Humanitarian Logistics: Why Logistics is Central to Disaster Management
Jennifer Schwarz | Martin Kessler Research Associates Berlin University of Technology
Bereich Logistik Berlin University of Technology (TU Berlin)
312 professorships (inc. Junior professorships) 1.877 research associates 28.344 students, thereof 5.598 international students (20%) 2.086 student assistants average 31 Habilitations per year since 2000 average 410 Promotions per year since 2000
Budget 2008: 259,6 Mio. € Third-party-funds 2008: 81,0 Mio. € TOP 10 third-party-funded universities in Germany More than 1.200 research projects 110 research cooperations with renowned international universities in more than 30 countries
Bereich Logistik PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS
Bereich Logistik Epic Disasters Covered by the Media
Hurricane Katrina 2005: Haiti Earthquake 2010: 1.836 casualties 225.000 casualties economic damage 125 bil. US$ Economic damage 8 bil. US$
Bereich Logistik Threat of Life Through Natural Disasters
0-1.000 casualties and affected people per 100.000 habitants
1.001-5.000 casualties and affected people per 100.000 habitants
5.001 and more casualties and affected people per 100.000 habitants Source: Em-Dat 2010
Bereich Logistik Economic Damage through Natural Disasters
up to 3 bil. US$ per year
3 to 6 bil. US$ per year
more than 6 bil US$ per year Sources: Em-Dat 2010, maplecroft 2009
Bereich Logistik Scope on the Southern African Region
Angola Zambia Botswana
# of disasters (1) 31 # of disasters 19 # of disasters 7
drought, drought, drought, Types of most Types of most Types of most epidemic, epidemic, epidemic, significant disasters significant disasters significant disasters flood flood flood
Total nb of deaths 4,131 Total nb of deaths 541 Total nb of deaths 472
331,700 1,400,000 138,776 Maximum affected Maximum affected Maximum affected (flood, 2004) (flood, 2007) (flood, 2000)
Namibia South Africa # of disasters 35 # of disasters 15 Angola Zambia drought, epidemic Types of most Types of most epidemic, flood, storm, significant disasters significant disasters flood drought Namibia Botsw ana Total nb of deaths 308 Total nb of deaths 393 15,000,000 350,000 Maximum affected (drought, (flood, 2009) Maximum affected South Africa 2004) (1) A disaster is defined when at least one of the following criteria is fulfilled:10 or more people reported killed / 100 people reported affected / a call for international assistance / declaration of a state of emergency Source: Em-Dat 2010
Bereich Logistik Why Logistics?
Cost Distribution in percentage Volume and Structure of the Humanitarian Sector Administration and Personnel 100 20 90 Warehousing 15 65 and Transportation
Procurement 10 Humanitarian Development Disaster Aid Aid Relief
Sources: Kov acs und Spens 2010, Schulz 2009
Bereich Logistik Humanitarian logistics – what is it?
