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Systematics of Boletaceae from the Guiana Shield

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Systematics of Boletaceae from the Guiana Shield SYSTEMATICS OF BOLETACEAE FROM THE GUIANA SHIELD by Tara Diva Fulgenzi A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts In Biological Sciences May 2009 SYSTEMATICS OF BOLETACEAE FROM THE GUIANA SHIELD by Tara Diva Fulgenzi We certify that we have read this study and that it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully acceptable, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Dr. Terry Henkel, Major Professor Date Dr. Mihai Tomescu, Committee Member Date Dr. Brian Arbogast, Committee Member Date Dr. Michael Mesler, Graduate Coordinator, Committee Member Date Chris A. Hopper, Interim Graduate Dean Date ABSTRACT SYSTEMATICS OF BOLETACEAE FROM THE GUIANA SHIELD Tara Diva Fulgenzi This work is a taxonomic study of nine species in the ectomycorrhizal fungal family Boletaceae (Basidiomycota) from Neotropical rainforests of Guyana, in northeastern South America. Morphospecies collections from the following genera were studied: Tylopilus, Boletellus, Austroboletus, and Fistulinella. Of these taxa, five were deemed to be new species and were given complete descriptions, distributions, visual documentation of salient features, and accompanying holotype collections. The remaining four taxa were deemed to have been previously described and were thus given new distribution records, and accompanying taxonomic descriptions which highlighted salient features that differed in the material studied from the material previously described. New taxa include Tylopilus orsonianus, Boletellus exiguus, Boletellus dicymbophilus, Boletellus piakaii, and Fistulinella cinereoalba. New distribution records were given to Tylopilus eximius, Boletellus ananas var. ananas, Austroboletus rostrupii, and Austroboletus festivus. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was made possible by grants made to Dr. Terry Henkel from the National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration, the Smithsonian Insitution’s Biological Diversity of the Guianas Program, the Linnaean Society of London, the Duke University Department of Botany, and the Humboldt State University Foundation. Grants provided by the Sonoma County Mycological Association and the Greg Jennings Award also facilitated this research. Field assistance in Guyana was provided by Mimi Chin, Cathie Aime, Christopher Andrew, Leonard Williams, Valentino Joseph, Francino Edmond, and Luciano Edmond. Research permits were granted by the Guyana Environment Protection Agency. The author would like to thank Dr. Terry W. Henkel for his excellent advising, and for providing extremely useful editorial comments on resulting manuscripts, insights, support, and camaraderie in the field and office. Dr. Roy E. Halling provided invaluable help, insights, and support throughout this project. Jordan R. Mayor provided line drawings in the Boletellus chapter. Christian Feuillet provided the Latin translation for Boletellus piakaii. Nomenclatural clarifications from Scott Redhead are greatly appreciated. Excellent critical reviews were provided by boletologists Beatriz Ortiz-Santana and Timothy Baroni. Shaun Pennycook provided valuable nomenclatural advice. The members of the Sonoma County Mycological Society are thanked for financial support. The following professors at Humboldt State University, Leslie Vandermolen, Dr. Mark Wilson, and Dr. Bruce O’Gara provided invaluable support throughout my college career. My committee members Dr. Michael iv Mesler, Dr. Mihai Tomescu, and Dr. Brian Arbogast are thanked for their support and involvement in this project. My family and friends are thanked for their love, support, and companionship along the way. Lastly I would like to recognize the beautiful country of Guyana for still providing the world with new wonders, and to the countrysides of Humboldt County and Oahu for providing much needed solace. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1 TYLOPILUS ORSONIANUS SP. NOV. AND TYLOPILUS EXIMIUS FROM GUYANA............................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 NEW SPECIES OF BOLETELLUS AND A NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD FOR BOLETELLUS ANANAS VAR. ANANAS............................................... 22 CHAPTER 3 FISTULINELLA CINEREOALBA SP. NOV AND NEW DISTRIBUION RECORDS FOR AUSTROBOLETUS FROM GUYANA................................................ 53 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................... 