 This This is how a to chain supply responds sudden These These tools also provide visibility into product anticipation accurate the entails Responsiveness Businesses achieve the flexibility needed during a during needed flexibility the achieve Businesses inbound recovery resource providers are part of the of part are providers resource recovery inbound independent make not do and loop communication decisions or search on their sophisticated own of for use information Adept happening? is what about valu- most the if only but help, can tools information assets back through the supply chain. chain. supply the through back assets strikes, disaster a after immediately But disruptions. that so available made be can information local what onciling information from different divisions. Com- divisions. different from information onciling panies do this to scheduling respond the quickly, for labor the necessary resources volume expected increases and planning for the replenishment of tion is razor-thin. Instead of forecasting from several from forecasting of Instead razor-thin. is tion established be can demand of point single a sources, in rec- time wasting avoid and visibility to increase Intelligent Tools to tools responsive and intelligent are important Also anticipate and react quickly to changing demand. to respond and sense to need shippers and Retailers immediate increases in demand. With intelligent tools that redirect track product can movement, such as radio retailers (RFID), identification frequency main- and way harm’s of out products reallocate and emergency. an during even profits tain of the The visibility and cost structures. shipments exact location of products on multiple individual trucks at is arrive to need will truck rerouted A vital. in the efficient to right destinations order facilitate unloading. Responsiveness tools helpin companies intelligently react and changes demand anticipate ( emergencies demand disaster, natural a In demand. in changes of reac- for time unpredictably—the shift and spike can ability to perform real-time monitoring, strategy and strategy monitoring, real-time perform to ability for complete and fine-tuned be cannot analysis risk making predictions. Risk is related to about the the a information more future; knowledge lack of risk. the less the and known is more the available, business with data chain supply key sharing by crisis partners. Information transparency is critical providing in visibility for product movement in and understanding the impacts on face to operations. likely is In a retailer a or from, emergency, to, weather-related allocated products receiving in and disruptions tracking product Accurate areas. the affected in through products locate to ability the enhances visibility car- retailers, of ability The time. any track- at chain supply real-time same the access to suppliers and riers, rerouted is product a that ensure can information ing location. forwarding a or facility nearby a to 22 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013

providers. cooperation withservice depends onclose Missouri. Recovery a storminColumbia, repairs powerlinesafter Boone ElectricCompany adjustments. demand andmake anticipate changesin Intelligent toolscan city emergency. evacuation routesina shows alternative online planningtool A DistrictofColumbia

, KOMU N KOMU , R D : P EWS ICKS HOMONIQUE HOTO ing in normaloperations,in ing affecting responsethe to capabilities and situational awareness. leadership with along expanded, be to need tems skills;management toolsdecisionand support sys- disaster. a in victims to suppliesdeliver tomarket’s ability inventories,diminished,capacityishampering the infrastructure compounds the challenges of meeting real-time mapping and information sharing; and responses; information to develop mitigations and remedies to share to is emergency an during providers sector wayemergency managers canpartner withprivate- be facilitating the could delivery of goods. The most effective that disruption addressedemergencyby managers before event, an a during managers chain supply private-sector confront that lenges chal- identificationof the was survey thethrough captured information valuable most the Probably Addressing Challenges tinuity during a crisis: tional real-time information was important for con- the needs of disaster victims. the unique challenges in transitioning supply chains: u u u u u u u Storage and warehousing dynamics are chang- and knowledge in gap a have Stakeholders lean flexible, toward evolving markets With Theuncertain condition of the transportation Key points of contact at government agencies. Central information and availability of data for Currentthreatstatus,criminalactivities,and over decades. facesare challenging regulatory environments built cross-sectorcross-jurisdictionforments and inter- security.Require- homeland of environment new tures—a single display of shared information. in progress improvingwhat are termed significant common operating pic- making are devices tion strained, but social media and portable communica- needs that arise in an emergency. References eventually which ATMs are in service. such vital information as which pharmacy Portalis openis a beginningand and will provide the public withArlington County’s Public Recovery Resource Access able to the public, although often not in open format.been collecting these data, and much is already avail- ableforany U.S. zipcode. Many organizations have make the kinds of data described in this article avail- siveprivate-sector resource information platform to ments for developing the first phase of a comprehen- Arlington County has been investigating the require- Information Platform . Cashman, J. Bouncing3. Back When Disaster Strikes. Valishevsky, A. Granular Information-Based 2. Risk Analysis T. and Destro, L.Jaller, M. Perez, N. Holguín-Veras,J., 1. u u article/bouncing-back-when-disaster-strikes/. Logistics, in Uncertain Situations. University of Latvia, 2003. 2011. vergence. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,Logistics Modeling: New Deprivation York,Costs and Material Con- Wachtendorf.On the Need to Reformulate Humanitarian Legal and regulatory issues are changing in the be to continuecapabilitiesCommunications August 2007. www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/2007. August

Inbound

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PHOTO: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 1. Develop access to better and more complete data complete more and better to access 1. Develop and communicate, understand, to ways 2. Improve resilience— community’s a of 3.measures Identify 4. and partner- coalitions and Support maintain advance To these four actions, policies can be and information and about and hazards information disasters—this under- the and events of prediction the improve can docu- to on means the impacts provide can and and risk of standing property, and life of loss injuries, ment activity. economic manage risk—this is critical to building citizenry. a informed well- progress for determining a foundation provides this com- toward documenting returns resilient resilience, on invest- building for priorities setting and ment, munities. com- because communities, across and within ships can responsibility—this shared a is and resilience practices, munity best information, of exchanges facilitate resources. leverage to ways through example, risk—for mitigate that developed building codes and zoning; that invest in critical public for infrastructure health, energy, and other and fundamental capabilities; that secure arrange- emergencies. in cooperation international for ments work on taking be will NRC across units many The disaster increase to actions four these advances that abroad. and States United the in resilience Dis- defines The Bonnet Carré Spillway in New Orleans is a structural flood The Bonnet Carré Spillway in New Orleans between local, mitigation measure managed by a partnership state, federal, and other organizations. , (2012) atural disasters pose a mounting a pose disasters atural threat to the economic and social and economic the to threat of well-being the United States. What does resilience look like? The report Costs have risen, too, with disasters in disasters with too, risen, have Costs infrastructure designed infrastructure and built for 21st century events. extreme and disasters increase resilience to hazards and disasters: and hazards to resilience increase in which the citizenry is well-informed about levels about well-informed is citizenry the which in dis- for plans established have communities risk, of when support provide networks community asters, normal services are interrupted, and the need for dis- A decreased. has resources and aid postdisaster upgraded an have would also America aster-resilient ment mindset of today to a culture of resilience for the for resilience move from of disaster-manage- the recovery-focused, culture a to today of mindset to ment States United the help can actions key Four future. resilience as the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, for, plan and prepare to ability the as resilience adverse to adapt successfully more and from, recover increased which in ways outlines report The events. vul- of—and the risks can to help reduce resilience decrease to occur, they before to—disasters nerability consequences. the mitigate to and costs, disaster 2030 in America disaster-resilient future, a describes Key Actions to how is experts and communities for challenge The A 2012 National Research Council (NRC) report, Defining Resilience report, (NRC) Council Research National 2012 A Imperative National A Resilience: aster The frequency and cost The trig- of frequency disasters rising been have hazards natural by gered over the past several decades. 1980s, In the the United States experiencedapproximately 50 natural disasters per but the in number the decade, past year, year. per 170 approximately to tripled has 2011 causing more than $55 billion in damage and the loss of nearly 600 lives. of the a combination unusual That year, rare East Coast earthquake, tor- deadly Hurricane Mid-Atlantic, the hitting Irene and than more in nadoes Massachusetts, into brought damage flooding in billion $8 haz- to resilience increased for need the focus sharp disasters. and ards N pub-

lished by National Acade- National by lished to go Press, mies www.nap.edu/catalog.php? record_id=13457. For more information about information more For A Resilience: Disaster Imperative, National

Steps Forward Steps ELIZABETH A. EIDE AND LAUREN ALEXANDER AUGUSTINE Disaster Resilience in America in Resilience Disaster The authors are with the with are authors The Life and Earth on Division Research National Studies, National the of Council Washington, Academies, the of Director is Eide D.C. Sciences Earth on Board served and Resources and the for Director Study as Increasing on Committee to Resilience National Disasters. and Hazards Associate the is Augustine the of Director Executive the oversees and Division Academies’ National Risk on Projects Special of Resilience and Events. Extreme 24 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 Fuel Supply in an Emergency rationing. imposed gasoline by; severalstates fuel wasdifficult tocome After SuperstormSandy, Infrastructure. Transportation of Replacement for Practices Accepted Preplannedand Recovery on and Guidebook EmergencyManagement Transportation Catastrophic the Projecton Panels: ResearchProgram Highway Cooperative National two of Chair and Sacramento, Transportation, of Department California Management, Emergencyof Office Chief, is author The E D A S S I L Y B R E H Securingthe Weakest Link A to California but are global in scale: days severalrestorationtakebest,may At line. on back electricalisthepublicuntilrespondersgrid the or the for accessed be cannot fuel the but available, public at large—fuel. Many commercial fuel sites are resourcenotavailableis therespondersto thetoor and standard communications are not operable. cal grid is off line, water lines are enterbroken, an environment and gasthat haslines no lights—the electri- vehiclestheirrespondersnight.everyTheoftanks preparing for this event, including topping off the fuel surrounding infrastructure. ous job of assessing the impact on people and on the designated for evacuation? lineonduring emergencies, especially along routes This scenario identifies issues that are not unique becomescriticalhourspass,itevidentAs athat in right everything done have responders The u How can commercialcanHow fuelstaffedsitesbe and their vehicles to start to the complex rush and ardu- Responders California. Southern t 3 a.m., a largemagnitudea.m.,a earthquake 3 thits needed for purchase and installation. amounts the of short fall often grants theerators, commercial fuel sites in purchasing emergency gen- rely on Caltrans’ bulk fuel in areas that have a and the California Departmentlimited of Forestry and Fire, Patrol HighwayCalifornia the includingagencies, fuel—thatpercentis,85 ethanol blend. Otherstate line. In addition, owns Caltrans many sources of E85 storage tanks for diesel,fuel biodiesel,bulk on-site haveor 220unleaded these, gaso-of state; the out for Caltrans. first responders or for the traveling public, let alone power. Inelectrical some instances, of fuel was notloss available the for with line off be would sites commercialoccasions,the many On mercialsites. has had to compete with the public for fuel at com- Caltranscatastrophicevents, emergenciesand ing at all times is essential to emergency response. Dur- trans)haslearned experienceby thataccess fuelto CaliforniaThe DepartmentTransportation of (Cal- Protecting anAsset Caltranshas403maintenance stations through- u

Although some states extend grants to assist to grantsextend states some Although

K B : P INGSLEY RIAN HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 25

PHOTO: JONATHAN HENDERSON, GULF RESTORATION NETWORK Flooding at the Phillips 66 Alliance Refinery near Belle Chasse, Louisiana. Storms can disrupt every part of the fuel supply chain. Although many states have enacted legislation enacted have states many Although criti- identify to enacted be should Legislation First and second should responders evaluate u u u Emergency managers are keenly aware of the ing with each other and with the traveling public for public traveling the with and other each with ing fuel. and awarded grants to assist fuel distribution sites to sites distribution fuel assist to grants awarded and the grants generators, often are emergency acquire buying of investment capital the offset to insufficient generators. the installing and lifeline support that those example, sites—for fuel cal to and routes supply chains—and support disaster fuel. dispensing in sites those needed be may Funding supplies. fuel to access their to bulk fuel create sites that do not on depend the responders. support to grid, electrical interdependencies between transportation modes and A utilities. wind storm down knocking power lines or on a the cyberattack power grid can make state robust Otherwise evident. interdependence this continu- plans, evacuation county plans, emergency ity of operations incorporate plans, to or need emergency government operations of level any at plans the gap to close of action courses well-thought-out fuel. to link—access weakest the be may what in - Emergency responders should not be compet- be not should responders Emergency Readily available fuel, even in abundant supply, abundant in even fuel, available Readily u u The storm affected every link of link every the supply fuel affected The storm Emergency and continuity of operations plans improvements positive made has State York New Moreover, Caltrans has bulk fuel sites in strategic in sites fuel bulk has Caltrans Moreover, Fuel has a direct bearing on the means and to rely on quick-connect plugs—but that is another is that plugs—but quick-connect on rely to issue. funding other means. During an emergency, power generators power emergency, an During means. other can be mobilized for delivery to gas stations that those gas Optimally have plugs. have the quick-connect not and place in generators have should stations Several lessons for abroad: and home at the disasters recent from fuel emerged supply chain have Applying the Lessons Superstorm Sandy hit Superstorm the with Eastern Seaboard a vengeance in late October 2012, driving a record than The 100 more that killed people. surge storm the of fragility the exposed also hurricane 3 Category States. United the in chain supply fuel to water, the in debris by halted tankers from chain, fuel commercial and refineries to refineries, flooded trucks tanker to failures, power by down shut depots redirected by emergency stations agencies, service to service region’s sta- the of half than tions—more elec- of loss the of because operate to able not were trical power. Residents struggled to acquire fuel; rationing. gasoline imposed states some kinds these address to nationwide improved be must The needed. is also legislation new but situations, of that facilities at address the should least legislation support critical transportation routes, particularly routes. lifeline or evacuation cer- requiring example, Sandy—for Superstorm since tain gas stations to plugs install for quick-connect emergency power generators, through grants and Exposed by Sandy availability of commercial fuel. Many bulk fuel sites fuel bulk Many fuel. commercial of availability outage power major a power; own their generate can would not affect the refueling of vital emergency service vehicles. vehicles. service and densely such as areas the San populated Fran- cisco Bay Area and Southern resources California.represent an immediate and These deployable responders. emergency for resource maintain to and emergencies to respond to resources and Protecting carefully infrastructure. California’s managing this asset ensures that fuel is available needed. is it whenever is useless unless it can be pumped from the storage the from pumped be can it unless useless is outage. power a during tanks 26 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 relief efforts. Response, and Recovery Social Media in Disaster Preparation, the damage,aswellof Sandy toshareimagesof affected bySuperstorm residents ofareas Social mediaenabled University. YorkNew Service, Public F.Wagner of School Robert Management, and Transportationfor Policy Center Rudin Planning, ProfessorAssistant of Adjunct and Associate Researchis author The N A M F U A K . M H A R A S S sites, and community groups. sources popular such as other television than and higher radio news, ranking news web-information, social media were the second-highest-rated source of SuperstormduringManagementthatSandy,found (NYU)RudinCenter forTransportation Policy and tent. of information sources, dialogues, and dynamic con- tive—have become the convergence point for a range Tumblr—instantaneous,interac- far-reaching,and inform and engage. The increased numbers of fol- increasedofnumbers Theengage. and inform that messages marketing and service combining already should have built agencies up their social transportation media event, audiences an by Before Building Audiences Asurvey conducted by the New York University Social networks like Twitter, Facebook, and Twitter, Facebook, like networks Social information before, during, and after disasters. ocial media have become an essential source of when their telephone land lines are inoperable. social media for more immediate assistance,accessible.are publicMemberstheoftentoturnespeciallyof urgentinquiries, for example, about which hospitals powerlines on side streets; the public also may post agency may not yet have important, discovered, such especially as downed are providing information public about the field conditions from that the ings anceassistance. Second,communications post-and branches; and review, such as where to call for insur-sures; warnings, for example, to watch out for falling messages must include information, such as road messagingclo- must travel two ways on social media. First, tions in an emergency more efficiently. travelersstablesaferwillmovetoloca-andwillbe amplify the information to their friends. As a result, sages, motivate them to change their behaviors, and mes-importantrelay andreceive to people of ber lowers, “likes,” and fans will connect to a larger num-

Before, during, and following an event, agency event, an followingand during,Before,

