Compte Rendu 64/2017 Publié Par Le Secrétariat Du Conseil

C O N S E J O I N T E R N A C I O N A L D E N U M I S M Á T I C A I N T E R N A T I O N A L N U M I S M A T I C C O U N C I L C O N S E I L I N T E R N A T I O N A L D E N U M I S M A T I Q U E I N T E R N A T I O N A L E R N U M I S M A T I S C H E R R A T C O N S I G L I O I N T E R N A Z I O N A L E D I N U M I S M A T I C A

compte rendu 64/2017 Publié par le Secrétariat du Conseil

Layout and proofreading EN /FR : Jan MOENS (KBGN - SRNB )

INTERNATI ONAL NUMIS MATIC COUNCIL

CONSEIL INTERNATI ONAL DE NUMIS MATIQUE

TABLE OF CONTENTS – SOMMAIRE

COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE 1

STATUTS|CONSTITUTION 3

LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS The law and practice regarding coin finds: Bulgaria, by Ilya Prokopov 15

FAMOUS NUMISMATISTS Domenico Sestini (1750-1832), by Giovanni Gorini 18

FAMOUS COLLECTORS Ludovico Stanzani (1784-1872), by Arianna D’Ottone 26

NUMISMATIC COLLECTIONS Historisches Museum Frankfurt: Münzkabinett, by Frank Berger 31

OBITUARIES Kolbjørn Skaare (1931-2017), by Svein Harald Gullbekk and Håkon Roland 39 Theodore V. Buttrey (1929-2018), by William Metcalf 42 Jean-Baptiste Giard (1932-2018), by Hadrien Rambach 46

VARIA Numismatists lived much longer! An investigation about the average age at death of numismatists (c. 1550-2018), by François de Callataÿ 50

MEETING OF THE INC Meeting of the Committee (Warsaw, 24 th -25 th , 2017) 66

REPORTS 2017 70

ACCOUNTS OF THE INC 88

AUDITORS’ REPORT 89

MEMBERS Institutional members 90 Honorary members 106

COMMITTEE – BUREAU

(elected September 20 th, 2015 in / élu le 20 septembre 2015 à Taormina )

President – Président

HR Dr. Michael Alram Münzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum õ Burgring 5, a-1010 Wien (Österreich/Austria) s +43 1 525 24 4201 e [email protected]

Vice -Presidents – Vice -présidents

Prof. Maria Caccamo Caltabiano Dipartimento di Civiltà Antiche e Moderne – Numismatica, Cattedra di numismatica greca e romana, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosoﬁa õ Università degli Studi di Messina Polo Annunziata, i-98168 Messina (Italia/Italy) s +39 090 350 3397 e [email protected]

Prof. Pere Pau Ripollès Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga õ Universitat de València Blasco Ibáñez 28, e-46010 València (España/ Spain) s +34 96386 42 42 e [email protected]

Secretary – Secrétaire

Prof. François de Callataÿ Bibliothèque royale de Belgique – Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België õ Blvd. de l’Empereur 4 – Keizerslaan 4, b-1000 Bruxelles (Belgique/ Belgium) s +32 2 519 56 03 e [email protected] composition of the board 2

Treasurer – Trésorier

Prof. Dr. Bernhard Weisser Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin õ Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 6, d-10117 Berlin (Deutschland /Germany) s +49 30 266 42-5401 e [email protected]

Ofcers – Membres du bureau

International Numismatic Congress Warsaw 2021 Prof. Aleksander Bursche Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw õ Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, pl -00-927 Warsaw (Polska/ Poland) s +48 22 552 2827 e [email protected]

Editors International Numismatic e-Newsletter INeN Dr. Ute Wartenberg Kagan The American Numismatic Society õ 75 Varick Street, Floor 11, New York, ny 10013 ( usa ) s +1 212 571 4470 ext. 110 e [email protected] Prof. Andrew Meadows University of Oxford õ New College, Oxford, ox1 3bn (United Kingdom) e [email protected]

Editor Website INC Dr. Cecilia von Heijne The Royal Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Economy õ P.O. Box 5428, se -114 84 Stockholm (Sverige/Sweden) s +46 8 519 553 29 e [email protected]

u http://www.inc-cin.org

STATUTEN des Internationalen Numismatischen Rates (INR) Angenommen am 20. September, 2015 in Taormina

NAME, SITZ UND ZWECK

Artikel 1 – Name, Sitz

Unter dem Namen ‘Internationaler Numismatischer Rat’ (‘inr ’) besteht eine Vereinigung, die seit dem 20. September 2015 als gemeinnütziger Verein im Sinne von Artikel 60 ff. des schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches konstituiert ist. Der Verein hat seinen Sitz in Winterthur, Schweiz, oder an einem anderen vom Vorstand bestimmten Ort in der Schweiz .

Artikel 2 – Zweck

Der Zweck des inr ist die Förderung der Numismatik und verwandter Diszipli- nen zur Erleichterung der Kooperation von Privatpersonen und Institutionen im Bereich der Numismatik und verwandter Forschungsdisziplinen. Dieser Zweck soll insbesondere erreicht werden durch folgende Aktivitäten: (a) die Information der Öffentlichkeit über das Gebiet der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen (z.B. durch Herausgabe eines Newsletters); (b) die Übernahme des Patronats für Projekte, Veröffentlichungen und Konfe- renzen im Bereich der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen; (c) die Organisation des Internationalen Numismatischen Kongresses und an- derer Aktivitäten im Bereiche der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen; (d) Unterstützung öffentlicher und privater Bestrebungen auf dem Gebiet der Numismatik und verwandter Disziplinen.

MITGLIEDSCHAFT

Artikel 3 – Mitglieder

Folgende Organisationen können Mitglied des inr werden: (a) Öffentliche Münzsammlungen; (b) Universitäten, nichtkommerzielle numismatische Organisationen, Institu- tionen und Gesellschaften (regional, national, international); (c) Münzstätten. Natürliche Personen, die sich um den inr oder die Numismatik in hohem Masse verdient gemacht haben, können von der Generalversammlung auf Vorschlag des Vorstands zu Ehrenmitgliedern ernannt werden.

Artikel 4 – Beginn der Mitgliedschaft

Die Aufnahme erfolgt aufgrund eines schriftlichen Aufnahmegesuchs an den Vorstand. Der Vorstand entscheidet über die Aufnahme nach Massgabe der Statuten. Es besteht kein Anspruch auf Aufnahme, und ein Aufnahmegesuch kann ohne Angabe eines Grundes abgewiesen werden. 4 verfassung | articles of association

Artikel 5 – Mitgliederbeitrag

Die Mitglieder haben einen jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrag zu bezahlen. Die Höhe des jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrags wird auf Vorschlag des Vorstands durch die Generalversammlung festgelegt. Ehrenmitglieder sind von der Beitragspflicht befreit.

Artikel 6 – Austritt

Ein Austritt kann jederzeit durch schriftliche Anzeige an den Vorstand auf das Ende eines Kalenderjahres erfolgen. Die Austrittserklärung entbindet nicht von der Erfüllung der Pflicht, den Mitgliederbeitrag für das laufende Kalenderjahr zu bezahlen. Bei Austritt besteht kein persönlicher Anspruch des Mitglieds auf das Vereinsvermögen.

Artikel 7 – Ausschluss

Der Vorstand kann aus wichtigem Grund Mitglieder ausschliessen. Als wichti- ger Grund gilt insbesondere, wenn ein Mitglied (a) die Mitgliedschaftskriterien gemäss Artikel 3 nicht mehr erfüllt; (b) es versäumt, den jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrag pünktlich zu bezahlen; (c) das ordnungsgemässe Funktionieren des inr ernsthaft stört oder bedroht; oder (d) den Ruf und das Ansehen des inr in Verruf bringt brings. Entscheidungen des Vorstandes über den Ausschluss eines Mitgliedes können an die Generalversammlung weitergezogen werden. Der Entscheid der General- versammlung ist endgültig. Ein Mitglied kann zudem jederzeit aufgrund eines Beschlusses der General- versammlung, dem drei Viertel der an der Generalversammlung anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder zugestimmt haben, ausgeschlossen werden. Ein solcher Beschluss muss nicht begründet werden. Der Ausschluss durch Entscheid des Vorstandes oder der Generalversammlung entbindet das Mitglied nicht von seiner Pflicht, den Mitgliederbeitrag für das laufende Kalenderjahr zu bezahlen. Bei Ausschluss besteht kein persönlicher Anspruch des Mitglieds auf das Vereinsvermögen.

ORGANISATION

Artikel 8 – Organisation

Ordentliche Organe des inr sind die Generalversammlung, der Vorstand und die Revisionsstelle.

GENERALVERSAMMLUNG

Artikel 9 – Generalversammlung

Die Generalversammlung ist das oberste Organ des inr. verfassung | articles of association 5

Artikel 10 – Kompetenzen der Generalversammlung

Der Generalversammlung fallen folgende Aufgaben zu: (a) Wahl der Vorstandsmitglieder sowie der Revisionsstelle; (b) Abnahme des Jahresberichtes und der Jahresrechnung; (c) Entgegennahme des Berichts der Revisionsstelle; (d) Festlegung des Veranstaltungsortes des Internationalen Numismatischen Kongresses; (e) Entlastung des Vorstandes; (f) Festsetzung des jährlichen Mitgliederbeitrages für jeweils die folgenden sechs Kalenderjahre; (g) Anpassungen und Änderungen der Statuten; (h) Beschlussfassung gemäss Artikel 3 Abs. 2, Artikel 7 Abs. 3 und Artikel 26.

Artikel 11 – Ordentliche Generalversammlung

Die ordentliche Generalversammlung ﬁndet alle sechs Jahre, wenn möglich jeweils anlässlich des Internationalen Numismatischen Kongresses, statt. Datum und Ort werden vom Vorstand festgelegt und den Mitgliedern mindestens drei Monate im Voraus bekannt gegeben. In den anderen Jahren werden die Beschlüsse zu Artikel 10 Bst. (b), (c) und (d) und etwaigen weiteren traktandierten Gegenständen durch Abstimmung auf dem Korrespondenzweg (per Brief, Telefax oder E-Mail) gefasst. Jedes Mitglied hat eine Stimme. Mitglieder, die ihren Beitrag nicht bezahlt haben, sind nicht nur Abstimmung zugelassen. Massgebend ist, vorbehältlich anderslautender Statutenbestimmungen, das einfache Mehr der innert einer vom Vorstand ge- setzten, mindestens 20-tägigen, Frist abgegebenen Stimmen.

Artikel 12 – Ausserordentliche Generalversammlung

Der Präsident/die Präsidentin oder der Vorstand können bei Bedarf jederzeit eine ausserordentliche Generalversammlung einberufen. Eine ausserordentliche Generalversammlung muss einberufen werden, falls dies ein Fünftel der Mitglieder schriftlich verlangt.

Artikel 13 – Einberufung, Traktanden

Vorbehältlich anderslautender Statutenbestimmungen haben Einladungen zur Generalversammlung spätestens zwanzig Tage im Voraus schriftlich per Brief, Telefax oder E-Mail an alle Mitglieder zu erfolgen. Die Einladung hat die Traktandenliste zu enthalten. Anträge von Mitgliedern zuhanden der Traktandenliste werden nur berück- sichtigt, wenn sie mindestens sechs Wochen vor der Generalversammlung schriftlich (per Einschreiben) und mit kurzer Begründung versehen dem Prä- sidenten/der Präsidentin zugestellt werden.

Artikel 14 – Versammlungsleitung, Protokoll

Die Versammlung wird vom Präsidenten/der Präsidentin oder, bei dessen/deren Verhinderung, von einem Vizepräsidenten/einer Vizepräsidentin und, bei Ab- 6 verfassung | articles of association wesenheit beider Vizepräsidenten/Vizepräsidentinnen, von einem/einer Tages- vorsitzenden geleitet, der/die von der Mehrheit der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder gewählt worden ist. Über alle Generalversammlungen ist ein Protokoll zu führen und im Compte Rendu zu veröffentlichen.

Artikel 15 – Beschlussfassung

Jedes Mitglied hat eine Stimme. Jedes Mitglied kann mittels schriftlicher Vollmacht eine natürliche Person (Delegierter/Delegierte) bezeichnen, die das bestreffende Mitglied an der Ge- neralversammlung und den Abstimmungen und Wahlen vertritt. Ein Delegier- ter/eine Delegierte darf nicht mehr als drei Mitglieder vertreten. Mitglieder, die ihren Beitrag nicht bezahlt haben, sind nicht nur Abstimmung, Wahl und/ oder Antragstellung zugelassen. Ehrenmitglieder können an Abstimmungen und Wahlen nur persönlich teilnehmen. Vorbehältlich anderslautender Statutenbestimmungen, entscheidet bei Abstim- mungen das einfache Mehr der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder. Bei Wahlen entscheidet das absolute Mehr der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder. Ist ein zweiter Wahlgang erforderlich, entscheidet das einfache relative Mehr der abgegebenen Stimmen. Bei Stimmengleichheit entscheidet der/die Vorsitzende durch Stichentscheid. Abstimmungen und Wahlen erfolgen offen. Auf Antrag eines Mitglieds und mit Zustimmung der Generalversammlung ﬁndet eine geheime Abstimmung oder Wahl statt.

VORSTAND

Artikel 16 – Vorstand

Der Vorstand besteht aus maximal neun Mitgliedern und umfasst wenn möglich Vertreter aus allen in Artikel 3 genannten Bereichen. Die Vorstandsmitglieder werden durch die Generalversammlung für eine Amts- zeit von sechs Jahren gewählt. Einmalige Wiederwahl ist möglich. Ein neues Vorstandsmitglied, das ein zurückgetretenes Vorstandsmitglied während dessen laufenden Amtszeit ersetzt, tritt in dessen Amtsperiode ein. Der Vorstand ergänzt sich insoweit selbst. Das neue Mitglied ist von der nächsten General- versammlung in seinem Amt zu bestätigen. Der Vorstand konstituiert sich selbst und bezeichnet aus seiner Mitte den Prä- sidenten/die Präsidentin, zwei Vizepräsidenten/Vizepräsidentinnen, den Sekre- tär/die Sekretärin und den Quästor/die Quästorin. Der Vorstand bestimmt die Vertreter des inr und deren Zeichnungsberechtigung. Wenn der Präsident/die Präsidentin an der Amtsführung verhindert ist, über- nimmt ein Vizepräsident/eine Vizepräsidentin seine/ihre Aufgaben.

Artikel 17 – Vorstandssitzungen

Vorstandssitzungen werden vom Präsidenten/der Präsidentin mindestens ein- mal im Jahr unter Angabe des Ortes und des Zeitpunktes einberufen. verfassung | articles of association 7

Die Vorstandssitzungen werden mindestens zwanzig Tage im Voraus auf an- gemessene Weise einberufen. Der Einladung ist die Traktandenliste beizulegen. Bei Einstimmigkeit unter den Vorstandsmitgliedern kann eine Vorstandssitzung auch ohne Beachtung der Einberufungsvorschriften durchgeführt werden. Von allen Vorstandssitzungen ist ein Protokoll zu führen und im Compte Rendu zu veröffentlichen.

Artikel 18 – Kompetenzen des Vorstandes

Der Vorstand besorgt sämtliche Geschäfte, die nicht in die Kompetenz eines anderen Organs des inr fallen. Insbesondere kommen dem Vorstand folgende Kompetenzen zu: (a) Vorbereitung der Geschäfte und Ausführung der Beschlüsse gemäss Artikel 10 der Generalversammlung, einschliesslich der Vorbereitung und Durch- führung der Beschlussfassung durch Abstimmung auf dem Korrespondenz- weg, deren Protokollierung und Bekanntgabe an die Mitglieder gemäss Ar- tikel 11 Abs. 2; (b) Leitung und Verwaltung der Geschäfte und Aufgaben des inr; (c) Erstellung der Finanzplanung des inr; (d) Vertretung des inr nach aussen; (e) Erlass von Reglementen zur Erfüllung der Aufgaben des inr; (f) Organisation der Geschäftsstelle.

Artikel 19 – Beschlussfassung

Jedes Mitglied hat eine Stimme. Der Vorstand fasst seine Beschlüsse mit dem einfachen Mehr der anwesenden Mitglieder. Bei Stimmengleichheit entscheidet der/die Vorsitzende. Beschlüsse können auch auf dem Korrespondenzweg gefasst werden, sofern nicht wenigstens fünf Mitglieder eine Einberufung des Vorstandes verlangen. Solche Beschlüsse sind ebenfalls zu protokollieren.

REVISIONSSTELLE

Artikel 20 – Revisionsstelle

Die Revisionsstelle wird durch die Generalversammlung gewählt für eine Amtszeit von sechs Jahren gewählt. Wiederwahl ist möglich. Der Revisions- stelle obliegt die Prüfung der Jahresrechnung des inr . Sie erstattet der ordent- lichen Generalversammlung darüber schriftlichen Bericht.

GESCHÄFTSSTELLE

Artikel 21 – Geschäftsstelle

Der Vorstand kann eine Geschäftsstelle einrichten und einen Geschäftsleiter ernennen und Personal für die Führung der laufenden Geschäfte einstellen, das ihn in der Geschäftsführung unterstützt, das Sekretariat des inr betreut, seine Akten verwahrt und sein Archiv verwaltet. Einzelheiten hält der Vorstand in einem Reglement oder Pflichtenheft fest. Die Geschäftsstelle steht unter der Leitung und der Kontrolle des Vorstandes. 8 verfassung | articles of association

ALLGEMEINE BESTIMMUNGEN

Artikel 22 – Haftung

Für Verbindlichkeiten des inr haftet allein das Vereinsvermögen. Die persön- liche Haftung der Vereinsmitglieder ist ausgeschlossen.

Artikel 23 – Mittel

Die ﬁnanziellen Mittel des inr bestehen aus Mitgliederbeiträgen, etwaigen Spenden, Legaten, Zuschüssen und Subventionen.

Artikel 24 – Rechnungsjahr

Das Rechnungsjahr entspricht dem Kalenderjahr.

Artikel 25 – Statutenänderungen

Anpassungen und Änderungen der Statuten unterliegen der Genehmigung des Vorstandes und werden mit dessen Zustimmung an der nächsten Generalver- sammlung vorgenommen und bedürfen zu ihrer Annahme einer Mehrheit von zwei Drittel der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder. Vorgeschlagene An- passungen und Änderungen der Statuten sind den Mitgliedern mindestens drei Monate im Voraus schriftlich bekannt zu geben und ausdrücklich in die Ein- ladung zur entsprechenden Generalversammlung aufzunehmen.

Artikel 26 – Auflösung

Die Generalversammlung ist bezüglich der Auflösung des inr beschlussfähig, wenn die Hälfte der Mitglieder anwesend oder vertreten ist. Der entsprechende Beschluss bedarf einer Mehrheit von zwei Drittel der anwesenden oder vertretenen Mitglieder. Die Liquidation wird durch den Vorstand durchgeführt, sofern sie nicht durch die Generalversammlung speziellen Liquidatoren übertragen wird. Im Falle einer Auflösung des inr werden das nach Auflösung verbleibende Ver- mögen einer anderen wegen Gemeinnützigkeit oder öffentlichen Zwecks steuerbefreiten juristischen Person mit ähnlicher Zwecksetzung zugewendet. Die Generalversammlung bestimmt diese auf Antrag des Vorstandes.

Artikel 27 – Massgeblicher Text

Diese Statuten sind in deutscher, französischer, englischer, italienischer und spanischer Sprache abgefasst. Im Falle von Differenzen ist der deutsche Text der Statuten massgebend.

Artikel 28 – Schlussbestimmungen

Diese Statuten sind am 20. September 2015 in Taormina von der Generalver- sammlung angenommen und am selben Tag in Kraft gesetzt worden. Diese Statuten ersetzen alle früheren Satzungen des inr , insbesondere auch die am 30. August 2009 in Glasgow angenommene Verfassung. verfassung | articles of association 9

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION of the International Numismatic Council (INC) Adopted on September 20, 2015 in Taormina

NAME, SEAT AND PURPOSE

Article 1 – Name, seat

The ‘International Numismatic Council’ ( ‘inc ’) is an association which has, as of 20 September 2015, been constituted as a non-proﬁt association in accordance with Art. 60 et seqq. of the Swiss Civil Code. The Association shall have its seat in Winterthur, Switzerland, or any other place in Switzerland determined by the Committee.

Article 2 – Purpose

The purpose of the inc shall be the promotion of numismatics and related disciplines to facilitate cooperation among institutions and individuals in the ﬁeld of numismatics and related areas of research. This purpose shall in particular be achieved through the following activities: (a) raise public awareness of numismatics and related disciplines (e.g. through the publication of a newsletter and the maintenance of a website); (b) patronage of speciﬁc projects, publications and conferences in the area of numismatics and related disciplines; (c) organisation of the International Numismatic Congress and other activities in the area of numismatics and related disciplines; (d) fostering of public and private initiatives in the area of numismatics and related disciplines.

MEMBERSHIP

Article 3 – Members

The following organisations may become a Member of the inc : (a) public numismatic collections; (b) universities, non-proﬁt numismatic organisations, institutions and societies (regional, national and international) (c) mints. Individuals who have rendered outstanding services to the inc or to numismatics may be elected, on proposal of the Committee, as Honorary Members by the General Assembly.

Article 4 – Membership

Membership shall be granted upon written application to the Committee. The Committee shall determine admission in accordance with these Articles of Association. There shall be no right of admittance, and an application for membership may be denied without reason. 10 verfassung | articles of association

Article 5 – Membership fee

Members shall pay an annual subscription. The amount of the annual subscription shall, on a proposal from the Committee, be determined by the General Assembly. Honorary Members shall be exempt from the membership subscription.

Article 6 – Resignation

A Member may resign at any time upon written notice to the Committee, effective at the end of the calendar year. The declaration of resignation shall not relieve the Member from the obligation to pay the annual fee for the ongoing calendar year. Members who resign shall have no claim on the assets of the inc .

Article 7 – Termination of membership

A Member may be expelled for good cause by the decision of the Committee. Good cause shall in particular be given, if a Member (a) ceases to fulﬁl the membership criteria as provided for in Art. 3; (b) fails to pay the annual membership fee; (c) seriously disrupts or threatens to disrupt the proper functioning of the inc ; (d) brings the inc into disrepute. Decisions by the Committee to expel a Member may be appealed to the General Assembly. The resolution of the General Assembly shall be binding and ﬁnal. Membership may further be terminated at any time and without reason by a resolution of a General Assembly requiring a three-quarters majority of the Members present or represented. Expulsion by decision of the Committee or resolution of the General Assembly shall not relieve the Member from the obligation to pay the annual membership fee for the ongoing calendar year. Members who are expelled shall have no claim on the assets of the inc .

ORGANISATION

Article 8 – Organisation

The corporate bodies of the inc are the General Assembly, the Committee and the Auditor (s).

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Article 9 – General Assembly

The General Assembly is the supreme governing body of the inc and consists of all Members and Honorary Members. verfassung | articles of association 11

Article 10 – Powers of the General Assembly

The General Assembly shall have the power to: (a) elect the Members of the Committee and the Auditor (s); (b) approve the Annual Report and the Annual Financial Statements; (c) accept the Auditors’ Report; (d) determine the venue of the International Numismatic Congress; (e) discharge the Committee; (f) ﬁx the annual membership subscription for the six calendar years following the General Assembly; (g) modify and amend the Articles of Association; (h) pass resolutions according to Art. 3 para. 2, Art. 7 para. 3 and Art. 26.

Article 11 – Ordinary General Assembly

The Ordinary General Assembly shall be held at least every six years, if possible on the occasion of the International Numismatic Congress. The date and place determined by the Committee shall be communicated to the Members with at least three months’ notice. In other years, resolutions according to Articles 10 lit. (b), (c) and (d) as well as other items on the agenda, may be passed by correspondence (by mail, telefax or e-mail). Each Member shall have one vote. Members who failed to pay the membership subscription may not vote. Except as provided for otherwise in these Articles of Association, the simple majority of the votes cast within a time period determined by the Committee, such time period to be no less than twenty days, shall be decisive.

Article 12 – Extraordinary General Assembly

The President or the Committee may convene an Extraordinary General As- sembly at any time when needed. An Extraordinary General Assembly must be convened upon written request of no less than one ﬁfth of all Members.

