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Identification of Femtocells in Mobile Networks

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Identification of Femtocells in Mobile Networks Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Electrical Engineering Doctoral Thesis April 2017 Ing. Marek Sedlacek Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department of Telecommunication Engineering Identification of femtocells in mobile networks Doctoral Thesis Ing. Marek Sedlacek Prague, (April 2017) Ph.D. Programme: Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Branch of study: Telecommunication Engineering Supervisor: Ing. Robert Bestak, Ph.D. Declaration I hereby submit for the evaluation and defence the dissertation thesis elaborated at the Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering. I declare I have accomplished my final thesis by myself and I have named all the sources used in accordance with the Guideline on ethical preparation of university final theses. 18 April 2017 Prague, Czech Republic Marek Sedláček Acknowledgment I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Ing. Robert Bestak, PhD. of the Department of Telecommunication Engineering at Czech Technical University in Prague. The door to Dr. Bestak office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research or writing. He consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right the direction whenever he thought I needed it. Moreover, I would like to thank all people who I discussed about my research, and who support me during my study. Especially, these thanks make towards my girlfriend Klara Blazkova for great patience and backing. Abstract The evolving mobile networks are requested to convey increasing data traffic as popularity of online services together with affordability of mobile devices is growing. One solution to mobile carriers, which can help them quickly deploy small base stations (BS) ensuring great indoor coverage with minimum costs, and high data rate capability, is femtocell technology. However, standard deployment techniques are unsatisfactory for these type of BSs. There are two main reasons for that. Firstly, femtocells will be deployed in great numbers. Secondly, they are deployed by users and are portable. It means their position is not known in advance, and can vary in time. Therefore, femtocells have to implement self-configuration principles. Physical Cell Identity is one of the most important parameters to be chosen automatically under defined conditions. It is crucial parameter, which allows them to convey a communication between a user equipment and a core network. A study on Physical Cell Identity issues in mobile networks with femtocells is presented in my thesis. For this purpose, I created two different models of femtocells deployment and deal with a collision and a confusion. They are two main problems, which threaten proper Physical Cell Identity assignment in mobile networks. Outputs of the thesis serves for better understanding of interrelations between differently placed femtocells in term of collision and confusion issue and as the basis to design the framework handling Physical Cell Identity allocation. The simulations conducted on proposed models were utilized to obtain probability characteristics and indicators based on graph theory. In the evaluation section, I appoint several characteristics as probability of collision, probability of confusion and maximal number of neighbourhood cells and some others to support solution of collision and confusion issue. I use results of evaluation and layout the framework for automated Physical Cell Identity assignment with two different approaches, the distributed one, and the centralized one. Since, femtocells are subcategory of small cells so findings, mentioned in this thesis, can also be used for other types of small cells. Keywords: Femtocells, Small cells, Physical Cell Identity, Mobile networks, Identification, Collision, Confusion. 4G, LTE. Abstrakt Vzhledem ke skutečnosti, že objemy přenášených dat v mobilních sítích se neustále zvyšují, zejména díky vzrůstající popularitě online služeb a stále rostoucí dostupností mobilních zařízení, nastupující mobilní sítě se musejí s těmito nároky vyrovnat. Jedním z možných řešení je technologie femtobuněk, která operátorům umožní rychle a s minimálními náklady nasadit základnové stanice podporující vysokorychlostní datové přenosy, které efektivně řeší pokrytí vnitřních prostor budov. Avšak femtobuňky neumožňují zachovat současné principy aplikované pro budování základnových stanic, které spoléhaly na předem připravené plánování a statickou alokaci parametrů. Existují dva hlavní důvody, proč nelze uplatnit současný přístup. Prvním je skutečnost, že femtobuňky budou rozmisťovány ve velkých počtech. Druhým důvodem je jejich přenositelnost a zprovozňování samotnými uživateli, což znamená, že jejich poloha není předem určená a může se v čase měnit. Z toho důvodu je nutné začlenit řešení založená na samočinné konfiguraci. Fyzická identita buněk je jedním z hlavních parametrů, který se musí automatizovaně přiřazovat. Je to kritický parametr, jenž umožňuje femtobuňkám zprostředkovat komunikaci mezi uživatelským terminálem a páteřní sítí. V této práci je představena studie na problémy spojené s přiřazením fyzické identity buňky. Pro tyto účely jsem vytvořil dva modely rozmístění femtobuněk a zabýval se kolizí a konfuzí, dvěma hlavními problémy, jež jsou spojené přiřazováním fyzických identifikátorů buněk v mobilních sítích. Výstupy této práce slouží, k detailnějšímu pochopení vzájemných vztahů mezi femtobuňkami z hlediska kolize a konfuze a také jako základ pro návrh rámce řešícího automatizované přidělování fyzických identifikátorů buněk. Simulace provedené na navržených modelech byly využity pro vytvoření pravděpodobnostních charakteristik a získání indikátorů založených teorii grafů. V části zabývající se vyhodnocením simulací jsem stanovil několik charakteristik, které pomohou s řešením kolize a konfuze, jako například pravděpodobnost kolize, pravděpodobnost konfuze, maximální počet sousedních buněk a další. Na základě stanovených ukazatelů získaných z provedených simulací jsem navrhl rámec, který umožnuje flexibilně řešit automatizované přidělování fyzických identifikátorů buněk a to na základě dvou různých přístupů, distribuovaného a centralizovaného. Poznatky této práce mohou být také využity pro ostatní typy malých buněk, tzv. Small Cells, jelikož femtobuňky jsou jedna z jejich podkategorií. Klíčová slova: Femtobuňky, Malé buňky, Fyzický identifikátor buňky, Mobilní sítě, Identifikace, Kolize, Konfuze, 4G, LTE. Content LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................... 11 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.2 HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS (HETNET) ................................................................................................. 17 1.3 MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION MARKET ................................................................................................. 18 1.4 SMALL CELLS ENABLERS........................................................................................................................ 21 1.5 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO 3GPP SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE EVOLVED ............................................................... 22 1.6 FEMTOCELL TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 23 1.7 AIMS OF THESIS .................................................................................................................................. 34 1.8 STRUCTURE OF WORK .......................................................................................................................... 35 2 IDENTIFICATION FEMTOCELLS .......................................................................................................... 37 2.1 FEMTOCELL SETUP IN TERM OF SON ...................................................................................................... 38 2.2 PHYSICAL CELL IDENTITIES .................................................................................................................... 41 2.3 STANDARDIZATION OUTLINES ................................................................................................................ 43 2.4 RELATED WORKS ON PCI IDENTITY ASSIGNMENT ....................................................................................... 45 3 TOPOLOGY MODELS AND USED APPROACH ..................................................................................... 52 3.1 ADJACENCY ....................................................................................................................................... 52 3.2 CLUSTERS ......................................................................................................................................... 54 3.3 RANDOM MODEL ............................................................................................................................... 55 3.4 DENSE URBAN MODEL ........................................................................................................................ 57 3.5 PROBABILITY
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