F A : P INE NTHONY HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 27 Through the New York Through the website, Meetup Tech were many companies work space able to make available to displaced employees from other companies during the recovery after Superstorm Sandy. The public also engaged in social media activity, media social in engaged also public The Harnessing Social Media of source primary the as emerged have media Social information during disasters, reaching large numbers of people instantaneously. Social media are accessible through multipleThe out. is channels, power electrical including when operate that many NYU Rudin Center for Policy Transportation and media social on focus to continuing is Management advantage take can agencies transportation how and tools. communications new these of rect information must be—and typically is—quickly typically be—and must information rect refuted. to gain and share information and to check in with in check to and information share and gain to family and friends. Even in areas struck by power was Sandy outages, social media from activity continued at a recovery high early the of highlight A rate. spaces working provide companies various watching set interface map a through companies displaced to up by the New pro- York lost avoid Tech helped and Meetup;alliances new in resulted this service ductivity. These agencies faced challenges in deploying During Sandy, local agencies confronted the question the confronted agencies local Sandy, During accuracy percent 100 quality—is versus timeliness of more important than quick dissemination? After Superstorm risk- Sandy, and rapidly localinformation releasing that governmentreported agencies ing inaccuracies is often preferable to waiting, During Superstorm Sandy, New York City–area agen- Put to the Proof City–area York New Sandy, Superstorm During platforms— media social of use impressive made cies including Twitter, Facebook, about Instagram, information share and Tumblr—to Flickr, YouTube, recovery efforts, of documentation, and importance response the to recognized agencies The inquiries. restoration; and damage show to videos and photos this helped the efforts. public recovery support and to patience, understand, practice social media during and after the storm, including coor- complicated interruptions, power and network dination and approvals of messaging, and the because customers because will customers that receive information is the incor- sources; other from incorrect potentially resource-intensiveness of crisis communications. 28 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 Ferries to the Rescue Corporation. Development YorkNew Economic City President,Vice Assistant is Zaranko Committee. Transportation O K N FerryTRB the of Chair A R A Z M Brooklyn,York,New and A D A D Ports, Sustainable N A D O Weisbrod R Principal, is B S I E W . E A T R E B O R Lessonsfor Resilience on Waterways F operations. transit strike ( port during New York City’s 2004 blackout and 2005 services were rapidly put in place to compensate for ries, joined in evacuating lower Manhattan, and ferry 2001, the entire maritime community,11, September includingon attack fer-terrorist the to response for decades. Oakland–SanFrancisco ferry that had not operated agedtheBayBridge, authorities rapidly revived the immediate evacuation and in long-term recovery long-term in and evacuation immediate as the Miracle on the Hudson. bird strike, into the Hudson River, the event known a ditched,afterthatplanepassengers thefrom the destroyed routes ( u u u u These examples demonstrate the role of ferries in In 2009 a New York Waterway ferry rescued all Ferries played critical roles in supplying trans- in Jersey, York–New New metropolitan In After the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 dam- in responding to emergencies: development but also have proved their worth erries are valued for their role in economic in role their for valued are erries 3 ). 1, 2 ). filledtunnels,the closing several subwaylines con- ages; traffic lights in lower Manhattan rupted.wereThewidespread out;flooding floodscaused power out- 75 knots “before [the] weather station failed” ( approached, frequent gusts were stormclockedthe engines.”As theworking mooringsatand more than nance Facility piers, crews and staff were dockside.“tending Throughout the the night at the Ferry Mainte- themthrough the storm, working with shore staff at rodevesselsandthestayedIslandcrewwithFerry power for millions for extended periods. off cuttingaffected,infrastructure and population impact was widespread in terms of extent and of the superstorm’sJersey,The Hoboken.Newespecially shorelinesBrooklyn,ofQueens,Island,Statenand FloodslowerManhattansweptintoacrossand the up to 14 feet at high tide on the night of a full moon. rain but ferocious high winds and an ocean surgelittle ofrelativelybrought Sandy Superstorm region. YorkNewCity the recoveryof theaiding in value 2012, ferries again showed their resilience and their Duringandimmediately after Superstorm Sandy in Riding OuttheSuperstorm

By contrast, all other modes were severely dis-severelywere modes other allcontrast, By StatenThefast.ferries stoodstorm, theDuring

DOT C Y N : P ITY ORK EW HOTO harbor. New York City Facility piersin Maintenance 2012, attheFerry Sandy, October Superstorm advance of moorings in heavy water landside staff set Ferry crewand Staten Island 4 ). TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 29

PHOTO: BRIAN CRAINE, NYCEDC

Seastreak Ferry fares included parking at the landing. The Seastreak Ferry weekday Company’s rush-hour service provided transportation to residents of the Rockaways while subway service was being restored.

C B : P , NYCEDC , RIAN HOTO RAINE . . . New . Wall Street Wall New New Yorker . Spencer Books, , Vol. VI, No. 1, Fall 2002, pp. 2002, 1, Fall No. VI, , Vol. , November 4, 2012. www.marinelog.com/ 2012. 4, November , All Available Boats: The Evacuation of Man- of Evacuation The Boats: Available All , January 21, 2013. 2013. 21, January , Marine Log Marine hattan Island on September 2002. 11,York, New Bronxville, 2001 Journal Transportation York http://wagner.nyu.edu//rudincenter/files/fall02.pdf. 6–7. Impacts 2005 Strike: and Transportation Transit Analysis 2006. Transportation, of Department City York New ning. index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3155: around-the-clock-efforts-get-staten-island-ferry-back-in- service&catid=1:latest-news. Journal 2013. 11, February These successes offer lessons for improved plan- improved for lessons offer successes These 2. Future the into and 9/11 Since Ferries R. Weisbrod, 3. 4. Run- Get Ferries Island Staten Efforts Around-the-Clock Sandy. After Ferry Buoy 5. Gains Rider H. Haddon, 1. 1. (ed). M. Magee, 6. 6. I. Frazier, The Sandy Toll: and the Future. References Lessons for Planning The success of ferry secured New City the York ferriesstorm, the stemmedBefore preparation. from and removing landings, storing and gangways dis- storm from the assets to protect power, connecting to damage the measures, these of result a As damage. landings was minimal; after three days inspection, River the East reinstituted the City the storm, after operated and owned publicly the Like service. operated Ferry and owned privately the Ferry, Island Staten New York Waterway had protected its vessels by storm. the throughout crewed them keeping ning. in Protective measures resulted was in significantly service Ferry service. of commencement faster transporta- few storm—with the after demand high tion as alternatives offices began to reopen, rider- after week the in doubled than more ferries on ship storm. the ). ), the New York New the ), 5 6 To provide transportation options for the citizens the for options transportation provide To But the ferries kept running. At times ferries were ferries times At running. kept ferries the But FIGURE 1 Map of Rockaway ferry service, operated Blazing New Routes subway New the routes of were rapidly established. portion Superstorm the damaged extensively Sandy the to peninsula Rockaway the connects that system the Rockaways severing of rest Queens—effectively from sub- transit provide a New system. To City’s York the while residents for alternative transportation Eco- City York New the restored, being was line way established quickly Corporation Development and nomic Rockaways the between service ferry temporary a lower and midtown Manhattan (Figure 1, rush below). weekday the operates Company Ferry Seastreak fare of the hour service; $2 subsidized highly each landing. ferry Rockaway the at parking includes way The service is efforts. continuing through restoration the ongoing month support to of August ( shore Island Staten hard-hit the of City Department of Transportation established a tem- a established Transportation of Department City porary ferry service operated by New Water York Taxi between Great Kills and lower and midtown Manhattan for 8 weeks. The parking. and subsidizedservice shuttle included $2 fare necting link- trains Brooklyn subway and (PATH) Manhattan; and Trans-Hudson Authority the Port inop- were City York New and cities Jersey New ing erable. the only form of transit between lower Manhattan and As or Brooklyn a New ridership Jersey. result, expanded on East River the New Waterway’s York Ferry and Hudson River Between Hoboken Ferry. during percent 64 jumped ridership York, New and ( service PATH no with months the by Seastreak Ferry Company. by Seastreak 30 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 Within Commercial Aviation Emergency Management and Business Continuity Land O’Lakes, Florida. Florida Disaster Services, Consultant, West Central Carolina. Wrona is Senior North Charleston, South Mattison Consulting LLC, Kirk-Moyer is CEO, Jaxon Management Committee. Security and Emergency A Chair N of the TRB O Aviation R W Prescott, M Arizona, R and O N D Aeronautical N University, A , R Officer, E Y Embry-Riddle O M - Bloom K is Chief R Academic I K E C Y O J , M O O L B D R A H C I R T associations, industry organizations, and airlines. key airport constituencies, such as federal agencies, aviation haveoperational responsibility airportsat thatorrepresent ended. RSI interviewed representatives of organizations that disruptionsmaterialhad the whenrestored recoveredand affect the airport’s mission, and how the functions would be operationalwouldnormally,lossfunctionsworktheir how ports,identifyto anddocument howessential business and level of operational resilience planning. itypractices andfound thatfew hadembraced effectivean continuity planning in the airport sector. The firm interviewed ning, was selected to manage the project, andaconsulting thefirm that findingsspecializes in business are continuity plan- a tool for developing a plan. needed for operational resilience and to providepracticalcapacityexplorethe projectto launched(ACRP)airportsa with representatives of 40 U.S. airports to assess business continu- expected for release later this year as ACRP Report 93. RSIconducted business impact assessments atseveral air- RSI reviewedRSI limitedthe public literature aboutbusiness operations, the Airport Cooperative Research ProgramCooperativeResearchAirport operations, the o helpU.S.airportso preparepotentialfor disruptions to Operationaland Business Continuity Planning for Prolonged Airport Disruptions M managementemergencyor operations shouldplan emergency comprehensive Any modes. portation airports,airtraffic control, andall associated trans- agement and business continuity can affect airlines, business and other organizations to provide services. compromise the infrastructure and the capabilitycan of incidents these because incident, emergency an recoveringfromand respondingto inessential converge and are key to the security of both. Bothprivate sector.thetinuity inare Yet endeavorstwo the management in the public sector and business con- 1 Risk Solutions International (RSI), Inaviation, the convergence ofemergency man- edn edaos wt emergency with endeavors, pendent ment and business continuity as two inde- any people think of emergencymanage-of thinkpeople any and is designed to be effective for a variety of facilities. written for a unique sector of critical national infrastructure kind itssoftware firstofationalcomplexity. the is toolThe aircraft service centers—that haveis,operators—that fixed-basea ornarrower airports for plansscope smaller and oper- large,complexmuchairports,forpagesto 500 from range data input from the survey questions. generatecustom plans in aPDF format that draw on all the whichthe airport can view in progress; the airport then can toolbuildsbusiness a continuity plan“onthefly”HTML,in The circumstances. operating unique airport’s the reflects tional, so that the path each airport takescondi- throughare questions Thethe function. businesssurvey and operating and equipment, and the processes that comprise everytions airportabout the human resources, the technologies, the plant ques-2,000surveytoapplication up administers seriesof a for airport business continuity. The self-contained, intelligent Display.asp?ProjectID=2799. Prolonged AirportDisruptions.http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProject 1 ACRP Project3-18,Operationaland Business ContinuityPlanningfor A business continuity plan developed with the tool can tool the withdeveloped plancontinuitybusiness A designuseddataRSIthetodevelopandsoftware a tool

later. Airport. Theairportreopenedlessthan24hours main terminaloftheLambert–St.LouisInternational A 2011tornadoinSt.Louis,Missouri,damagedthe

S P : P ABLEMAN AUL HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 31 1 According According to terminal services supervisor 2 , which gives the aviation industry direction for direction industry aviation the gives which , Guidebook for Airport Irregular Operations (IROPS) Operations Irregular for Airport Guidebook Airline Travelers in Airline Emergencies Travelers Improving Improving Passenger Service for nyone traveling by plane recently is likely to likely is recently plane by traveling nyone have experienced a delay at a terminal or on or terminal a at delay a experienced have Collaborative Contingency Planning for Airports for Planning Contingency Collaborative The guidebook—supplemented with three online interactive The guidebook also suggests improvements in passenger conditions passenger in improvements suggests also guidebook The The guidebook includes collaborative approaches to several situa- to several approaches collaborative includes The guidebook With the sponsorship of the Federal Aviation Administration, the With of the Administration, sponsorship the Aviation Federal www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/166569.aspx. ACRP Impacts on Practice, April 2013. develop and implement irregular operations plans applying the guide- the applying plans operations irregular implement and develop lines lines in ACRP Report 65. assistance, or supplies such as diapers—is another topic covered. covered. topic another diapers—is as such supplies or assistance, current gaps in customer service during irregular operations, potentially operations, irregular during service customer in gaps current Airport International Wayne Fort experience. passenger the improving and Buffalo Niagara International Airport were among the first to resources, including topics, tools, and a model plan—can assist the avi- the assist plan—can model a and tools, topics, including resources, Daniel Rak, Fort Wayne International Airport’s stakeholder units doc- units stakeholder Airport’s International Wayne Fort Rak, Daniel ation industry in developing collaborative contingency plans that close that plans contingency collaborative developing in industry ation during extended stays in terminals—for example, to provide cots and cots provide to example, terminals—for in stays extended during passengers for Planning stays. overnight for lodging hotel or blankets language medicine, need who those for needs—especially special with tions that most affect passengers, as identified in preliminary research. preliminary in identified as passengers, affect most that tions to rerouted flights managing for protocols create to is suggestion One need that The con- were the airports airports not arrivals. expecting for with the dealing in surge of procedures ter- tingency passengers of numbers increased the with as well as areas, security in and minals aircraft that Transporta- for may plans exceedstaffing off-hour the create to is gate suggestion capacityAnother to deplane travelers. per- Protection Border and Customs and Administration Security tion sonnel, as well as for concessions representatives, to accommodate hours. airport normal after passengers 1 2 umented individual plans and then developed a comprehensive, coor- comprehensive, a developed then and plans individual umented event. an in quickly respond to airport the for plan dinated Transportation Research Board funded and managed an Airport Coop- Airport an managed and funded Board Research Transportation on the guidance to provide project (ACRP) Program Research erative produced project The plans. contingency of development collaborative 65, ACRP Report an aircraft or to have been rerouted midflight to midflight rerouted been have to or aircraft an caused inconveniences, These airport. different a mechanical airplane and weather by bad mainly to regulations government prompted have issues, passengers. for airline service customer improve cre- airports and airlines that mandate rules The improve to plans contingency coordinate and ate oper- “irregular termed are what to response the ations.” Contingency Planning Contingency working together to create contingency plans. contingency create to together working A A major challenge is to integrate the National the integrate to is challenge major A Systematic observation suggests that more for concern strategic major a is aviation U.S. pathways Two are vital. One incorporates describe a step-by-step procedure for response procedure a step-by-step describe and recovery and should include appendices issues important that ensure to checklists with practi- clear-cut, This in a crisis. addressed are end the to value greatest of be will approach cal user. and (NIMS) the System Management Incident aviation into (ICS) System Command Incident continu- business and management emergency secu- homeland for directive presidential A ity. rity, Management of NIMS and for ICS as the establishes standards Domestic Incidents, federal to response inci- significant nationally airports, at firefighting and rescue Aircraft dents. have however, focused on procedures the the command and and scene, contained a of control manage- incident into over carry readily not do inter- to leads This operations. airport for ment operability problems, especially with outside agencies. and in com- management in airport personnel complete should maintenance and munications the ICS the online training courses. Without this industry, aviation the within training critical mutual public for groups outside with interface aid may response down break in areas critical such as logistical communication, operations, planning. recovery and continuity and support, homeland security, encompassing approximately 450 commercial strips airports landing andand 19,000 heliports, airports, additional facilities. military and civil joint-use including destruc- and harm to vulnerable are these of All Avi- occurrence. natural by or intention by tion ation facilities search-and- haveand proved movement, instrumentalpatient in evacuations, and can as locations serve cache efforts rescue been has long Aviation logistics. intermodal for a choice target for terrorists, and aircraft and facilitator prime a as serve can terminals airport disease. of spread the for comprehen- with interfaces and training NIMS sive business continuity planning. The other makes NIMS and ICS a part of standard commercial aviation’s comprehensive emergency management and operations plan- emergency ning. The goals are increased interoperability mutual public in involved organizations among cost- and timely, efficient, more much a and aid emergencies. of resolution effective 32 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 service fornine days. days andinterruptedrail north–south routefor10 state’s primary massive slideseveredthe on October16,1998.The Santa FeRailroadtracks Burlington Northern highway andthe and debrisacrossthe deposited rocks,mud, Planning for the Worst, Teaming with the Best in northernIdaho US-95 nearBonnersFerry Saturated slopesabove Boise. Department, Transportation ProgramManager, Idaho Emergencyis author The H T I M S . D N A Y R B toMaximize Performance Institutingan Emergency Management Program in Idaho T provides better access to those who make critical make who those to access better provides the voice and authority of our executive team. It also chief deputy; this allows the manager to speak with managerdirectato reporting relationship withour ple:“Realignment elevated theemergency program points to the emergency program as a primary exam- tion department,” notes ITD Director Brian Ness. He has created a more efficient and effective transporta- ated with emergency planning. ences of key personnel who normally are not associ- can capitalize on the strength, expertise, and experi- breadth of emergency management, the department extendingteam-focusedthebroad,approach.Bya so-called silo structure with its narrow hierarchies to management strategy shifts away from a traditional, new state’s The response. and training, planning, emergency on emphasis new a approach—placed “The reorganization“The cross-functionalinto teams hne i te gnys management agency’s the in changes Department (ITD)—incorporating significant he realignment of the Idaho TransportationIdaho therealignment of he necessitating a 112-mile highway detour. The slide severed Idaho’s primary north–south route,BurlingtonNorthern–SantatheRailroad tracks. Fe feet downslope—buried and scoured and—1,200 a county road highway,and the undermined rial, involved an estimated 400,000 cubic yards of mate- landslide 500-foot-wide A system. transportation ber 16, 1998, with a catastrophic impact on the state’s passenger trains, a county Amtrak road, and more. by and day per trains freight major northern the Chicago-to-Seattle with rail along line traversedstate, by the 30 in highway U.S. landslide buries part of the only major north–south tom of a small canyon, a massive and rapid-moving lazyFriday, remotejustnorthabot- theof town at Imaginethe following scenario: around 6 p.m. on a Turning Points agement.” decisions and improves visibility for emergency man-