75 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Basidiomata of Tylopilus orsonianus (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8106), × 0.7................. 12 2. Microscopic features of Tylopilus orsonianus (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8106) a. Basidia. b. Basidiospores. c. Cystidia. Bar = 10 μm........................................................... 12 3. Basidiomata of Tylopilus eximius. a. Immature basidioma (Henkel 7433), × 1.5. b. Mature basidioma showing hymenophore (Henkel 8059), × 1. ........................... 18 4. Microscopic features of Tylopilus eximius (Henkel 8059). a. Basidia. b.Basidiospores. c. Cystidia. Bar = 10 μm. ...................................................................................... 19 5. Basidiomata of Boletellus exiguus (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8696). Bar = 10 mm. ...... 29 6. Microscopic features of Boletellus exiguus (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8696) a. Basidia. b. Pleurocystidia, in Melzer’s. c. Basidiospores. Bar = 10 µm................................ 29 7. Basidiomata of Boletellus dicymbophilus (Henkel 8818). Bar = 10 mm.................... 35 8. Microscopic features of Boletellus dicymbophilus (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8616) a. Basidia. b. Pleurocystidia. c. Basidiospores. Bar = 10 µm................................... 35 9. Basidioma of Boletellus piakaii (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8728). a. Dorsal. b. Ventral. Bar = 10 mm. ........................................................................................................ 41 10. Microscopic features of Boletellus piakaii (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8728) a. Basidia. b. Pleurocystidia. c. Basidiospores. Bar = 10 µm.................................................... 41 11. Basidiomata of Boletellus ananas var. ananas. a. Henkel 8819. b. Fruiting habit on humic deposit of Dicymbe trunk, Upper Potaro Basin, Guyana. Bar = 10 mm... 48 12. Microscopic features of Boletellus ananas var. ananas (Henkel 8168) a. Basidia. b. Pleurocystidia. c. Basidiospores. Bar = 10 µm.................................................... 48 13. Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores of Boletellus species from Guyana. a. Boletellus exiguus (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8696), ×6700. b. Boletellusexiguus (Henkel 8809), ×8900. c. Boletellus dicymbophilus (Henkel 8824), ×3200. Bar = 1 µm. ........................................................................................................................ 52 14. Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores of Boletellus species from Guyana. a. Boletellus piakaii (Henkel 8013) ×4000. b. Boletellus ananas var. ananas (Henkel 8168) ×6300. ........................................................................................... 52 vii 15. Basidiomata of Fistulinella cinereoalba. a. HOLOTYPE (Henkel 8471). b. Field habit, Upper Potaro Basin, Guyana. Bar = 10 mm. .............................................. 60 16. Microscopic features of Fistulinella cinereoalba (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8471) a. Basidia. b. Pleurocystidia. c. Basidiospores. d. Cheilocystidia. Bar = 10 µm..... 60 17. Basidiomata of Austroboletus rostrupii. a. Henkel 8189. b. Field habit, Upper Ireng Basin, Guyana. Bar = 10 mm............................................................................... 66 18. Microscopic features of Austroboletus rostrupii (Henkel 8189) a. Basidia. b Basidiospores. c. Pleurocystidia. Bar = 10 µm.................................................... 66 19. Basidiomata of Austroboletus festivus. a. Henkel 8164. b. Mature specimen, Upper Potaro Basin, Guyana. Bar = 10 mm. .................................................................. 72 20. Microscopic features of Austroboletus festivus (Henkel 8164) a. Basidia. b. Pleurocystidia. c. Basidiospores. d. Cheilocystidia. Bar = 10 µm....................... 72 21. Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores. a. Austroboletus rostrupii (Henkel 8189). b. Fistulinella cinereoalba (HOLOTYPE; Henkel 8471). c. Austroboletus festivus (Henkel 8164). Bar = 1 µm. .................................................................... 74 viii INTRODUCTION Fungal diversity, function, and the importance of taxonomy. It is estimated that there are 1.2−1.5 million species of fungi worldwide, yet less than 75,000 species (5 %) have been described (Hawksworth 2001). The majority of the world’s unknown fungal diversity lies within twenty degrees north and twenty degrees south; i.e. the tropics (Hawksworth 2001; Watling et al 2002). Fungi are integral parts of ecosystems
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