Article 13 – Convocation, Agenda

Except as provided for otherwise in these Articles of Association, written notice by mail, telefax or e-mail of an Ordinary General Assembly shall be given to all Members at least twelve weeks prior to such Assembly; for an Extraordinary General Assembly it should be twenty days. The notice shall include an agenda of all items to be discussed. Requests by Members to include a new item on the agenda shall only be considered if such requests are submitted in writing (registered mail) to the Presi- dent together with a brief justiﬁcation for the request, no less than six weeks prior to the General Assembly.

12 verfassung | articles of association

Article 14 – Chair, Minutes

The President or a Vice-President, or in their absence, a Chairperson elected by a majority of the Members present or represented shall take the Chair at the General Assembly. Minutes shall be taken of all General Assemblies and published in the Compte Rendu (Annual Report).

Article 15 – Vote, Elections

Each Member shall have one vote. Each Member may, by written authorisation, designate one individual as delegate who shall represent the Member at the General Assembly and in the votes and elections. Each delegate may not represent more than three Members. Members who failed to pay the membership subscription may not vote and /or put forward a motion. Honorary Members may vote only in person. Except as provided for otherwise in these Articles of Association, the simple majority of the Members present or represented shall be decisive. Elections shall require the absolute majority of the voting rights present or represented. In case of a second ballot, the simple majority shall prevail. In the event of a tie, the Chair shall have a second casting vote. Votes and elections shall be open. Upon request by a Member and approval by the General Assembly, a secret vote or election by ballot shall be held.

COMMITTEE

Article 16 – Committee

The Committee shall consist of a maximum of nine Members and shall include, if possible, representatives of each of the categories listed in Art. 3. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of six years by the General Assembly. They may be re-elected once. A member of the Committee replacing a member resigning during his or her term shall enter into the term of the resigning member and shall be nominated by the Committee and be conﬁrmed in ofﬁce by the next General Assembly. The Committee shall constitute itself and shall designate from its members the President, two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary and the Treasurer. The Com- mittee may determine who shall represent the inc and decide on the signatory powers. Whenever the President is unable to act, a Vice-President shall assume his or her responsibilities.

Article 17 – Committee Meetings

Committee Meetings shall be called by the President specifying the date and venue of such meeting and shall be held at least once every calendar year. verfassung | articles of association 13

Committee Meetings shall be called at least twenty days in advance and all members of the Committee shall be notiﬁed in writing (per e-mail will suf- ﬁce). The invitation shall include an agenda of all items to be deliberated. By unanimous consent of all members of the Committee, a Committee Meeting can be summoned without observing the ordinary form of convocation. Minutes shall be taken of all Committee Meetings and published in the Compte Rendu .

Article 18 – Powers of the Committee

The Committee shall exercise all powers and functions of the inc not conferred explicitly upon the General Assembly and/or the Auditor(s) according to the Articles of Association. The Committee shall in particular have the power to: (a) prepare the agenda and execute the decisions of the General Assembly according to Art. 10, including the preparation and organisation of the resolutions to be passed by correspondence and the notification of the minutes to the Members according to Art. 11 para. 2; (b) manage the administrative affairs and functions of the inc ; (c) undertake the financial tasks of the inc ; (d) represent the inc externally; (e) issue regulations for the performance of the tasks of the inc ; (f) organise the Office according to Art. 21.

Article 19 – Vote

Each member of the Committee shall have one vote. The decisions of the Com- mittee shall be adopted by a simple majority of the members of the Committee present. In the event of a tie, the Chair shall have a second, casting vote. Decisions may be passed by correspondence, unless the majority of the members of the Committee request that a Committee Meeting be convened. Minu- tes must be taken of such decisions as well.

AUDITORS

Article 20 – Auditor(s)

The Auditor (s) shall be elected by the General Assembly for a term of six years. Auditor (s) may be re-elected. The Auditor (s) shall audit the Annual Financial Statements of the inc and present a written report to the Ordinary General Assembly.

OFFICE

Article 21 – Ofﬁce

The Committee may authorize the establishment of a permanent office and appoint a manager (‘Manager’) and staff to assist the Committee in the administration of the inc , to keep the inc ’s files and to maintain the archive. Duties 14 verfassung | articles of association shall be specified by the Committee. The Office will function under the super- vision and authority of the Committee.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 22 – Liability

Liabilities of the inc shall be covered by its assets only. The Members shall not be personally liable for the inc ’s debts.

Article 23 – Finances

The sources of income of the inc shall be the annual subscriptions, donations, bequests, grants and subsidies.

Article 24 – Financial Year

The ﬁscal year of the inc shall be the calendar year.

Article 25 – Amendments

Modiﬁcations and amendments to these Articles of Association shall be submitted to the Committee for approval, and then be submitted to the next General Assembly. Proposed modiﬁcations shall require a two-third majority of the Members present or represented.

Article 26 – Dissolution

The General Assembly, if ﬁfty percent of all Members are present or represented, may resolve, with a three-quarters majority, upon the dissolution of the inc . The dissolution shall be carried out by the Committee unless the General Assembly appoints special liquidators. In case of dissolution the remaining assets of the inc must be donated to a tax-exempt nonproﬁt organisation or to an organisation with a similar purpose. The General Assembly shall determine such organisation on proposal of the Committee.

Article 27 – Authoritative Text

These Articles of Association are written in German, French, English, Italian and Spanish. In the event of any inconsistencies between these versions, the German shall be authoritative.

Article 28 – Final Provisions

These Articles of Association were adopted by the General Assembly held on 20 September 2015 in Taormina and put into effect on the same day. These Articles of Association shall replace any and all prior articles of the inc , in particular the Constitution adopted on 30 August 2009 in Glasgow. LAW AND PRACTICE REGARDING COIN FINDS

Ilya Prokopov *∗

LEGISLATION AND PRACTICE IN THE FIELD OF NUMISMATIC VALUES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

The Third Bulgarian State was restored in 1878 as a result of the 1877- 1878 Russian-Turkish War. For a short period of time the main state institutions were established and the ﬁrst laws adopted. After the accom- plishment and adoption of the Constitution as well as the other main laws, the authorities proceeded with the special laws and regulations.

The first actual mention of numismatic finds in a normative document appeared in Provisional Rules for Scientific and Literary Societies from 1888 [1]. The initial classification systems for the kinds of ancient artifacts covered by the rules were also attached. Coins were explicitly mentioned. The State specified the terms for the remuneration of citizens who found and handed over ancient coins. According to these, an appointed specialist had to study the coins and make a review of their characteristics and an estimate of their value.

Two years later, in 1890, the ﬁrst law was adopted known as the Law for discovery for antiquities and fostering scientiﬁc and literary societies . According to the clauses of the law, persons who had found an antiquity should receive half of its value, to be estimated by an expert. The law adopted by the National Assembly was so well-prepared and balanced that it operated successfully until 1911. [2] The export of cultural, historical and archaeological antiquities from the state was also coordinated and regulated by the then Customs Act.

The next step of the Bulgarian State concerning the cultural, historical and archaeological matters was the Antiquities Law from 1911 [3]. It also contained clauses regarding coins and seals.

The established tradition and the sustainable functioning of the state policy with regard to antiquities and their values were destroyed by the wave of changes in 1944. For a long time Bulgaria did not have a functioning legal framework for cultural and historical heritage.

* [email protected] [1] Provisional Rules for Scientific and Literary Enterprises. Sofia, March 14 th 1888. Prom. SG No. 31/19.03.1888. [2] Signed in Sofia on December 17 th 1889 by His Royal Highness Ferdinand I; stamped with the State Seal and registered under No. 246 on January 13 th 1890. Prom. SG No. 13/17.01.1890. [3] Antiquities Law. Issued in Sofia on February 10 th 1911. Signed by His Royal Highness Ferdinand I. Prom. SG No. 37/18.02.1911. 16 ilya prokopov

Decree No. 1608, issued on December 30 th 1951, [4] was the ﬁrst normative document after Bulgaria’s accession to the Soviet Bloc. It provided instructions for registering all cultural monuments. Thus, the term cultural monument deﬁnitely replaced the term antiquity , which was considered to be inherited from the time of the monarchy. Coins and coin hoards were also included in this category.

The next document regarding numismatic ﬁnds was Decree No. 165 of the Council of Ministers, adopted in August 1958 [5]. The text regulates the transfer, exchange and export of cultural monuments, including coins.

The Law on Cultural Monuments and Museums was adopted in 1969. It provides a definition of a movable monument of culture that has a cultural value [6]. The law allows coins to be privately owned. Citizens who had discovered and brought coin finds to museums received a remuneration. This was not based on an evaluation of the coins themselves but was intended to encourage submitting antique coins and objects to museums. Alongside the reward, the bearers also received certificates recognizing them as museum donors. At the time of operation of this law, a powerful numismatic movement developed in the country. The number of members of the Bulgarian Numismatic Society exceeded 12,000, and together with the associated members even 20,000 people. The Law was in force until 2005 enjoying a positive public assessment.

The latest and still effective legislation in the Republic of Bulgaria is the Law on the Cultural Heritage [7]. This came into force on April 4 th 2009 and obliges every citizen holding a numismatic collection within one year after the entry into force of the law to submit a declaration requesting identification and registration (Transitional and Final Provisions § 5. (1) and § 6. (1). Citizens handing over valuables, including coins, to museums are remunerated (Art. 95. (1)). A distinction is made between coins that have cultural value and thus fall under the restriction of the law, and the rest. Art. 7. (4) stipulates: They are not cultural values within the meaning of this law: 1. Machine-cut coins and coin-like items which have no significance for academic studies and exhibition except for particularly rare and valuable pieces… The procedure for identification and registration is indicated in a special regulation H-3 of the Ministry of Culture [8]. The law does not con- tain a provision as to what should be done by citizens who, for objective

[4] Issued on December 30 th 1951. See Notices of the Presidium of the National Assembly, Sofia, No. 7, 1952. [5] Prom. Notices No. 68/26.08.1958. [6] Movable monuments are “works of human activity that document material and spiri- tual culture and ... relate to historical events…”. [7] Prom. SG No. 19/March 13 th 2009, last modified SG No. 7/January 19 th 2018. [8] Regulation No. H-3/December 3 rd 2009 on the procedure for identification and keeping the State Gazette’s Register of movable cultural values. SG No. 101/18.12.2009. the law and practice regarding coin finds in bulgaria 17 reasons, have missed the stipulated one-year term. There is no permanent or periodic deadline for submitting the declarations specified in the law. For example, when inheriting coins, they can no longer be registered. In such a case, the coins are treated as public property and seized for the benefit of the state. Any citizen discovered in possession of an undeclared and unregistered coin is subject to an investigation. The law allows the import of coins by purchase from abroad. Nevertheless, these coins must be accompanied by a transaction document (Art. 97. (6)).

Citizens are forbidden to search for and ﬁnd coins in the earth by digging, using machines or metal detectors. All coins and coin hoards found are public property. The law is very restrictive, and the practice of applying it has had a mixed reception.

In the last nine years since its adoption, the law has undergone 18 amendments. Some of its articles have been abolished as unconstitutional. Ana- lyses by experts from the country and the EU have revealed serious con- tradictions with a number of EU rules the European convention on the protection of archaeological heritage [9].

According to the prevailing public and expert rating, the law does not work well for the beneﬁt of society and has limited scope for adjustment. There is a predominant view that the country needs a completely new law.

[9] Ratiﬁed by Bulgaria and promulgated in SG No. 70/August 10 th 2004. FAMOUS NUMISMATISTS

Giovanni Gorini *

DOMENICO SESTINI (1750-1832)

Fig. 1 Domenico Sestini, da Friedlaender J. 1868 antiporta

Domenico Sestini (Fig. 1) nacque nel 1750 a Firenze e, avviato alla vita ecclesiastica nei padri Scolopi, l’abbandonò ben presto per imbarcarsi a 24 anni per Catania con la speranza di conoscere Ignazio Paternò Castello principe di Biscari (1719-1786), presso il quale il 16 dicembre del 1774 prese servizio come antiquario e bibliotecario [1]. Qui, accanto ad interessi per la botanica e la storia naturale, maturò la passione per la numismatica quando studiò una rarissima moneta scoperta a Noto con legenda MEP [2] che attribuì a zecca siciliana sulla base della località di

* Prof. em. dell’Università di Padova ([email protected] [1] Desidero ringraziare Daniela Williams, Federica Missere Fontana, Silvia Tarchi e Ra- chele Rampazzo per l’aiuto generosamente offertomi nella stesura di questo testo. [2] Gorini 2015. domenico sestini ( 1750 -1832) 19 rinvenimento, in ciò evidenziando la novità di un metodo che sarebbe stato il suo per tutta la vita [3]. Trascorsi tre anni in Sicilia, di cui trattò nelle Lettere dalla Sicilia I-V (1779-1782), passò in Oriente viaggiando tra le antiche Asia Minore e Tracia, ma giungendo anche ad Aleppo e a Bàssora. Anche in questo caso scrisse un resoconto del viaggio ( Viaggio da Costantinopoli a Bassora dell’anno 1781 , Livorno 1786) pieno di osservazioni botaniche e storiche. Rientrato in Toscana acquistò per Robert Ainslie, ambasciatore inglese presso l’Impero Ottomano a Costantinopoli, monete di Populonia con un tipo nuovo che identiﬁcò con sicurezza [4] contro l’opinione dell’Eckhel (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2 Nomos AG, Obolos 8, Auction 2 December 2017, n. 28 ed iniziando quella polemica con il gesuita austriaco che durò tutta la sua vita [5]. Proseguendo nei suoi viaggi tornò a Roma da dove mancava da nove anni e passò per Velletri per visitare il famoso Museo del cardinale Stefano Borgia (1731-1804), per proseguire per Napoli in cerca di monete della Magna Grecia e poi a Paestum, per ﬁnire a Costantinopoli. Qui rac- colse e fece pervenire a Firenze per la stampa, varie osservazioni sulla flora, sulla fauna e sui giardini della Turchia [6], segno che non trascurava per le monete i suoi interessi per le scienze naturali. Negli anni seguenti (1785) riprese le esplorazioni in Grecia e in Turchia, Egitto, Malta e ritornò in Sicilia a Tindari e a Catania dove donò 23 monete al Museo Biscari, che per la presenza di un leone erano state attribuite a Leontinoi, ma che il Sestini rivendicò a Kardia, nel Chersoneso Tracico, sulla base dei ritrovamenti là avvenuti di esemplari simili [7]. Nel 1787 riprese i viaggi in Oriente con il preciso scopo di accrescere la collezione Ainslieana. Durante questo viaggio si ammalò e nella convalescenza scrisse il resoconto del viaggio

[3] Tondo 1990, p. 22-28. [4] Sestini 1796, p. 4-6. [5] Missere Fontana forthcoming. [6] Sestini 1785. [7] Tondo 1990, p. 96-97. 20 giovanni gorini con, tra l’altro, due lettere significative dei suoi interessi [8]; raggiunse anche il monte Argaeus (Erçiyas Daği) un grande vulcano a Sud della città di Cesarea (Kayseri), da dove - secondo Strabone (XII, 7) - nei giorni di bel tempo si potevano vedere sia il Mar Nero a Nord, sia il Mediterraneo a Sud. L’anno seguente, il 1788, a Salonicco incontrò il Cousinéry, console francese della città, con il quale avrà certamente discusso del suo metodo attributivo delle monete alle rispettive zecche sulla base delle provenienze [9]. Oggi questo metodo appare ovvio, ma alla fine del Settecento era nuovo e si scontrava con quello dell’Eckhel che si basava sopratutto sulla filologia e lo studio delle fonti antiche [10]. Uscirono in questo periodo a Firenze, editore Masi, le sue Lettere e Dissertazioni Numismatiche dedicate all’ambasciatore inglese Robert Ainslie (1730-1812), in tre volumi nel 1789 e in quattro nella seconda edizione del 1790 [11], a cui se ne aggiunge un quinto edito nel 1794 [12]. Nel secondo volume delle Lettere forniva un prospetto generale delle zecche secondo un ordine geografico: il Catalogus Geographicus Populorum che precede quello codificato qualche anno dopo dall’Eckhel [13]. Lasciata Costantinopoli nel 1791, dopo diverse vicissitudini giunse a Salonicco dove fu ospite del Cousinéry, che gli mise a disposizione la sua raccolta di monete greche per farne un catalogo. In quegli anni esaminò un tesoretto trovato a Pella nel gennaio del 1792, in cui studiò una moneta secondo il suo metodo della provenienza, attribuendola ad una zecca della Beozia, ma a causa di una erronea lettura delle legenda sbagliò attribuzione. Intanto nel 1792 usciva a Vienna il primo tomo del- l’opera dell’Eckhel Doctrina numorum veterum che applicava il metodo geografico nella descrizione delle zecche, metodo che introdotto da lui divenne poi acquisito da tutti gli studiosi successivi. Rimane tuttavia la validità del metodo attributivo del Sestini sulla base dei ritrovamenti sia isolati che in ripostigli, lo stesso vale per un ripostiglio di monete di Tolomeo di Mauretania del I sec. a.C. ( igch , n. 2309). Sempre alla ricerca di nuovi esemplari e di nuove collezioni il Sestini viaggiò nelle Marche e fu a Roma e a Venezia, visitando numerose collezioni, e a Verona quella Verità confluita oggi nel Museo di Castelvecchio e recentemente edita 14 .

[8] Lettera sull’educazione delle api nella Galizia , in Viaggio da Costantinopoli a Bukoresti fatto l’anno 1779 con l’aggiunta di diverse lettere , Roma 1794, p. 85-93 e Sopra le capre d’An- gora, ibidem , p. 94-109. [9] Williams 2012. [10] Una vivida immagine dei rapporti tra i due viene offerta da Thomas Burgon (1787- 1858), ( Burgon 1838 , p. 45-47) collezionista di monete e commerciante a Smirne e successivamente impiegato al British Museum. Devo la segnalazione di questo passo alla dott.ssa D. Williams che ringrazio sentitamente. [11] Dekesel 2017. [12] Sestini , 1794. [13] Missere Fontana forthcoming. [14] Arzone 2017. domenico sestini ( 1750 -1832) 21

Proseguì poi per la Germania, dove a Lipsia nel 1796 usciva la sua Descriptio numorum veterum in cui applicò il nuovo metodo geografico di classificazione delle zecche da Occidente a Oriente. In quest’opera molte erano le attribuzioni nuove e le correzioni a quelle precedenti, soprattutto per la particolare attenzione rivolta alle provenienze che era uno degli aspetti del suo metodo, che si diffonderà sempre più e sarà ampiamente adottato negli studi a venire. L’anno dopo, nel 1797, uscivano sempre a Lipsia e dedicate al Cousinéry, le Classes Generales Geographiae Numisma- ticae che era un repertorio di tutte le zecche disposte per regioni e, all’in- terno di queste, le zecche erano disposte in ordine alfabetico. L’opera era divisa in due parti: la prima comprendeva le monete di sicura attribuzione e la seconda quelle di incerta attribuzione e per ogni zecca venivano fornite l’identificazione con la località moderna, le leggende monetarie fondamentali e il grado di rarità. L’opera ebbe poi una seconda edizione nel 1821 (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Frontespizio di Classes Generales, Firenze 1821 (2° ed.)

Proseguiva intanto la edizione delle Lettere e dissertazioni numismatiche con il volume VI dedicato al barone prussiano Knobelsdorf, con il VII e l’VIII, rispettivamente, relativi alle monete dei Musei di Parigi e Berlino usciti entrambi a Berlino nel 1805 e con il IX comprendente le monete del Museo della Biblioteca di Gotha, edito sempre a Berlino nel 1806. Qui ebbe modo di esaminare le monete di Onorio Arrigoni (1668-1758) celebre collezionista veneziano che aveva iniziato a pubblicare le sue monete in tre 22 giovanni gorini volumi editi in folio a Treviso nel 1741-1745, ma deformate dal disegna- tore. Il Sestini ripubblicò queste monete in un Catalogus numorum veterum Musei Arigoniani , Berlino 1805 proprio per gli errori degli incisori, notando come lo stesso inconveniente gli era occorso nella stampa del volume VI delle sue Lettere nel 1804. Intanto nel 1809 ebbe l’occasione di pubblicare il catalogo di vendita di una collezione, quella del fu M. Benkowitz della Slesia in cui non mancò di dichiarare la provenienza illecita delle monete e quindi con l’accusa di ricettazione per il defunto o gli eredi e questo fu l’unico caso in cui pubblicò un catalogo di vendita. Le monete comunque furono acquistate dal Bibliotecario dello Zar di Russia Koehler. Ormai al culmine della sua fama si recò a Parigi e nella nuova atmosfera napoleonica riprese la stampa delle sue Lettere e Dissertazioni Numismatiche in una nuova serie, che riprendeva la precedente e che nei due primi tomi si rivolgeva ai corrispondenti francesi. A Parigi l’economista Giovanni Fabbroni lo pre- sentò a Elisa Baciocchi, principessa di Lucca e Piombino che lo nominò suo bibliotecario ed antiquario. Ma l’esperienza durò poco e il Sestini riprese i suoi viaggi questa volta verso l’Austria e l’Ungheria dove fu ospite del Conte di Hedervar, di cui studiò la collezione, che pubblicò però solo nel 1828. Ebbe tuttavia il modo di prendere visione di un gruppo consi- stente di emissioni della Confederazione Achea giunto al conte tramite l’acquisizione di collezioni veneziane e le pubblicò nel 1817. Inoltre, sempre attingendo alla famosa collezione Hedervariana, approfondì anche lo studio delle emissioni della Hispania antica cimentandosi con l’alfabeto iberico e fenicio allora non ancora decifrati. Nel 1815 infine venne nomi- nato dal Granduca Ferdinando III d’Asburgo - Lorena professore onorario all’Università di Pisa e continuando la sua instancabile attività di studioso pubblicò nel 1817 un lavoro sugli stateri antichi in cui alla fine del volume (p. 97-101) aggiunge consigli sull’organizzazione dei medaglieri italiani con riflessioni sullo stato degli studi numismatici, facendo anche una classifica dei maggiori medaglieri europei con al primo posto quello di Parigi, seguito da quelli di Monaco, Milano e Gotha. Negli anni seguenti uscirono, dal quarto (1818) al nono volume (1820) delle Lettere di Continua- zione dedicate a diversi personaggi che avevano mostrato le loro monete al Sestini o che comunque gli erano stati amici. In questi anni si occupò, tra l’altro, delle monete del medagliere mediceo [15], della raccolta del Re di Danimarca, della collezione Fontana di Trieste e di quella del Conte di Wiczay di Hedervar in Ungheria in cui smascherò alcuni falsi. Questa vera crociata contro i falsi sfociò nella pubblicazione dell’opera Sopra i moderni falsificatori di medaglie greche antiche nei tre metalli , Firenze 1826 in cui venivano elencati i nominativi dei maggiori falsari del momento, Becker e Caprara, e si ponevano in guardia i collezionisti dall’acquistare monete false. Siamo così giunti agli ultimi anni della sua vita, quando nel 1831 pubblicò a Firenze l’ultima sua opera la Descrizione di alcune medaglie

[15] Tondo 1990. domenico sestini ( 1750 -1832) 23 greche del museo del signore barone Stanislao de Chaudoir [16]. Nella premessa all’ Appendice apprendiamo che esisteva un’ampia opera manoscritta del Sestini ancora inedita in 14 volumi dal titolo Sistema geopraphicum numismaticum che oggi sappiamo fu acquistata dal Granduca Leopoldo II nel 1829 [17] ed è conservata nella Biblioteca degli Ufﬁzi (Ms. n. 50). Sappiamo anche che cinque volumi manoscritti si trovano presso la Biblioteca Reale di Berlino (Ms. Lat. fol. 109-114 e Ms. Lat. qu. 51 e 52) [18]. Il Sestini morì l’8 giugno del 1832 e fu sepolto nella Chiesa di Santa Croce a Firenze nella contro facciata a destra dell’ingresso principale (Fig. n. 4).

Fig. 4. Firenze, Chiesa di Santa Croce, monumento funebre di D. Sestini (Foto dell’A.)