This scenario became a reality in Idaho on Octo-

H C B , S V J : P ELICOPTERS OUNTRY IG KY AN IM HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 33 Idaho Transportation (ITD) Department Ness Director Brian in a participates session on Current Strategies for State DOT Leadership at the 2013 TRB Annual Meeting. Ness recently guided the reorganization of the including a agency, focus on emergency planning, training, and response. Little effort had been made to made been had effort Little If a major event required the Office depth. diversity. Office u u Emergency managers know from experience that experience from know managers Emergency not the does have Idaho states, rural many Like

six levels removed from the chief executive, as part as executive, chief the from removed levels six of the Mobility Group in the Highway Operations and Safety Office of the Section Operations of the and inefficient an for made This Division. Highways Program Emergency the because operation, awkward manager districts, had to ITD work with regularly state, federal, other with as well as agencies, local and divisions, sections, and offices, but had no formal of ITD as a representative or commission authority tradition. of decades for management—except upper agency to provide 24-hour support seven days a office the week no for emergency period, an extended had also agency The comply. to able be not would established order of succession for would the emergency office emergency the whom without manager, adequately. function to able be not identify and organize available of track keep to expertiseAttempts state. and withindepartment the all the had experts retirees, in available and house, associations, as consultants, well as contractors, proved impossible. When subject-matter memo- expertsspotty were resources only the needed, were Pages. Yellow the or relationships, past ries, quick deployment of learn- specializedMoreover, crisis. a during personnelcritical is resources and poten- avoids agencies other with ing to well work is task pressing Another conflicts. debilitating tially current for allow that networks situational develop to and accurate flows of and information for deploy- resources. critical of ment building staff, emergency extensive hiring of luxury budget large a aside setting or facility, impressive an and task the Nonetheless program. emergency an for the provide stand—to commitment best service to emergencies. during public traveling the

P R : P HOTOGRAPHY ISDON HOTO On ITD’s organi- ITD’s On Idaho needed a plan that was inno- was that plan a needed Idaho Office position and location. and position Office Planning. Planning. u u Now imagine the emergency manager for the exer- training a was point turning critical Another Maintenance office staff volunteered for backup. for volunteered staff office Maintenance not had management agency best, the for Hoping vative and “outside the box,” that improved on any on improved that box,” the “outside and vative fail. would approaches Traditional process. other zational zational chart, the Emergency Program office was state’s department state’s of (DOT) transportation recog- nizing the lack of expertise, staff, resources, com- of problem a address to networks and munications, may event The done? be can What magnitude. this managers emergency DOT state most but unique, be have a similar story; the event was a reorga- to determining measures deliberate taking ITD’s in factor disasters. major to approach its nize cise at a Federal Emergency Management Agency of Bureau Home- for the workshop (FEMA) state’s earth- major a on focused exercise the Security; land quake. As the scenario progressed, several major obvious, became program ITD in the shortcomings continuous provide to overcome to issues with along 24 support seven hours days a a day, week, to the the office, news media, the governor’s department, public. the and Reviewing the Problems the revealed workshop FEMA the and landslide The approach: previous ITD’s with problems following Adequate but Flawed pre- not were services management emergency man- to ITD’s or efficiently and effectively respond to pared scope the beyond well event unexpected large, a age coped had department the Yet disaster. of a routine wildland floods, disasters—earthquakes, major with and forest fires, and winter storms; the moreover, state’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC) had the been clock for around manned of long periods necessary. when time, to EOC, the at shifts covered members staff Several with and phones other answer agen- to coordinate cies. The procedure was adequate but had many flaws. or team a support built decisively and intentionally The effectively. respond to resources human guided events before least adequate—at was place in process like the September 11, 2001, sophisticated terrorist attacks and before and Rita and Katrina Hurricanes Manage- Incident National the like efforts planning ment System, the Incident Command System, the National Response Framework, and the Emergency the and Framework, Response National Functions. Support 34 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013

PHOTO: GEORGE ARMSTRONG, FEMA Security. Bureau ofHomeland new insightsforITD’s workshop thatimparted response—similar tothe planning forearthquake Atlanta, Georgia,on based workshopin FEMA hostsadiscussion- documents/COOP%20COG%20I_Vince_022410.pdf. 525v16.pdf. the Federal Highway Administration through the Transportation Pooled Fund Program of ers of State Departments of Transportation, producedInformation Briefing for Executives and Senior Lead- Transportation Agencies EmergencyHandbookof ManagementState-Level for Agencies EmergencyResponse Planning at State Transportation gram(NCHRP) Report 525, Volume 16, 3 2 1 the final product: major reportsinfluenced Several thisdecision contributed and to disasters. major from recovering and to, respondingfor, planning in best the with the best, ITD decided to plan for the worst and team tise structurally and operationally. proceeded to build a support team by pooling exper- possible.ITD team best assemblesthe thatsystem disasterina orlarge emergency—in other words, a expertise, authority,appropriate and the critical have thinking can to responddepartment the that so adaptabletapsintobutproperly trainedpersonnel, gram today requires a staffing system that is not only To support, sustain, and maintain an emergency pro- The Transition bldg/docs/hsemexecsrrleaders/hsem_srexecs.cfm. www.fhwa.dot.gov/security/emergencymgmt/profcapacity http://transweb.sjsu.edu/MTIportal/research/publications/ http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_ Instead of planning for the worst and hoping for u u u euiy n Eegny aaeet An Management: Emergency and Security TransportationMineta9-10, ReportInstitute NationalCooperative HighwayResearch Pro- 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; and A GuideA to out the department and concluded: opportunitiesimprovementatlooked for through- California and with membership from seven states, and of Minnesota from leadership professionals transportation the under teams three by ducted comprehensiveThereview, Boise. quartersin con- and 6; Districts 1 and 2; and District 3 and the head- 5, 4, Districtscombining perspectives, geographic three from capabilities emergencyITD’s analyzed Engineers,CivilwhichAmericanSocietyof the by could reach outside the departmentreachcommunitycouldoutsidetheto department’sthe of all thatappropriateandassets, divisions, sections, and districts, that could mobilizeall serving of capable team a create to sought ITD know-how.and experiencenecessary find—the to long as necessary. grownecessary,fastasas necessary,asbig as asfor anywhere in the state at any time, the ITD team can best cross-functional team possible for deployment and state had to offer, when needed. By building the the department all the resourcesthat and staff, expertise, into tap could that program and system team-focused broad, a create strategy—to tionary staff and budget, ITD decided to invest in a revolu- mance throughout the duration of an event? available,tiseperfor-maintainslevelof highand a the whole department, taps into the range of exper- officethecreatively capabilitybuildforworksthat instead of serving as a reactive Band-Aid? How could in emergency management and be the best it can be, expertise should be established. the best organizational location and position. points arose: several needs, its evaluated and examined ITD As Team-Focused System Many in the department have—or know whereknowdepartmenthave—or the in Many with office conventional a building of Instead couldofficeHowthe proactive become a leader subject-matter into tapping for method A 4. 3. The office staffing lacked sustainable depth. 2. The emergency management office was not in 1. Conventional wisdom was not working. u mentwide manager level. depart- the to report could unit management intended to serve the entire state, the emergencyis and ITD entire the affects it Since nization. adequately communicated throughout the orga- emergency management well-organized plan, it a does not have appear to appears ITD While A peer review in October and November 2008 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 35 Idaho’s Payette River Idaho’s floods the surrounding streets. Although ITD often had dealt with floods, earthquakes, and other disasters, training exercises revealed a need for a new approach to answer a major, unexpected event. The advisory coordinator ensures compliance ensures coordinator advisory The u “In creating this program, we developed capabil- developed we program, this creating “In

Management Support An agency seeking to institute an effective emer- sup- strong have must program management gency agency of level highest the from project the for port Without this management. commit- demonstrated Idaho is a mostly rural state, without the major finan- Developing a Model major the without state, rural mostly a is Idaho large a support to resources technical or human, cial, to is determined ITD Nonetheless, staff. and office provide the best-organized and highly competent expecta- and needs the meet to program, emergency families. and friends, citizens, of tions national become DOTs state other help will that ities leaders in transportation-related emergency man- enable should model “Our observes. Ness agement,” state to DOTs become the obvious leaders among other agencies in to responses and disasters emer- communities.” cripple could that gencies with national standards for emergency structures, so structures, emergency for standards national with terminol- communications, coordinate can ITD that with other groups and organization processes, ogy, disasters. during AdvisoryProgram Group The Program Advisory Group consists of subject- pro- emergency the assisting are who experts matter process organizational the throughout manager gram on the advice provided has group The beyond. and Emergency Program’s support structure, training program, job and descriptions, contact emergency lists. tus reports on a situation and who manage local teams. response department

: R : P D OGER HOTO AVIDSON The division The or division represents mode coordinator The specialist coordinators are experts in areas in experts are coordinators specialist The Can quickly acquire expertise from Idaho’s best Idaho’s from expertise acquire quickly Can Can reach out to tap the highest level of exper- of level highest the tap to out reach Can Can be replicated if the program manager is not is manager program the if replicated be Can with operate or needed as large as expand Can u u u u u u Emergency Response Council The Emergency Response Council consists of duty the or manager emergency the whom with experts officer consults, including specialist coordinators, coordi- advisory and coordinators, mode or division details). additional for 1 Figure (see nators Emergency Duty Officers capa- and experience build officers duty Emergency carry to able be to management, high-level in bilities if manager program emergency of role the vacant. fill and is on position the if or unavailable is experience manager the develop to model this apply agencies Many among larger groups. The method allows to with many employees issues familiarity maintain they approach This work. at encounter not may normally to any and staff all capabilities response builds also 24 seven days a hours per day, week, emergencies, admin- division and team executive The round. year candidates. officer duty emergency the select istrators Establishing the Structure Establishing the Emer- the relocate to was steps major first the of One of under the the supervision gency Program direct of position the create to was Next deputy. chief ITD duty officer and then to establish an coordi- specialist Emergencyof consists that Council Response mode or division and coordinators, advisory to nators, finally and needed; as activated be to coordinators, 36) (page 1 Figure group. advisory program a select shows the chart for organizational the Emergency Office. Program and and state if expertise needed. The plan was to cre- that structure a ate all divisions of the department and can tap into inter- into tap can and department the of divisions all universities, agencies, associations, and the private associations, agencies, universities, sector. tise and talent, and talent, and tise available, person, one only nal resources, such as the field staff who provide sta- provide who staff field the as such resources, nal that past experience has indicated will be needed in needed be will indicated has experience past that identify turn in coordinators The situations. certain needs spe- support and creating contacts, resource to teams to and cialized expertise respond a major event. 36 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 organizational chart. Program Office FIGURE 1ITDEmergency cies gency Response Planning at State Transportation Agen- throughout the process. leadershipessentialprovided haveexecutives ITD ment, the best intentions will not succeed or endure. NCHRP Report 525, Volume 16, clear agency policy and commitment in the form is essential that state transportation agency exec- programof andorganizational arrangements. It on level—based executive the at championed organizedrequiresmanagementresponse—an agency’sMeetingan emergency responseneeds utives become familiar with the changing context emergency. Management Office;trained,specializedexpertisemaybeassignedtotheEmergency ManagementOfficeduringan c b a available. TheyalsomaybeactivatedtofilltheEPMpositiononarotationforaroundclock,year-roundoperations. weeks. Ifaneventoccurs,theyassumecoordinationasActingEmergencyProgramManager(EPM)untiltheEPMis Acting EPMtomanage. needed. TheSpecialist,Advisory,andDivisionCoordinatorsareactivatedwhenaneventbecomestoolargefortheEPMor , emphasizes this point: Eachdivisionanddistricthasadesignated,trainedDisasterCoordinatorresponsibleforworkingwiththeEmergency TheEmergencyDutyOfficersareoncallaroundtheclockforoneweek,generallyduringoffhoursandrotateevery9 TheSpecialist,Advisory,andDivisionlistsidentifythesubject-matterexpertswhocanbecalledtoassistEPMas Headquarters Geotec Geol Fue Fac Equ Envir Cybe Ch Aviati Ava Hydrol on Informati Inte Web Ut Traff Struct Struct Rail ili emis ili l Emergen ipment ipment lanche lligen ties ties og iesite gnal gnal si ic rs on ty ty on i ure ure ecurity Spe og hn try y and ment res y t ica de cia ns transport security security ourc tec sign sign l eng l pect cy list Coo list sy security a security Duty O Duty st hnolog es es ion ion ems ems in ee ati rdi ring ring ff y on na nd icers sy tor s uppo st a b

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TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 37 The The publication also 3 2 Emergency management, a national response framework, response national a management, Emergency Because transportation agencies typically have significant have typically agencies transportation Because http://transweb.sjsu.edu/MTIportal/research/publications/summary/MTI- www.fhwa.dot.gov/security/emergencymgmt/profcapacitybldg/docs/hsem execsrrleaders/hsem_srexecs.cfm. serves as a checklist for determining the organizational struc- organizational the determining for checklist a as serves ture, degree of and preparedness, response of capabilities transportation Georgia, organizations.Florida, California, Respondentsin includedtransportation of the departments Wiscon- and Texas, York, New Montana, Mississippi, Kansas, sin, as well as the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Administration. Security Transportation emergency operations plans, incident emer- commandstate a systems,organizing and leadership, centers, operations addressed topics the among are program management gency presentation. the in 2 3 portation portation Pooled Fund Study 5(161). Security and Emergency Management: An Security and Emergency and Senior Information Briefing for Executives Transportation Leaders of State Departments of Plans, concepts, and terminology used by the security and emergency management community are surveyed in this Trans- Administration Highway Federal the of part briefing, an overall emergency management structure in place to sup- to place in structure management emergency overall an plans. the of implementation port with work routinely and emergencies normal with experience state police and state fire agencies in disasters, some ele- have capability management emergency mature a of Report ments Institute Transportation Mineta emphasized. been not 09-10 helps establish priorities for managing emergencies, catastrophes. and disasters, 0910.html. 1 , assists transportation agencies transportation assists , Three Key Resources for State-Level Emergency Response Plans Response Emergency State-Level for Resources Key Three A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at Planning Response Emergency to Guide A National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report Program Research Highway Cooperative National errorist threats and environmental disasters, both errorist threats and disasters, natural environmental www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/164691.aspx. 1 and continuity of operations plans augment the emergency the augment plans operations of continuity and 525, Volume 16, 16, Volume 525, pro- on consistency for need the account into taking uations, resources. and relationships, protocols, cedures, and manmade, have raised the profile of emergency response emergency of profile the raised have manmade, and management. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, which consolidated federal emergency management and response agencies after the September 11, 2001, terrorist across agencies planning. response in has led attacks, emergency initiatives transportation duties, regular their with Along the address country now for must must large-scale assume responsibility and disasters natural from resulting evacuations no-notice evacuations, shelter-in-place quarantine events situations, often efforts in These threats. andother responseand pandemics, to epidemics, biological outbreaks, are led by agencies. designated management state and regional emergency State transportation agencies must have plans for the conti- the for plans have must agencies transportation State nuity of their government functions and essential services government of Continuity responders. first for roadways safe with emergencies, “normal” addresses that plan operations Handbook of Emergency Management for T A Guide to Emergency Response Planning at State Agencies Transportation State Transportation Agencies sit- Transportation State mobility-limited and evacuations, emergencies, for plan to during any catastrophic disaster, as well as to ensure clear and clear ensure to as well as disaster, catastrophic any during State-Level Transportation Agencies State-Level Transportation 38 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 and Peer Exchange Transportation Hazards and Security Summit 2013. during afloodinJune along theroadway of Transportation (DOT) the MissouriDepartment technical assistanceto Fight teamprovide St. LouisDistrictFlood Army CorpsofEngineers Members oftheU.S. Programs. ResearchCooperative ProgramOfficer, TRB Senior is author The R E K R A P . A N A H P E T S AdvancingResearch and Applications for Agencies S following: transportation(DOTs)departmentsofpreparethe EmergencyManagement (SCOTSEM)statehelp to TransportationSpecialCommitteeon Securityand TransportationOfficials (AASHTO)established the sure to risk through all-hazards capital investments. a stable base for campaigns to mitigatemunications or reduceinfrastructure. expo- The agencies also utedprovideworkforces, heavy equipment, and robust com- responsibility, public accountability, large and distrib- gatesfrom more than 30 state DOTs participated in ards and Security Summit and Peer Exchange. Dele- Research have cosponsored the Transportation Haz- Surface20-59PanelectonTransportation Security erativeHighway Research Program (NCHRP) Proj- off the transportation system. itiesforhandling traffic formajor incidents andon and or influence; The American Association of State Highway and Since 2007, SCOTSEM and the NationalCoop-theSCOTSEM and2007,Since u u u

lives and property—the agencies have policy haveproperty—theagencies and lives tionedto take swift and direct action to protect

urface transportation agencies are uniquely posi- Emergency response plans, including capabil- Deterrence, surveillance, and protection plans; Risk management plans for assets they control