Humanitarian logistics definition by Thomas: Humanitarian Logistics is defined as the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials, as well as related information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of alleviating the suffering of vulnerable
people . Source: Thomas 2003
Broader definition by TU Berlin: Long Term
Social and Economic Development Short Term Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Disaster Relief
Bereich Logistik Commercial vs. Humanitarian Logistics: Some Aspects
Commercial Supply Chain Humanitarian ReliefChain
Strategic maximize profitability and achieve high customer minimize loss of life and alleviate suffering Goals satisfaction. What is productsand services supplies and people „Demand“? Demand relatively stable, mostly predictable highly variable and unpredictable in terms of Pattern timing , location, type, and size Distribution well-defined methods for determining the number challenging due to the nature of the unknowns Networks and locations of distributions centers (locations, type, and size of events, politics, and culture), and “last mile” considerations
Inventory well-defined methods for determining inventory inventory control is challenging due to the high Control levels based on lead time, demand and target variations in lead times, demands and demand customer service levels. locations. Information holistic,using advanced technology. informationis often unreliable, incomplete or non- System existent. IT in NGOs lack consistency and transparency Performance focused on resource performance measures, such focused on output performance measures, such Measurement as ROI, turn over rates. as time required to respond to a disaster or ability System to meet the needs of the disaster
Sources: Beamon 2004
Bereich Logistik Different phases of disaster relief
Lessons learned
Preparedness Response Recovery
impact
Source: modified from Petit & Beresford 2006
Bereich Logistik Challenges
• Cross-organizational learning • Information and knowledge • Ex post evaluation • Develop systems, tools and staff Lessons learned
• Tracking of goods and supplies • Transparencyof donations • Rebuild infrastructure
Preparedness Recovery • Responsibilities • Coordination • Pre-positioning of stocks impact • Logistics capacity building
Response
• Urgency of help • Situation assessment • Access to affected areas • Availability of logistics capacities
Bereich Logistik PART TWO: CASE STUDY AND DISCUSSION
Bereich Logistik Floods in Namibia
affected people Impact of floods 2000 - 2010 fatalities 350000 105
300000 90
250000 75
200000 60
150000 45
100000 30
50000 15
0 0 2009 2010 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: Em-Dat 2010 & IFRC 2010
Bereich Logistik Flood affected regions during the last 10 years
2009 2010 2005 2003 2004 2009 2008 2008 2007 2010 2008
2009
2004
2006 2006
Source: Bereich http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=de&des=w Logistik g&geo=-154&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500 Challenges and contradictions in the northern part of Namibia
Disasters
Density
Malaria infection Water access
Bereich Logistik Flood 2009: A brief overview
Source: www. nimg.sulekha.com Source: www.blogs.miror.co.uk Source: www.namibi an.com.na
Six regions in northern and north eastern regions were affected 350.000 people were affected, more than 100 people died, 55.000 had been displaced 70 – 80 % loss of crop production Inaccessible health facilites due to destroyed roads Limited access to food markets increased prices by 37 % Increased transport costs by 50 % due to destroyed and submerged roads US$ 241 Million due to damages and losses (World Bank) Outbreak of Cholera in Kunene region
Bereich Logistik Flood 2009: Challenges
Infrastructure
Lack of sustainable and disaster-resilient infrastructure Inadequate communication facilities within the outlying facilities
Information availability Lack of standard definition of who is affected Measurements to guide national and international relief efforts Lack of an effective flood early warning system
Logistics capacity Failure to pre-position emergency relief materials at strategic sites Inadequate staff skills in disaster logistics Inadequate warehouse spaces
Bereich Logistik How to tackle this challenges?
Preparedness The better prepared the more effective the response Response
HOW? Create and establish short-and long-term activities
Operation and Human Knowledge WHERE? process Finance ressources management management
Government, Districts, WHO ? NGOs, IGOs Private sector Communities
Ensure coordination and cooperation between each element
Bereich Logistik Best practice example: TNT & WFP
Act more responsible and enable sustainable aid and assitance to rapidly respond to emergencies
Permanent partnership between TNT and WFP “Moving the World“ since 2002 Over the past five years, TNT has supported WFP in relief operations in countries all over the world – providing 550 staff members as well as trucks, warehouses, airlifts and boat rentals. Content of the partnership Free training for locals, know-how transfer and fundraising money for WFP Provision of emergency response teams within less than 48 hours to assist in humanitarian emergencies by TNT in Aviation, Warehousing, Transportation, Reporting and Communication
Benefits for both parties: Win-win situation
Bereich Logistik Implications and conclusions iatrrle su o8 ecn logisticspercent 80 to up is relief disaster
Long term strategies facilitating short term response:
promote capacity building and training cost s preposition stocks encourage research and education in humanitarian logistics promote cooperation between humanitarians, business and academics
late to develop solutions develop a common language among the involved parties design emergency plans and standard procedures When a disaster strikes it is already too
Bereich Logistik Any questions?
Emergency depot
Bereich Logistik