[16] Per un proﬁlo aggiornato della vita e delle opere di D. Sestini vedi anche R ampazzo 2010 -11 . [17] Cfr. Classe VII. Catalogo dei libri e manoscritti del professore Domenico Sestini R. Antiquario, acquistati per conto dello Stato, e consegnati alla R. Galleria delle Statue, in ordine al Motuproprio del dì 26 Settembre 1828 , Biblioteca degli Ufﬁzi, Firenze MS 185 bis. Rin- grazio la dott.ssa Tarchi per l’aiuto generosamente offerto. [18] Friedlaender 1868 , p. 13, nota 68; Rose 1893 , p. 1423-1424, nn. 262-269. 24 giovanni gorini

Purtroppo ben presto si perse il valore del suo contributo negli studi di numismatica anche se venne ricordato dopo la sua morte [19] ed è igno- rato, ad esempio, nel manuale della Breglia del 1964 [20]. Solo negli anni ’80 del Novecento, il Mørkholm lo considera con Echkel e Mionnet tra i tre maggiori numismatici del XVIII secolo, ma osserva come la sua opera debba ancora essere studiata a fondo [21]. Tra l’altro lo stesso Mionnet, come osserva il Babelon [22], non fu così accurato nella sua opera come, del resto, ho potuto constatare studiando le zecche greche adriatiche [23]. Tra le possibili cause che possono aver favorito questa dimenticanza nella storiografia numismatica si possono considerare innanzitutto ragioni poli- tiche e storiche, come la caduta della Repubblica di Venezia nel 1797, che comportò la caduta di interesse per l’Oriente o la mancanza nell’Italia del primo Ottocento di un Medagliere Nazionale che convogliasse la ricerca scientifica anche su di un piano internazionale. Tuttavia fu soprattutto la asistematicità degli studi dello stesso Sestini che ha prodotto moltissime opere a stampa, talvolta ristampate con aggiunte, correzioni ed integra- zioni, in cui ha riversato le sue ottime idee e le sue felici intuizioni, ma difficili da rintracciare se non leggendo tutta la sua sterminata bibliografia e quasi impossibili da citare. Inoltre si è occupato soprattutto di monete greche dell’Oriente ellenistico e romano provinciale, aree poco battute dalla bibliografia italiana a lui successiva e solo da qualche decen- nio presente all’attenzione degli studiosi di numismatica antica. Purtroppo manca un indice generale completo di tutte le descrizioni delle monete contenute in ogni sua opera e certamente se il Sestini fosse riuscito a pubblicare il suo Sistema Geographicum Numismaticum in 14 volumi rimasto purtroppo inedito avremmo avuto quell’opera che avrebbe consacrato ai posteri la sua figura, ma che indubbiamente oggi sappiamo occupare un posto speciale nella storiografia numismatica europea a cavallo tra il XVIII e XIX secolo.

Opere su D. Sestini

Valeriani 1832 = D. Valeriani, Necrologio di Domenico Sestini, Antologia , VII, luglio, p. 199-205. Monaldi 1835 = T. Monaldi , Elogio di Domenico Sestini, Dissertazioni della Pontiﬁcia Accademia Romana di Archeologia , V, p. 347-369.

[19] Friedlaender 1868 . [20] Breglia 1964 . [21] Mørkholm 1979 -1980 , p. 10 -12 . [22] Babelon 1901, coll. 194-195 (con bibliograﬁa). [23] Gorini 2015 , p. 239, nota 77. domenico sestini ( 1750 -1832) 25

Becchi 1845 = F. Becchi , Elogio di Domenico Sestini, Prose edite e inedite del- l’abate Fruttuoso Becchi, segretario dell’Accademia della Crusca , a cura di G.B. Niccolini, Firenze, p. 67-82. Friedlaender 1868 = J. Friedlaender , Domenico Sestini, Berliner Blätter für Münzen-, Siegel- und Wappenkunde , IV, p. 1-28.

Bibliogra ﬁa Arzone 2017 = A. Arzone, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Civici Musei d’Arte, Verona , Roma. Babelon 1901 = E . Babelon , Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines , I, Théorie et doctrine , Paris. Breglia 1964 = L. Breglia, Numismatica Antica. Storia e metodologia, Milano. Burgon 1838 = T. Burgon, On a mode of ascertaining the places to which ancient British coins belong, Numismatic Chronicle , 1, June 1838–April 1839, p. 36-53. Dekesel 2017 = Ch . Dekesel & Y. Dekesel-De Ruyck , A Bibliography of 18th Century Numismatic Books , Part 5, O-SCU, London. Friedlaender 1868 = J. Friedlaender , Domenico Sestini, Berliner Blätter für Münz-, Siegel- und Wappenkunde , IV, p. 1-28. Gorini 2015 = G. Gorini, The study of Greek Numismatics during the 18th century in Italy, Numismatische Zeitschrift , 120/121 (P. Arnold & Ch. Dekesel (eds.), Numismatik und Geldgeschichte im Zeitalter der Aufklärung , Dresden 4-9 maggio 2009), p. 233-244. Missere Fontana (forthcoming) = Missere Fontana , Viaggiatori instancabili. Domenico Sestini critco di Eckhel, in B. Woytek & D. Williams (eds.), Ars Critica numaria. Joseph Eckhel (1737-1798) and the development of numismatic method , Vienna. Mørkholm 1979-1980 = O. Mørkholm , A history of the study of Greek Numis- matics. I. c.1760-1835. The foundations, Nordisk Numismatisk Årsskrift , p. 5-21. Rampazzo 2010 -2011 = R. Rampazzo, Domenico Sestini numismatico tra Sette- cento e Ottocento , Università di Padova, Tesi di laurea, rel. G. Gorini (M. B. Tesi , n. 176). Rose 1893 = V. Rose, Verzeichnis der Lateinischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin , Erster Band: Die Meermann-Handschriften des Sir Thomas Phillipps (Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin , Zwölfter Band), Berlin, Asher. Sestini 1785 = D. Sestini, Opuscoli del signor abate Domenico Sestini, Firenze. Sestini 1794 = D. Sestini, Lettere e Dissertazioni Numismatiche sopra alcune medaglie rare della collezione Ainslieana, V, Fulgoni, Roma. Sestini 1796 = D. Sestini, Descriptio numorum veterum ex Musei Ainslie, Bellini, Bondacca, Borgia, Casali, Cousinéry,Gradenigo, Sanclemente, De Schellerheim, Verità etc., Gleditsch, Lipsia. Tondo 1990 = L. Tondo , Domenico Sestini e il medagliere mediceo , Firenze. Williams 2012 = D. Williams, Ésprit-Marie Cousinéry (1747-1833), INC Compte Rendu , 59, p. 27-37.

FAMOUS COLLECTORS

Arianna D’Ottone Rambach *∗

LUDOVICO STANZANI (1784-1872)

Fig. 1

When Stanzani died in Kiev on 6 August 1872, he was said to be 88 years old, so he was likely born in 1784 (supposedly in Rome) but some Ukrai- nian sources give the date of his birth as 1793. His will provides the name of his father, Vincenzo.

Ludovico Stanzani, sometimes mistakenly called Luigi (Melbechowska- Luty, 1975), married a Polish countess, Michalina Dziekon ska,́ who was an amateur painter. He was an architect, of unknown education, who was invited to Odessa in 1821 by the French governor, Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langéron. It was probably through him that Stanzani became a freemason, as indicated by the compass and the square on his 1900 bust by Guido Galli. This bust is at the headquarters of the Pontiﬁcal Academy of Arts and Belles-Lettres at the Pantheon, Via della Conciliazione 5 (Rome).

In 1832, he became the ofﬁcial architect in the southern Ukrainian region of Kamianets-Podilskyi. He acted as chief architect in Kiev from 1833 to

* Sapienza – Università di Roma ([email protected]). ludovico stanzani (1784 -1872 ) 27

1848, designing and building various public and private structures, such as the Catholic church of St. Alexander, a large portion of the area of Lypky, and in 1836 – together with Vincenzo Beretti – the University of Kiev.

After meeting Stanzani and his wife in Saint Petersburg, the regent of the Accademia dei Virtuosi al Pantheon, Giuseppe De Fabris, described him to other Virtuosi as: “Court Counsellor, Knight member of various scientiﬁc institutions, talented person in various domains, a man with plenty of money and benefactor for Russian Catholics ”.

De Fabris proposed to appoint the couple as corresponding-members of the Accademia and they were admitted in December 1857. Less than 20 years later, the very same Academy received Stanzani’s inheritance, including his collection of gems and coins, which, according to the testament dictated in Russian by Stanzani on 19 June 1872, to the clerk of the Kiev military Council, was to be bequeathed to the “ Archaeological Cabinet of Rome ”.

The coins and gems – valued at over 30,000 gold roubles – were packed in a box, and in June 1873 the Consul of the Italian Embassy in Odessa – General Castiglia – sent it to Italy, addressed to the Accademia dei Vir- tuosi, as the Institution was to be depositary of the collection until the bequest took place. The box arrived on a Lloyd steamer in Brindisi, where it remained almost for a month before anyone claimed it. Nevertheless, institutions, scholars and the local press were interested by the arrival of the collection in Italy, and an archaeology student named Pietro Veri wrote a letter to the gazette La Libertà , denouncing that the collection was kept in the regent’s private house. This was taking place shortly after the uniﬁcation of Italy, and, as Pietro Veri noted, there was a risk, unless the Municipality acted and claimed its rights on the collection, that it could enter instead the Vatican Museum. Such fears, that the Stanzani bequest could be claimed by the Vatican Museums, the Pontiﬁcial Aca- demy of Archaeology, or the University of Rome, had been expressed as early as October 1872, in a letter sent by the archaeologist Rodolfo Lan- ciani to the Mayor of Rome. The issue, leading to such complication, was that there was no such “Archeological Cabinet of Rome” at that time.

As a reaction to the fear of losing the Stanzani coins, Augusto Castellani made a gift to the Capitoline Museums, enabling the Archaeological Com- mission hurriedly to create a coin cabinet in October 1873. This did not only enrich the collections of the museums, it also provided the municipality of Rome with a solution to claim Stanzani’s bequest.

Documents, preserved in the archives of the Accademia dei Virtuosi, explain the issues. At the time of Stanzani’s will, there were two coin cabinets in Rome that were open to the public: the Vatican cabinet (which belonged to the Pope), and that of the University of Rome (which was a Royal institution). There would later be one more coin cabinet in Rome, 28 arianna d’ottone rambach after the foundation of the Museo Nazionale Romano in 1889, but at the time of Stanzani’s bequest there was no cabinet that could claim to belong to the municipality. The cabinet newly created at the Capitoline Museums, instead, could therefore claim to be the only “Archaeological Cabinet of Rome”. The Virtuosi Academy entrusted Stanzani’s collection to the Capitoline Museums in September 1877, and some of it was placed on display the following year.

It is documented that the box sent in 1873 contained an inventory of the collection, but it has since been lost. Baron Pietro Ercole Visconti initiated a catalogue, but he stopped soon after: as one can read in a report of 1891 by the archaeologist Camillo Serafini: “the Municipality possesses also the collection of the Stanzani bequest, consisting of 9,251 coins, mostly Oriental and Mediaeval coins. The classification, begun by the Baron Pietro Ercole Vis- conti, was then interrupted, so the collection lies in disorder and the pieces exhibited in the Coin Cabinet are arranged without any practical or scientific criteria, lacking names and dates that could inform the visitor at least about the series and age they refer to ”. However short, this note is more precise than the other forthcoming references to the collection that would appear.

When Rodolfo Lanciani published a testimony of the archaeological activity in Rome and its region (in The Athenaeum in 1901), he only mentioned the Stanzani collection. The same year, an article in The New York Times was as laconic. Settimo Bocconi, in his Collezioni Capitoline of 1930, named Stanzani, together with Augusto Castellani and Ortensio Vitalini, among the generous donors who contributed to forming the Capitoline Coin Cabinet – and the two thousand coins, medieval and modern, notably from Germany, Poland and Russia, which Bocconi noted were certainly Stanzani’s. But Bocconi evoked no oriental coins in the cabinet, and the importance in this ﬁeld of Stanzani’s holdings were simply igno- red: when questioned in 1970 by the Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, for their survey of Arabic coin collections in Italy, the Capitoline coin cabinet declared to have “some hundreds of coins”(no provenance indicated), when Stanzani had in fact given about 4,500 Oriental coins.

The Capitoline coin cabinet reopened to the public in 2003, and the Stan- zani collection was ﬁnally rediscovered – much more than a century after his death. At the request of the direction of the Museums, the present author started to classify, catalogue and study the collection, and her publications to-date have provided a new understanding on the collection – its history, its contexts, and its accompanying manuscript notes. Dirhams from Viking Age hoards have been identiﬁed, and the catalogue of 150 Golden Horde and Mongol exemplars have already been published.

In addition to almost 700 semi-precious stones, Stanzani had bequeathed 9,251 coins and medals. These were ancient, medieval and modern – Roman, Byzantine, Arabic, Polish, Russian, and German. The Roman and Byzantine coins have been mixed with the other holdings of the museum ludovico stanzani (1784 -1872 ) 29 and are no longer identiﬁable. Instead, Stanzani’s Arabic coins, already evoked by Tiesenhausen in 1875, have remained as an easily identiﬁable group: the Arabic ones – with few in gold – represent nearly half of Stanzani’s collection in number, which renders it the second largest private European collection of the time, after that of Frédéric Soret (1795- 1865) who owned 5,500 exemplars. The showcases of the new permanent exhibition include some of Stanzani’s gems and coins, next to the Castel- lani gift.

Archival sources: Archivio di Stato di Roma, 30 notai capitolini, n. 90 (27 settembre 1877); Roma, Arch. della Pontiﬁcia Accademia dei Virtuosi al Pantheon, faldone 1, ﬁlza 6: Eredità S. Corrispondenza epistolare del r.o con. Castiglia relativa ai suoi resoconti – Corrispondenza 1873 ; Arch. stor. Capito- lino, Commissione archeologica, Medagliere S. ; Arch. stor. dell’Accademia di San Luca, S. L. , legati, 1634; Arch. stor. del Ministero degli Affari esteri, serie D, b. 72, 1856-1899, f. n. 1256.

Bibliographical references: A. D’Ottone, Un nucleo di dirham della collezione S. nel Medagliere capitolino , in Bull. della Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma , CVI (2005), pp. 253-268; Ead., Un secondo nucleo di dirham della collezione S. nel Medagliere capitolino , ibid. , CXI (2010), pp. 141-156; Ead., L’eredità S. e la storia dell’omonima collezione attraverso i documenti d’archivio della Pontiﬁcia Insigne Accademia di belle arti e lettere dei Virtuosi al Pantheon , in Annali della Pontiﬁcia Insigne Accademia di belle arti e lettere dei Virtuosi al Pantheon , X (2010), pp. 193-207; Ead., Oriental coins in the Capitoline museums. Further researches on S. collection history , in Proceedings of the XIV. International Numismatic Congress Glasgow 2009 , I-II, edited by N. Holmes, Glasgow 2011, II, pp. 1807-1812; Ead., L. S.: Freemason architect and coin connoisseur. Notes on his biography and collection , in The 3rd Simone Asse- mani Symposium on Islamic coins , edited by B. Callegher - A. D’Ottone, Trieste 2012, pp. 155-174; A. D’Ottone Rambach, “L’affare Stanzani ”. Docu- menti inediti dagli archivi romani , in The 4th Simone Assemani Symposium on Islamic coins , edited by B. Callegher - A. D’Ottone Rambach, Trieste 2015, pp. 243-277.

See also: P. Savelieff, Numizmaticheskiya zamyetki, in Izvyestiya Imp. Arkheol. Obshch. , III (1861), coll. 387-421 (in partic. col. 420, n. 4); W. Tiesen- hausen, Mélanges de numismatique orientale , in Revue belge de numismatique , XXXI (1875), pp. 329-379 (in partic. p. 379); Gazzetta ufficiale del Regno d’Italia , n. 229 (1877); C. Serafini, Ritrovamenti numismatici , in Bull. della Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma , IV (1891), pp. 3-7 e tavv. I-II; M. Panvini Rosati Cotellessa, Il Medagliere capitolino , in Capitolium , X (1960), pp. 3-12; A. Melbechowska-Luty, Dziekon ská Stanzani Michalina , in Słownik artystów polskich i obcych w Polsce działaja cych.̨ Malarze, rzeźbiarze, graficy , Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdan ́sk 1975, II, pp. 145 s.; E. Lo Gatto, Gli artisti italiani in Russia , I-IV, Milano 1990-94, ad ind. (1a ed., I- III, Roma 1932-43); H. Waga, Vita nota e ignota dei Virtuosi al Pantheon: 30 arianna d’ottone rambach contributi alla storia della Pontificia Accademia dei Virtuosi al Pantheon , Roma 1992, ad ind. ; M. Varvarcev, Italiitsi v kulturnomu prostori Ukraieny: (kinet 18-20-ti rr. 20st.): istoryko-biohrafichne doslidzhennia: (slovnyk) [Gli italiani nell’ambito culturale dell’Ucraina dalla fine del Settecento al primo ven- tennio del Novecento. Ricerca storico-biografica (Dizionario)], Kyiev 2000, pp. 235 s.; O. Tyshchenko, Alcuni aspetti del contributo degli architetti italiani del classicismo all’architettura dell’Ucraina , in Umanesimo in Ucraina. Atti della conferenza internazionale, Leopoli... 2002 , Treviso 2004, pp. 105- 107; M.C. Molinari - V. Piva, A collection of coins from the northern Black sea in the Capitoline coin cabinet , in Ex nummis lux. Studies in ancient numismatics in honour of Dimitar Draganov , edited by D. Boteva, Sofia 2017, pp. 427-440; V. Tymofiyenko, Zodchi Ukrayiny kintsya XVIII - pochatku XX stolit ʹ. Biohrafichnyy dovidnyk , http://alyoshin.ru/Files/publika/timofienko/ tim_zodchi_032.html#stanzani; A. D’Ottone Rambach, Stanzani, Ludo- vico, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (forthcoming).

GREAT COLLECTIONS

Frank Berger *∗

HISTORISCHES MUSEUM FRANKFURT: MÜNZKABINETT

Abb. 1: Vorher: Das Museum von 1972

Abb. 2: Jetzt: Das Museum von 2017

Das Historische Museum Frankfurt beﬁndet sich im Zentrum der Frank- furter Altstadt. Der Gebäudekomplex, bestehend aus sechs Bauten des 12, des 15., des 18., des 19. und des 21. Jahrhunderts, erstreckt sich auf dem Gelände einer stauferzeitlichen Pfalz. Diese königliche Anlage ist Bestand- teil der Ausstellungen.

Der Beginn des heutigen Münzkabinetts des Historischen Museums der Stadt Frankfurt datiert aus dem Jahr 1749, dem Geburtsjahr Goethes. Frau Katharina Elisabeth von Barckhaus, verwitwete Glock, geborene von Kellner (1696-1749) vermachte in ihrem Testament vom 12. Mai 1749 das Münzkabinett ihres ersten Mannes der Frankfurter Stadtbibliothek „zu Ehren und immerwährendem Andenken der Glockischen Familie“ (Abb. 3).

* [email protected] 32 frank berger

Abb. 3: Katharina Elisabeth von Barckhaus, verwitwete Glock (1696-1749), die erste Stifterin der Sammlung

Der Syndikus Lic. Jur. Anton Philipp Glock (1694-1721) hatte innerhalb von drei Jahren eine Sammlung von 3.296 griechischen und römischen Münzen zusammengebracht. Vor seinem frühen Tod hatte er noch die Absicht geäußert, seine Sammlung zu publizieren. Dies besorgte dann auch der zweite Gatte seiner Witwe, der spätere Reichshofrat Heinrich von Barckhaus. Der von ihm bearbeitete Katalog erschien 1735 unter dem Titel NUMOPHYLACIVM GLOCKIANVM (Abb. 4).

Abb. 4: Numophylacium Glockianum von 1735, gedruckte Ausgabe der Sammlung von Anton Philipp Glock (1694-1721), des Erstbestandes des Frankfurter Kabinetts historisches museum frankfurt: münzkabinett 33

Nach seiner Wahl in Frankfurt hatte von 1742 bis 1744 Kaiser Karl VII. seine Residenz in das Palais Barckhaus auf der Zeil in Frankfurt verlegt, um von dort aus das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation zu regieren. Auch er hat die Sammlung Glock studiert.

Verbunden mit dem Vermächtnis war ein Legat von 1.000 Gulden, deren Zins ein Bibliothekar als Bearbeiter der Sammlung erhalten sollte. Erster Betreuer war der Jurist Christoph Friedrich Kneusel (+ 1768). Noch 1790 bestand die Sammlung ausschließlich aus antiken Münzen. Der erste Auf- bewahrungsort der Sammlung war die Stadtbibliothek. Diese befand sich seit 1529 bis 1786 im Komplex des Barfüßerklosters. Dann wurde das Ge- bäude für den Bau der Paulskirche abgerissen. Als jahrzehntelanges Not- quartier diente dann das Rathaus. Die Münzen waren bis 1835 in einen Wandschrank des Ratszimmers, des ursprünglichen Wahlzimmers der Kurfürsten. Von dort wurde sie am 22. Mai 1835 in die neuerbaute Stadt- bibliothek am Obermaintor mit einem eigenen Kabinettsraum gebracht. Im Herbst 1927 schließlich kam die Münzsammlung von der Stadtbiblio- thek in das Historische Museum.

Der erste große Ankauf bestand im Erwerb der Sammlung Justinians von Günderode 1818 für 2.855 Gulden. Sie bestand aus 1.450 Frankfurter Mün- zen, Medaillen und Krönungsstücken. Die Ankaufsmittel stammten aus dem Legat des Schöffen Heinrich Wilhelm Lehnemann von 1795 für „sil- berne historische Münzen, die nicht alltäglich zum Kauf vorkommen“.

Als nächstes bereicherte der berühmte Afrikareisende Dr. Eduard Rüppell (1794-1884) die Sammlung (Abb. 5).

Abb. 5: Goldmedaille auf Dr. Eduard Rüppell (1794-1884), Forschungsreisender in Abessinien, Stifter des Bestandes alexandrinischer Münzen und Betreuer der Sammlung 34 frank berger

Zwischen 1817 und 1833 unternahm er drei Forschungsreisen nach Ägyp- ten, Sudan und Abessinien. Er schenkte seiner Vaterstadt große antiker Münzen, vor allem aus der römischen Münzstätte Alexandria. Dieser Kom- plex bestand aus 1.325 Münzen. 1835 nahm der Rat dankbar sein Angebot an, die Münzsammlung zu betreuen. Er führte dem Bestand Tausende von Münzen zu und legte ein fünfbändiges Verzeichnis an. Nach der Besetzung der Freien Stadt Frankfurt durch die Preußen im Jahre 1866 emigrierte Rüppell nach Zürich. Jedoch kehrte er 1869 nach Frankfurt zurück und wirkte noch bis 1881 segensreich für die Sammlung.

Abb. 6: Friedrich Ebrard, Stadtbibliothekar und Kurator der Münzsammlung

1884 übernahm Clemens Friedrich Ebrard (1850-1935) die Leitung der Städtischen Münzsammlung (Abb. 6). Sein erklärtes Ziel war es, den Be- reich der Frankfurter Münzen und Medaillen auf den Stand größtmög- licher Vollständigkeit zu bringen. Der Kammerherr Hermann von Heyden (+1917) half bei Aufbau des Bestandes von Orden, Kriegsmedaillen und Ehrenzeichen der Freien Stadt Frankfurt ebenso wie der umliegenden Kleinmächte Kurhessen, Nassau, Hessen-Homburg, Hessen-Darmstadt und der Freien Städte. Geschenkt wurden dem Kabinett 1886 die Samm- lung F. Will mit 3.000-4.000 griechischen und römischen Münzen, 1891 historisches museum frankfurt: münzkabinett 35 der Nachlaß von August Ehinger mit 4.361 antiken, mittelalterlichen, neueren und Frankfurter Münzen und 1894 die Sammlung Grießbauer mit 365 Antiken und Talern. Hugo Gaebler verfaßte 1903-1906 ein Ver- zeichnis mit 8.316 Nummern antiker Münzen. 1895 übergaben die Erben des Frankfurter Bildhauers Fritz Beyer (1861-1894) dessen Sammlung römischer Münzen, Gemmen und Glaspasten der Stadt Frankfurt.