E C A U.S. : P NGINEERS OF ORPS RMY HOTO Transportation Agencies, for Primer Security Physical A for state DOTs in developing an all-hazards approach and agement Research Implementation Plan (2014–2016); portation Infrastructure Security (2016–2022); Trans- Ensuring for sessment products: three develop to information ing, researchers began gathering SCOTSEM.2013themeet-At foractivityfor baseline new a State Transportation Agencies Emergency Response Planning at states sent delegates to the August 2013 event. 40 approximately and program, 2012 August the NCHRP Report 525, gested guidance and procedures from two volumes thanof two-thirds of the state DOTsAt thehad 2012 adoptedmeeting, AASHTOthe announcedsug- that more Setting aBaseline dinated the 2013 event: by AASHTO and by states. The followingstate groups members coor- of AASHTO on research professionalcommissioneddevelopment. The program updates the gathering,and research dissemination, aswell asfor technologytransfer,collection, dataresearch needs researchers and the intended users of the researchties, for the annual information exchange brings togetherThrough presentations, workshops, and other activi- Advancing AgencyInitiatives All-Hazards Security Management for State DOTs. Adoption of these reports set u u u u u u Volume 14 AASHTO SCOTSEMAASHTO The second edition of The All-Hazards Security and Emergency Man- The National Needs As- 16, Volume , Security 101: Gie to Guide A Surface Transportation Security and , the “voice and leader”and“voice the , Fundamentals of Effective . : TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 39

PHOTO: TOM SAUNDERS, VIRGINIA DOT Virginia DOT conducts Virginia the 2013 Triennial Emergency Response Exercise at the Richmond International Airport. , A The report The 1 , , to help transfor Transportation for TRB Task Force on Emergency Evacuations on Force TRB Task Emergency A Pre-Event Recovery Planning Guide Guide Planning Recovery A Pre-Event n August, TRB’s National Coop- National TRB’s n August, erative erative Highway Research Pro- u www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/169296.aspx. presents the principles and processes for recovery plan- recovery for processes and deci- principles the includes presents and infrastructure transportation for ning A as checklists. such resources, and tools support sion the describing presentation PowerPoint project that online. available is guide the developed 1 gram Guide released Planning Recovery Report Pre-Event 753, for Transportation oper- and owners facility portation ators in planning for before an recovery event that may affect systems. transportation I which focuses on preparedness for emergency evacu- emergency for preparedness on focuses which with any or involving associated natural ations human-made issues, operational related with and hazards as notice, no or notice, little notice, with evacuations needs, research well as of identifies evacuations and buildings of urban and force task The areas. regional disseminates and research, facilitates and of encourages efficiency and effectiveness the enhance to for findings survivability and safety increase to and operations The task evacuations. in those involved emergency and to governmental as serves a also resource force nongovernmental organizations concerned with operations. and planning evacuation , which considers issues related to related issues considers which , TRB Critical Transportation Infrastructure Pro- Infrastructure Transportation Critical TRB NCHRP Project 20-59 Panel on Surface Trans- Surface on Panel 20-59 Project NCHRP AASHTO Special Committee on Wireless u u u transportation system. system. transportation also supports outreach by U.S. DOT and other federal other and DOT U.S. by outreach supports also nation’s the of operators and owners the to agencies operation of transportation systems. The committee The systems. of transportation operation applications, emergency preparedness and response, and preparedness emergency applications, and planning the into security of integration the and and government agencies, covering such topics as risk as topics such covering agencies, government and assessment, prevention, technology, procedures and procedures technology, prevention, assessment, ops ops activities and provides a forum for discussion sector, the private community, the academic among and and cyber attacks on critical transportation infra- devel- committee The States. United the in structure tection Committee tection biological, chemical, physical, potential from threats ment among all modes. The committee works through works to security and manage- emergency transportation committee The modes. all among ment advo- to its AASHTO, between state members, partnerships organizations professional and research agencies, other management, emergency and security for cate and policy development, implementation, program awareness. and training portation Security , Research which provides all- hazards, all-modes oversight and project selection under research security coordinated the for guidance Cooperative TRB’s Research Programs. SCOTSEM for provides direction the NCHRP security-related projects, and the American Public Transportation Security Committee Executive (APTA) Association the for direction provides Cooperative Committee Steering Transit Affairs the under projects security-related transporta- assist to is goal key A Program. Research Man- Incident National the adopting in agencies tion of former Department which—as System, agement stated— has Ridge Tom Secretary Security Homeland fed- for approach nationwide a consistent to “provides governments local and tribal, for, territorial, state, prepare to eral, together efficiently and effectively work inci- domestic from recover and to, respond prevent, complexity.” or size, cause, of regardless dents, Communication , Technology which AASHTO and the before its member organizations represents issues policy and Commission Federal Communications and on the regulatory monitoring level, national in wireless communications and assisting bodies The committee development. in standards involved studies current and developing technologies for applicability to highway maintenance operations, trans- and intelligent security, response, emergency resource a as serves and programs systems portation for and systems technical information, wireless solutions, and transportation-related advice involving equipment. 40 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 infrastructure. threat to transportation mate change pose a and other effects of cli- extreme weather events ern Maryland. Increases in National Seashore in east- Assateague Island extensive flooding at Superstorm Sandy caused Changeand Energy. TaskForce on Climate Hechairs the TRB Special Brunswick,New Jersey. RutgersUniversity, New TransportationCenter, ofthe Alan M. Voorhees PublicPolicy and Director Schoolof Planning and atthe Edward J. Bloustein Theauthor is a Professor T negotiations again failed to agree on a new treaty,new a on agree to failednegotiationsagain sions. the for domestic market, gasoline but with cheap consequent carbon relatively emis- of supply tiful boom in the U.S. energy industry, promising a plen- be unachievable ( ability to limit global warming to 2° the years,Celsius few next willthe emissionsin reductionssoonin financial crisis of 2008. worldreachedtherecovershighasnew a from the York City. astated the New Jersey shore and large parts of New W E I V F O T N I O P D N A L O N . B T R E B O R Approaches and Challenges ActiononClimate Change Communicatingthe Urgency for mitigate and adapt to climate change: u u u u u The most recent round of international climate New oil drilling technologies are opening up a serious without that suggests research New have dioxide carbon of emissions Global lateOctoberIn 2012,Superstorm Sandydev- icy makers in the transportation sector, to sector,transportation the in makers icy actions by policy makers, particularly by pol- he following developments should prompt should developments following he 1

S P N : P ERVICE ARK ATIONAL HOTO United States has not ratified—until 2020. Protocol—whichthe Kyoto the extendinginstead are presented here. munication about the issue of climate change; these com- tobarriers variousovercomethe toworking professionals transportation for guidelines vides pro- communication on Researchinitiatives. bold with forward move to hesitant are all yet vital, is with key policy makers within government agencies the public, with private-sector decision makers, and more difficult. task this made have policy climate on consensus nationwide a to obstacles economic and political implementing the most effective policy The options? fessionalsplaysubstantivea role advocatingin and transportation network. How can transportation proof climate and to protect the large investment in the the next 50 years. mitigate against potentially severe climate impacts in ning for adaptation and in implementing policies to more ambitious initiatives are needed, both in plan- substantiallythat suggestschange climate of ence one area of progress. But the message is clear: the2014—are heavy-dutyeffectin intovehiclessci-going standardsforfirst-everthe with and 2025, by lon the United States—ramping up to 54.5 miles for perstandards gal-economy fuel stringentincreasingly events such as Superstorm Sandy are a necessity. The adapt to a changing climate and more severe weather Actionsreduceto greenhouse gasemissions andto A SubstantiveRole lic well-being, first by pulling the country literallycountrythepulling well-being,by firstlic professionalshaveendeavored improveto thepub- political leaders? Historically, transportation agency serve,and make an effective case forthey action totheir publics the convince agencies, their within action urge professionals transportation can How Urging Action Finding ways to communicate effectively with effectively communicate to ways Finding Concerted action is needed to reduce the impacts P “out of the mud” and then by providing mobility HOTO : U :

within and between cities and the rural hinterlands. NITED

In building modern roads, the early role of trans- N portation engineers was to apply engineering skills ATIONS F and scientific methods that prioritized investment, RAMEWORK improved safety, and developed efficient manage- C ment and construction techniques. A civil service of ON ONVENTION transportation professionals emerged. This role has changed over the years, and today the transportation C professional’s commitment to improve public well- LIMATE

being must include dealing with climate change. C HANGE The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that “most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in tance may affect crash rates, atmospheric climate Attendees of the 2012 anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations” (2). models hypothesize about how increases in green- Doha Climate Change These concentrations mainly are the result of emis- house gases may affect the climate. A difference, of Conference in Qatar extended the Kyoto sions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of fos- course, is that the highway engineer is able to test dif- Protocol in lieu of sil fuels. ferent pavement types under real-world conditions, devising a new treaty on The IPCC assessed a measured and conservative but the atmospheric scientist must wait many years climate change. body of research findings from more than 20 years to conclude the experiment of increasing carbon into the causes and implications of climate change; emissions. this body of research is well within the bounds of In both cases, the proof of an effect is never con- evidence established by the scientific method. Nev- clusive. Scientific language states that a hypothesis is ertheless, segments of the population express doubt rejected with a certain level of statistical confidence, that climate change is occurring. Transportation pro- not that a hypothesis is accepted with 100 percent fessionals in many states and metropolitan areas may certainty; this semantic approach of the sciences, be reluctant or unable to mount major efforts to halt however, has the side effect of confusing decision climate change because of resistance from the public makers, the media, and the public. and elected officials, to whom they are accountable. The vast majority of climate researchers have no Research teams have sought to understand why uncertainty about their conclusions. Scientific dis- segments of the population doubt or question the course typically focuses on uncertainties without science that has determined that climate change is a repeating the scientific consensus (3). Vested inter- serious threat. Various influences on public opinion ests often have employed this language of science to have been identified as hindering major policies to delay and prevent government action to protect the reduce carbon emissions. These include perceptions public welfare. Scholars have dubbed this technique of the scientific debate and the methods by which sci- the Scientific Certainty Argumentation Method, or entists communicate, the role of the media in com- SCAM (4). municating science, and the actions of vested interests that oppose any action to reduce carbon emissions. Public Attitudes Advocates for action on climate change are con- Scientific Communication cerned about the drop-off of support from the Amer- The research that underpins the understanding of cli- ican public. Surveys designed to measure knowledge mate change is based on theoretical modeling of atmo- and concern about climate change have recorded a spheric conditions and on empirical measurements noticeable reduction in the belief that climate change JULY–AUGUST287 NEWS TR 2013 of changes in the atmosphere and the oceans. Mathe- is occurring and that it is caused by humans (5). matical models that express the interactions between Evidence indicates that economic conditions may the atmosphere, oceans, cloud formation, and surface affect these beliefs; concern about climate change areas of the planet provide a basis for understanding decreases when economic conditions are bad, as in the climatic effects of increases in carbon dioxide and the past few years. A newer survey suggests that the other greenhouse gases. These models are used in recent economic upturn is associated with an increase The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change forecasting climatic conditions. The goal is to test in beliefs that climate change is occurring (6, 7). has conducted extensive hypotheses about theoretical relationships. Viewpoints tend to match partisan attitudes: research on the causes Much like a highway engineer hypothesizing respondents who express more conservative view- and implications of about how different levels of pavement skid resis- points—or individualistic world views—have lower climate change. 41 42 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 climate changescience. in publicperceptionof reports playalargerole Africa. Newsmedia Summit inDurban,South United NationsClimate policy expertatthe CNN interviewsanOxfam P presented. opinions and issues the in a letter to the editor on comment toencouraged are Readers issues. tion transporta- on authors contributingofopinions ITOF OINT V IEW

presents

: A : P , O , G HOTO XFAM OMA INHOA suggesting they believe the issue is a conspiracy ( skepticism about climate change expressed imagery percentfound40thatveythosedoubt withandof are more likely to distrust scientists ( levelsof belief that climate change is occurring and from decisions that can affect their lives. has no role in the discussion and should be excluded reinforce the perception that to scientists the public simplymaydismiss viewsskeptics. theof Thiscan and communicators good not are often Scientists Communication Strategies of climate change” ( “exposedto information on the reality and urgency mentmitigation andadaptation policies after being news media are more acceptingother watch of but theviews theirneed in toconservative more imple- their beliefs. The survey justify found that that those who identify outlets as from news consume to posed to skepticism about climate science may tend self-selection—thatindividualsofresultpredis- is, oppose action on climate change, but this may be the by human activities. caused being it about doubt introduced that and changeclimatedismissed thatdiscussion and vative media had a much higher proportion of stories content2007inand2008 found that more conser - coverage of climate change ( has found a distinct effect associated with cable news not seek to prove but to disprove hypotheses. undermined by the language of science, which does be scientificcommunitycan theconsensuswithin climatethatsusoccurring.change is noted, the As nity and convey the impression of a lack of consen- false sense of a debate within the scientific commu- ing from the fossil fuel industry. The media create a portedby conservative think tanks or receive fund- public. Many of the skeptics who are quoted are sup- a few skeptics; this approach, however, confuses the pitting the scientific community against the beliefs consequencescausesandofclimatethechange, of of ences.The media attempt to balance their coverage The media play a role in affecting the beliefs of audi- Role oftheMedia The creation of doubt about the scientific researchby onthose who oppose policy action on climatecated change.by the deliberate proliferation of disinformation who opposewhogovernment action, whetherprotect to climate change has proved an effective tactic for those logical opposition to government action ( their vested economic interests or to press their ideo- Viewers of conservative media were more likely to media the influenceof Researchexaminingthe Thecommunication challenge furtheris compli- 9 , p. 24). 9 ). An analysis of cable 4 ). A 2010 sur- 10 ). 8 ). clue to more effective communication ( potentiallyprovidesrisks;again,thistheirauseful simplesolutions thatindividuals cantakereduceto these strategies can be ineffectiveextensive;isfearresponse of inducea unless to seek that matched with how individuals respond to communication strategiescontrast, can reduce skepticism ( increase their skepticism; more positive messages, in therisks ofclimate change motivate some people to seems to become more polarized on the issue. populace educated more a because change, mate educatetopopulation the aboutdangersthecli- of a dilemma for transportation professionals who seek their livelihood. This reaction to information creates ernment policy may lead to actions that will disrupt ence, the more dismissive they are of the science. climatesci-changeaboutareinformedbetterthey reducegreenhouse gasemissions, butironically the impactsof climate change and any policy actions to support pricing policies, such as a revenue-neutralsupportapricing policies,assuch includingthosearewho mostalarmed, tendtonot fueleconomyvehicles.of market allButsegments, emissions—for example, regulations to increasecarbon the reduce to initiatives regulatory of portive alarmed about climate change will generally be sup- segmentation analysis finds that those who are most populations( the of tics of support, however, varies according to characteris- that members of the public would support; the level mechanisms policy identified hasresearch Survey Presenting Policies and commerce ( commerce and moresuspiciousindustryperspectivebeof to tend egalitariancollectiveormore athrough world the ciousgovernmentof actions, while those whoview those who are more individualistic tend to be suspi- effectpreexistinganofbe Thismay worldviews— take a stronger stance against policy action ( whobecome more informed aboutthe science may an effective means of communicating the risks. Some publiconthescience ofclimate change maynot be change mitigation and adaptation. climate for policiesproposing are who profession ( solutions is a more effective communication strategy discussionthefocusof shared to values policyand the cause and sources of climate change. Shifting the thescientific process hasresolved thedebate about critics but to emphasize persistently and firmly that munication is for scientists to recognize and listen to 11 Other evidence shows that dire messagesdireaboutevidencethatOthershows This may be explained by the perception that gov- Recent research has determined that educating the An alternative to this counterproductive com- counterproductive this to alternative An )—a key lesson for those in the transportationthe in those for lesson key )—a 12 ). The former may dismiss the dismiss may former The ). 16 ). For example, marketexample,For ). 14 ). The literature on 15 ). 12, 13 ). TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 43

PHOTO: WASHINGTON STATE DOT Washington State DOT’s Washington Green Highway project fulfills a state directive to improve infrastructure for electric vehicles. , , Risk Health , Vol. 17, Vol. , . PLoS ONE PLoS . , Vol. , 22, No. Vol. 1, , Vol. 32, No. 6, 2012, 6, No. 32, Vol. , . Bloomsbury Press: New Press: Bloomsbury . Merchants of Doubt: How a How Doubt: of Merchants Rhetoric and Rhetoric Affairs Public , Vol. 22, pp. 505–515. 505–515. pp. 22, Vol. , Risk Analysis Risk , Vol. 27, No. 5, 2000, pp. 591–615. pp. 2000, 5, No. 27, Vol. , Psychological Science Psychological , The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., Washington, Institution, Brookings The , The International Journal of Press/Politics of Journal International The , Vol. 29, No. 5, 2009, pp. 633–647. pp. 2009, 5, No. 29, Vol. , nance Studies nance 2012. Climate Change: Can We Blame the Great Recession? Change Environmental Global the in Associations Image Affective Exploring Skepticism: Time. over States United pp. 1021–1032. 1021–1032. pp. erowitz. Climate on Cable: The Nature and Impact of Global Warming Coverage on Fox News, CNN, MSNBC. and 3–31. pp. 2012, 1, No. Handful of Scientists Obscured the Warming Truth on Global to Issues Smoke from Tobacco Mertz. Identifying Like-Minded Audiences for Global An Public Campaigns: Engagement Warming Audience Development Tool and Analysis Segmentation 1–9. pp. 2011, 3, No. 6, Vol. York, 2010. York, and Debate. Public Rhetoric, 195–228. pp. 2011, 2, No. 14, Vol. Risk- the of Tragedy The Mandel. G. and Oulette, Larrimore Con- Rationality Conflict, Culture Cultural Commons: 89, Perception No. paper Working Change. Climate and flict, 2012. Project, Cognition of Knowledge with Thinking. Concern Public Shape About Sources Global Warming: Information Trusted Analysis by Contradicting Warming in Global Belief Reduce sages Beliefs. Just-World 34–38. pp. 2011, Campaigns. Health Public Effective for Implications Behavior and Education 7. 7. About Concern Public Declining L., S. Benegal. Scruggs, 8. Smith, N., and A. Leiserowitz. The Rise of Global Warming Global of Rise The 8. Leiserowitz. A. and N., Smith, 9. Feldman, L., E. W. Maibach, C. Roser-Renouf, and A. Leis- A. and Roser-Renouf, C. 9. Maibach, W. E. L., Feldman, Conway. 10. M. E. and N., Oreskes, 16. Maibach, E. W., A. Leiserowitz, C. Roser-Renouf, and C. K. C. and Roser-Renouf, C. Leiserowitz, A. 16. W., E. Maibach, 11. Ceccarelli, L. Manufactured Scientific Controversy: Science, Controversy: Scientific 11.Manufactured L. Ceccarelli, L. Wittlin, M. Slovic, P. Braman, D. 12.Peters, E. M., D. Kahan, Association The 13. Langer. G. and Krosnick, A. J. A., Malka, Mes- Dire Soon? 14. Apocalypse Willer. R. and M., Feinberg, Appeals: Fear of 15. Meta-Analysis A Allen. M. and K., Witte, . Inter- . , Vol. 78, No. 78, Vol. , Issues in Gover- Issues Sociological Inquiry Sociological December 2012. www.nature.com/ 2012. December , Vol. 1, 2011, pp. 35–41. pp. 2011, 1, Vol. , ican Public Opinion on Climate Change. Change. on Climate Opinion Public ican 1, 2008, pp. 2–38. pp. 2008, 1, Smith, and E. Dawson. Climategate, Public Opinion, and Opinion, Public Climategate, Dawson. E. and Smith, Climate on Project Yale paper, Working Trust. of Loss the 2012. Connecticut, Haven, New Communication, Change Nature Climate Change Climate Nature entific Certainty Argumentation Method (SCAMs): Science (SCAMs): Method Argumentation Certainty entific Doubt. of Politics the and sion Sciences in Communicating Uncertain Climate Risks. Climate Uncertain Communicating in Sciences sion ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf, p. 5. p. ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf, governmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. www.ipcc. 2007. Change, Climate on Panel governmental Fourth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers for Summary Report, Assessment Fourth Nature Climate Change, Climate Nature nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate1783.html. Ciais, C. Le Quéré, G. Marland, M. R. Raupach, and C. Wil- C. and Raupach, R. M. Marland, G. Quéré, Le C. Ciais, 2°C, Below Warming Global to Keep Challenge The son. The broader support The for support broader some suggests policies sec- transportation the in adaptation for Planning the of beliefs and values shared the on Focusing 6. Borick, C., and B. Rabe. Fall 2011 National Survey of Amer- of Survey National 2011 Fall 6. Rabe. B. and C., Borick, 5. 5. A. A., N. Leiserowitz, C. E. Maibach, Roser-Renouf, W. 4. Freudenberg, W. R., R. Gramling, and D. J. Davidson. Sci- Davidson. J. D. 4. and Gramling, R. R., W. Freudenberg, 3. Pidgeon, N., and B. Fischhoff. The Role of Social and Deci- and Social of Role The 3. Fischhoff. B. and N., Pidgeon, 2. 2. References 1. J. Boden, T. P. G. R. Canadell, M. G. Peters, Andrew, P., Transportation professionals will professionals grapple Transportation with the issue of climate change for their entireand Engaging a building on consensus the careers.actions needed for mitigation and adaptation will have a greater likelihood of success if communication is review This effective. and comprehensive, coherent, commu- to how for suggestions some provided has about persist uncertainties and obstacles but nicate, This is how an to area convey the clearly. message research. increased needs that Building a Consensus increase of the gasoline tax by 25 cents per gallon. gallon. per cents 25 by tax gasoline the of increase pub- driving the for issue the frame to ways alternative the use of alternative encouraging For example, lic. vehicle electric an for infrastructure planning or fuels benefits, security energy provide can system charging volatility price gasoline from consumers insulate can of energy, sources on foreign and dependence from opportunities. driving enhanced provide can and systems transit and roads fixing as framed be can tor that events weather unexpected severe, with deal to better- Building frequency. greater with occurring are designed and walkable neighborhoods provides the choices to increases quality of consumers, life, costs. transportation reduces and innovating about message positive a through public may but effective be may challenge a to response in polarization current the overcoming difficulty have of and Better insight understanding within society. substantial a is science understands public the how challenge. research PROFILES ......

C. Randall (Randy) Mullett Con-way Inc.

andy Mullett began his professional career by entering expanded to oversight of corporate communications. He also is a management training program and going to work on a member of Con-way’s Executive Leadership Team, chairman of R the front lines as a supervisor for Roadway Express. The the selection committee for the Con-way Political Action Com- Berryville, Virginia, native had recently graduated with a bache- mittee, and the company’s chief sustainability officer, directing lor’s degree from Shepherd University in West Virginia. corporatewide initiatives to improve economic and environ- “It was a rude awakening,” Mullett recalls. “College was col- mental sustainability. laborative; teamwork, accountability, and self-discipline were A frequent speaker at industry events and at legislative and rewarded. When I landed in the unionized trucking environment regulatory forums, Mullett represents Con-way to key con- of the late 1970s, I dealt daily with confrontation, resistance, and stituent groups in Washington and at the state level. In May, U.S. an us-against-them mentality. I had to learn the ropes fast.” Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood appointed Mullett to the Several years later, a former colleague encouraged Mullett to National Freight Advisory Committee, a group established under join Con-way, a start-up trucking company that was seeking the 2012 transportation omnibus bill, Moving Ahead for Progress managers to open facilities in Virginia and in the Southeastern in the 21st Century. The committee will provide advice and recommendations to Congress for improving the national freight transportation system. “[TRB offers] a unique opportunity Mullett first joined TRB in 2005 as vice- to interact—in a collaborative and chair of the Task Force on Trucking Industry Research. The task force became a committee supportive environment—with the following year; Mullett served as vice-chair practitioners from government, until 2012 and remains a member. He also is industry, and academia on meaty a member of the Truck Size and Weight Com- mittee and vice-chair of the Oversight Com- issues that will influence the mittee for the National Cooperative Freight future of transportation.” Research Program. “Working with TRB has given me the opportunity to be involved in highly meaningful research projects impor- United States. Mullet was working for another motor carrier in tant to the industry’s future,” he observes. “It is a unique oppor- Philadelphia at the time, but saw an opportunity to return to tunity to interact—in a collaborative and supportive his Virginia roots. He took the job as the first manager of the environment—with practitioners from government, industry, Con-way service center in Winchester, Virginia. “All I knew and academia on meaty issues that will influence the future of about Con-way was that they were in the less-than-truckload transportation.” business, that they focused on next-day service—which few With Bob Poole of The Reason Foundation, Mullett coau- carriers did at the time—and that they were nonunion,” he thored a 2006 paper on tolling practices and traffic diversion comments. impacts, “Road Pricing and Trucking: Framing the Issues,” pub- After a combined 20 years in operations at the former Road- lished in the International Bridge, Tunnel, and Turnpike Associ- way Express and Con-way, Mullett obtained a master’s degree ation’s quarterly journal. He also has served as a technical expert in business administration from Old Dominion University. “I supporting the Federal Highway Administration’s Exploratory figured I’d teach when I was done with trucking,” he recalls. His Advanced Research Program. career path, however, intersected with Washington, D.C., and Outside of TRB, Mullett serves on the Board of Directors for with Con-way’s emerging need for more direct, hands-on rep- the National Association of Manufacturers, the American Truck- resentation in the legislative and political process. ing Associations, and the American Benefits Council. He is a In 2002, Mullett was named Con-way’s first director of gov- member of the board of Fueling California, a California-based ernment relations, with an office in Washington. As Con-way’s advocacy organization promoting realistic and effective fuel dis- top public policy executive, Mullett is responsible for govern- tribution and management policies. He also is a member of advi- ment relations, public affairs, and corporate communications, sory boards at the Old Dominion University Maritime Institute, which encompasses news media relations, brand and reputation the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, management, web content governance, social media, internal and the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the communications, and corporate social responsibility. In 2008, he University of California, Berkeley. He also serves on the Depart-

TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST assumed additional responsibilities for the company’s global cor- ment of Homeland Security’s Highway and Motor Carrier Sector 44 porate security group, and in 2012 his management portfolio Coordinating Committee. PROFILES ......

Eric C. Shen Port of Long Beach

s Director of Transportation Planning at the Port of Long Shen balances his work at the Port of Long Beach with a Beach, California, Eric C. Shen scans past successes and longtime love of teaching. He graduated with bachelor’s and Alooks to the future for strategies to facilitate the efficient, master’s degrees in civil engineering from the University of Cal- environmentally friendly travel of goods and services. The second- ifornia (UC), Irvine, and since 1996 has taught courses in trans- busiest container cargo port in the United States and part of the portation engineering and planning at UC Irvine and at the eighth-busiest port complex in the world, the Port of Long Beach University of California, Los Angeles. Shen currently serves as is a primary gateway for trans-Pacific trade. In 2012, Shen directed part-time lecturer at the University of Southern California. “I a project to secure more than $40 million of state and federal enjoy the candid dialogue and spirited debate with paraprofes- grants to complete the $84 million Green Port Gateway Rail sionals,” he muses. “These conversations keep my passion for Improvements Project, which will remove a railroad bottleneck transportation alive, along with the desire to make a long-lasting, and add rail capacity on the docks. It is part of an aggressive 10- positive impact on our community.” year, $4.5 billion capital improvement program for terminal and Shen attended his first TRB Annual Meeting in 1994 as a other infrastructure improvement projects at the port. graduate student, valuing the sessions “for the insights” and the receptions “for the free food.” About a decade later, he assisted a mentor with TRB paper review and soon joined the Critical “The ability to move Transportation Infrastructure Protection Committee and the Transportation Issues in Major U.S. Cities Committee. In 2008, people and goods after moving to the Port of Long Beach, he joined the Ports and affects quality of life Channels Committee as chair and the Marine Group as a member. He has worked closely with past Marine Group Chair Jean- in a community, a nie Beckett and with other marine and freight committee chairs region, and a nation.” to cultivate active participation and to encourage a growing number of research papers. “My goals during my second term as committee chair are to continue to foster collaboration and interest on a wide spectrum of maritime- and intermodal freight–related research and infor- Since joining the Port of Long Beach in 2007, Shen brought mation exchange,” he notes. Shen also serves on two Cooperative his collaborative and strategic leadership style to many projects, Research Programs panels on estimating the impacts of goods but perhaps the most memorable to date is obtaining the many movement disruptions and on factors influencing freight modal approvals necessary to fund in full the $1 billion Gerald shift. Desmond Bridge Replacement Project. Construction recently “The ability to move people and goods affects quality of life has begun on the new bridge. “The Port of Long Beach is an in a community, a region, and a nation,” Shen comments. “As our important economic engine for the entire nation. We strive to nation finally recognizes the importance of freight movements, offer the best service to our customers by investing in infra- transportation professionals must understand the complex inter- structure and technologies while continuing to implement inno- actions among international trade, legacy regulations, modal vative solutions to minimize environmental impacts on our competitions, sustainable infrastructure, and security.” He often communities,” Shen comments. reminds his students that “most roads and bridges used today Previously, Shen served as manager and principal engineer at were built by generations before us, and it is our responsibility the City of Pasadena, California, Transportation Department. He to preserve and improve that infrastructure.” managed citywide transportation planning activities, developed “Research is the foundation for making our current practice JULY–AUGUST287 NEWS TR 2013 and monitored the city’s traffic impact review process, and imple- better,” Shen observes. mented new initiatives to protect neighborhoods by promoting Shen has published many technical papers in traffic opera- alternative modes of transportation. He was the principal author tions and transportation planning. He is an active member of ITE, of the city’s award-winning General Plan Mobility Element, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the Women’s Trans- which was selected by the Institute of Transportation Engineers portation Seminar (WTS). He serves on the board of directors for (ITE) as the 2005 Best Transportation Planning Program, and of the WTS Los Angeles chapter and for the Coalition for America’s the Pedestrian Plan, which won an Award of Merit from the Gateways and Trade Corridors. In 2003, he received a Distin- American Planning Association Los Angeles Section in 2007. He guished Engineering Alumnus award from UC Irvine. Most also worked as a consultant on several mission-critical Intelligent recently, the ITE Western District presented Shen with the 2013 Transportation Systems projects in the United States and abroad. Outstanding Educator Award. 45 46 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 life. which canextendservice to agroovedsurface, Application ofwhiteline Transportation,Ames. of Department Engineer,Iowa Maintenance State is University,YounieAmes. State Iowa Education, Researchportation and Transfor Center - Director,is Hawkins Researchand Scientist, is Smadi Committee, Evaluation and Monitoring Pavement TRB the of Chair H C R A E S E R P manage pavement marking assets. to agencies for methods innovative and nologies versity has conducted research to develop new tech- Researchand Education (CTRE) atIowa State Uni- address each of these issues. Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) sought to costs,and alack of performance standards ( operations, winter from and traffic from damage installation, during control quality materials, ing ing variability in the types and performance of mark- relatedtothe quality ofpavement marking, includ- tenance and safety programs. is therefore a major task for agencies’ roadway main- taining the visibility of markings at acceptable levels ence and retroreflectivity—deteriorate quickly. TheMain- visibility characteristics of markings—their pres-roadwayothermanyassets.compared of that with Pavement markings have a relatively short service Problem life E I N U O Y T R E B O R D N A , S N I K W A H L A E N , I D A M S R A M O ReduceCosts, Increase Safety IowaApplies Innovation and Technology to Pavement Markings Extending the Service Life of YS OFF F O S AY P U.S. transportation agencies face several issues several face transportationagencies U.S. eae te etr o Transportation for Center the decade, past the Over travel. safe for roadways eate avement markings guide motorists and delin- 1 ).The use geographic information system (GIS) tools to tools (GIS) systeminformation geographic use grooved pavement surfaces. or flat applicationon binders—andthe and beads materials—notably, the equipment, and methods installation the assessed CTRE performance. ing manage the pavement markings and improve mark- to toolsdevelop to DOT Iowawith worked CTRE New Tools the paint season and again after the season. state-owned roads;all measurements on weremarkings taken pavement before for measurements ity MarkingTask Force begancollecting retroreflectiv- ( visibility ensure specificationsto markingment’spavement possible with waterborne paint, meeting the depart- as miles many as paint would crewsdistrict State performance. of measures apply not did but ings installationmark-pavementspecificationsandfor would also improve roadway safety. outcomes the that were Expectations tices. prac- markingpavementimprove DOT Iowa help CTRE first conducted pavement marking research to Solutions deterioration ofmarkings. Winter operationscontributetotherapid The initial effort explored ways for the districts to material followed had DOT Iowa 2004, Before 2 ). In 2004, the Iowa DOT Pavement DOT Iowa the 2004, In ). TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 47 Close-up view of yellow Close-up view line deterioration. FIGURE 1 Iowa DOT Pavement Marking Management Tool, showing statewide retroflectivity. CTRE developed the data collection protocol, col- protocol, collection data the developed CTRE high- of cost the compared estimates savings The lected and analyzed the data, and developed recom- developed and data, the analyzed and lected winters. two from observations on based mendations for extending a potential showed surfaces Grooved DOT Iowa 2 than years. more of a the life marking to now uses grooving to provided improve pavement marking service of quality the and retroreflectivity public. the Cost Savings costs painting of method traditional the average, On recur- expense miles—an lane 2 for $210 DOT Iowa paint the Applying years. 2 every or year every ring to grooved surfaces costs lane the 2 same per but $420 lasts for to 3 $210 of savings potential years—a cycle. 3-year a in miles paint- of cost the with beads III Type with paint build expand expand the options available to Iowa CTRE DOT. sec- roadway one-mile 12 on study a field designed and of two binders the to performance tions assess sur- to flat or applied grooved packages bead three faces. The binders and were waterborne highbuild waterborne; the bead packages included standard Iowa DOT beads, 1.9 refractive index beads, and of and Trans- Highway State Association American beads. III Type Officials portation ). ). 3 As more data became available, CTRE developed CTRE available, became data more As Figure 1 (below) offers a screen shot of the man- district and crews field the informs map The The next step was to determine and evaluate the evaluate and determine to was step next The determine their paint programs based on the retrore- the on based programs paint their determine dis- The 2004. in recorded were that values flectivity lines which determine to map GIS the use could trict travel. of direction which in repainting, needed paint on an data interactive tool report to and allow the analyze, central office and query, to crews field Mark- Pavement DOT Iowa The retroreflectivity. and ing Management assembles Tool reports on pave- or statewide by district performance marking ment in terms paint of data retroreflectivity, and initial retroreflectivity, materials used, and whether the surface. grooved or flat a on was marking lines edge white for values not retroreflectivity do statewide that roads represents Green 2011. of fall the in need painting, red indicates roads 150 of with threshold marking DOT’s Iowa below retroreflectivity that roads identifies yellow and (mcd), millicandela conditions. two the between in are markings pavement the of condition the about agers sea- paint year’s next the for planning supports and mark- pavement managing for system similar A son. using DOT Minnesota for developed was assets ing ( platform web-based a Operations and Installation Iowa DOT also used the data to make decisions about operations and Dis- procedures. installation to 8 to painting for speeds vehicle the lowered tricts 10 mph and from distribution the the improved and previous roll bead 12 reduced to 15 mph; retroreflectivity this the increasing beads, of embedment of the boosted This the average practice markings. for values statewide all yellow and retroreflectivity lines. white performance of pavement marking materials to 48 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 markings. retroflectivity ofthe application increasedthe to 810mphduring Lowering vehiclespeeds lines. of 100mcdforyellow a minimumretroflectivity Iowa DOThasestablished that crash occurrence increases as the retroreflectiv- conclusion significantstatistically a yielded roads marking retroreflectivitystateDOTIowa for of datacrash and years 5 the of analysis Nonetheless, factors. unidentified other and condition, mental nonlinearlyandvaries greatly location,by environment markings. crashretroreflectivitytheand longitudinalof pave- statisticalrelationshipprobability betweena the of exploredthestudyThe 2010. to 2005fromlected crashesinIowa, using the retroreflectivity data col- CTRE examined the impact of pavement marking on Safety Findings projects will be available in 2014. the ofresults statewidegroovingprojects;the two road network. Iowa DOT therefore has implemented will be significant when extended to the entire state ing with standard Iowa DOT materials. These savings Pavement marking retroreflectivitymarkingdeterioratesPavement iastate.edu. Hawkins@ 515-689-7848; 50010; IA Ames, Drive, or Neal R. Hawkins, Director, CTRE, 2711 South Loop [email protected];515-294-7110;50010; IA Ames, Drive, Loop South 2711 CTRE, Scientist, Research mcd. 200 toretroreflectivity mcding 50increased from bility decreased by 2.5 percent when pavement example,mark- on a two-lane rural road, the crash proba-For marking. pavement longitudinal in flectivity mented a decrease in crashes with increased retrore- cycle. ranged from $210 to $420 per 2 lane miles inpotentialsavings thetenancenoted,operations; a as 3-year ingsfrom the wear of traffic and from winter main- showed that pavement grooving protected the mark- tices as a result of the research findings. The researchchangedpavementtheirmarkinginstallation prac- cle crashes. effects of pavement marking quality in reducing whitevehi- lines and 100 mcd for yellow lines based minimumon retroreflectivity the standards of 150 mcd for pavement marking assets. Iowa DOT has establishedmanage and monitor to CTRE bydeveloped tools Iowa DOT central and district staff routinely use the Benefits E References tudinal pavement markings ( ity values decrease for both white and yellow longi- efforts in developing this article. their for TransportationBoard, Researchprakash, P.Jaya G. to and - Preservation, and Maintenance Lisle, who retired in May as Senior Program Officer, .Smadi,O., N. Hawkins, I. Nlenanya, and B. Aldemir-Bek- 4. Smadi, O., and N. Hawkins. 3. 3B-1: Pavement Marking Standards. 2. MUTCD Retroreflectivity Marking Pavement Proposed 1. 20001 (202-334-2952; [email protected]). Board, Keck 488, 500 Fifth Street, NW, ContactWashington, G. P. DC Jayaprakash, Transportation ResearchSuggestions for Research Pays Off topics are welcome. DITOR Board, Ames, 2010. tas. nesota Department of Transportation. Saint Paul, 2012. Outreach for MnDOT Pavement Marking Tool: Phase II portation, Ames, 2004. ual cdrev1/mutcd2009_pmretro.htm. http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/knowledge/proposed09mut Text. o mr ifrain cnat mr Smadi, Omar contact information, more For Fromsafetya perspective, theresearchers docu- have DOT Minnesota and DOT Iowa Both . Office of Traffic and Safety, Iowa Department of Trans- Pavement Markings and Safety ’ S N aul n nfr Tafc oto Devices Control Traffic Uniform on Manual OTE : Appreciation is expressed to Frank N. Implementation, Training, and 4 ). . Iowa Highway Research Traffic and Safety Man- . Min- . CALENDAR