Mit dem Erwerb zweier Spezialsammlungen kam im Jahre 1900 der Be- stand Frankfurter Münzen und Medaillen zu großer Vollständigkeit. Für 130.000 Mark genehmigte der Magistrat den Ankauf der Sammlung Hein- rich Stiebel mit einem Zuwachs von 3.209 Stücken und 1.666 auszuschei- denden Dubletten. Herausragend waren darin die Stücke zu den Frank- furter Kaiserwahlen und Kaiserkrönungen. Der Kommerzienrat Alfred von Neufville vermachte der Stadt seine mit der Sammlung Eduard Fellner vereinte Frankfurtsammlung mit 4.489 Stück, davon 2.865 Dubletten, die für 12.086,25 Mark versteigert wurden. Seitdem mußten immer nur noch wenige fehlende Stücke und laufende Ergänzungen Frankfurter Medaillen erworben werden. Noch eine Privatsammlung blieb übrig, diejenige von Friedrich Eduard Finger. Daraus konnten 1918 alle fehlenden Stücke über- nommen werden.

Die Frankfurter Medaillen der Sammlung sind grundsätzlich unterteilt in die Gebiete „Ereignismedaillen“ und „Personenmedaillen“. Bei letzteren liegt Goethe als Motiv von über 500 Medaillen an der Spitze. Die Reihe der Personenmedaillen beginnt im 16. Jahrhundert und schwillt seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts lawinenartig an. Allein der Medailleur Karl Dautert (1875-1945) schuf 110 Medaillen auf Frankfurter Personen. Der Bereich der Prämien, Orden und Ehrenzeichen beginnt mit den Gymnasialprä- mien um 1600. Im 19. Jahrhundert gibt es Prämien vieler Frankfurter Gesellschaften und Vereine.

Einen ansehnlichen Bestand der Sammlung bilden die Münzen- und Me- daillenstempel. Zahlreichen Guldenstempeln des 15. Jahrhunderts folgen solche der Frankfurter Turnosen, Heller und Halbbatzen (Abb. 7). Von der Freien Stadt Frankfurt gibt es noch Matrizen und Patrizen von 3 und 6- Kreuzer Stücken, halben, ganzen Gulden und Doppelgulden sowie von den Gedenkmünzen. Diese wurden offenbar 1866 vor den Besatzern ge- rettet und nicht nach Berlin abgeliefert. Weitere Stempel gibt es zu Me- daillen auf historische Ereignisse, auf Personen, für Prämien, Ehren- zeichen Marken und Zeichen. Aus der Zeit des 14. bis 19. Jahrhunderts gibt es 500 Siegelstempel der Stadt und ihrer Behörden, der Dalbergzeit, der Zünfte, Kirchen und Klöster. Mit seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Dienst vermittelte Ebrard 1935 dem Kabinett noch eine ansehnliche Sammlung von Dürermedaillen.

Der wichtigste Erwerb in der Geschichte des Frankfurter Münzkabinetts war 1939 der Kauf der Sammlung von Ernst Lejeune (1870-1944) mit ca. 45.000 Münzen zu einem günstigen Preis. Lejeune besaß die größte und 36 frank berger

Abb. 7: Stempel von Frankfurter Gulden, Turnosen und Hellern des 15. Jahrhunderts bedeutendste Privatsammlung deutscher Münzen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. Seine bevorzugten Sammelgebiete waren Rheinland und West- falen sowie Mittel- und Süddeutschland. Nahezu vollständig sind die Gebiete Burg Friedberg, Hanau, Solms, Sayn und die Wild- und Rhein- grafen. Großes Augenmerk hatte Lejeune auf die Kleinmünzen gelegt sowie auf Brakteaten, wo er wichtige Stücke der Sammlungen Emil Bahr- feldt, Ferdinand Friedensburg und Arthur Löbbecke erwarb. Schlagartig wurde das Frankfurter Kabinett zu einer der wichtigsten öffentlichen Münzsammlungen Deutschlands.

Als Bearbeiter wurde 1940 auf Empfehlung Lejeunes hin Friedrich Fried- mann (1906-1977) eingestellt. In diesem Jahr entging dem Museum der Ankauf der Sammlung römischen Schwerkupfers des bekannten Frank- furter Alpinisten und Numismatikers Ernst Justus Haeberlin (1847-1925) (Abb. 8).

Abb. 8: Ernst Justus Haeberlin, Frankfurter Alpinist und Münzsammler, 1911 bei einem Spaziergang im Ginnheimer Wäldchen historisches museum frankfurt: münzkabinett 37

Die ﬁnanziellen Forderungen der Erben waren zu hoch, so daß nur das Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen in Berlin diese erfüllen konnte. Im Krieg gab es keine Verluste, da die Münzen teils im Keller des Schlosses Amorbach und teils im Tresor der Firma Wayss & Freytag in Frankfurt sicher untergebracht war. 1957 siedelte das Münzkabinett mit dem His- torischen Museum in den Saalhof über, wo es sich heute noch beﬁndet. Friedmann erstellte in diesen Jahren einen Katalog der Sammlung Lejeune, in dem in Manuskriptform alle Stücke alphabetisch nach Münz- ständen verzeichnet waren. Neuerwerbungen dieser Zeit waren eine Frankfurt-Sammlung von 600 Medaillen, Marken und Zeichen, die Über- nahme der Notgeldsammlung der Stadtbibliothek und 1964 die Samm- lung von 628 Rechenpfennigen von Arthur König. Friedmann schied 1970 aus dem Museumsdienst aus.

Seine Nachfolgerin wurde Dr. Gisela Förschner (1929-2011), die schon seit 1965 als Volontärin und freie Mitarbeiterin am Historischen Museum tätig war. Sie konnte 1986 einen Teil des Nachlasses an Stempeln, Stanzen und Musterstücken der Prägeanstalt Jörgum und Trefz geschlossen über- nehmen; des weiteren Teile des Nachlasses des Bildhauers und Medail- leurs Rudolf Bosselt und die Verdienstmedaillen des früheren Bürger- meisters Ludwig Landmann. Hinzu kamen Kunstmedaillen und Werkpro- ben zahlreicher Frankfurter Bildhauer und Medailleure des 20. Jahrhun- derts. Schließlich konnte die Sammlung des Goethe-Gymnasiums über- nommen und sachgerecht gelagert werden. Im Jahre 1991 wurde der 1697 schließende Schatzfund von Oberwöllstadt für das Kabinett erworben. Er illustriert anschaulich den Münzumlauf im Frankfurter Raum in der zwei- ten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Den Bestand an Goethemedaillen er- gänzte der Erwerb von 57 dem Kabinett fehlenden Stücke der Sammlung Wolfgang Schweizer, Köln. Besonderer Verdienst kommt Gisela Förschner durch die Erstellung von immerhin 14 Bestandskatalogen der Münz- sammlung zu. Auf diese Weise erlangten proﬁlierte Sammlungsbereiche weltweite Bekanntheit.

Seit 1997 ist Dr. Frank Berger für das Münzkabinett des Historischen Museums zuständig. Anläßlich der Einführung des Euro am 1.1.1999 zeigte das Museum in der Ausstellung „Geld ohne Grenzen“ Beispiele von Währungsunionen aus 2500 Jahren. Dem folgte 2002 mit ähnlicher Zielsetzung die Ausstellung „12 werden Eins“. Damit sind die zukünfti- gen Verpflichtungen der Frankfurter Sammlung bereits angesprochen. In der Hauptstadt des europäischen Geldes müssen die europäischen Dimen- sionen der neuen Währung in historischer Perspektive dargestellt werden.

Die Präsentation dieser historischen Perspektiven stand auch im Vorder- grund der musealen Präsentation. In Zuge der Sanierung der alten Ge- bäude wurden 2012 unter dem Dach des Begriffs „Sammlermuseum“ drei numismatische Komplexe eingerichtet. Ein Kabinett antiker Münzen in der Präsentation von 1730, die Sammlungen von Münzen der Ptolemäer 38 frank berger und der römischen Münzstätte Alexandria als Geschenk des berühmten Forschungsreisenden Dr. Eduard Rüppell (1794-1984) und die komplette Sammlung deutscher Gold- und Silbermünzen ab 1840 als Dauerleihgabe der Degussa.

Abb. 9. Die neue Ausstellung (Seit Oktober 2017) von deutschen Münzen von 794 bis 1806

Im Oktober 2017 wurde mit einem Kostenaufwand von 54 Millionen Euro der Neubau des Historischen Museums eröffnet (Abb. 9). Unter dem Titel „Geldstadt Frankfurt“ erstreckt sich hier die Ausstellung zu den Themen der Numismatik und Geldgeschichte über 500 qm. Unter dem Titel „Münzreich“ sind 4.000 Münzen aller deutschen Länder von Karl dem Großen bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches zu sehen, in topographischer Anordnung. Der Bereich „Auf und ab“ zeigt die wirtschaftliche Ent- wicklung der Stadt Frankfurt über acht Jahrhunderte, geprägt von Phasen des Niedergangs und des Aufschwungs, meist bedingt durch ﬁnanztech- nische Innovationen. Das Stichwort „Finanzplatz“ thematisiert die Akteure der Geldstadt, nämlich die Bankiers und Börsenbesucher samt den Gebäuden, in denen sie tätig waren und sind. Schließlich erläutern Großdioramen „Geschichten vom Geld“. Hier sieht der Besucher noch einen klassischen Schalter der Dresdner Bank („Kredit“), den Heller- Altar des Albrecht Dürer von 1515 („Bilanz“), einen Massenspeicher der Citibank („Konto“) oder eine Maklerschranke der Frankfurter Wertpapier- börse („Spekulation“).

Das Historisches Museum Frankfurt reflektiert in seiner Ausstellung in aller Breite die Bedeutung des historischen Geldwesens für den Finanz- platz Frankfurt. Diese Präsentation war nur möglich vor dem Hintergrund eines Bestandes von ca. 150.000 numismatischen Objekten.

OBITUARIES

Svein Harald Gullbekk *∗ Håkon Roland ** ∗∗

KOLBJØRN SKAARE (1931-2017)

Fig. 1. Medal of Kolbjørn Skaare by Øivind Hansen

Professor Dr. Philos. Kolbjørn Skaare quietly passed away at Smestad- hjemmet nursing home in Oslo on Saturday, 3rd June 2017. He was former Director of the University Coin Cabinet at the University of Oslo and Pre- sident of the Commission internationale de numismatique (now INC). Skaare was employed as a scientiﬁc assistant at the University’s Coin Cabinet, UiO in 1959, and later became a Curator, Lecturer (1983) and Professor in 1985. In 1976 he became Dr. Philos. with a dissertation on Viking Age coinage in Norway. He was the museum’s director for most of his professional life until he retired in 2002.

Over the years, more than 500 publications came from his hand in a number of areas such as coinage in the Viking Age, medals, Greek and Roman numismatics, coin designs, banknotes and general topics on money and numismatics. Among his most important books are Coins and

* Professor, Curator of Viking age and medieval coins Department of Numismatics and Classical Archaeology Museum of Cultural History University of Oslo ([email protected]). ** Department Head, Curator of classical coins Department of Numismatics and Classi- cal Archaeology Museum of Cultural History University of Oslo ([email protected]). 40 svein harald gullbekk & håkon roland

Coinage in Viking-Age Norway (1976), Mynt i Norge (Norwegian coinage, 1978), Norskmynthistorie i 1000 år (1000 Years of Norwegian Coinage, 2 volumes 1995) and Mynten, mynteneogmedaljene. Den kgl. Myntshistorie 1806-2004 (The Mint, the Coins and the Medals. The History of the Royal Norwegian Mint 1806-2004, 2008).

Skaare was a pioneer in applying natural science methods in humanistic research, and already in the 1960s he started collaborating with the Institute of Nuclear Energy at Kjeller outside Oslo. The metallurgical examinations that he had carried out by neutron activation analysis form the basis for our knowledge about metallurgy of the coinages in Viking and medieval Norway. Several key articles published in Nordic Numismatic Journal (NNÅ ) on the subject of identiﬁcation and chronology of coin series issued by the kings Magnus Barefoot (1093-1103), Sverre Sigurds- son (1177-1202), Håkon Håkonsson(1217-63) and Archbishop Jon Raude signiﬁcantly draw upon metallurgical evidence. Skaare’s research on the coinage of Harald Hardrada suggested early on a connection between the increasing power of the King and coinage as an important national institution in the formative years of Norway as a nation. He concluded that this period witnessed the establishment of Norwegian national coinage. The large body of research based on extensive material studies makes it clear that Skaare must be called empiricist. He saw it as his main research assignment to facilitate access to the important coin material from Viking Age and medieval Norway for further research within archaeology, history and related disciplines. And here he has succeeded.

Skaare was also an avid mediator and lecturer on numismatics in Norway and the Nordic region, and he had his own weekly newspaper column on numismatics in the national press for a number of years. Public outreach was important to him, and he was happy to accept invitations from news- papers, radio and television making contributions to money-related subjects. Over the years he delivered hundreds of popular lectures on a broad range of numismatic themes for associations far and about.

Throughout his work, Skaare was responsible for taking care of the extensive collections at the Coin Cabinet in Oslo. He provided funds to carry out systematic acquisitions to complete key parts of the coin collection, and revised the particularly important finds from the Norwegian medieval churches. He catalogued most of the coin finds from Norway, and made significant contributions to the continuous task of updating and completing the national numismatic library. The digitization of the museum world also occurred on Skaare’s watch, and the work on numismatic databases of the collections commenced already in 1990.

Kolbjørn Skaare was Vice-President and President of The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (1985-1989), Secretary (1979-1986) and President (1986-1991) of the Commission internationale de numismatique, member of a number of Norwegian and Nordic councils and com- kolbjørn skaare ( 1931-2017 ) 41 mittees. He has been awarded several awards at home and abroad, e.g. the King's Medal of Merit in gold in 1995. Skaare was a driving force in the Norwegian National Bank’s Committee of coin design from 1967 to 2013, and through this work has literally put his mark on the country's coinage for decades.

Skaare made a great effort for many years as a Norwegian editor of the Nordic Journal from 1982 to 2002, and in the years 2004 to 2013 as head of the Norwegian department of the Letterstedtska Association, which, in addition to publishing the journal, supports all forms of Nordic cultural cooperation.

Skaare was one of the few who both managed both to establish and maintain an international research career and to safeguard personal interests throughout his professional life. Singing and music was an important part of Skaare’s life. The Official Male Choir of the University of Oslo had Skaare as an active member for many years. Family, friends and colleagues at home and abroad remember Skaare’s songs for different occasions, from confirmations to formal dinners at international conferences. Wildlife experiences were also important, and Skaare enjoyed peaceful times at his mountain cabin where the days were divided between family, trout fishing and writing articles.

There is a large group of colleagues across the Nordic region who feel grateful to have known such a sociable and kind person as Kolbjørn Skaare. His reputation as the country’s Grand Old Man of numismatics will remain a tribute to his life for a long time.

William E. Metcalf ∗

THEODORE V. BUTTREY (1932-2018)

Theodore V. Buttrey (ANS Newsletter Winter 1996, 5)

The death of Theodore V. Buttrey January 9 at the age of 88 left a gaping hole in numismatics. He has now had many obituaries that rehearse the details of his biography, a testimony to his prominence. Briefly, he attended Princeton, taking his Ph.D. in May, 1953 with a dissertation entitled “Studies in the coinage of Marc Antony” where he was taught by, among others, Louis C. West, then President of the American Numis- matic Society. West was retired but still a presence at Princeton, and Ted was quick to acknowledge his debt to him. Part of that debt may have consisted of Ted’s admission to the first ever Seminar in Numismatics at the American Numismatic Society (1952). The Society itself was very much a Princeton organization in that day, and no less than five of the first admittees were Princeton men. After a Fulbright Fellowship in Italy he was employed at Yale, both as Assistant Professor and Assistant Cura- tor, until the purge of 1964 sent him to the University of Michigan.

* Professor Adjunct of Classics (retired) and Curator of Coins and Medals, Yale Univer- sity Art Gallery (retired), as well as retired Chief Curator at the American Numismatic Society. [email protected]. theodore v. buttrey ( 1932 -2018 ) 43

His early numismatic work centered on the late Republic and, as had his dissertation, the triumviral coinage portrait coinage . [1] Subsequent papers detailed other coinages of the period; [2] but his most significant contribution was centered on the Princeton excavations at Morgantina, with their consequences for the date of the first denarius. [3] The coincidence of literary, archaeological, and numismatic evidence ought to have closed the matter, and the new chronology was enshrined in Michael Crawford’s Roman Republican Coinage (1974), but Ted would return to it as late as 1979 to refine his treatment. [4]

Morgantina was the ﬁrst of many involvements with archaeological sites. There followed Carthage, [5] Apollonia, [6] Sardis, [7] and Cosa. [8] His students, Metcalf and Visonà, would continue his work at Carthage, the latter devoting himself to the larger Punic coinage in copper and billon.

A hiatus in his work was no doubt brought on, in part, by his role as a single parent of four children, in addition to his energetic teaching and increased responsibilities as Chair of the Department of Classical Studies and Director of the Keley Museum of Archaeology at Michigan.

The 1970s began what was doubtless his happiest and most productive period. He then met Ann Johnston, who would become his wife. Ann could not quite be called his student, since she had already published, in 1967, her classic on the earliest preserved Greek map, [9] but at her arrival in Ann Arbor as recipient of a Power Foundation Exchange Fellowship she chose to study Greek. Ted had recently split from his wife, and the

[1] The triumviral portrait gold of the quattuorviri monetales of 42 B.C. (ANSNNM 37, New York, 1956). [2] ӨЄA NEΩTЄPA on coins of Antony and Cleopatra, ANSMN 6 (1954), p. 95-109; The ‘Pietas’ denarii of Sextus Pompey, NC 6th series 20 (1960), p. 83-101; The denarii of Cn. Pompeius Jr. and M. Minatius Sabinus, ANSMN 9 (1960), p. 75-94; The denarii of P. Ventidius, ANSMN 9(1960), p. 95-108. [3] The Morgantina excavations and the date of the Roman denarius, Congreso Internazio- nale di Numismatica Roma, 1961, II. Atti, p. 261-267. Reprinted with revisions in Mor- gantina Studies 2, Princeton 1989, p. 215-219. [4] Morgantina and the denarius, NAC 8 (1979), p. 149-157. Reprinted with revisions in Morgantina Studies 2, Princeton 1989, p. 220-226. [5] The Coins, in J.H. Humphrey, ed., Kelsey Museum of Archaeology. Excavations at Carthage 1975 1, p. 157-197; The coins-1976, in J.H. Humphrey, ed., Kelsey Museum of Archaeo- logy.Excavations at Carthage conducted by the University of Michigan 4, p. 99-163. [6] The Coins, in J.H. Humphrey, ed., Apollonia, the port of Cyrene, excavations by the Uni- versity of Michigan, 1965-1967, p. 335-370 (Tripoli, 1976). [7] Greek, Roman, and Islamic Coins from Sardis (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 7, Cambridge, MA, 1981) (with Ann Johnston, Michael L. Bates & Kenneth M. Mackenzie). [8] Cosa: the Coins, MAAR 34 (1980), p. 1-153. [9] A.E.M. Johnston, The earliest preserved Greek map: a new Ionian coin type, JHS 87 (1967), p. 86-94. 44 william e. metcalf attraction between him and Ann was mutual. She nominally studied Greek with him, but also absorbed numismatics to the extent that she made her own signiﬁcant contributions to the discipline, including some in collaboration with him. Their eventual separation was amicable to the point that he would act as her executor at her untimely death.

But it was “Triumviri” which told us most of what would come. There Buttrey examined minutely the dies used to strike the coinage, bringing together a college of moneyers that had theretofore defied classification. The task involved the minute comparison of several dozen dies in order to establish the relative order of their use. This would seem an act of the most extreme anal compulsion, and so it would be, if the representations were identical; but they were not, and, as he observed, the reward was great: “… if anything is accomplished in this manner, the results will stand permanently, against theory and conjecture.” This kind of meticulous attention to detail was eventually to be applied in his most notorious engagement, with false Mexican gold bars. There he noted the use of the same broken die for different issues to discredit a whole class of highly commercial gold bars, starting a controversy that would eventually extend to the American West and thus affect a vastly larger community of collectors and historians. The entire engagement with this class of false history cost him time and money, when he was forced to defend a libel action and could not publish his results in the United States. But so versatile was the man, and so firm his dedication to history: it offended him that historical evidence should be fabricated as it was in the case of the gold bars.

After forty years of engagement with coins both ancient and modern, he was rewarded with the medal of the Royal Numismatic Society and the Archer M. Huntington Medal of the American Numismatic Society, two of the highest distinctions the discipline bestows. This did not deter him from the essentially clerical task of building up the collection of auction and sale catalogues at the Fitzwilliam Museum. Before the days of bag- gage charges, he used to cross the Atlantic with huge suitcases, bringing the Fitz’s and other materials to the American Numismatic Society’s library in exchange for the latter’s duplicates. The Fitzwilliam now has the best repository of sale literature anywhere, due almost exclusively to Ted’s efforts.

Ted talked of many projects in hand, all left unﬁnished at his death. The biggest of these, which occupied him for the longest time, was the coinage of P. Crepusius. His study of this coinage to demonstrate the use of two anvils in the Roman Republican mint is deﬁnitive; it also provides the best documentation for the number of dies used to strike a coinage, and for their representation in the surviving population. [10] After the death of

[10] The denarii of P. Crepusius and Roman Republican mint organization, ANSMN 21 (1976), p. 67-108. theodore v. buttrey ( 1932 -2018 ) 45

Charles Hersh, who had ﬁrst treated the coinage in 1952, and Ted’s own article, he undertook the documentation of every known specimen, with most of the legwork done by Giles F. Carter until his own death in 2010.

This obituary has focused, more than others, on the purely numismatic side of his career, and has left to one side Ted’s enthusiasm for everything he did, from numismatics to literature (mainly Greek) to learning about his adopted country and showing it to others, not to mention his excursions into television and publishing. But above all he was a teacher. I recall four courses with him; in addition to numismatics there were Theocritus, Euripides, and his famous survey of Greek tragedy. His course in Great Books, taught in Ann Arbor in the 1980s, raised the roof. His de- light in students, and the mere act of teaching, was best captured for me by William R. Day, his colleague at the Fitzwilliam, in an email written during Ted’s last days:

“I feel that I have seen a true master at work, which is something to behold. Sans notes, sans anything but a few coins and a few slides - yes, he was still working with slides rather than powerpoint - he went about his lectures, inviting any and all interruptions but never losing his place or skipping a beat, and the students were enthralled. He was able, without readily apparent effort, to make ancient coins relevant to students of the digital age. His love of the students came through even in his illness. When he learned of a young medical student who was doing a project on patients with terminal illnesses, he invited the student into his home to talk at length on all and sundry on several occasions.”

For me, and for many others, there will not be another like him.

Hadrien Rambach *∗

JEAN-BAPTISTE GIARD (14/ ii/1932-18/ v/2018)

Fig. 1. Jean-Baptiste Giard (1973)

It is with extreme sadness that I heard the announcement of the passing of Jean-Baptiste André Marie Joseph Giard, former curator of Roman coins in the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1961-1997), where he acted as conservateur en chef from 1992. Like many other visitors, I had the chance to beneﬁt from his welcome at the coin cabinet, from his scientiﬁc advice, and from passionate and entertaining discussions with him.

Jean-Baptiste Giard was a member of the board of the International Numismatic Commission, from the Bern meeting of 1979 until the London meeting of 1986. Most museum curators knew him, not only because he had received them in Paris, but also because he travelled extensively (even in the former Soviet Union) in order to make the casts that allowed him to later write his books on the Paris coin collection and on the coinage of the Lyon mint. He adopted a comprehensive approach, intending to build a corpus including die-studies, and his work is distinguished by its precision and depth, the result of setting a high intellectual standard – for himself as he did for others.

He started teaching Roman and Mediaeval numismatics at the École du Louvre in the late 1960s, then at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in

* [email protected] jean-baptiste giard (1932 -2018 ) 47 the 1970s, and then from 1985 until c.2000 at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS). He had also been Assistant at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton (1974-1977), where he befriended Andreas Alföldi († 1981) and André Weil († 1998).