TRB Meetings

September 2014 16–18 4th International Conference on Roundabouts 23–27 Smart Rivers 2013* January Seattle, Washington Liège, Belgium; Maastricht, the Netherlands 22–25 NAFTANEXT: Energizing Sustainable Trade Corridors Across North America: October The Intersection of Energy, 12–16 TRB 93rd Annual Meeting Environment, Jobs, 10–11 Shared-Use Mobility Summit* and Growth* Washington, D.C. San Francisco, California Chicago, Illinois www.TRB.org/AnnualMeeting 16–17 Transit GIS Conference* 28–30 10th National Conference on Washington, D.C. February Transportation Asset Management 21–22 Innovations in Freight 4–5 Road Dust Best Management Miami, Florida Modeling and Data: Practices Conference* Integrating Supply-Chain Minneapolis, Minnesota TBD Innovations in Travel Demand Models and Data into Forecasting 2014 Public-Sector Freight Baltimore, Maryland Demand Modeling March Herndon, Virginia 3–4 Transportation Planning, May Land Use, and Air Quality 23–25 7th International Conference* Visualization in 6–8 American Association of State Transportation Symposium: Charlotte, North Carolina Highway and Transportation Visualization for Big Data Officials Geographic Irvine, California April Information Systems for Transportation Symposium* TBD Development of a Formalized 1–4 Joint Rail Conference* Burlington, Vermont Process for the Adoption, Pueblo, Colorado Development, Maintenance, 21–22 Development of Freight Fluidity Performance and Enhancement of 9–11 5th International Measurements TransXML Schemas Workshop Transportation and Economic Washington, D.C. Development Conference* Washington, D.C. Dallas, Texas 26–28 GeoShanghai International December Conference 2014* 14–16 5th International Conference on Women’s Issues in Shanghai, China 12–15 2nd Conference of the Transportation* Transportation Research Paris, France TBD Marine Transportation System Group of India* Research and Technology Agra, India Coordination Conference 14–17 Transport Research Arena Conference* Washington, D.C. JULY–AUGUST287 NEWS TR 2013 Paris, France

Additional information on TRB meetings, including calls for abstracts, meeting registration, and hotel reservations, is available at www.TRB.org/calendar. To reach the TRB staff contacts, telephone 202-334-2934, fax 202-334-2003, or e-mail [email protected]. Meetings listed without a TRB staff contact have direct links from the TRB calendar web page. *TRB is cosponsor of the meeting. 49 TRB HIGHLIGHTS

Webinars Save State Agencies Money LISA BERARDI MARFLAK

he Indiana Department of of the 50 states and the District of Columbia and select federal and Transportation (DOT), private sponsors. Employees of the core sponsors receive free access Tlike other state DOTs, to TRB webinars; approximately two-thirds of webinar attendees needs to ensure that its engineers work for state departments of transportation or federal transporta- receive annual professional tion agencies. development hours (PDH) cred- A response to the budget cuts faced by many transportation agen- its to maintain their state engineering licenses. Each of the depart- cies, the webinar program was initiated in 2008. Like a conference ses- ment’s 300 engineers needs 15 PDH credits per year. sion, a webinar typically lasts 90 minutes to two hours; includes one Seeking the most cost-effective and efficient way for its engineers or more presenters; and covers topics that include recent TRB publi- to accumulate PDH credits, Indiana DOT began to participate in cations, case studies, and practical research applications. Presentations TRB’s webinar program, which offers access to the latest transporta- from previous Annual Meetings or conference sessions also are high- tion information at the convenience of participants’ own computers lighted. to more than 9,000 participants each year. The program provides By attending TRB webinars, Indiana DOT estimates that it saves a professional development education for engineers, certified planners, substantial amount of dollars towards engineer training costs. Atten- airport executives, and lawyers. dees from the DOT also are impressed by the professionalism of the The webinar program is produced with funding received from program and volunteer presenters. TRB core sponsors—the highway and transportation departments The vast majority of TRB’s webinars are created for practitioners. On average, more than 300 people attend each webinar. TRB surveys The author is Program Officer, Electronic Dissemination, TRB. the participants after the webinars are concluded and incorporates

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS NEWS

Simplified Full-Depth Precast crete deck panel systems that simplify the connection Concrete Deck Panel Systems between the deck panel and beam. Full-depth precast concrete deck panels are widely For more information, contact Waseem Dekelbab, used in accelerated bridge construction (ABC). As a TRB, at 202-334-1409 or [email protected]. prefabricated component, current panel design meets the objectives of ABC by expediting con- Contribution of Steel Casing to struction, improving quality and durability, improv- Single-Shaft Foundation ing public and worker safety, and reducing road user Structural Resistance impact. Deck panels are connected to supporting Bridges often are constructed with a single, enlarged, beams by shear connectors in formed openings in shaft foundation supporting a column, which in panels, or shear pockets, to achieve a composite many cases is constructed with a permanent steel action between beams and precast concrete deck casing. When the structural resistance of the shaft is panels on a bridge. Because these deck panel systems calculated in the design process, the steel casing typ- are connected to the supporting beams for their full ically is ignored and only the reinforced concrete length, the design is similar to traditional cast-in- section is considered. Although bridge designers place decks. Disadvantages, however, include poor would like to account for the added structural resis- bond between the grout and panel soffit and hard-to- tance of the steel casing, they lack research data on access shear pockets and longitudinal beam when the steel casing and concrete inner core act as haunches. a composite section. George Washington University has received a State University of New York–Buffalo has received $400,000, 36-month contract [National Coopera- a $470,000, 36-month contract (NCHRP Project 12- tive Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 93, FY 2013) to determine at what point along the 12-96, FY 2013] to develop recommended guide- shaft the section can be considered a composite sec- lines and proposed language for the American Asso- tion. The research should consider axial, flexural, ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ and shear effects under axial and lateral loading for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge strength and extreme event limit states.

TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST Design Specifications for the design, fabrication, and For more information, contact Waseem Dekelbab, 50 construction of transverse, full-depth, precast con- TRB, at 202-334-1409 or [email protected]. SECOND STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM

COLLABORATING FOR SAFETY—Attendees of the Strategic High- their feedback into the production of future webinars. More than 90 per- way Research Program (SHRP 2) Safety Symposium and Workshop cent of webinar participants report that they are satisfied or very satisfied participate in a data-sharing workshop and demonstration, July 12 with the webinars that they have attended. at the National Academies’ Keck Center in Washington, D.C. The Approximately 40 to 50 webinars are offered each year. In 2012, TRB’s symposium featured a discussion with Federal Highway Adminis- 34 webinars offered a total of 44.5 PDHs to professional engineers, 17.5 cer- tration (FHWA) Executive Director Jeffrey F. Paniati and American tification maintenance credits for the American Institute of Certified Plan- Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ners, 8 continuing education units for airport executives, and 1.5 (AASHTO) Executive Director Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, as well as continuing legal education credits for lawyers. updates on SHRP 2 and research data from the Naturalistic Driv- For more information on TRB’s webinar program, visit www.TRB.org/ webi- ing Study; safety-related activities from Toyota, FHWA, AASHTO, nars or contact Lisa Berardi Marflak at 202-334-3134. Upcoming TRB webi- and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and nat- nars are announced in the free TRB E-Newsletter; to subscribe, visit uralistic driving studies being conducted overseas. www.TRB.org/subscribe.

Webinar Subscriptions Now Available TRB is now offering institutional webinar subscriptions to organizations that are not core sponsors. The subscriptions provide unlimited access to webinars produced for TRB’s webinar series to authorized users of subscribing institutions at a single geographic location. Annual institutional webinar subscriptions begin at $999. TRB conducts a minimum of 30 webinars per year—subscribers receive each webinar at a cost of less than $33. For additional information or to subscribe, please contact Reggie Gillum at 202-334-2382 or [email protected].

Developing a Pavement- Proposed LRFD Bridge Design Maintenance Database System Specifications for Light Rail Highway agencies are responsible for the maintenance Transit Loads of highway pavements and generally document their Bridges carrying or expected to carry rail transit vehi- actions as part of a maintenance management system. cles are becoming more commonplace in crowded Information on pavement condition is separately doc- metropolitan areas. In many cases, the bridges are umented as part of a pavement management system. designed to carry the rail transit vehicles only, but in These data collection efforts, however, often do not some instances, rail transit is designed to occupy a focus on the analysis needed to improve pave- dedicated lane or to mix with regular highway traf- ment–maintenance decision making. No widely fic. For bridges designed to carry light rail transit sys- accepted system is available to identify the data needed tems, the responsible agency often requires that the to capture factors influencing the performance of designs satisfy owner-specific and local design codes, maintenance treatments or pertaining to pavement various AASHTO bridge specifications, and the Man- performance. Research is needed to develop a database ual for Railway Engineering; however, neither the system that provides a uniform format for collecting, bridge specifications nor the manual specifies the reporting, and storing information on pavement main- light rail transit loads. Light-rail bridge design tenance. involves several additional conditions, such as track-

Pavia Systems, Inc., of Seattle, Washington, has work design and the interaction between the rails JULY–AUGUST287 NEWS TR 2013 been awarded a $249,790, 24-month contract and structure. (NCHRP Project 14-31, FY 2013) to develop a data- Regents of the University of Colorado have base system of pavement-maintenance actions, mate- received a $350,000, 33-month contract (NCHRP rials, methods, and effectiveness. The database Project 12-92, FY 2013) to develop proposed system will establish a record of actions for use in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for cost–benefit analysis, to evaluate the effects of main- bridges carrying only light rail transit vehicles and for tenance on pavement performance, to select mainte- bridges carrying both light rail transit vehicles and nance actions, and to make related decisions. regular highway traffic. For further information, contact Amir N. Hanna, For more information, contact Waseem Dekelbab, TRB, at 202-334-1432 or [email protected]. TRB, at 202-334-1409 or [email protected]. 51 52 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 T tooth sensing devices are strategically placed tem assists users in determining when to head to the airport. Blue- through work zones and alternate routes, the On-Time Arrival sys- similar to BlueTOAD, a device that calculates real-time transportationtraveltechnologyengineering.Usingof ple-movingsidedelays sharedideawiththePaulus, whose expertise focusedpeo-theon at the gate with plenty of time to spare. risked missing the flight, as well as a coworker who preferred to be tended to arrive at the airport just before the door closed and often soughtheassolution a helptoairtravelers suchhisboss,as who at a flight’s gate. The idea for On-Time Arrival occurred to Rodden in-airporttraffic conditions to provide an estimated time of arrival On-TimeArrival analyzes an air traveler’s current location and the On Time,EveryTime N O S N H O J . R A N A H S Challenge Meeting YoungAnnual Sponsors Member’sCouncil On-Time ArrivalAppWinsSix-MinutePitch Rodden is an active member of TRB standing committees. was a Federal Highway Administration Eisenhower Fellow, and Leadershiplike inEnergy and Environmental Design Green Associate, and engineerprofessional a Paulus,Engineers. Lakeside Paulus, professional engineer, developed the mobile application with Susan sented the winning pitch, “On-Time Arrival.” Rodden, a registered solving real-world transportation problems. commercialinnovativenesstheirthemarketplacein andin bility Chanba, Carticulate Maps, evaluated the pitches based on their via- Ryan Rzepecki, Social Bicycles; Jeff Chernick, RideAmigos;Chicago andDepartment Kate of Transportation Commissioner Gabe Klein; minutes.sixPanelistsin O’Sullivan, Sean AvegoSOSVenturs; and research-based transportation business ideas—each idea presented featuringfour young transportation professionals with innovative, between the airport entrance and each ter- each airportentranceand thebetween paths various the isolate to airport the at they pass, On-Time Arrival can calculate the of passing devices, and recording the time as detecting the media access control addresses returning car, a rental a car, parking or getting after dropped off. example, minal—for amount of time it takes to complete any such the system can detect that in the data as well path.Ifthe airport parking lot isfilling up, as the delay at each securitycheckpointineach at delaythe as under development. througharesecurityaccesspriorityfor ing real time. Details and filters such as account- TRB When he heard about the Six-Minute Pitch competition, Rodden Robert Rodden, American Concrete Pavement Association, pre- y sltn ec pt, anonymously path, each isolating By TransportationEntrepreneur’sInnovationand Challenge,” Pitch:MinuteSix Meeting,“TheAnnual 92nd TRB the at he TRB Young Members Council sponsored a special session HIGHLIGHTS developers ofthe On-Time Arrivalapp. Susan PaulusandRobertRodden are the Six-Minute Pitch for the TRB 93rd Annual Meeting in January in Meeting Annual 93rd TRB the for Pitch Six-Minute the reprisingbe will YoungCouncil TRB Members The deltatdata.com/. necting startups with potential investors. con- andjumpstartingstartupstechnology on focused programs TimeArrivalnowis panelfeedback,onrefiningarefocus—Onthey itsand their firm with many people and did not know how it wouldtheSix-Minute Pitch, Roddenbe andPaulus hadnotshared received. theidea Based their idea and for providing the fuel the developers needed. Before Roddencredits Six-Minutethe Pitchemphasizingfor valuetheof Refining theFocus transportation problems. featured presentationsofresearch-basedsolutionsto The Six-MinutePitchcompetitionatthe2013TRBAnnualMeeting For more information on the On-Time Arrival app, visit http:// visit app, Arrival On-Time the on information more For ⌬

obility Matters . Mobility of edition 2013 spring appearedthe in which Pitch,” Six-Minute Inaugural TransportationWinTRB’sInnovators “Youngfromarticle the Professional and Lab reviewMobility 2012 by February frompermission a with adapted was article This Maryland. Rockville, Inc., Planning, FoursquareTransportationIntegrated TransportationSenior is author The Planner, ymc.groupsite.com. http:// Groupsite, the to Council Member’s fall Young this posted be present—will to applying on instructions session—including Pitch Six-Minute the on Information 2014. T Data, or Delta T Data—andDeltaapplyTwillto Data,or T

M M : P AKOID EGAN HOTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 53 ) ), right left to right to left Scott was born on April 19, 1934, 19, April on born was Scott panelists Thierry Vanelslander, Thierry panelists Belgium, Antwerp, of University Hofstra Rodrigue, Jean-Paul and York, New Hempstead, University, Senn, Lanfranco copresenter and Italy. Milan, University, Bocconi Transportation EU–U.S. The place took Symposium Research National the at 30–31 May Building Sciences of Academy D.C. Washington, in INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH— INTERNATIONAL ( Giuliano Genevieve California Southern of University Committee Executive TRB past and on discussion a over presides Chair, on nodes trade of impacts the mitigation and cities surrounding ( with strategies, in Madison, Wisconsin. After gradu- After Wisconsin. Madison, in ating with a degree from bachelor’s the Thomas—now St. of College the University of St. Thomas—in St.Paul, Minnesota, in 1956,served in Scott the U.S. Army the Univer- He years. then attended for two sity of Wisconsin, receiving a master’s degree in urban and regional and TRB’s Roy CrumW. Distin- , In 1980 he opened his own transportation consultancy based consultancy transportation own his opened he 1980 In engineering in civil degree to undergraduate his In addition Amer- the including awards, many of recipient the is Levinson President. At Wilbur Smith he directed a variety of projects and projects of variety a directed he Smith Wilbur At President. and planning transportation to approaches innovative developed policy. and transportation public as well as engineering, services consulting provided has He Connecticut. Haven, New in to many in public agencies the United States and on abroad a assignments. of range work graduate completed Levinson at from IIT, Northwestern from the and in holds a University Traffic Highway Certificate the to elected was He Traffic. Highway of Bureau University Yale 1994. in Engineering of Academy National Insti- the Award, Smith S. Wilbur Engineers’ Civil of Society ican tute of Transportation Engineers’ Theodore M. Matson and Honorary Member awards engineer professional He is a registered Award. Service guished York. New and Massachusetts, Connecticut, in planning in 1962. He joined the City of Madison Planning Depart- Planning Madison of City the joined He 1962. in planning ment and in chief of officer 1962 as long-range budgeting capital planning. Levinson began his career in the Traffic Engineering Section Engineering Traffic the in career his began Levinson Herbert S. Levinson Herbert recognized widely Levinson, S. Herbert as one of the pioneers of traffic engineering practice and doctor- honorary an transportationreceived planning, undergraduate his from 2013 May in ate Tech- of Institute Illinois the mater, alma nology (IIT). the Levinsonon serving years, 50 than has more for TRB in been participant active an com- standing TRB numerous on and Committee Executive TRB mittees, conference planning committees, and of He three Member is panels. an Emeritus CooperativePrograms Research Manage- Access Systems, Transit Bus committees—on standing Service. of Quality and Capacity Transit and ment, of the Chicago Park District in 1949. For 28 the years—from Asso- and Smith Wilbur for worked 1980—he until 1950s early and to rising ciates, from Associate Senior President Vice Vice PEOPLE IN TRANSPORTATION PEOPLE his integral role guiding the transportation planning field and TRB and field planning transportation the guiding role integral his 2000. in retired He activities. cies; universities; and the private sector. Scott received an individual an received Scott sector. private the and universities; cies; for 1998 in Council Research National the from award achievement committees in planning and worked closely with the U.S. Department U.S. the with closely worked and planning agen- in transportation committees metropolitan and local, state, Transportation; of program officer, he provided inspiring leadership to TRB standing leadership inspiring he provided officer, program career with TRB, then the Highway Research Board, in 1965. As senior As 1965. in his 35-year began on 1. July Scott Board, Virginia, in died Charlottesville, Research Highway the then TRB, with career Longtime TRB Senior Program Officer James (Jim) August Scott, 79, Scott, August (Jim) James Officer Program Senior TRB Longtime IN MEMORIAM (1934–2013) Scott August (Jim) James 54 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 for 2011.) Highway Administration are fromtheFederal Motor fueltaxfigures household usagerates. are adjustedby television, andInternet for phoneservice, household expenditures QuickFacts. Annual Census Bureau an averagefromtheU.S. American householdsis (Note: Thenumberof expenditures, 2007–2011. monthly U.S.household FIGURE 1Average infrastructure project. and localgovernment an exampleofastate Bridge replacementis The GeraldDesmond NEWS BRIEFS nance. financing for new and infrastructure responsibilities, projects performance and mainte- long-term ery, and public–private partnerships such asmenting turnkey successfully deliv- with design–build construction report. Some state the and local to governments according are experi- investments, infrastructure key tax increases and higher user fees and tolls to pay for from its peak in the 1960s. grossof domestic product—not drastica reduction cent, infrastructure spending comprises 2.4 percent Young.& Althoughfederalsourcesper- supply25 report from the Urban Land Institute (ULI) jointandStates,Unitedaccordinga thespending to in Ernst infrastructure all of three-quarters approximately for responsible are governments local and State Supporting Infrastructure Delivery State andLocalGovernments