The last of 18 children, Giard was born in 1932 to an educated catholic family from northern France. His father René, a chartiste like his son would later be, came from a long line of bookdealers in Valenciennes who had been in business since the 1750s). His happy childhood – educated at the Collège Sainte Odile in Lille – was interrupted by the Second World War: not long after the death of his father in March 1940, he had to flee in May-June 1940 ﬁrst towards the Poitou and then to Normandy where he remained until December 1941. During this exodus he was separated from his mother– and two of his brothers died in the war. He later went back to Lille where he studied at the Saint-Joseph Jesuit school. After ob- taining his baccalauréat in 1952, he moved to Paris to study at “Henri IV” and then graduated as archivist-palaeographer from the École nationale des Chartes in 1960. The following year, he started working as a librarian at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and he graduated in 1964 from the École pratique des hautes études (4 th section). At the invitation of the director Henri Seyrig († 1973), whom he admired greatly, he became a resident of the Institut français d’archéologie in Beyrouth (1966-1967).

He had discovered numismatics during his studies, and his 1960 thesis was dedicated to La Monnaie de Saint-Quentin au temps de Charles VI et de Charles VII, 1385-vers 1447 . He continued to do some research on French medieval coinage [1], but his interests quickly turned towards Roman numismatics, in which he soon became a leading specialist. His most- used works are his books on the coinage of Lugdunum (Lyon), on which he published two volumes: a ﬁrst one in 1983 on the period 43 bc – ad 41, and a second in 2000 on the periods ad 41-78 and ad 196-197, completing the series started by his friend Pierre Bastien († 2006); and the series Catalogue des monnaies de l’Empire romain (collection du Cabinet des médailles de la Bibliothèque nationale) , which he initiated with a volume on the coins of Augustus (ﬁrst published in 1976, with new corrected editions in 1988 and 2001), and then continued with a volume on the coins of Tiberius to Nero (1988), and one that covered the collections down to the reign of Nerva (1998).

His vast interests, and his philological abilities, led him to deal with non- numismatic subjects: his translation of and comments on Lorenzo Valla’s denunciation of the forged “Donation of Constantine” was published in 1993 with an introduction by Carlo Ginzburg.

[1] With articles on Deux monnaies mérovingiennes de Troyes de mêmes coins (1961), on La Monnaie d’Arras de 1420 à 1426 (1962), on Un trésor de florins trouvés à Dijon (1962), and on Le florin d’or au Baptiste et ses imitations en France au XIVe siècle (1967). 48 hadrien rambach

Jean-Baptiste Giard did not only start and direct the publication of an important Italian hoard, the Rispostiglio della Venèra (vol. II/2 in 1987, vol. I and vol. II/1 in 1995, vol. IV in 2000 and vol. III.1 in 2009), he also created the series Trésors Monétaires – the first 12 volumes of which he edited (1979-1992), not long after the start of the British series of Coin Hoards (published 1975 onwards). This dedication to the publication of coin finds and hoards is significant, and is reflected in his own publications [2]. Probably as a consequence of the study of these French finds, Giard published several articles on the Roman currency of Gaul [3]. In 1989, he published Médailles et antiques I – Trésors monétaires – supplé- ment 2 , in which he aimed at studying the history of numismatics, at en- larging the fields of research by linking – for example – the development of the art of the medal in the Renaissance with the growing interest given to ancient ‘medals’. In it, he included an article on Un camée du Roi René , though he published otherwise little on glyptics: only an article on Une intaille d’Auguste (1975) and a book on Le Grand camée de France (1998), but he was interested in the field because of the obvious similarities in subjects and type of depictions. Like Marie-Louise Vollenweider († 2008), he understood well the connections between engraving coins and engraving gems, and the advantage that numismatists have in identifying portraits. Indeed, portraiture was a real passion of his, and in 1980 he published Le portrait d’autrefois . This was followed by numerous articles [4], and several entries for Stephen Scher’s exhibition catalogue The Currency of Fame. Portrait Medals of the Renaissance (1994). He also leaves an unpublished manuscript devoted to portraiture ( L’Illusion du Portrait ).

[2] He devoted articles to coin finds in Clamecy (1961), Allonnes (1962), Saint-Mesmin (1962), Châtenay-sur-Seine (1963), Maillé (1963), Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf (1964), Puy- de-Dôme (1964), Petit-Couronne (1965), Étaples (1965), Landebaëron (1965), Sougè- res-sur-Sinotte (1965), Malicorne and Bonneuil-sur-Marne (1966), Port-Haliguen (1967), Thiais (1968), Condé-sur-Aisne (1968-1969), Landebaëran (1970), Montereau (1972), Ambenay (1974), and Paris (1982). [3] Pour une étude systématique des imitations du IIIe s. (1962), La monnaie locale en Gaule à la fin du IIIe siècle (1965), La monnaie locale en Gaule à la fin du IIIe siècle, reflet de la vie économique (1969), Pouvoir central et libertés locales. Le monnayage en bronze de Claude avant 50 après J.-C. (1970), Nîmes sous Auguste (1971), Le monnayage antique de Nîmes (1971), Le soulèvement de 68 et le réveil du monnayage local en Gaule (1973), La pénurie de petite monnaie en Gaule au début du Haut-Empire (1975), Les émissions d’or et d’argent de Caligula dans l’atelier de Lyon (1976), La pénurie monétaire en Occident au début du Haut- Empire romain (1977), La monnaie coloniale de Narbonne en 40 avant J.-C. (1983), La monnaie coloniale d’Orange (1984), and La monnaie de Carausius à Rouen (1995). [4] Inventions et récréations numismatiques de la Renaissance (1974), Images de l’Antiquité romaine et de la Renaissance française (1977), Signis receptis. Armenia Capta. Images de reconquête à Rome (1977), L’illusion du portrait (1978), Images de l’antiquité romaine et de la Renaissance française (1978), Le double du prince (1983), Médailles incolores (1985), L’image d’Alexandre le Grand à la Renaissance (1991), Médailles et portraits, ou, La recherche de l’individu à la Renaissance (1993), Faux deniers de Caligula de la Renaissance (1994), Le portrait dans le monnayage romain (1994). jean-baptiste giard (1932 -2018 ) 49

His articles on portraiture show clearly a transition from the Roman period, his main interest, to the Renaissance, and this was what led to him becoming an authority on the history of numismatics [5]. In addition to those books and articles, Giard published a great number of book reviews: at least 91 of them, mostly in the French Revue numismatique 1962-1997 (he acted as the Revue ’s secretary from 1962 until 1972 and then as one of its directors from 1974 until 1996), but also in the Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes (1964-1973), and in the Revue des Études Anciennes (1983). His reviews show his deep understanding of many subjects, as well as his mastery of many languages such as Italian, Spanish, English and notably German, which he had studied in his teenage years despite the trauma of the war. This dedication to reviewing books is an example of his constant desire to remain up to date with current research, and to exchange points-of-view with colleagues. In addition to his historical interests, Jean-Baptiste Giard was also dedicated, notably in later years, to political and social issues. Few people were aware of it, but his life was devoted to helping others: for many he was a stable support, providing help to those experiencing difﬁculties – ﬁnancial or of any sort –, sharing his intelligence and thought-provoking criticism to students like myself. Without judging or ever telling anyone what to do, he would encourage the young to develop their interests, their ideas, their studies. He embodied the concepts of kindness and of humanity, which were the bases of his friendships. He kept his private life separate from his professional one, and his extreme discretion re- sembled timidity, but it was in fact the expression of a deep respect of and interest in the others. Few images remain of Jean-Baptiste Giard, but he can be seen in two TV-interviews for the documentaries “Les Mon- naies et l’Histoire” in 1973 and “Les Vrais Monnayeurs” in 1979. He attended only three International Numismatic Congresses, in Rome in 1961, in New York in 1973, and in London in 1986 – all three cities which he knew well and liked much. It was therefore a great pleasure for him, especially considering his admiration for the work of Harold Mattingly († 1964) on Roman Imperial Coinage, to be awarded the medal of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1998. Already in 1980, he had been made honorary member of the Societatea Numismatică Română. Previously, he had received the Prix Duchalais of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres in 1968 (for his work on the florin d’or), the Prix Allier de Haute- roche of the Académie in 1983 (for his work on Roman coins) and again in 2001 (for his second book on the Lyon mint), and was made Chevalier des Palmes académiques in 1977.

[5] With essays on Critique de la science des monnaies antiques (1980), L’évolution de la numismatique antique au XIX e siècle (1986), Valentin Jamerey-Duval : un numismate exem- plaire du XVIIIe siècle (1989), L’édition numismatique au XVIIe siècle (1994), La génération numismatique de 1760 (1995), Le trésor d’antiquités à la ﬁn du XVIIe siècle (1995), Collec- tionneurs et savants numismates à la Renaissance (1996), Scipion l’Africain héros de la Renaissance (2000), La numismatique à la Renaissance : fondements érudits et imagination (2004), Numismates et antiquaires dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle (2005).

François de Callataÿ *

NUMISMATISTS LIVED MUCH LONGER! AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH OF NUMISMATISTS (C. 1550-2018)

That erudite people live longer than the average population is hardly sur- prising. They tend to spend quiet existences, staying away from the intri- gues of the world - save for people like the Marquis de Sade (2 /vi /1740 – 2/xii /1814), Sir Richard Burton (19 /iii /1821 – 20 /xii /1890), Prince Rupert (17 /xii /1619 – 29 /xi /1682) and Bruce Wayne (c. 1916 – c. 1980), they usually are ﬁnancially secure, and they have developed interests, which keep them intellectually engaged.

1. Generalities about historical average age at death

There is a growing literature about long term demography for famous people in modern times. To quote a few, we do have speciﬁc studies for French bishops (1220-1458), [1] Benedictine monks of Saint-Maur (17 th - 18 th c.), [2] Jesuits (1500-1700), [3] cardinals (1500-2000), [4] members of the Golden Fleece (1400-2000), [5] Britain Royals (1500-1800), [6] elite in Britain (1500-1800), [7] Scottish solicitors (16 th -19 th c.), [8] or artists in the Low Countries (1500-1900). [9] Two recent studies push even further the

* Royal Library of Belgium, Université Libre de Bruxelles, École Pratique des Hautes Études ([email protected]). The author expresses his warm thanks to Alan Walker and Andrew Meadows for having polished the English and made helpful suggestions. He is also grateful to Chris Teulings for his suggestion to present Graph 5 in percentages. [1] Biraben 1977. [2] Le Bras & Dinet 1980 (more than 6,000 cases). [3] Salvini 1979.Living in urban centers and more exposed to diseases than monks, Je- suits appear as a not privileged category in terms of average age at death. [4] Fornasin, Breschi & Manfredini 2010 (ca. 4,000 names: see http://www.ﬁu.edu/ ~mirandas/cardinals.htm). [5] Vandenbroucke 1985 (1,282 members of the Knighthood Order of the Golden Fleece between its foundation in 1430 and the early 1960s). [6] David, Johannson & Pozzi 2010. A small sample with a low average age at death (see p. 10, Fig. 1a and 1b) [7] Johansson 1999. [8] Houston 1995. [9] van Poppel, van de Kaa & Bijwaard 2013. See p. 277: “The data on which our research draws were extracted from the RKDartists database, hosted by the Netherlands Insti- tute for Art History (Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie or RKD, see http://english.rkd.nl/Databases/RKDartists). From this source biographical details of 35,695 Dutch and Belgian painters, sculptors, etchers, and draughtsmen born before 1910 were collected”. average age of death of numismatists 51 ambition in terms of time and size of the samples: the ﬁrst is about “the longevity of [297,651] famous people from Hammurabi to Einstein”, [10] the second about European elite from 800 to 1800 (121,524 names). [11]

Most of these studies have in common to consider age at death of people who lived long enough to be remembered and, for a fair amount of them, to achieve real fame. Not only they totally ignore infantile mortality and are consequently irrelevant for any calculation of life expectancy at birth but, even for age at death, they present a flattered situation, well above the average values for full populations at any given time and place. Nevertheless the other hand, theses studies allow us to follow long term trends for various privileged populations.

To sum up the most salient results proposed by David de la Croix and Omar Licandro 2012, it turns out that the average age at death of famous people seems to have been sticked for millennia around 59 years. It is only with people born in the 1640s, so a century and half before the 18 th c. and the industrial revolution as often thought so far, that a signiﬁcant improvement above that age is observed (see Fig. 1). 73 71 69 67 65 63 61 59 57 55

1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 Fig. 1. Average age at death for famous people, 1000-1850 (see http:// theconversation.com/taille-longevite-pib-lhumanite-a-stagne-pendant-la- majeure-partie-de-son-histoire-90433 from de la Croix & Licandro 2015)

This improvement, being plainly visible from the beginning of the 18 th c. onward, is obversable everywhere. It is not reserved to some leading countries or restricted to some skilled occupations. It is due to a combi- nation of factors out of which the three most prominent are likely to be:

[10] de la Croix & Licandro 2012 (source: Index Bio-bibliographicus Notorum Hominum = IBN : a “very comprehensive tool, covering 3,000 biographical sources [ nb : 2,781] from all countries and historical periods” [p. 3]). [11] Cummins 2014 (121,524 European nobles). 52 françois de callataÿ

1) the early empowerment of the bourgeoisie, 2) receding pandemics, and 3) medical progress. [12]

An additional important point made by de la Croix and Licandro is that “mortality reductions for nobility take place in the 17 th century in the three databases, reinforcing the observation that improvements in the mean lifetime of famous people anticipate those of ordinary people by at least one hundred years”. [13]

Studying mortality among European nobles from 800 to 1800, Neil Cum- mins underlines two marked increases long before 1800: one around 1450 and another around 1650, as already noticed by de la Croix & Licandro. He sees decline in violence as an important factor (although not predominant) to take into account. He also stresses the fact that “the areas of North-West Europe … achieved greater longevity than the rest of Europe even by 1000 ad ”. [14]

Seasonal mortality has also attracted a lot of attention. During a very long time, at least from the Romans onward, human societies have experienced a peak in mortality at the end of the summer, from August to September, due to paludism. 180

20th c. 160 17th c. 14th c. 140

120

100

60 July May June April March August January October February December November September Fig. 2. Seasonal mortality for European nobles (14 th , 17 th and 20 th c.) (January = index 100; from Cummins 2014, p. 15, Fig. 7)

[12] As already emphasized by many, and especially S. Ryan Johansson: see Johansson 1999, Johansson 2010 and David, Johannson & Pozzi 2010. [13] de la Croix & Licandro 2012, p. 35. On this, see already e.g. Boucekkine, de la Croix & Licandro 2003 crucially linking longer life expectancy and better level of literacy with a greater capacity to transmit knowledge and ultimately economic growth. [14] Cummins 2014, p. 1. For the geographical parameter, see the difference recorded between bishops in France or in Latin America during the 17 th and 18 th c. (see Gutierrez 1986). average age of death of numismatists 53

During millenia, a high mortality during summer has long shaped the curves of seasonal death. It is even exacerbated by plague as clearly visible here for the 14 th c with the catastrophic conequencres of Black Death (1347-1351). As illustrated by Fig. 2, this pattern of high summer mortality has been modiﬁed only recently. The current pattern characterized by a higher mortality in winter due to cold weather is not observed before the 18 th century. [15]

140

130 Less than 60 More than 60 120

110

100

60 July May June April March August January October February December November September

Fig. 3. Seasonal mortality for Benedictine monks of Saint-Maur depending of their age at death (from Le Bras & Dinet 1980, p. 375, Graph 14)

It is also well known that this higher mortality due to cold weather affects much more old people than young ones as shown by ratios got for Bene- dictine monks of Saint-Maur depending on their age at death (Fig. 3). While September and October were slightly more lethal for monks who died below 60, January and February prove to be much more dangerous for monks above that age.

It goes without saying that average ages at death also differ depending of the kind of occupations. In their study “from Hammurabi to Einstein”, de la Croix & Licandro give the average difference in years for a full list of occupations (see here Fig. 4).

[15] For cardinals (1850-1900), see the clear graph provided by Fornasin, Breschi & Man- fredini 2010, p. 739, Fig. 6. 54 françois de callataÿ

Occupation Occupation Admiral +7.5 Professor +1.4 Archdeacon +6.9 Librarian +1.0 Collector +4.2 Classicist +0.8 Bishop +3.7 King +0.2 Academician +3.5 Philosopher -0.8 Historian +2.0 Prince -1.4 Painter +1.8 Noble -2.1 Cardinal +1.8 Fighter -7.1 Archaeologist +1.7 Martyr -14.6

Fig. 4. Average difference of lifetime in years depending on the occupations (from de la Croix & Licandro 2012, p. 45)

Not suprinsingly, the highest positions as admirals or archdeacons have been occupied by people who lived long enough to occupy them. Conver- sely, martyrs typically died young. Kings, princes an nobles were not privileged. On the opposite, painters and artists were generally advantaged, belonging most of them to the upper middle class. [16] But not as much as collectors, academicians and historians who tend to live several years above the average got for “famous people” generally speaking. With a result of +4.2, collectors appear high in this ranking, well before bishops (+3.7) and cardinals (+2.5).

2. What about numismatist s?

So what about numismatists? (here a generic word for all kind of scholars and collectors interested by ancient coins). Two of them, the Belgian Léon Lacroix and the American Eric Newman, recently died at the grand age of 106. 17 But already in the 18 th c., the famous Joseph Pellerin was largely acclaimed in France as an example of astonishing longevity, dying in his 99 th year. [18]

2.1. Average age at death for numismatists

What follows is based on a database of 1,183 famous numismatists created for the purpose and gathering various sources, to start with the

[16] See van Poppel, van de Kaa & Bijwaard 2013. [17] 106 years and 251 days for Léon Lacroix (23. xi .1909-1. viii .2016); 106 years and 139 days for Eric Pfeiffer Newman (25. v.1911-15. xi .2017). [18] Joseph Pellerin (27. iv .1684-30. viii .1782). average age of death of numismatists 55

medalists of the Royal Numismatic Society and the American Numismatic Society, but also the names appearing with dates in the index of the DLN (Digital Library Numis ) created by Thijs Verspaegen, the several hundreds of names who exchanged numismatic correspondence before 1800 and are consequently named in the Grand Document of the FINA project (Fontes Inediti Numismaticae Antiquae ), [19] those apperaring in the two boards I created on Pinterest for numismatists who died before 1800 (742 images) or after 1800 (1,527 images), as well as other sources exploited in a less systematic way. [20] Although not large, samples built for each quarter of century produce results which look signiﬁcantly coherent, looking at values for the modal class, the median or the interquartile range (IQR), also called the H-spread for the midspread or middle 50% ([25-75%]).

As with any corpus, there are biases. The reader should keep in mind that this corpus privileges Italian collectors for early centuries on one hand, and academics working everywhere from the 19 th c. onwards on the other.

35%

Before 1600 30% 1600-1699 1700-1799 25% 1800-1899 1900-1999 2000-2018 20%

15%

10%

5% 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99

100-104 105-109 110-114 Fig. 5. Distribution in % of age at death of famous numismatists (1550-2018) (see Annex 1A)

[19] See Callataÿ 2017. [20] The full list with dispersion charts for each quarter of century can be downloaded at: https://www.academia.edu/36990798/List_of_1_186_numismatists_classiﬁed_in_ their_chronological_order_at_the_time_of_their_death 56 françois de callataÿ

As illustrated by Fig. 5 (giving the dispersion by centuries in percentages), average age at death has been considerably prolonged during the last centuries. Two observations: a) 18 th and 19 th c. offer pretty much the same pattern without any signiﬁcant increase between the two; b) The improve obtained for those who died during the 18 ﬁrst years of the 21 st c. (2000-2018) is larger in terms of gains than what has been achieved during the full preceding century (1900-1999).

50 1750-74 1550-74 1725-49 1850-74 1775-99 1575-99 1650-74 1700-24 1950-74 1800-24 1825-49 1875-99 2000-18 1600-24 1625-49 1675-99 1900-24 1925-49 1975-99 Before 1550

Fig. 6. Median (bold plain line), midspread low and high (thin plain lines) ages at death of famous numismatists (1550-2018. See Annex 1A) compared with the average got for “famous people” recorded in IBNH (white dashes: see de la Croix and Licandro 2012) and cardinals (black dashes: see Fornasin, Breschi & Manfredini 2010, p. 737, Fig. 4)

When taking median age at death and midspread values through time for numismatists, it turns out that they tend to live an average of 6 years longer than famous people recorded in the Index Bio-bibliographicus Noto- rum Hominum (Fig. 6). [21] To compare with other professional occupations, it classiﬁes numismatists in the top most advantaged ones, at levels only reached by admirals, cardinals and archdeacons (see Fig. 4). This difference is so substantial that the low midspread for numismatists (lower black dashes) is sometimes above the median value for famous

[21] de la Croix & Licandro 2012. average age of death of numismatists 57

people (white dashes). Despite all medical progresses, the gap of median value does not seem to decrease. With a median value of 86 years for the years 2000-2018, numismatists who died in the 21 st c. still keep an advance of 6 years or so to compare with the average European male population. [22]

110

100

20 1575-1599 1600-1624 1625-1649 1650-1674 1675-1699 1700-1724 1725-1749 1750-1774 1775-1799 1800-1824 1825-1849 1850-1874 1875-1899 1800-1924 1925-1949 1950-1974 1975-1999 2000-2018 1550-1574

Fig. 7. Midespread (boxes) and maximal values (end of lines) for famous numismatists (1550-2018)

Focusing on midspread values (Fig. 7: white boxes), results got for the beginning of the 21 st c. appear as signiﬁcantly higher than everything before. To compare with the preceding quarter of century (1975-1999), it is a gain of ca. 10 years in terms of maximal value and of 7 years for the lower limit of the midspread (67-74). Such a rapid improvement from one period to another is not observed at any other moment of the se- quence.

A word about gender: there are only 45 women in this list of 1,183 names (3.8%) and most of them appear at the very end of it: 13 for the years 1975-1999 (out of 73 = 18%) and 24 for the years 2000-2018 (out of 92 = 26%). As far as this small sample permits to judge, there does not seem to exist a difference of median age at death between women and men. The only remarkable fact is the number of women who died in their 90s.

[22] Not taking into account variations between countries or areas but having in mind that females constitute for the ﬁrst time a quarter of the sample (23 out of 92). 58 françois de callataÿ

With 6 names out of 16 for the years 1975-2018, they here represent 38% of the sample, well above their real representation (22% [37 out of 165]). [23]

2.2. Seasonal mortality of numismatists

The father François d’Aix de La Chaise, the preceptor and numismatic mentor of Louis XIV who will give his name to the famous Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris, died on January 20 st 1709. [24] Doing so, he offers a great example of seasonal mortality. Indeed, he was an old man then in his 85 th year and the winter was particualry cold that year as reported by two other famous numismatists of the time: Gisbert Cuper and Antoine Galland. [25]

180 1600-1699 160 1700-1799 1800-1899 140 1900-2018

120

100

40 Jan-Feb Mar-Apr May-Jun Jul-Aug Sep-Oct Nov-Dec Fig. 8. Seasonal mortality for numismatists (1600-2018) (January = index 100; see Annex 1B)

[23] These six women are: Emanuela Nohejlova-Pratova (3. vi .1900-19. xi .1995), Ludmila Kraskovska (26. vi .1904-26. vi .1999), Laura Breglia (5. ii .1912-2. vi .2003), Elisabeth Nau (1916-2010), Gay van der Meer (1924-9. viii .2014), and Aldina Cutroni Tusa (1923- 16. viii .2016). [24] Father François d’Aix de La Chaise (25. viii .1624-20. i.1709). [25] Letter written by Gisbert Cuper on 23 April 1709 (from Deventer) to Antoine Galland : “Vous parlez, Mr., du froid. Croyez-moi, il a été ici si extraordinaire et si rude, que les vieillards les plus avancés n’en aient senti jamais un pareil. Tout est gelé, tout est comme mort, et il m’a été impossible d’avoir pu mettre la plume sur le papier. Nous avons eu aussi abondance de neige au même temps que vous marquez, et après une gelée aussi excessive que la première, l’air s’est remis un peu, mais le froid a re- commencé le septième de ce mois, quand j’étais à Campen” (Abdel Halim, p. 591-594, n° cclxxv ). average age of death of numismatists 59

Looking at monthly mortality for numismatists through time (Fig. 8), one identiﬁes the same pattern as for other “famous people” (see Fig. 2): a peak in late autumn during the 17 th c. (white line), followed by a peak during winter, mostly in January-February afterwards. : in November- December for the 18 th at the beginning of the year for the 18 th ,19 th and 20 th c., and a more uniform trend with continuing medical progress for the beginning of the 21 st c.

40 59 years or less 35 60-69 years 70-79 years 30 80 years or more

5 July May June April March August October January February December November September Fig. 9. Seasonal mortality for numismatists depending of their age at death (1600-2018) (see Annex 1C)

Looking at monthly mortality for numismatists depending of their age at death (Fig. 9), the most signiﬁcant phenomenon is the correlation between age and cold weather. The more aged you are the more likely you will die in January with results twice larger than for spring months. Conversely, the younger you will die the less affected you will be by weather condi- tion. This scenario looks fundamentally correct but has to be tempered by the biases of the sample (values for 80 or more come mostly from the 20 th and 21 st c. (139 out of 267), while values under 60 are typical for the 16 th and the 17 th c. (53 out of 169).

Looking speciﬁcally at numismatists who died at 80 or older (Fig. 10), it is no surprise to observe that they exacerbate seasonal mortality of their time, dying ﬁrst massively in late summer and autumn (17 th -18 th c.), before proving very sensitive to winter with a peak in January (19 th -20 th c.), while July appears as the most lethal month so far for the current century. 60 françois de callataÿ

17th-18th c. 19-20th c. January 21st c. 18 December 16 February 14 12

November 10 March 8 6 4 2 October 0 April

September May

August June

July Fig. 10. Seasonal mortality for numismatists who died at 80 or more (1600-2018) (in percentages, see Annex 1C)

3. Conclusion

Numismatists lived indeed much longer – 6 years – than the average ‘famous people’. Put into perspective, these 6 years rank them at the top of the most advantageous occupations, along with cardinals and admirals (but above bishops or academicians). Since they live long, they tend to be more impacted by seasonal mortality with a clear peak in January.

A ﬁnal advice for collectors: don’t do like J. Sanford Saltus who died on June 24, 1922 in his room at London’s Hotel Metropole, when cleaning his coins with potassium cyanide and tragically confused between his glass of ginger ale and the other with the deadly poison… If that was the true story. [26]

[26] See Ciccone 2008. average age of death of numismatists 61

Bibliography

Abdel Halim, M. (1964), Antoine Galland, sa vie et son œuvre , Paris. Biraben, J.-N. (1977), La mortalité des évêques siégeant entre 1220 et 1458 sur le territoire actuel de la France, Population 32 ( La mesure des phénomènes démo- graphiques: Hommage à Louis Henry ), p. 467-480. Boucekkine, R., D. de la Croix & O. Licandro (2003), Early mortality declines at the dawn of modern growth, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 105/3, p. 401-418. Callataÿ, F. de (2017), Fontes Inediti Numismaticae Antiquae (FINA ): a short presentation, in M. Caccamo Caltabiano et al. (eds.), XV th International Numismatic Congress. Taormina. Proceedings , I, Messina, p. 95-99. Canudas-Romo, V. (2008), The modal age at death and the shifting mortality hypothesis, Demographic Research 19, p. 1179-1204. Ciccone, J. (2008), The peculiar death of J. Sanford Saltus, American Numismatic Society Magazine 7/1, p. 55-58. Cummins, N. (2014), Longevity and the rise of the West: lifespans of the European elite, 800-1800 , London School of Economics and Political Science. Economic History Working Papers, No: 209/2014, London. David, P., S.R. Johannson, & A. Pozzi (2010), The demography of an early mortality transition: life expectancy, survival and mortality rates for Britain’s royals, 1500-1799 , Discussion Papers inEconomic and Social History 83, Oxford. de la Croix, D. & O. Licandro (2012), The longevity of famous people from Hammurabi to Einstein , Working Papers 666, Barcelona (Graduate School of Economics). Fornasin, Alessio, Marco Breschi, & Matteo Manfredini (2010), La mortalité des cardinaux (XVIe-XXe siècles, Population (French edition) 65/4, p. 731-751. Gutierrez, H. (1986), La mortalité des évêques latino-américains aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Annales de démographie historique , p. 29-39. Houston, R. A. (1995), Writers to the Signet: estimates of adult mortality in Scot- land from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, Social History of Medicine 8/1, p. 37-53. Johansson, S. R. (1999), Death and the doctors: medicine and elite mortality in Britain from 1500 to 1800, Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure Working Paper Series . Johansson, S. R. (2010), Medics, monarchs and mortality, 1600-1800: origins of the knowledge-driven health transition in Europe . Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History 85, Oxford. Le Bras, H. & D. Dinet (1980), Mortalité des laïcs et mortalité des religieux : les Bé- nédictins de Saint-Maur aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Population 35/2, p. 347-384. Perrenoud, A. (1978), La mortalité à Genève de 1625 à 1825, Annales de démographie historique 1 ( La mortalité du passé ), p. 209-233. Salvini, S. (1979), La mortalità dei gesuiti in Italia nei secoli XVI e XVII , Quaderni del Dipartimento Statistico 3, Firenze. Vandenbroucke, J. (1985), Survival and expectation of life from the 1400’s to the present. A study of the knighthood order of the Golden Fleece, American Journal of Epidemiology 22/6, p. 1007-1015. van Poppel, F., D. J. van de Kaa & G. E. Bijwaard (2013), Life expectancy of artists in the Low Countries from the ﬁfteenth to the twentieth century, Population Studies 67/3, p. 275-292. 62 françois de callataÿ

Annex 1A: Dispersion data for the age at death of numismatists for each quarter of century (1550-2018)

c. c. c. th Ages th th 1575 1725 1775 1550 1550 1574 1625 1675 1724 1750 1774 1599 1624 1650 1674 1700 1749 1799 1600 1649 1699 17 16 18 Before

25-29 ------1 - - - 1

30-34 - 1 1 2 - - - - - 2 1 - - 3

35-39 - 1 - 1 1 2 - 2 5 3 2 - - 5

40-44 1 3 1 5 - 1 - 1 2 1 - 1 2 4

45-49 1 1 4 6 1 3 3 2 9 4 1 2 1 8

50-54 2 4 4 10 2 - 3 2 7 5 5 4 5 19

55-59 2 2 4 8 5 4 1 5 15 9 9 12 8 38

60-64 2 1 6 9 2 9 3 13 27 11 11 14 6 42

65-69 - 3 9 12 8 5 10 7 30 11 15 12 14 52

70-74 3 3 9 15 5 3 8 3 19 20 22 18 12 72

75-79 - 2 2 4 1 1 3 12 17 13 19 16 15 63

80-84 - - - - 4 3 3 7 17 8 13 6 21 48

85-89 1 - 1 2 1 - 1 - 2 4 5 5 7 21

90-94 - - 1 1 - 1 1 - 2 3 - 3 4 10

95-99 ------2 2

100-104 ------

105-109 ------

Total 13 21 42 76 30 32 36 54 152 95 103 93 99 390 50 65 70 65 60 65 65 70 70 70 80 70 Mode 54 74 74 69 64 69 69 74 74 74 84 74 Median 58 55 65 62 68 61 69 67 67 70 72 70 73 71 45 54 52 58 55 62 53 60 59 63 61 65 62 Midspread 69 70 70 73 70 73 77 74 76 78 77 81 77

average age of death of numismatists 63

c. c. c. th Ages th st 1825 1850 1874 1875 1925 1975 1800 1824 1849 1924 1950 1974 2018 1899 1900 1949 1999 2000 Total 21 19 20

25-29 ------1

30-34 - - - 1 1 ------6

35-39 - - - 1 1 1 2 - - 3 - - 15

40-44 1 1 4 - 6 1 - - 1 2 - - 19

45-49 - - 2 2 4 1 - 1 2 4 - - 31

50-54 2 1 1 1 5 3 2 2 4 11 1 1 53

55-59 2 2 3 4 11 5 3 2 5 15 3 3 90

60-64 5 1 4 8 18 7 5 2 3 17 2 2 115

65-69 10 5 8 9 32 8 11 7 6 32 8 8 166

70-74 12 9 5 15 41 12 8 8 5 33 9 9 189

75-79 12 1 11 12 36 12 19 12 12 55 8 8 183

80-84 9 5 3 12 29 12 14 15 13 54 12 12 160

85-89 1 3 5 2 11 5 4 6 12 27 28 28 91

90-94 - - - 4 4 2 6 4 6 18 14 14 49

95-99 - 1 - - 1 1 - - 4 5 5 5 13

100-104 ------

105-109 ------2 2 2

Total 54 28 46 71 199 70 74 59 73 276 92 92 1183 70 70 75 70 70 70 75 80 80 75 85 85 70 Mode 79 74 79 74 74 84 79 84 84 84 89 89 79 Median 73 71 71 74 72 73 77 78 79 76 86 86 67 65 62 65 65 63 68 71 67 67 74 74 Midspread 78 81 78 81 79 80 82 84 86 83 89 89

64 françois de callataÿ

Annex 1B: Monthly dispersion data for the age at death of numismatists for each quarter of century (1550-2018)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

To 1599 3 1 3 9 1 7 3 7 7 8 3 4 56

1600-24 2 2 3 3 3 2 - 4 1 2 1 - 23

1625-49 1 - 1 1 4 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 23

1650-74 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 5 2 3 27

1675-99 7 5 3 5 3 2 3 2 3 5 5 7 50

17 th c. 11 11 9 10 11 8 5 12 9 15 9 13 123

1700-24 10 10 4 2 4 8 3 2 6 7 8 7 71

1725-49 8 5 8 6 5 8 7 4 10 4 11 7 83

1750-74 12 5 10 3 5 6 7 8 11 5 7 3 82

1775-99 5 9 8 6 5 7 4 6 8 4 12 5 79

18 th c. 35 29 30 17 19 29 21 20 35 20 38 22 315

1800-24 5 3 4 8 3 5 7 2 1 2 5 3 48

1825-49 2 2 3 3 1 1 4 - 2 2 1 3 24

1850-74 2 3 2 4 4 2 5 2 - 3 7 3 37

1875-99 7 8 6 4 5 4 6 3 - 7 5 5 60

19 th c. 16 16 15 19 13 12 22 7 3 14 18 14 169

1900-24 7 4 3 4 4 7 6 4 7 6 2 3 57

1925-49 3 5 3 4 7 6 5 4 2 5 5 8 57

1950-74 7 5 7 4 - 3 3 7 4 1 3 4 48

1975-99 9 4 6 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 6 4 55

20 th c. 26 18 19 16 14 20 17 18 17 17 16 19 217

2000-18 8 8 8 6 10 10 8 7 2 10 5 3 85

Total 99 83 84 77 68 86 76 71 73 84 89 75 965

average age of death of numismatists 65

Annex 1C: Monthly dispersion data depending of the age numismatists reach when they died (1550-2018)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

To 1599 80+ ------1 - - - - 1 To 1599 70-79 - - 1 5 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 - 17

To 1599 60-69 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 4 3 2 1 16 To 1599 59- 3 - 1 3 - 4 2 2 1 3 - 3 22

To 1599 Total 3 1 3 9 1 7 4 6 7 8 3 4 56 1600-99 80+ 1 6 - 2 - - - - 1 3 - 2 15

1600-99 70-79 1 3 3 2 5 2 1 1 2 2 5 2 29 1600-99 60-69 4 1 1 4 3 2 2 6 6 7 3 5 44

1600-99 59- 3 1 4 2 3 3 1 5 - 2 3 4 31 1600-99 Total 9 11 8 10 11 7 4 12 9 14 11 13 121

1700-99 80+ 9 5 4 3 - 8 2 7 9 7 11 5 70

1700-99 70-79 16 11 11 8 8 6 8 4 12 4 11 6 105 1700-99 60-69 8 8 9 2 9 6 8 4 10 3 6 3 76

1700-99 59- 4 5 5 5 2 8 3 4 5 6 9 7 63 1700-99 Total 37 29 29 18 19 28 21 19 36 20 37 21 314

1800-99 80+ 8 2 5 3 3 3 6 2 - 5 2 3 42 1800-99 70-79 3 6 3 11 8 1 8 3 3 5 8 3 62

1800-99 60-69 6 4 3 4 1 5 5 1 1 2 3 6 41 1800-99 59- - 3 4 2 1 2 3 1 - 1 5 1 23

1800-99 Total 17 15 15 20 13 11 22 7 4 13 18 13 168 1900-99 80+ 14 10 4 5 7 7 6 6 5 1 8 6 79

1900-99 70-79 5 6 10 6 4 8 2 5 6 9 4 8 73

1900-99 60-69 4 - - 2 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 5 34 1900-99 59- 3 2 3 2 - 2 5 4 3 2 1 - 27

1900-99 Total 26 18 17 15 14 22 14 18 15 17 18 19 216 2000-18 80+ 6 5 6 6 5 4 8 6 1 8 4 1 60

2000-18 70-79 1 2 2 - 2 3 - 2 - 1 - 1 14 2000-18 60-69 1 - - - 3 2 - - - - - 1 7

2000-18 59- - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 3 2000-18 Total 8 8 8 6 10 10 8 8 2 9 4 3 84

Total 80+ 38 28 19 19 15 22 22 22 16 24 25 16 267 Total 70-79 26 28 30 32 28 22 20 17 25 23 29 20 289

Total 60-69 22 14 14 13 19 21 17 15 22 23 19 21 218 Total 59- 13 12 17 14 6 20 14 16 10 14 18 15 169

Total 99 80 80 78 68 85 73 70 73 84 91 72 943

MEETING OF THE INC COMMITTEE

Meeting of the INC Committee

Meeting of the INC Committee, Nieborów/Warsaw, June 25 th -27 th , 2017 Present: Michael Alram (MA, president in the chair), Aleksander Bursche (AB), Maria Caccamo Caltabiano (MC, vice-president), François de Calla- taÿ (FdC, secretary), Andrew Meadows (AM), Pere Pau Ripollès (PPR, vice- president), Cecilia von Heijne (CvH), Ute Wartenberg (UW), Bernhard Weisser (BW, treasurer).

1. Introduction by the president

Michael Alram, president, welcomed all the members of the committee and thanked them for their attendance and work during the past months. He gave his special thanks to Aleksander Bursche for his hospitality in the great palace of Nieborów. Due to the good ofﬁces of Benedikt Zäch, the legal issue (including a VAT number) of the installation in Winterthur is now settled. He shared the announcement of the recent death of Kolbjørn Skaare, former president of the INC, who passed away some weeks ago.

2. Minutes of the Committee Meeting at Wien, May 24th -25 th 2016

The minutes of the Committee Meeting held in Wien on May, 24 th -25 th 2016 (see Compte Rendu 63, 2016, p. 76-79) were approved. It was decided to publish separately in the future the reports of the projects under patronage as well as those of the afﬁliated bodies (see Compte Rendu 63, 2016, p. 84-121).

3. and 4. Treasurer’s report: accounts for 2015 and budget for 2016

Bernhard Weisser, treasurer, presented the accounts for 2015 and 2016 as well as the reports of the external auditors (see Compte Rendu , 63, 2016, p. 80-83). It was underlined that the annual revenues approximate € 20,000, while the expenses in a year without congress amount to ca. € 14,000.

It was decided to create three annual Conference Grants of € 1,500 each. Applications for these grants could be introduced by members (at the exclusion of the members of the Committee) having duly paid their fees.

It was decided that a special account will be opened for the conference under the responsibility of AB. The Committee decided at its last meeting to budget a reserve of € 30,000 for the XVI th INC Congress in Warsaw. A travel scholarship of € 3,000 has been granted to Ludovic Trommen- schlager and, exceptionally, three travel scholarships of € 1,000 have been given to Liesbeth Claes, David Martinez Chico and Emilia Smagur.

5. Membership

No new applications for membership were submitted. BW encouraged the committee to ask national Mints to become members of the INC. It might be pointed out that an INC membership affords several advantages: 1) to participate to the INC Congress every six years, 2) to receive the INC Compte Rendu every year, to be eligible for: 3) the yearly INC Travel Grants (€ 3,000 and 1,000), 4) the yearly INC Conference Grant (3 × € 1,500), and 5) the INC young students Travel Grant for the INC Congress (dozens of grants of € 750 each sexennial Congress).

6. Publications of the INC a. INCNews (http://incnews.org/)

INCNews has been launched at the beginning of 2017 to allow greater flexi- bility of workflow, a more responsive posting of time-sensitive announ- cements and the dissemination of news more widely both to our members and the public at large. A budget of € 1,000 is requested by UW to maintain the site. b. Compte Rendu (CR)

It has been decided to print the Compte Rendu 63/2016 in September 2017 (and no longer in May), in order that the accounts for 2015 and 2016 could be approved by the members and the external auditors and duly published together. A letter will be sent to all members explaining the reason for the change and this will be the adopted schedule in the future.

It was also decided to publish the reports of the projects under patronage or afﬁliated bodies separately and no longer with the minutes of the annual meetings. The discussion launched in Vienna about the title, the cover and the content of the Compte Rendu was deferred but it was agreed that it will not affect the Compte Rendu 64 for which several proposals were made. c. Social media

The website is run by CvH who has integrated several improvements. A page has been created for every patronized project and another for the announcement of the Conference Grants. As for INCNews , € 1,000 was assigned for its maintenance.

7. Grants

7a. Travel grants

Five applicants have submitted for the INC Travel Scholarship. It was decided to award € 3,000 to Ludovic Trommenschlager for his PhD on “ La circulation de la monnaie romaine en contexte archéologique dans la Gaule du Nord ” and, by exceptional decision of the Committee, three grants of 68

€ 1,000 to Liesbeth Claes (“ Restoring the forgotten ancient coin hoards from the Roman border in the Netherlands ”), David Martinez Chico (to contribute to “ Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project ”) and Emilia Smagur (“ Func- tion and context of Roman gold coins in India ”).

7b. Conference grants

As announced in Vienna last year, conference grants will be provided in order financially to help scientific conferences. It was decided that three grants of € 1,500 will be allocated each year. A template has been prepared and will be distributed to all members with a letter explaining the procedure. The deadline for the first allocation was fixed at February 28 th 2018.

8. XVI th INC Congress in Warsaw 2021

Aleksander Bursche, president of the next INC Congress, reported about the preparations of the next INC Congress to be hosted on September 2021 (21 st -24 th ) at the University of Warsaw with the sponsoring of the National Bank of Poland. Appropriate spaces on the campus have been booked and AB guided the committee through them. Everyone agreed about the fa- vourable circumstances created by such proximity in such a nice environ- ment (an Excel sheet with all the relevant details was distributed). An Organizing Committee of 13 members has been created with the aim of covering all the major Polish academic institutions.

Andrew Bartkowski, president of the board, briefly presented the Mazurkas Travel Company chosen to undertake the practical organization. After- wards, his team presented a provisional budget with detailed estimates of various costs for an estimated number of 700 participants.

AB is responsible for organizing the competition for the logo, making sure the website of Warsaw 2021 will be launched in 2018, establishing a pre- liminary budget, and for opening a dedicated banking account for the Congress.

10. Survey of Numismatic Research

For the next Survey (2021), a list of topics and potential contributors will be prepared by François de Callataÿ and Aleksander Bursche in order to be discussed and approved at the next meeting.

The old Surveys as well as the Proceedings should be scanned and put on our website (possibly with the support of the Hathi Trust).

11. Other relevant business a) A request for INC Patronage has been made for the SNG Verona (Cas- telvecchio). Patronage of the INC will be accorded as by the past, case per case. 69 b) MCC reported about the Proceedings of the XV th Congress in Taormina. It is expected that they will cost around € 140. c) MCC introduces a request for the internationalization of the LIN project and the standardization of the ‘scenes’ (project DIANA). While no grant could be given to members of the Committee, the Committtee encourages MCC to ﬁnd appropriate partners. d) INC Congress 2027. Several possibilities are being explored but, as by the past, it is difﬁcult to forecast what will be the situation in 10 years.

12. Date and place of the next Committee meeting

At the invitation of Bernhard Weisser, the next meeting of the INC Com- mittee will be held in Berlin, on Monday 12 th to Tuesday 13 th of March 2018.

13. Vote of thanks to hosts

The members of the Committee expressed their warmest thanks to their hosts: Aleksander Bursche, president of the Warsaw Congress, Anna Zapolska, General Secretary, and the University of Warsaw, for their generous hospitality and perfect organization.

REPORTS 2017

1. Projects under the patronage of the INC

1a. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Andrew Meadows reports:

The following volumes have apparently been published since my last report. Of these only the Verona volume has been sent to me.

1. Italy

Arzone, A. & Cappiotti, F., (2017). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: Italia. Civici musei d'arte, Verona. Edizioni Quasar. Nella Sylloge Nummorum Graeco- rum Italia. Civici Musei d’Arte Verona (ed. Quasar, Roma 2017) sono catalo- gati 3.055 esemplari pervenuti nella collezione civica nella seconda metà dell’800 e provenienti dalla fusione di due principali raccolte, Verità e Muselli, formatesi nel corso del XVIII secolo con acquisizioni avvenute principalmente sul mercato antiquario di Venezia e di Roma. Il catalogo comprende monete di età classica ed ellenistica e di età imperiale. Princi- palmente si tratta di numerario in bronzo. Le zecche riconosciute sono 352, distribuite in ogni regione del mondo antico mediterraneo. In una sezione ﬁnale sono stati inseriti i falsi e un piccolo numero di medaglie ispirate alle monete greche. Per lacompilazione del catalogo sono state adottate le impostazioni generali dei volumi della Sylloge Nummorum Grae- corum . Il presente catalogo è quindi ordinato secondo l’ordine geograﬁco della Historia Numorum di B.V. Head (2nd ed.,1911). Ogni scheda è corredata dalle foto del dritto e rovescio a dimensione naturale. Piga, M. (2017) Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: Italia. Firenze, Museo Archeologico Nazionale: Part 4.2, Monetazione cartaginese Monetazione cartaginese. Firenze, Minis- tero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo, Polo museale della Toscana; Cagliari, Associazione culturale Hermaea Archeologia e Arte Catalogo di 178 monete cartaginesi conservate nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze e ordinate per zecche, in ordine alfabetico, all'in- terno di ogni regione antica secondo l'ordine cronologico ipotizzato dagli studi attuali.

2. Turkey

Tekin, O., Özdizbay, A. E. (2017). Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Turkey 9.2 The Ozkan Arikanturk Collection Volume 1 Aeolis. Istanbul: Turkish Institute of Archaeology. The catalog presents a part of the Ozkan Arıkantürk Col- lection: 876 coins from the cities of Aeolis. All coins were bought between the years 1990-2016 by himself in Burhaniye where ancient Adramyteum lies. Cyme is the city with the highest representation, by 113 coins. The catalog also includes examples from the cities of Aegae, Autokane, Elaia and Myrina. The cities Boeone, Grynium, Larisa Phriconis, Temnos, Tisna, Antissa, Eresos, Methymna, Mytilene, Pyrrha, Chalcis and Pordosilene / 71

Poroselene are the other cities represented in the catalog. A full list of SNG publications can be found here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/119WFQUBqwAoy_hfjP199pYPEum6 kUpd7BUr8Om-Gzc/edit#heading=h.haw5a3yq0eqr

1b. New LANDscape of Greek Coinage

Andrew Meadows and Frédérique Duyrat report:

1. Nomisma.org

The past year has seen some significant reorganisation of the Nomisma.org committee structure. Instead of the steering committee which had guided the project for the last 4 years, we have now introduced a slightly deeper structure with a smaller executive committee responsible for oversight and coordination, and a series of subject-specific workgroups. The Executive committee members are: Rahel Ackermann (IFS), Florence Codine (BnF), Ethan Gruber (ANS), Sebastian Heath (NYU ISAW), Jerome Mairat (Ash- molean Museum, Oxford), Andrew Meadows (New College, Oxford), Ulrike Peter (BBAW), Karsten Tolle (DBIS, University of Frankfurt), David Wigg- Wolf (DAI RGK). Workgroups have been formed so far in the following areas: Greek (F. Duyrat and U. Peter), Roman (D. Wigg-Wolf and S. Heath), Roman Provincial (J. Mairat and M. Spoerri-Butcher), Medieval (R. Acker- mann, K. Dahmen and F. Codine) and Celtic (D. Wigg Wolf and S. Nieto) coinages. Expressions of interest in involvement are being sought. We aim to have a first group meeting of the majority of workgroups at the joint ECFN/Nomisma meeting in Valencia in May.