Stateandlocal governments areadvocating local

B L P C EACH ONG OF ORT THE OF OURTESY should be a core federal government function. agreed that investment in transportationgoods infrastructureprices, and nearly three-quarters increasingoftraffic congestionhigherconsumerrespondentswith Seventy-onepercent Americansof polled connected dents answered similarly about public transportation.respondentspercentlow-income34ofand respon- importantin their “extremely” daily lives, or while “very” 21 percent is of all vehicle motor a driving morethanthree-quarters respondentsof statedthat defense and emergency response capabilities. Slightlypercentinfrastructurethatfelt national vitaltowas importantmaintainingin stronga economy is 83and infrastructure transportation that stated dents portation Builders Association (ARTBA). was commissioned by the American Road and Trans- they pay in federal and state gas taxes. The research but also that most people are not aware of how much high value on the nation’s road and transit network, transportationassetsshowsAmericansthat placea infrastructureon nationalpollopinionand new A Transportation Infrastructure Poll Measures Value of 202-624-7086 or [email protected]. ects and promote growth. pooled exploring resources regions to fund shared and infrastructure proj- cities several with study, financing creative localofprojects well,asaccording theto facilitate can banks Infrastructure risk. well into construction and that pose limited revenueare that projects for interest investorinstitutional strong by encouraged infrastructure, in investing According to ARTBA, nearly 90 percent of respon- Formore information, contact Trish Riggs, ULI,at are also organizations services financial Some TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 55 (Left to right:) Raschid Urmeew, FERSI Secretary General; Markus Federal Schumacher, Highway Research Institute of Germany; Kira Hyldekær Janstrup, Technical University of Denmark; Steve of University Hankey, Minnesota; and Caroline Alméras, ECTRI Secretary General. For more information on the seminar, visit The report notes, however, that road safety varies safety road that however, notes, report The and road Among users—pedestrians vulnerable http://internationaltrans visit report, full the see To five delegates, including Prozzi and Hankey. Hankey. and Prozzi including delegates, five www.ectri.org/YRS13/ indexyrs13.html. www.ectri.org/YRS13/ Continued Decline in International Road Deaths Safety Deaths among low road users record have reached Traffic International the to according numbers, with Countries Data and (IRTAD). Group Analysis 2010 between the largest reductions in percent road 24 fatalities were of New and reduction a percent; with 19 of Zealand, reduction a with expe- Norway, also 2011; Spain and percent. 17 of reduction a with Spain, percent 64 a with drop, long-term largest the rienced in reduction road deaths between 2000 and increased 2011. to attributable are reductions these report, of the Most to according cars, of features safety passive passengers. car affecting gains safety largest the with 100,000 per fatalities of terms in countries between people. Among countries in the Organisation for (OECD) Development and Co-operation Economic studied by a IRTAD, three-fold difference prevails between the countries with highest safety perfor- dif- the reflecting lowest, the with those and mance effective with countries developed between ference road safety and policies with countries developing measures. safety few and use automobile increasing cyclists—the reduction in road deaths is smaller. Between 2000 and 2010, one- only by pedestrian fell countries and OECD–IRTAD in deaths cyclist by riders motorcycle and moped of those and third, percent. 14 only portforum.org/Pub/new.html. Safety, and traffic, and systems transport Intelligent engineering. road and Civil Transportation Transportation economics policy and travel environment, the and Sustainability u u u u u Most respondents, however, did not know however, how Most respondents, release, press the view to and information more For Best paper awards went to Markus Schumacher, to Markus went awards paper Best In recognition of the Memorandum of Under- at at Austin sent two of of his total students and a served as sent a States United The seminar. the at tutor inar. This year, Jorge Prozzi of the University of Texas of University the of Prozzi Jorge year, This inar. much much they paid in on taxes fuel motor per month, Administra- Highway Federal ARTBA. to according pays household U.S. average the that show data tion of respon- percent taxes—24 in gas month per $46 more was paid they amount the that estimated dents than double the national average and 22 percent amount. the underestimated visit http://www.artba.org/article/are-good-roads-and- transit-worth-as-much-to-you-as-household-electricity- or-cable-service. Triennial Program Convenes Convenes Program Triennial Researchers Young a than more from researchers transportation Young and Europe across the United dozen organizations with network research, to present converged States peers, and receive tips fromSeminar internationalResearchers Young the trans-at experts portation 2013, June 5–7 by in Organized the France. Lyon, Insti- of Research European Conference Transport tutes sem- (ECTRI) and triennial the the Forum of (FERSI), European Road Institutes Research Safety areas: research following the on focused inar INTERNATIONAL NEWS INTERNATIONAL Federal HighwayAssess- Research paper, his Institute for ofprize first Germany the won who (BASt), ing Fitness to Drive Under Treatment Long-Term presented was prize Second Analgesics. Opioid with to Steve University of Hankey, Minnesota, for his paper on measuring air pollution using a mobile, bicycle-based platform. Kira third the Hyldekær received Janstrup,Denmark, of University Technical prize for her paper on using the capture–recapture Denmark. in accidents road estimate to method mem- in 2006, ECTRI and by TRB signed standing bers American of of TRB’s International travel Activitiesthe Committee supported Sem- independently have Researchers Young the in participate to students behavior, 56 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 SHELF BOOK members, $95; nonmembers, $114; 1-56051-545-6. portation Officials (AASHTO),Trans- and 2012; Highway 200 State pp.; of Association AASHTO American Pavement ManagementGuide,2ndEdition materials that could reduce vehicle weight.and delivery, propulsion and production hydrogen electric systems, batteries, hydrogen systems, systems, storage power cell fuel fuels, automotive alternative and conventional and validation engines combustion technology internal for way under are and programs development and energy and vehicle DRIVE’sresearchU.S.technologies. infrastructure light-duty clean efficient, of development the facilitate to aims partnership The Partnership. (DRIVE) Sustainability Energy ResearchandInnovation forVehicle Efficiency and Fuel Driving and U.S. thereportexaminesPartnership, this FreedomCAR the of reviews Council 0926-831-8. 2013; 185 pp.; $48; 978-03- National Academies Press, National Research Council. Physical Sciences, and Division on Engineering and Environmental Systems, Board on Energy and Report Fourth Partnership: Program oftheU.S.DRIVE Review oftheResearch Aggregate Characteristics Application ofLADARinthe Analysis of portation; environment. trans- public highways; categories: Subscriber $68. tion of postwar residential types. evalua- the guide and housingpostwar of opment nationalwellaas context understandto thedevel- tifying and evaluating postwar housing resources as Presented in this volume is a methodology for iden- NationaltheHistoricPreservation of 106tion Act. by transportation planners in compliance with Sec- now more than 50 years old and must be considered NCHRP Report 723 Significance ofPost–World War IIHousing A ModelforIdentifyingandEvaluatingHistoric TRB PUBLICATIONS 2012; 172 pp.; TRB affiliates, $51; nonaffiliates, $51; affiliates, TRB pp.; 172 2012; Many post–World War II housing structures are Theupdated edition ofthe 2001 Research National previous to follow-up A PavementMan- design codes. and analysis, risk corrosion,materials, acteristics, addressed include force modeling, seabed soil char- with samples of current and older structures. Topics illustrationsvisualoffshorefulstructures, of along mechanics. Presented are theory, solutions, and use- vant procedures of structural, fluid, and geotechnical stration—intheory and in application—of the rele- production,demon-offeringa and exploration for platforms engineering of offshore drilling $129.95; 978-14-2006-882-5. pp.; 684 Press,2013; CRC das. V.D. Swami-J.ReddyS. A.and Gravity Platforms Framedand Structures: Essentials ofOffshore attainable performance goals. rehabilitation, and for setting for and preservation needs pavement funding fying ment, for assessing and justi- manage- pavement effective in others and agencies tion transporta-resourcefor a is agement Guide to 1-D and 2-D analyses that require few additional steel girder bridges. Also skewed includedand are curved improvementsof geometry constructed and constructability the determine to needed analysis NCHRP Report 725 Steel Girder Bridges and Skewed EngineeringofCurved Construction Guidelines forAnalysisMethodsand materials. Subscriber$54.categories: highways;geotechnology; sizes. particle of range a over characteristics aggregate of measurement for system (LADAR)–based ing NCHRP Report 724 tions. To order, contact the publisher listed.The books in this section are not TRB publica- Guidance is presented on the appropriate level of 2012;86pp.; TRBaffiliates, $40.50; nonaffiliates, This report describes a laser detection and rang- hs oue xlrs the explores volume This from AASHTO TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 57 BOOK SHELF A reference for transportation planners, this vol- this planners, transportation for reference A nonaffiliates, $40.50; 85 2012; pp.; TRB affiliates, to is presented methodology A analysis systems nonaffiliates, $47.25; affiliates, TRB pp.; 141 2012; develop managers airport helps This guidebook 2012; 73 pp.; TRB affiliates, $38.25; nonaffiliates, $38.25; affiliates, TRB 73 pp.; 2012; strategies and tools the documents synthesis This Subscriber categories: operations and manage- traffic operations categories: Subscriber factors. human and safety ment; Public Use Bureau’s Use of the U.S. Census Sample (PUMS) by State Departments Microdata Planning and Metropolitan of Transportation Organizations 434 Synthesis NCHRP ume surveys the ways that state departments of and (DOTs) transportation metropolitan planning use—and organizations develop their own tabula- tions from—the U.S. products. data CensusPUMS in available made Bureau’s records, sampled and categories: pedestrians Subscriber $54. highways; society. factors; human and safety policy; bicyclists; UncertaintyAddressing Airport About Future Activity Levels in Airport Decision Making 76 Report ACRP augment standard airport master a set of includes and approaches planningplanning strategic and applica- and understanding the improving for tools forecasts. traffic air in uncertainty and risk of tion plan- economics; aviation; categories: Subscriber $63. forecasting. and ning Guidebook for Developing General Aviation Airport Business Plans 77 Report ACRP air- an maximize and plan business a implement and and value, The role, self-sufficiency. financial port’s business airport an having for reasons compelling the identified. are airports, of sizes all to applicable plan, plan business a of elements the highlights guide The and addresses each step of the development and $51. Subscriber categories: data and information tech- information and data categories: Subscriber $51. planning bicyclists; and pedestrians highways; nology; society. transportation; public forecasting; and Local Policies and Practices That Support Safe Pedestrian Environments 436 Synthesis NCHRP used by municipalities to con- improve the safety, experi- pedestrian the of accessibility and venience, ence. (continued) The guidelines in this report are designed to help to designed are report this in guidelines The $52. nonaffiliates, $39; affiliates, TRB pp.; 76 2012; 2012; 167 pp.; TRB affiliates, $57.75; nonaffiliates, $57.75; affiliates, TRB pp.; 167 2012; This report provides guidelines for evaluating and evaluating for guidelines provides report This Factors in designing experiments, along with 21 with along experiments, designing in Factors nonaffiliates, $40.50; 80 2012; pp.; TRB affiliates, Authors present suggested guidance on the con- the on guidance suggested present Authors nonaffiliates, $42.75; affiliates, TRB pp.; 122 2012; 2012; 2012; 185 pp.; TRB affiliates, $51; nonaffiliates, Automated Enforcement for Speeding and Red Automated Enforcement Light Running 729 Report NCHRP automated operate and start agencies transportation by safety highway improve to programs enforcement and speeding for violations of number the reducing red-light-running. runoff impacts. Supplementingavail- tool, sizing and design the Excel–based Microsoft report is a CD-ROM. on or download for able $77. Subscriber categories: environment; hydraulics highways. hydrology; and Guidelines for Evaluating and Selecting Modifications to Existing Roadway Drainage Quality in Infrastructure Water to Improve Ultra-Urban Areas 728 Report NCHRP infra- to drainage modifications hydraulic selecting structure intended to mitigate potential highway Effective Experiment Design and Data Analysis Research in Transportation 727 Report NCHRP process, design experiment the illustrating examples are presented in this volume,CD-22. NCHRP a companion to research. category: Subscriber $54. A Guidebook for Nighttime Construction:A Guidebook for Nighttime and Productivity Quality, Impacts on Safety, 726 Report NCHRP main- and construction highway of nighttime duct tenance operations and address work zone analysis risk planning and implementation, construc- work and workers, and neighbors to nuisances tion methods. illumination zone $57. Subscriber categories: highways;design. materials; computational costs. computational $68. Subscriber categories: bridges and other struc- highways. tures; TRB PUBLICATIONS 58 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 SHELF BOOK TRB PUBLICATIONS Handbook TCRP Report 95 Changes: Chapter1—Introduction Traveler ResponsetoTransportation System tions and traffic. opera- design; aviation; categories: Subscriber $87. print edition. the accompanies modelspreadsheet capacity type tools, and enhancements. A CD-ROM with a proto- eling techniques; and specifications for new models, tices in assessing airfield capacity and applying mod- appropriate method for capacity analysis; best prac- evaluateairfieldcapacity; selectingguidance onan ACRP Report 79 Capacity Evaluating Airfield cles and equipment. $67. Subscriber categories: aviation; environment; vehi- ators. reduction technologiesemission for use by and owners and oper- operations GSE describes that rial reduce to strategies emissionsfrompowered GSE,providesand tutoa potential - identifies ports, rial on CD-ROM, presents an inventory of GSE at air- ACRP Report 78 Tutorial Emission ReductionStrategies,Inventory, and Equipment(GSE): Ground Support Airport $77. Subscriber category: aviation. report includes a CD-ROM. the of version print The process.implementation public transportation;public trafficoperationsmanage-and forecasting;Subscribercategories:andplanning $55. stand-alone topical chapters. The users. prospective are included in this volume. respond to, and recover from a range of emergencies preparefor,and providersplanparatransit service TCRP Report 160 Operations Handbook Paratransit EmergencyPreparedness and ment; pedestrians and bicyclists. 2012; 163 pp.; TRB affiliates, $65.25; nonaffiliates, This volume describes the the describes volume This Presentedin this report are available methods to affiliates,TRBpp.; 2012;78 $50.25;nonaffiliates, This report, which includes a three-module tuto- 2012; 163 pp.; TRB affiliates, $57.75; nonaffiliates, 2013; 79 pp.; TRB affiliates,TRBpp.; 2013;79 $41.25;nonaffiliates, Guidance, strategies, tools, and resources to help and its development, offering guidance to Handbook (continued) rvlr Response Traveler osss f 15 of consists design for Transportation Project Impact Case Stud- limitationsavailableof tools, andfuture research; a SHRP 2 Report S2-C03-RR-1 Economic Systems,andLand Use Interactions BetweenTransportation Capacity, Subscriber categories: aviation; freight transportation. CD- A edition. airplanes. commercial ROM–based on software tool is included ice with the print dry for withguidelines for helping todetermine safe limits along volume, this in presented is aircraftaboard safelyquantitybemumthatmaycarriedice dry of HMCRP Report 11 Aircraft Technical IceLimitson AssessmentofDry motor carriers. transportation; freight categories: Subscriber $71. age resulted in a leak. bulk packages in accidents, whether or not the dam- DOT-specifiedU.S. todamage hazardousmaterials system to collect and characterize information about developingimplementingandreporting a database methodicalvolumeoffersated.Thea approach for evalu- and identified are collection data to lenges institutionalchal-thepresented, arepackagesand bulk materials hazardous DOT-specified U.S. for HMCRP Report 10 Data Collection Materials BulkPackageAccidentPerformance Feasibility StudyforHighwayHazardous and emergencies; security society; terminals and facilities. factors; human and safety portation; trans- publicforecasting; policy; and planning ment; manage- and administration categories: Subscriber successful aspects of seamless integration. land-water-basedand transitsystems exploresand TCRP Synthesis 102 Transit withMass Service Integrating PassengerFerry rity and emergencies. $58. 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Presentedthisvolumeinarestakeholder needs, 2013; 53 pp.; TRB affiliates: $42; nonaffiliates, $56. maxi-determiningthe technicalapproachto A 2013; 121 pp.; TRB affiliates, $53.25; nonaffiliates, Methods to collect and analyze performance data This synthesis examines the integration between 2013; 101 pp.; TRB affiliates: $43.50; nonaffiliates, TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 59 BOOK SHELF Trans- (TRR Journal) series since series Journal) (TRR 2012; 2012; 114 pp.; TRB affiliates, $48; nonaffiliates, The measurement of hydraulic conductivity in nonaffiliates, $38.25; 71 2012; pp.; TRB affiliates, This volume includes research reports on nonaffiliates, $55.50; affiliates, TRB pp.; 152 2012; fee, mileage vehicle a marginal-cost on Research nonaffiliates, $58.50; affiliates, TRB pp.; 180 2012; in addressed this timing volume include Topics The TRR Journal Online website provides electronic ac- electronic provides website Online Journal TRR The peer-reviewed 13,000 than more of text full the to cess the of part as published been have that papers portation Research Record: Journal of the Trans- the of Journal Record: Research portation Board Research portation technologies search in latest the includes site The 1996. become papers Journal TRR new as updated is and visit service, Online TRR the explore To available. org/TRROnline. www.TRB. warm-mix warm-mix asphalt filler mixtures, voids, fractional more. and additives, asphalt warm-mix envi- pavements; materials; categories: Subscriber $64. ronment. 3 2012, Vol. Mixtures Asphalt Materials and 2295 Record Research Transportation of chip performance friction surface mixes, porous and seals, texture, surface asphalt pavement open- top- the among are mixtures course friction graded volume. this in explored ics pavements. materials; categories: Subscriber $51. 4 2012, Vol. Asphalt Materials and Mixtures 2296 Record Research Transportation dynamic modulus master curves, asphalt concrete fatigue analysis, an asphalt mixture performancedevelopment damage determining evaluation, tester more. and asphalt, hot-mix in pavements. materials; categories: Subscriber $74. Issues Finance, Pricing, Economics, and Equity 2297 Record Research Transportation congestion of effects equity the in context of role the pricing, nonpublic funding options for Interstate safety rest areas, the of relationship transportation outcomes, economic local to connectivity and access volume. this in presented is topics other and policy. economics; finance; categories: Subscriber $78. and Devices, Visibility, Control Traffic 2012 Highway–Rail Grade Crossings 2298 Record Research Transportation stop paddles intervals, signal and traffic red yellow mit- guards, crossing street for lights embedded with (continued) 2012; 130 pp.; TRB affiliates, $51.75; nonaffiliates, $51.75; affiliates, TRB pp.; 130 2012; Authors Authors present research on reclaimed asphalt Subjects addressed in this volume include damage include volume this in addressed Subjects Carbon emissions from road maintenance, Carbon hot- from emissions road maintenance, nonaffiliates, $51.75; affiliates, TRB pp.; 178 2012; Papers in this volume examine traffic monitoring traffic examine volume this in Papers nonaffiliates, $58.50; affiliates, TRB pp.; 134 2012; The papers in this volume explore such topics as topics such explore volume this in papers The nonaffiliates, $55.50; affiliates, TRB pp.; 167 2012; 2012; 50 pp.; TRB affiliates, $34.50; nonaffiliates, $34.50; 50 2012; pp.; TRB affiliates, and thixotropy in asphalt mixtures, fine-graded per- fine-graded mixtures, asphalt in thixotropy and meable friction course, porous of theeffects temperature impactthe and aging, ofasphalt water on pavement. asphalt envi- pavements; materials; categories: Subscriber $69. 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Concrete Materials 2012 Materials Concrete 2290 Record Research Transportation made concrete of durability the admixtures, chemical with recycled concrete aggregates, reducing thecon- of and content photocatalytic cement, clinker pavement. crete environment. materials; categories: Subscriber $74. TRB PUBLICATIONS ies; a handbook for practitioners; and economic findings. analysis data impact highways. economics; categories: Subscriber $46. 60 TR NEWS 287 JULY–AUGUST 2013 Office at 202-334-3213. contact the Business TRB.org/bookstore/, or Bookstore, at www. visit the TRB online described in Bookshelf, To order TRB titles SHELF BOOK TRB PUBLICATIONS islation for innovations in travel demand modeling, tour-generation models, probit Bayes estimators, leg- Transportation Research Record 2302 Travel DemandForecasting 2012,Vol. 1 agement; design; safety and human factors. $59. Subscriber categories: operations and traffic man- are among the topics explored in this volume. operating characteristics of Texas Super 2 highways andsafetythe highways, andtwo-laneruralspeed using centerline and shoulder rumble strips on high- Transportation Research Record 2301 Management 2012 ofGeometricsandAccess Operational Effects $74. Subscriber category: aviation. fuel cost differences in aircraft routing, and more. ing at high-volume airports, landing fees, leveraging advanced parallel runway operations, taxi dispatch- network,trafficair aninfection-spreading in links Transportation Research Record 2300 Aviation 2012 $78. Subscriber category: pedestrians and bicyclists. more are examined in this volume. pedestrians,and for communicationsystemrange the from data National Household using Travel studies Survey, pedestrian a and dedicated cle short- ity in a pedestrian network, midblock crossings, bicy- Transportation Research Record 2299 Pedestrians 2012 agement; safety and human factors; rail. $62. Subscriber categories: operations and traffic man- rural roads. symbolsigns, and high-beam usage on low-volume nonstandard problem, zone dilemma the igating Transportation Research Record 2303 Travel DemandForecasting 2012,Vol. 2 $81. Subscriber category: planning and forecasting. trip distribution models, and more. ingregional modeling of nonmotorized travel, green 2012; 200 pp.; TRB affiliates, $60.75; nonaffiliates, Authors present research on sketch planning, sketch on research present Authors affiliates,TRBpp.; 2012;85 $44.25;nonaffiliates, sustainability, urban for speeds vehicle Motor 2012; 161 pp.; TRB affiliates, $55.50; nonaffiliates, Authors present research on airport surface safety, 2012; 179 pp.; TRB affiliates, $58.50; nonaffiliates, Pedestrian behavior, accessibility and connectiv- 2012; 103 pp.; TRB affiliates, $46.50; nonaffiliates, The papers in this volume examine topics includ- (continued) education and training; administrationforecasting; Subscribercategories:andplanning and$74. management. trip generation methodologies. ropolitanplanningorganization, smartgrowthand region, an alternative planning tool for a small met- spective, factors influencing walking in amegaregion per- smalla fromroutes high-speedrailurban tial in community-based transportation planning, poten- transportationplanning, includingapproach newa Transportation Research Record 2307 Planning 2012 $78. Subscriber category: pavements. volume. properties–vehicleinteraction areaddressed this in tion characteristics of pavement sections, and surface Transportation Research Record 2306 Pavement Management2012,Vol. 3 $78. Subscriber category: pavements. ment design and performance. the implications of climate change for flexible pave- transfer for jointed precast concrete pavements, and load jointresponses, transfer load joint on effects overlays on asphalt pavements, concrete slab curling temperature gradients for ultrathin bonded concrete Transportation Research Record 2305 Pavement Management2012,Vol. 2 $81. Subscriber category: pavements. in this volume. of pavement images for crack detection is presented mentstructural numbers, regionand segmentation pave- estimate to model a analysis, cost life-cycle ment decisions, traffic-speed deflectometers, realistic ment designs, pavement rehabilitation and manage- Transportation Research Record 2304 Pavement Management2012,Vol. 1 $64. Subscriber category: planning and forecasting. and accessibility, and estimating rest area use. model systems for activity-based modeling, trip rates and active access to rail transit stations, socioeconomic 2012; 149 pp.; TRB affiliatesTRBpp.;2012;149 $55.50;nonaffiliates, 2012; 195 pp.; TRB affiliates $58.50; nonaffiliates, 2012; 176 pp.; TRB affiliates $58.50; nonaffiliates, 2012; 204 pp.; TRB affiliates $60.75; nonaffiliates, nonaffiliates, $48; affiliates, TRB pp.; 124 2012; The 15 papers in this volume examine aspects of rehabilitation,Pavementdeforma-strength and as suchtopics on papersincludesvolume This Research on the sustainability of perpetual pave- INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS TO TR NEWS

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Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting January 12–16, 2014 ▪ Washington, D.C. CELEBRATING OUR LEGACY, ANTICIPATING OUR FUTURE he theme for 2014 focuses on the TRB Annual Meeting’s Ⅲ Network with nearly 12,000 transportation professionals; Tfarewell year at the Connecticut Avenue hotels, the gather- Ⅲ Take advantage of 4,000-plus presentations in approximately ing site for nearly 60 years, and the move to the Walter E. 750 sessions and specialty workshops; and Washington Convention Center in 2015. Several sessions and Ⅲ Learn from more than 150 exhibits showcasing a variety of workshops will explore this milestone for TRB. In addition, transportation-related products and services. spotlight sessions, workshops, and discussions will address critical transportation issues such as performance measure- Exhibit and Marketing Opportunities ment, energy’s changing landscape, automated driving and Show your organization’s support for transportation research connected vehicles, extreme weather events, and big data. and innovation by becoming the Sole Supporter of the Mobile App or an Annual Meeting Patron, Advertiser, or Exhibitor. Plan now to Ⅲ Examine recent developments and changing contexts that Information may affect transportation policy making, planning, design, Registration is now open! construction, operations, and maintenance; Register before November 30, 2013, to take advantage of Ⅲ Explore with stakeholders and subject-matter experts the lower fees. role of research in addressing critical transportation issues; Ⅲ Discover how international, federal, state, regional, and local For more information, visit transportation agencies are deploying the latest techniques » www.TRB.org/AnnualMeeting. and strategies;

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