2. Online Greek Coinage

(i) New projects

The past year has seen the announcement of funding for two major new corpus projects. a. Hellenistic Royal Coinages (HRC)

The National Endowment for the Humanities has awarded the American Numismatic Society a substantial grant of $ 262,000 to fund the web- based Hellenistic Royal Coinages project. Under the direction of Curator Dr. Peter van Alfen and Director of Data Science Ethan Gruber, this three- year project (Phase 1, planned for 2017-2020) will develop the HRC portal. This will be built around seven interlinked web-based components, em- ploying the principles of Linked Open Data, already successfully deployed in a number of other ANS projects (including the NEH-funded Online Coins of the Roman Empire). These include three stand-alone online tools each of which is devoted to the coinage of a single royal dynasty: 72

(1) PELLA, with a focus on the Argeads of Macedonia including Alexander the Great

(2) Seleucid Coins Online (SCO)

(3) Ptolemaic Coins Online (PCO)

Incorporated within these three tools will be a monogram and symbols repository.

Two additional stand-alone tools.

(1) Greek Coin Hoards

(2) The scanned notebooks of Edward T. Newell (d. 1941)

While all of the stand-alone tools will be interlinked, they will also be united through the portal site Hellenistic Royal Coinages, which will serve as a union catalogue for global searches and as a platform for later ex- pansion, and will later focus on adding the coinages of the remaining Hellenistic dynasties (Phase 2, post-2020). The funds from the NEH grant will be used solely to hire assistants to aid in the extensive photography, cataloguing, and typology work that lies at the heart of the project. b. Ancient Coinage as Related Cultural Heritage (ARCH)

Within the Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural Heritage (JPICH) framework, three institutions (The University of Oxford (PI A. Meadows), The Bibliothèque nationale de France (PI F. Duyrat) and the Universitat de València (PI P.P. Ripollès) have been awarded a grant of €570,000 to develop the ARCH project. Using the nomisma.org knowledge organisation system it will create a framework consisting at the highest level of a single, unified portal across multiple online typological resources currently under development. These resources will in turn be linked to a body of data drawn from two major European collections, as well as a large corpus of material drawn from commercial contexts (auction catalogues). The over- arching portal will serve as a central point of access to this data for multiple audiences, as well as a demonstration of the extensibility of this approach to other geographic areas. Associate Partner-projects based in Germany and the United States will contribute typologies for this purpose. As a proof of concept of the research applicability of this framework, ARCH will develop one geographical focus – Pre-Roman Spain and southern Gaul – in the form of a specific online reference tool (monedaiberica.org) that will draw upon both categories of data (public collections and objects in commerce), as well as a program of research designed to exploit the opportunities offered by such a systematic and Linked Open Data infra- structure. This will examine questions of monetary and cultural connecti- vity and interaction across the borders of Spain and France in antiquity, in collaboration with leading scholars in the field of this geographical area, and monetary and cultural history, working as Associate Partners based in 73

Paris, Orléans, and Valencia. The project also includes funding for the cataloguing of the entire Greek coin collection of the BnF. This will feed into existing typology projects through their portals. However we will also aim to use the cataloguing exercise in Paris to develop a basic hierarchical ‘skeleton’ for the whole of Greek coinage using available reference works outside of existing portal projects. Funding is currently being negotiated. The project will begin in June 2018 and run for three years.

(ii) Existing projects. a. Corpus Nummorum Thracorum

The CNT project continues its work on Thrace and in July 2017 it was announced that the DFG has recognized the project’s success with a new grant for a second period of work, to last for three years. It will now proceed with the mapping of its SQL database to RDF. b. PELLA

The main implementation phase of PELLA is now complete. 4,573 typological records now link to 20,196 specimens in 12 collections. c. Oxford Paris Alexander project (OPAL)

This project sought to place the collections of this coinage held by Oxford and the BnF online to be connected to PELLA. It was also designed to serve as a case study for the role that a digital collection may play in the construction of a virtual, transnational presentation of transnational heritage. To this end a conference was held in Oxford in April 2017. The proceedings are now going to press and will be published in 2018. d. Kyprios Character

The coin database of silver coins of the Cypriot kings is now online and contains 365 specimens (http://kyprioscharacter.eie.gr/en/cyprus-coins/ all/).

(iii) Future projects

We envisage that a funding bid for a type corpus of the non-royal coinages of Asia Minor will be developed and submitted within the coming year.

1c. Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae Classicae et Mediae Aetatis (LIN)

Report of Maria Caccamo Caltabiano:

Aim of the LIN is to explain the meaning of the coin types present on ancient and medieval coins, by applying an objective and scientific method which takes into consideration the links between the obverse and reverse of a coin, between its principal image (type) and secondary image (sym- 74 bol), and between the image and the inscription which accompanies it. The temporal and historical status of coin images may only be retrieved using a coordinated interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach, thus achieving the integrated and global vision necessary for the comprehend- sive interpretation of the documents. The knowledge of the entire “structure of the numismatic lexicon” will ultimately make it possible to put into context the individual entries allowing scholars of the ancient and medieval world to use iconic documents as an historical source. To achieve the objectives of the LIN project we consider necessary, and appropriate to the present times, the foundation of an International Committee to realize the LIN. By analogy with the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC), the LIN Committee must have a President, a General Secretary and offices located in the various nations that wish to join the initiative. To achieve this goal, we consider important the assistance of the International Numismatic Council, which in 2005 granted its support to the LIN. Such an international coordination should promote scientific research and national and international collaboration between scholars, to interpret, enhance and wider communicate the historical meaning of ancient and medieval coin imaginary, enabling cross and parallel analyses with other iconic documents. The creation of an International Polycentric Center of Research on Coins Iconography and Visual Communication will expand the field of studies on Antiquity and Middle Ages with an innovative approach. Furthermore i t will offer job opportunities and provide young generations of numismatists with basic knowledges useful for their scientific research.

Our Activities

University of Bologna, Prof. Anna Lina Morelli:

Publication of the Proceedings of III International Meeting of the Lexicon Iconographicum Numismaticae : A.L. Morelli , E. Filippini (Editors), Moneta e identità territoriale: dalla polis antica alla civitas medievale (Bologna, 12-13 settembre 2013), Semata e Signa 8, Reggio Calabria 2016. isbn 978-88- 8296-464-1 € 33,00. The Congress was conclusive of the homonymous project of national interest PRIN 2009, attended by the members of the four research units of the LIN and other Italian and foreign Colleagues.

University of Genoa, Prof. Rossella Pera:

Publications of Rossella Pera:

- Il fiume sulle monete imperiali di Asia Minore: una tipologia 'etnicogeo- topografica' , in Moneta e identità territoriale: dalla 'polis' antica alla 'civitas medievale, work cited, pp. 151-160. - Il fiume nella monetazione d’Asia Minore: l’incidenza di una scritta particolare, in Itineraria 15, 2016, pp. 75-84 (Incontro di Studio PRIN 2009: 75

Il ﬁume nel mondo antico. Documenti numismatici e letterari a confronto (Genova, 14 ottobre 2013). - “Immagine come parola”. Nota su una emissione di Tarso, in Suadente nummo vetere: Studi in onore di G. Gorini , a cura di M. Asolati et alii , Pa- dova 2016, pp. 209-210. - Realtà e simbologia del ﬁume sulle monete imperiali di Asia Minore , Collana ARCHEOLOGICA, G. Bretschneider Editore, forthcoming.

University of Milan, Prof. Lucia Travaini:

There have been no new contributions to the LIN project, but L. Travaini is glad to signal the favorable welcome of one of the fruits of previous research by Guillaume Sarah (Chargé de Recherche - Center Ernest Babe- lon), who has published a long review of the book I capelli di Carlo il Calvo: indagine sul ritratto monetale nell’Europa medievale (Roma 2013) (Revue Belge de Numismatique CLXI, 2015, pp. 418-421), concluding: “Au-delà de la présentation des caractéristiques des portraits monétaires médié- vaux, ou du moins d’une sélection importante des séries relevant de ce sujet, elle afﬁrme avec force l’intérêt des études de ce type, délaissées pour le Moyen Âge, par une approche croisée des sources et un souci constant de la remise en contexte des documents disponibles. Au-delà, c’est son enthousiasme pour l’étude des représentations symboliques du pouvoir qu’elle communique au lecteur, ouvrant ainsi la voie, espérons-le, à de nombreux travaux relevant de ce champ d’étude dorénavant semé de graines qu’il revient à tous de faire germer”.

University of Messina, Prof. Maria Caccamo Caltabiano

Publications and participations to Congresses:

- M. Caccamo Caltabiano ,La persistenza dei simboli: l’elmo col cimiero dello statere di Temesa , Atti in onore di G. De Sensi Sestito , Roma (forthcoming). - Eadem , Monete che narrano: la Sicilia e l’ideologia della salvezza, Il Mau- rolico. Giornale di Storia Scienze Lettere e Arti , anno IX, 2017, pp. 41-56. - Eadem , Una lettura dell’identità di genere attraverso le immagini monetali, in A. Gensabella (a cura di) Identità di genere e differenza sessuale, Università degli studi di Messina, DICAM, Seminario 19-21 Aprile 2016, Rubbettino Editore 2017, pp. 1-7. - Eadem , La ricerca e la formazione numismatica, Atti del II Workshop ‘Me- daglieri Italiani’ Taormina - Siracusa, 27-29 ottobre 2016: La tutela dei beni numismatici: istituzioni, strumenti e attivita, Notiziario del Portale Numis- matico dello Stato n. 10, 2017, pp. 121-128. - M. Puglisi, DIANA, una applicazione informatica per comunicare l’icono- graﬁa monetale , ibidem, pp. 129-137 . - G. Salamone, Comunicare la moneta sul web. Modalità, strumenti e audience al tempo dell’Archeologia Pubblica , ibidem, pp. 138-150. 76

- B. Carroccio, Piccola, bella e misteriosa. Per una rilettura della monetazione di Tauromenion , ibidem, pp. 151-168. - P. Apolito, B. Carroccio, R. Rizzari, M. Spinelli, Dalla Turchia alla Sicilia, per un approccio ‘olistico’ al bene moneta: La numismatica scienza investigativa del passato , ibidem, pp. 169-182. - Puglisi M., Iconographic choices in Roman provincial coinage of Kyme (Aeolis), Second International Congress on the History of Money and Numis- matics in the Mediterranean World , Antalya 5-8 January 2017. - Celesti A., Salamone G., Sapienza A., Spinelli M., Puglisi M., Caltabiano M., An Innovative Cloud-Based System for a Diachronic Analysis in Numismatics , ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage Vol. 10, No. 4, Article 23, pp. 18. Publication date: July 2017. - M. Caltabiano, E.D. Castrizio, M. Puglisi, La monetazione siracusana dai ‘maestri ﬁrmanti’ alla politica monetale di Dionisio I, in Siracusa 2750 anni dalla fondazione: gli uomini, le donne, la sua storia, Convegno Siracusa 25-27 Maggio 2017 (forthcoming). - PhD Cristian Mondello, Tokens as amulets? Some remarks about Christian iconographies on the contorniates, in Tokens: Culture, Connections, Com- munities, An interdisciplinary conference at the University of Warwick, 8-10 June 2017 .

PhD Thesis,discussed on 2 February 2017, and publications (Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Archeologiche e Storiche, Università degli Studi di Mes- sina)

- M. Spinelli, La monetazione di Locri Epizefiri tra Magna Grecia, Sicilia e Regni ellenistici. - A. Sapienza, Simboli astratti o immagini parlanti? Il significato della triskeles e della tetraskeles nei documenti monetali. - A. Sapienza, Lo knielauf schema. Analisi iconografica dei documenti numismatici e archeologici, Revista Antesteria Debates de Historia Antigua N. 6, Madrid, 2017, pp. 63-75. - Ead ., Simboli astratti o immagini parlanti? La triskeles e la tetraskeles nei documenti monetali, in Monete Antiche , Anno XVI n. 93, 2017, pp. 1-8. - Ead ., La triskeles di animali: peculiari elaborazioni del simbolo. Analisi iconografica dei documenti numismatici, Revista Antesteria Debates de Historia Antigua N. 7, Madrid, 2018, forthcoming.

Collaboration with the University of Calabria, by B. Carroccio, Prof. of Numismatics, member of the LIN Project.

- B. Carroccio (Ed.), Incontrarsi con le monete. Stati, culture, popoli, studiosi nel ‘lago’ Mediterraneo . Proceedings Giornata seminariale ‘Verso Taormina 2015’ (Arcavacata 29. IV .2015), including six papers that apply the LIN method (in press ). 77

- B. Carroccio, Simboli e tipi monetali, in Nomisma. Reggio e le sue monete (C. Malacrino, D. Castrizio eds.), Reggio Calabria, MArRC Cataloghi 2, 2017, pp. 51-60. - B. Carroccio, Coppie di ‘divini signori’: echi d’Oriente nelle monetazioni magnogreche, in Greci e Fenici nel Mediterraneo Orientale e in Magna Gre- cia: incontri, conflitti, interazioni culturali , Arcavacata, Giornata Semina- riale 28 Aprile 2016 (forthcoming). - B. Carroccio, P. Apolito, R. Rizzari, M. Spinelli, Dalla Turchia alla Sicilia, per un approccio ‘olistico’ al bene moneta: la Numismatica scienza investigativa del Passato (forthcoming).

Scientiﬁc Dissemination :

Exhibition at Archaeological Museum of Reggio : Nomisma. Reggio e le sue monete (Eds. E. Daniele Castrizio, Prof. University of Messina – C. Mala- crino, Director of Archaeological Museum of Reggio) 22. xii .2016-15. v.2017.

Educational Exhibition: Il toro, il dio e l’eroe. Tauromenion e le sue monete , Taormina at Palazzo Corvaja and Municipal Library, 27.i-23.ii .2017 (Authors M. Caccamo Caltabiano – B. Carroccio, with the collaboration of E.D. Cas- trizio and M. Puglisi; Storyboarding process G. Salamone (Cultural Asso- ciation DRACMA Circulating Culture). The English version The Bull, the God, the Hero will be presented in 2018.

Giornata di studio: Salamone G., Fuori dalla nicchia. La moneta comunica, comunichiamo la moneta, in Il patrimonio culturale di Tutti, per tutti. 31. III . 2017, a cura del Dipartimento di Civiltà Antiche e Moderne, Messina Uni- versity.

Seminar Comunicazione dinamica e dinamiche della comunicazione , promoted by Dr. G. Salamone, President of Cultural Association Dracma Circulating Culture , Taobuk -Taormina 26. vi .2017: - Salamone G., Raccontare il mondo antico dalla ricerca ai social network. - Angela D’Arrigo , Appunti per una strategia di divulgazione culturale.

- Salamone G., http:// IconArteblog.blogspot.it, also on Facebook and Twitter.

Conferences

The research group has also given numerous conferences at the Archaeo- logical Museum of Reggio Calabria, at Palazzo Corvaja and the Library of Taormina, at several High Schools and Cultural Associations in Messina, nearby cities, and in Reggio with the aim to promote Numismatics through the study of monetary iconographies with a multi-disciplinary approach. Our goal is the valorization of the coinage in order to overcome the strong dichotomy that currently exists between a p articularly rich numismatic heritage, preserved in the world’s major Museums and big and little Col- 78 lections, and the limited current knowledge and awareness of it, even among scholars of the Ancient and Medieval world.

Finally we would like to mention the Seminar I bronzi di Riace. Iconografie e ricerche sperimentali , Università di Messina - DiCAM e Museo Archeologico di Reggio Calabria,16 Novembre 2016. During this Seminar the following papers were presented (now in press): - Ricostruzione sperimentale di saldatura in forma ovale del piede destro di Bronzo A di Riace. (Matsumoto/jp+Hada/it) - Ricostruzione del modello di partenza dei Bronzi. (Matsumoto/jp + Hada/it) - Osservazioni endoscopiche al terzo restauro dei Bronzi. (Kurokawa/jp + Hada/it) - Analisi isotopa di piombo sui tenoni dei Bronzi. (Hada/it) - Storia antica del colore dei Bronzi. (Hada/it) - Iconografia degli eroi antichi (M. Puglisi) - Il metodo ‘Bronzi di Riace’ (E.D. Castrizio) - Personificazioni delle poleis (G. Salamone) - L’arte greca come bottino di guerra (E. Caliri)

This Seminar is the result of a collaboration with some members of the “Japan Society for the promotion of Science” on the study of the Riace Bronzes based on the theories of E.D. Castrizio concerning the two statues identity. The research groups of the Universities of Tokyo and Musashino (Koichi Hada, Tokyo University of Arts; Takashi Matsumoto and Hirotake Kurokawa, Musashino University of Fine Arts) and of the University of Messina (Daniele Castrizio, Elena Caliri, Mariangela Puglisi) have just begun a new joint Project about The Riace Bronzes: Iconography and experi- mental research .

1d. Sylloge Nummorum Sassanidorum (SNS )

Nikolaus Schindel reports:

Der Schwerpunkt lag auf den Arbeiten an Band 4 der Reihe (Khusro I., 531-578). Es wurden letzte Ergänzungen an der Materialbasis vorgenommen sowie die Katalogarbeiten weitgehend abgeschlossen. Um die Arbeit an den Auswertungskapiteln gerade in Hinblick auf die Analyse von Stil, Beizeichen und anderen numismatischen Parametern, die einer optischen Überprüfung bedürfen, zu erleichtern, wurde eine provisorische Tafelab- folge zusammengestellt. Die weiteren Arbeiten sollen im Laufe des Jahres 2018 abgeschlossen und der Band zum Druck vorgelegt werden, wonach mit Band V (Ohrmazd IV., 578-589) begonnen werden wird.

Erschienen ist 2017 der Ergänzungsband „Sylloge Nummorum Sasanida- rum Iran - A late Sasanian Hoard from Orumiyeh“. Er ist der erste in der 79

Reihe, der einen geschlossenen Schatzfund vorstellt. Der Schatz wurde im Jahr 2007 in der Region Piran-Shahr im Nordwesten des Iran gefunden und zählt zu den größten und bedeutendsten sasanidenzeitlichen Münz- horten, die jemals auf dem Gebiet der Islamischen Republik Iran entdeckt wurden. Mit einer Stückzahl von 1.267 Drachmen eröffnet er wertvolle Einsichten nicht nur in die Münz- und Geldgeschichte des Iran in der Spätantike, sondern auch in die Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Sasaniden- reiches, für die sonst kaum Quellen existieren. Die Publikation wurde ermöglicht durch eine Kooperation der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften mit RICHTO, dem Research Institute der ICHTO (Iran Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization).

1e. Sylloge Nummorum Parthicorum (SNP )

Report of Vesta Curtis:

Volume 2 of the Sylloge Nummorum Parthicorum (SNP), Coins of Mithra- dates II ( c. 122-91 bc ), is in the ﬁnal stages of preparation. The authors, Vesta Curtis, Elizabeth Pendleton and Alexandra Magub of the British Museum, together with Chris Hopkins, who also acts as the Database Manager in the USA, have completed the catalogue section of the volume. They are now focusing on the write up of the history, typology and discussion of the ﬁndings.

Over the past year, around 1,800 coins from the project’s participating institutions in London, Tehran, Vienna, Berlin, Paris and New York, have been examined, with additional data sourced from a further 6,000 coins that have appeared in trade. The majority of Mithradates II’s coins give neither the date nor the mint, and form a largely homogenous output with few differences in their iconography. However, our studies have allowed us to isolate three main centres of production that were active throughout this king’s thirty-year reign, and to identify four distinct chronological phases. The complex system of monograms formed from Greek letters and other control marks have been examined by the authors, and while it is often difﬁcult to interpret these symbols and attribute them with certainty to minting centres, we are able to show that certain monograms can be associated with particular engraver styles that are related to individual mints. Mithradates II reduced the coin production at the mint of Seleucia-on-the-Tigris in Mesopotamia and instead concentrated production in the highlands of Iran. His major minting centres were Ecba- tana, Rhagae and Arsacia, where a large number of silver drachms were produced. In addition, it seems that a limited number of temporary mints were also in operation during the early years of Mithradates II’s reign.

Our ﬁndings support the idea that Mithradates II increasingly centralized the administration of the mints by introducing standardization in the iconography, control marks and inscriptions. Furthermore, developments in the iconography and inscriptions, in particular, demonstrate this king’s 80 intention to move away from Hellenistic prototypes and introduce a more Iranian model of kingship. The omphalos of the archer on the reverse of the drachms is replaced by a high-backed throne, and by 109/108 bc , the title ‘King of Kings’ is introduced in the coin legends. The evidence for the date comes from cuneiform inscriptions of the Astronomical Diaries of Babylon.

The study, sorting and arranging of the large data set of coins have been made possible by the bespoke database provided by Chris Hopkins for Volume 2, which is continuously updated by him. He and Alexandra Magub have worked closely in establishing the typology for the coinage, creating a font for the control marks, and developing algorithms that have enabled the authors to search and sort the coin material. This could not have happened without generous ﬁnancial support from the British Museum’s Research Fund, the British Institute of Persian Studies and the Iran Heritage Foundation.

In October 2017, Vesta Curtis and Alexandra Magub travelled to Iran and presented some ﬁndings from their work on Volume 2 at the Young Archaeologists Congress at the University of Tehran. In the following month, Alexandra also gave a presentation at the Tag der Antiken Numis- matik in Münster, Germany.

Work on Volume 5 of the SNP series (Coins of Phraates IV-Orodes III, c. 37 bc - ad 6) by Fabrizio Sinisi has also reached its final stage, and the manuscript is currently being prepared according to the format employed in SNP 7. Thus, the catalogue will be supported by chapters on typology, metrology and the reconstruction of the patterns of production. The documentary basis used for the volume amounts to nearly 4,800 coins, 3,276 of which come from the collections involved in the SNP project. The largest part of the material consists of coins struck by Phraates IV, followed by those of Phraataces; the series of Tiridates and Orodes III are very limited in their output. The only slight issue concerning the attribution of the series, i.e. the identification of Tiridates’ coinage, has been easily solved thanks to the detailed typological analysis, definitely confirming the conclusions reached by F. de Callataÿ in his 1994 monograph Les tétradrachmes d’Orodès II et de Phraate IV .

More signiﬁcant are the author’s insights into production patterns, especially with regard to the long reign of Phraates IV. Two main periods of production have been detected by analyzing the royal portraits of this king. While the transition is precisely observable in 27 bc thanks to the dated tetradrachms, the change is found also on drachms. Production of the latter denomination is sub-divided into several phases, some attested in all nine mints in which drachms were struck during Phraates’ reign, others in only a few of them. Different phases can also be detected within the tetradrachm series of both the two main production periods. 81

Of particular signiﬁcance are the following results that have emerged from Sinisi’s study: the typological relationship between drachms and tetradrachms (especially in connection with the current debate on the imply- cations of the numismatic evidence for the reconstruction of the structure of the Arsacid empire); the system(s) of control marks employed on the two silver denominations; the comparison between the drachms produced by the two main mints of Ecbatana and Mithradatkart, which show different patterns of typological development; the differing patterns in the transition between the various phases amongst the Iranian mints; and the insight into bronze production, for which the theory of a system of annual production, marked by the change in reverse typology, appears hardly tenable. The manuscripts of the SNP volumes 2 and 5 will be sent to the Austrian Academy of Sciences for print later in 2018.

2. Reports from afﬁliated bodies

2a. Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici di Napoli (CISN )

Report of Marina Taliercio:

A. Attività di ricerca

1. Magna Grecia

1a. E’ proseguito il progetto di studio e di edizione di corpora delle monetazioni incuse di Magna Grecia; è proseguito da parte di Emanuela Spa- gnoli lo studio delle monetazioni cd. di Impero di Sibari e la sequenza in- cusa delle fasi successive al 510 (monetazioni delle cd. Sibari II e Sibari III). I risultati, già presentati in stato preliminare al Convegno Internazionale di Napoli, sui Centri fortiﬁcati indigeni della Calabria dalla protostoria all’ età ellenistica (2014), sono stati editi nel volume di Atti relativo (2017). Cfr. Emanuela Spagnoli, “La moneta come base documentale per una riflessione sul ruolo politico dei centri indigeni della Calabria in età tardo arcaica. Le emissioni con tipo sibarita”, in Centri fortiﬁcati indigeni della Calabria dalla protostoria all’ età ellenistica , Atti del Convegno Internazio- nale (Napoli 16-17 gennaio 2014), a cura di L. Cicala e M. Pacciarelli, Napoli 2017, pp. 199-222. Lo studio sulle monetazioni incuse si è ampliato allo studio della sequenza di conii nelle fasi di età arcaica e classica della zecca di Crotone, a cura di Emanuela Spagnoli. I primi risultati della ricerca sono stati presentati al 57° Convegno Internazionale di Studi sulla Magna Grecia (ISAMG, Taranto, 24-27 settembre 2017), con una relazione su invito di E.Spagnoli, dal titolo: “Da Crotone a Terina: problematiche monetarie dall’incuso al primo doppio rilievo” , in corso di pubblicazione nel volume di Atti relativo.

1b. L’indagine si è estesa alla monetazione di Terina per una revisione critica delle problematiche monetarie della zecca tra V e IV secolo, alla luce degli aggiornamenti della ricerca storica e archeologica nell’area. I risultati sono stati comunicati nel corso del 57 Convegno Internazionale di 82

Studi sulla Magna Grecia di Taranto(v. supra ) con una relazione su invito di M.Taliercio, dal titolo: “La monetazione di Terina”, che è in corso di pubblicazione nel volume di Atti relativo.

2. Campania tirrenica

2a. Progetto KYME MONETA: è proseguito a cura di M. Taliercio ed E. Spagnoli lo studio sistematico dei rinvenimenti monetali dal territorio di Cuma , effettuati dall’équipe di scavo dell’Università Federico II (scavi stratigraﬁci della Cattedra di Archeologia), del Centro J. Bérard di Napoli, nonché della Soprintendenza Archeologica. Sono stati isolati e studiati i materiali di epoca greco-ellenistica, romano-repubblicana e romano imperiale, ﬁno ad età tarda.Lo studio si è focalizzato sui contesti della necropoli di Porta Mediana (indagini del Centro J. Bérard di Napoli) tra età romana repubblicana ed età imperiale. I risultati dello studio sono stati presentati da M. Taliercio ed Emanuela Spagnoli al Convegno Internazio- nale di Atene “A coin for the dead, coins for the living. Charon’s obol: the end of a myth?”, organizzato da École Belge d’Athènes, Nederlands Instituut Athene e Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene (Atene 23-24/ xi /2017), con una relazione su invito su: “Le nocher, l’obole et l’au-delà : étude de cas dans la nécropole romaine de Cumes (Campanie, Italie). Note sul quadro numismatico”, in corso di edizione nel volume di Atti relativo.

3. Comprensorio vesuviano

L’attività di ricerca su Pompei, sviluppata da R. Vitale, ha affrontato principalmente l’aggiornamento del corpus dei materiali relativi alla Regio VIII della città, con la revisione della documentazione d’archivio. Questo set- tore della città antica è stato interessato da diverse fasi di intervento, quasi ininterrottamente, a partire dalle esplorazioni avviate nel XVIII secolo, per iniziativa dei Borbone di Napoli, sino agli anni più recenti. Per- tanto, la ricomposizione degli scavi nelle differenti epoche, con l’ubicazione dei ritrovamenti e la loro analisi secondo variabili interpretative ormai consolidate dalla ricerca, ha consentito il recupero di dati altrimenti trascurati nella disamina delle dinamiche monetarie nella città antica. I risultati dello studio filologico della documentazione d’archivio e della lettura critica della bibliografia sugli scavi, il catalogo dei materiali con le elaborazioni dei dati saranno pubblicati nel volume sulla Regio VIII di Pompei nella Collana Studi e Materiali, dell’Istituto Italiano di Numis- matica (R. Vitale, Pompei. Rinvenimenti monetali nella Regio VIII , in preparazione). L’indagine si è estesa ai materiali provenienti da saggi strati- grafici, effettuati in altre aree della città ( Regiones I e VII) a cura del Centro J. Bérard di Napoli, con la direzione scientifica di J.P. Brun. Questa documentazione offre ulteriori elementi per la riflessione su fenomeni di produzione monetaria in età repubblicana e sulla fisionomia monetaria della città antica, per le fasi attestate dal contesto in esame: la pubblicazione dei materiali è in preparazione a firma di R. Vitale. 83

4. Area medio-italica

4a Porto : E’ proseguito lo studio dei materiali di scavo ed in preparazione, a cura di E. Spagnoli, la edizione dei materiali numismatici erratici e da scavo nelle aree della città (PT I, II, XI) per una edizione critica del quadro di circolazione monetaria nel sito urbano. I risultati sono stati presentati in un seminario alla British School at Rome (giugno 2017), nell’ambito del progetto su Portus coordinato e diretto da S. Keay (University of South- ampton). - Ostia . Prosegue a cura di E. Spagnoli la ricerca sull’ instrumentum domes- ticum (tessere e gettoni in piombo). I primi risultati sono stati presentati al XV INC di Taormina e sono ora editi nel volume di Atti relativo (cfr. E. Spagnoli, Piombi monetiformi da Ostia e Porto: problematiche interpretative. In: XV International Numismatic Congress, 21-25 settembre 2015, Roma-Messina 2017). E’ stato ultimato, da parte di E.Spagnoli, un secondo segmento della ricerca sul piombo monetiforme in area ostiense e por- tuense, i cui risultati saranno pubblicati in: “Un nucleo di piombi ‘monetiformi’ da Ostia, Terme dei Cisiarii (II.II.3): problematiche interpretative e quadro di circolazione per un contributo di storia economica e di archeologia della produzione tra II e III secolo d. C”, AIIN in preparazione per la stampa.

4b. Nell’ambito delle ricerche condotte a Norba dal Dipartimento di Let- tere e Beni Culturali dell’Università della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, con la direzione scientiﬁca di S. Gigli Quilici ed il coordinamento di S. Ferrante, l’indagine è stata ampliata ad altri settori della città, comprendenti le domus VIII e IX, con l’edizione dei rispettivi materiali numismatici (R. Vitale, Monete, in S. Gigli Quilici et Alii, I materiali dalla Domus IX, in ATTA. Supplemento XXII, in corso di stampa).

4c. Per il territorio della Campania antica prosegue, a cura di R.Vitale, la catalogazione della Collezione Numismatica del Museo Campano Provin- ciale di Capua e la ricerca sulla relativa documentazione di archivio. Per lo studio delle monete è stato introdotto anche l’ausilio di tecniche diagnos- tiche non distruttive: in particolare è stato intrapreso un programma di rilevazione dati mediante la fluorescenza a raggi X in dispersione di energia (ED-XRF).

4d. Sannio campano - La ricerca sui distretti della Campania interna e settentrionale ha affrontato la disamina del tesoretto di Frasso Telesino: scoperto negli anni ’30 del secolo scorso, pur essendo noto da contributi diversi, non era mai stato pubblicato analiticamente ed integralmente, sebbene rappresenti una testimonianza pressoché unica per il contesto territoriale nella fase storica interessata. La ricognizione dei materiali presso il Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli ha consentito di col- mare questa lacuna documentaria e di ricostruire la fisionomia comples- siva del ritrovamento. La completezza dei dati ha suggerito alcuni spunti 84 di riflessione sul rapporto tra le serie rappresentate, tutte di ambito campano-sannita e comprese nel V sec. a.C. o, secondo la proposta scaturita da questa revisione, in parte protratte sino ai primi decenni del secolo successivo, quando potrebbe collocarsi la chiusura del ritrovamento in base a questa rilettura dei dati. Il ritrovamento rappresenta, inoltre, una testimonianza significativa per lo studio della adozione di moneta in contesto sannita e si inserisce nel dibattito sull’ubicazione di Hyria, le cui monete costituiscono la componente maggioritaria del rinvenimento (R. Vitale , Il tesoretto monetale della Contrada Murto di Frasso Telesino nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli , in S. Quilici Gigli – G. Renda , Carta archeologica e ricerche in Campania . Fascicolo 10: Comuni di Melizzano e di Frasso Telesino, Atlante Tematico di Topografia Antica, XV Supplemento 2017, Roma 2017, pp. 179-206).

5. Collezionismo

5a. Si è completata la prima trance di ricerca, classificazione e studio della collezione numismatica Bilotti (in deposito presso l’AS di Salerno), a cura della equipe di studio diretta da M. Taliercio e coordinata da E. Spagnoli, con la partecipazione della dott. F. Fede e dello studente magistrale F. Bo- vier. Successivi sviluppi di ricerca e approfondimento (per zecche) sono previsti nel 2018. E’ in corso anche un progetto di valorizzazione a fini es- positivi della collezione stessa (finanziamento da Associazione P.E. Bilotti e Regione Campania)

5b. Si è inaugurato un nuovo ﬁlone di studi in collaborazione con l’Uni- versità degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, nell’ambito del Progetto di ricerca: “La cultura dell’antico a Napoli nel secolo XIX”, con contributi sulla ricerca numismatica e sulle direttrici del collezionismo numismatico dell’Ottocento tra l’area campana e la Spagna, a cura di M. Taliercio, E. Spagnoli, S. Maione.

B. Attività informatica

Tutte le schedature e i processi di archiviazione (punti 1-5) della presenta relazione sono eseguiti in formato digitale e secondo necessità con piatta- forme in condivisione (in particolare per il progetto di cui ai punti 4b e 5b).

2b. Oriental Numismatic Society (ONS )

Paramdip Khera reports :

Council: Secretary General: Joe Cribb; Deputy Secretary General: Stan Goron; Secretary/UK Section Secretary: Paramdip Khera; Treasurer: Ben Bream; Journal Editor/Publications Secretary: Robert Bracey; Membership Secretary: Barbara Mears; European Section Secretary: Jan Lingen; Ameri- can Section Secretary: Pankaj Tandon; South Asian Section Secretary: 85

Mahesh Kalra; Pakistan Section Secretary: Shafqat Mirza; General Section Secretary: Paul Stevens; Ordinary council members: Shailendra Bhandare, Graham Byﬁeld, David Hartill, Paul Stevens, Howard Simmons, Terry Hayes, Karan Singh

Activities during 2017: three more issues of JONS nos 228–230 published and distributed. The issues are a little behind schedule, but almost back to schedule. We thank our editor Robert Bracey for his work producing the journals.

Thanks to the efforts of our European Section Secretary the digitisation of back copies of the journal has been completed and after some indexing work will be available on line. All back copies of the journal, apart from the last three years to be accessible on the Society’s website.

Council is happy to announce the ﬁrst winner of its Ashoka Prize for the best article in JONS during the last year. We have awarded it to Mr Govin- daraya Prabhu Sanoor for his articles on the coins of the Banavasi and Nagarkhanda Kadambas ( JONS nos. 227 and 228). Thanks to Mr Shatrugan Saravagi of Classical Numismatic Gallery.

South Asia Section: Secretary: Mahesh A. Kalra. 260 members; 1 meeting during the year at Ahmedabad (April) and at Mumbai (September); North America Section : Secretary: Pankaj Tandon. 124 members; Annual meeting in New York in January; UK and Eire Section : New Regional Secretary: Paramdip Khera. 95 members; 2 meetings in London (November) and in Oxford (May); Europe Section : Secretary: Jan Lingen. 227 members, Regu- lar meetings were held in Tübingen (May), Leiden (October) and Cologne (November), besides ONS promotion stands, with small exhibitions, were set-up at some of the major coin fairs in the Netherlands (2) and Belgium (1); Pakistan Section : Secretary: Shafqat Mirza. 41 members; Annual Meeting in Islamabad in November; General Section : New Regional Secre- tary: Paul Stevens. 11 members; Worldwide membership now at c. 758 members. Facebook pages (General, South Asia and US subpages); active Website: http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org.

2c. International Numismatic Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN – AINP )

Jean-Luc Van der Schueren reports:

The IAPN consists today of 98 member firms representing 22 countries. Three new members were elected at the 2017 annual congress in Luzern, Switzerland: Numisma Leilões (Mr. Javier Saez Salgado ), Portugal, Philea AB / Myntkompaniet (Mr. Johan Ågren ), Sweden, and Taisei Coins Co. (Mr. Hiroshi Tanaka ), Japan. The central focuses of the IAPN this past year remained: 1) the fight against increasingly sophisticated and dangerous counterfeits emanating from the Far East, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere; 2) the exchange of information between members and non-members such 86 as other profit or non-profit numismatic associations, scholars and museums; and 3) while continuing to support restrictions on the movement of illegally excavated or acquired coins, working to limit the imposition of unreasonable laws on the trade in common, long-known coins of little or no historical, cultural, or archaeological significance. The IAPN Book Prize for 2017 was awarded to Andreas Pangerl, Portraits: 500Years of Roman Coin Portraits , hardbound, Staatliche Münzensammlung München (Munich, GER), 2017, isbn 978-3-922840-36-7. The attending members had also the opportunity to listen to 3 important lectures for the future of the trade.

2d. International Committee for Money and banking Museums (ICOMON )

Efrosyni Nomikou reports:

A. Annual meeting

The 24 th Annual Meeting, “Money and Banking Museums: From Display to Engagement”, took place in Jakarta between 3-6 September 2017, kindly hosted by Museum Bank Indonesia. The meeting was an opportunity to connect with colleagues and institutions from the South East Asia region. Over 80 local participants joined the conference proceedings and the majority of presentations were by representatives of museums in Asia. It is worth mentioning that the Conference was given a broad coverage by local media.

The 25 th Annual Meeting will take place at the Numismatic Museum in Athens, Greece from 3-6 October 2018. The title is Future-prooﬁng numismatics in museums: issues of conservation and collection management and it is dedicated to the memory of Mando Oeconomides, ICOMON’s ﬁrst President. 87

For more information and call for papers please visit www.icomon- athens.com .

B. Resources & Projects

All proceedings from previous meetings (1995 onwards) have now been uploaded on ICOMON’s website. In the second half of 2017, board members Eleni Zapiti and Effrosyni Nomikou initiated the project entitled Three Decades of ICOMON: People and Ideas, looking at ICOMON’s history. The engagement of former chairs, board members and colleagues is essential for promoting the important contribution of this relatively small ICOM Committee to the Museums community. By examining the history of ICO- MON, we will also look at the role of ICOM in supporting an area of museum practice (numismatics) that faces signiﬁcant challenges. A relevant round table discussion is being organised for the conclusion of the 25 th ICOMON Annual Meeting in Athens.

C. Membership

In 2017, there were 119 members of ICOM representing over 50 countries from across ﬁve continents. Membership is institutional or personal and can be gained upon joining ICOM’s local National Committee by indica- ting ICOMON as the International Committee preference.

ANNUAL ACCOUNTS OF THE INC

Fiscal Year 1/ i/2017 to 31/ xii /2017

Income and expenditure accounts (in €)

2018 2017 2016

proposed actual actual Income Membership fees 2017 18,650.00 17,891.84 16,179.00 Idem , previous years 2,000.00 6,003.00 300.00 Total income [1] 20,650.00 23,894.84 16,479.00 Expenditure Compte rendu 6,000.00 3,729.15 3,091.77 Newsletter 2,000.00 - - Internet site 3,000.00 404.80 158.00 Scholarships 4,000.00 6,000.00 4,000.00 Conferences 5,000.00 Syrian refugee - - 1,998.00 Taormina congress subsidy, 15,000.00 part 2/2 (proceedings) Warsaw travel grants 7,500.00 - - Warsaw congress subsidy 13,500.00 1,500.00 - 3/6 (30.000/1.500 paid) Travelling costs 3,000.00 284.55 1,004.52 Meeting costs 700.00 684,63 - Banking costs 100.00 1,83 41,85 Legal advice 1,500.00 1.014,99 3.122,69 Total expenditure [2] 62,300.00 13,619.95 13,416.83 Surplus/(Deﬁcit) [1]-[2] (41,650.00) 10,274.89 3,062.17

Balance sheet 31/ xii /2017 31/ xii /2016 Council funds Account PostFinance CH 61,063.52 50,788.63 of which reserved for Compte Rendu 6,000.00 4,000.00 » Internet site and eNews 5,000.00 5,000,00 » scholarships 4,000.00 4,000.00 » conferences 5,000.00 5,000.00 » 2021 congress 13,500.00 10,000.00 » grants for the 2021 congress 7,500.00 7,500.00 » publication proceedings Taormina 15,000.00 7,500.00 » travelling costs 3,000.00 3,000.00 of which unallocated reserve 2,063.52 4,788.63

Bernhard Weisser, Treasurer Read and approved, The President 89

Auditors’ Report for INC 2017 Accounts

We have examined the accounts for 2017 and ﬁnd them to be correct.

This is based on a complete copy of the INC’s bank statements from PostFinance AG for all of 2017. This was accompanied by a membership list with an indication of the position of fees paid as well as invoices for payments and committee members’ travel expenses.

This allowed the summary accounts to be checked and we conﬁrm that these are complete and correct. The accounts are clear and efﬁciently kept.

Expenditure was much similar to last year’s. The major outgoing was again for the scholarships and the printing of the Compte Rendu . There was some further expenditure on legal fees while a ﬁrst instalment of €1,500 was made from the agreed subsidy for the next Congress in Warsaw. Council meeting and travelling costs were modest.

Income was wholly derived from membership fees which showed a rise of just over 10% on 2016. In addition there was the pleasing receipt of €6,003 for unpaid fees from previous years. Currently the INC ﬁnances are in a healthy position.

Signed:

Rahel Ackermann Donal Bateson

04.04.2018 04.04.2018

MEMBRES DU CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DE NUMISMATIQUE – MEMBERS OF THE INTER- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NUMISMATICS

Au 31 décembre 2017 – On December 31, 2017

MEMBRES INSTITUTIONNELS – INSTITUTION MEMBERS

This list includes contact names, together with telephone and fax num- bers and e-mails, of each institution member of the inc . Any additional information, updates or corrections should be sent to the Secretary of the inc ([email protected]) for inclusion in the next Compte rendu .

Cette liste comprend la liste des institutions membres du cin ainsi que les noms de leurs responsables, leurs numéros de téléphone, de fax et de courrier électronique. Toute information complémentaire ou toute cor- rection doivent être envoyées au Secrétaire du cin ([email protected]) qui les répercutera dans le Compte rendu suivant.

AUSTRALIA – AUSTRALIE c Karl P eitler s +43 1 316 8017 9513 Australian Centre for Ancient  +43 1 316 8017 9530 Numismatic Studies e muenzkabinett@museum- Macquarie University, nsw 2109 joanneum.at c Kenneth S heedy u www.museum- s +612 9850 8807 joanneum.at/de/muenzkabinett  +612 9850 8240 Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, e [email protected] Münzkabinett u www.mq.edu.au/research/ centres_and_groups/acans/ Burgring 5, a-1010 Vienna c Michael A lram Numismatic Association of Australia s +43 1 52 524 4201 Inc.  +43 1 52 524 4299 P.O. Box z5211, Perth St George e [email protected] Terrace, wa 6831 u www.khm.at c Prof. Walter R. Bloom Institut für Numismatik und Geld- e [email protected] geschichte, Universität Wien

AUSTRIA – AUTRICHE Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, a-1190 Vienna c Reinhard W olters Universalmuseum Joanneum, s +43 1 4277 40704 Münzkabinett  +43 1 4277 9407 Schloss Eggenberg, Eggenberger e [email protected] Allee 90, a-8020 Graz membres institutionnels | institution members 91

Institut für Kulturgeschichte der medailles_fr.html (français) et Antike, Abt. Documenta Antiqua www.kbr.be/collections/medailles/ medailles_nl.html (néerlandais) Österreichische Akademie der Wissen- , schaften, Hollandstrasse 11-13, Cercle d Études Numismatiques a-1020 Vienna , Boulevard de l Empereur 4, b-1000 c Bernhard W oytek Bruxelles s +43 1 515 81 3511 c Jean-Marc D oyen e [email protected] 29 rue Fr. Rofﬁaen, b-1050 Bruxelles u www.oeaw.ac.at/numismatik s +32 2 647 1916 Österreichische Numismatische Monnaie Royale de Belgique Gesellschaft Boulevard Pachéco 32 , b-1000 Burgring 5, a-1010 Vienna Bruxelles c Günther Dembski c Ingrid Van Herzele s +43 1 525 24 4221 s +32 2 221 07 11  +43 1 525 24 4299  +32 2 217 70 64 e [email protected] c [email protected] u www.oeng.at Société Royale de Numismatique de BALTIC COUNTRIES Belgique

Association of Baltic Numismatists Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque , Royale, blvd. de l Empereur 4, b- c/o National Museum of Lithuania, 1000 Bruxelles 1 lt Arsenalo Str. , -01143 Vilnius c Johan van Heesch c Dalia G rimalauskaite s +32 2 519 56 08 370 5 212 02 50 s +  +32 2 519 56 02 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.numisbel.be BELGIUM – BELGIQUE Banque Nationale de Belgique, Association Internationale des Collection Numismatique Numismates Professionnels ( ainp ) Blvd. de Berlaimont 14, b-1000 14 rue de la Bourse, b-1000 Bruxelles Bruxelles c J.-L. Van der Schueren c Marianne D anneel s +32 2 513 3400 s +32 2 221 25 71  +32 2 512 2528  +32 2 221 31 60 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.iapn-coins.org (see Swit- Association de Numismatique zerland) professeur Marcel Hoc Cabinet des Médailles Collège Érasme, place Blaise Pascal 1, Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, bte l3.03.11, b-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve , boulevard de l Empereur 4, b-1000 c Ghislaine M oucharte Bruxelles s +32 10 474882 c Johan van Heesch  +32 2 3455403 s +32 2 519 56 08 e ghislaine.moucharte@  +32 2 519 56 02 uclouvain.be e [email protected] u numismatica.fltr.ucl.ac.be u www.kbr.be/collections/medailles/ 92 institution members | membres institutionnels

Provinciaal Munt- en Penning- CYPRUS – CHYPRE kabinet Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Kielenstraat 15, b-3700 Tongeren Museum of the History of Cypriot c Guido C reemers Coinage s +32 12 670 340  +32 12 670 333 86-90 Phaneromenis Str., P.O. Box e [email protected] 21995, 1515 Nicosia c Eleni Z apiti 357 22 128 157 CANADA – CANADA s +  +357 22 662 898 The Nickle Arts Museum e [email protected] The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, CZECH REPUBLIC – RÉPUBLIQUE Alberta t2n 1n4 TCHÈQUE c avis Ann D Česká Numismatická Solečnost s +1 403 220 7234  +1 403 282 4742 Arménska 1372 –10 , cz -110 00 e [email protected] Praha 10 u www.ucalgary.ca/nickle c Michal M asek s– +420 2 71730775 Bank of Canada, National Currency e [email protected] – Collection [email protected] 234 Wellington Street, Ottawa k1a 0g9 Národní Muzeum, Numismatické c Paul S. B erry oddělení s +1 613 782 8188 Václavské náměstí 68 , cz-115 79  +1 613 782 8655 u Praha 1 www.bank-banque-canada.ca/ c english/museum.htm Luboš Polanský s +420 224 497 283 e [email protected] CHINA - CHINE

China Numismatic Museum DENMARK – DANEMARK

No.17 Xijiaominxiang St., Western Kgl. Mønt-og Medaillesamling, city district, Beijing 100031 Nationalmuseet c Sun Yadi s +86-10-66079868 Frederiksholms Kanal 12, dk -1220  +86-10-66071393 København K e [email protected] c Michael A ndersen s +45 41 20 61 10 CROATIA – CROATIE e [email protected]

Arheoloski Muzej Dansk Numismatisk Forening

Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25, hr -21000 Galionsvej 12, 2. th., dk -1437 Split; director: Zrinka B uljević København K c Maja Bonačić Mandinić c Preben N ielsen s +38 5 21 329 340 s +45 20 20 78 16  +38 5 21 329 360 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.numismatik.dk u www.armus.hr membres institutionnels | institution members 93

FINLAND – FINLANDE Fédération Française des Associa- tions Numismatiques ( ffan ) Coin Cabinet, National Museum of Finland Bp 5, f-37160 Descartes c Jacques L aurent P.O. Box 913, fi -00101 Helsinki s +33 2 47 92 40 65 c Frida Ehrnsten e [email protected] s +358 295 336398 u www.amisdufranc.org e [email protected] u www.nba.fi/en/collections_ Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon coin_cabinet 20 place des Terreaux, f-69001 Lyon Finnish Numismatic Society c François P lanet s +33 4 72 10 17 40 Mechelininkatu 15 b 47, fi -00100  +33 4 78 28 12 45 Helsinki e [email protected] c Petteri J ärvi u www.mba-lyon.fr/mba/ s +358 503 747 868 e [email protected] HISOMA (Histoire et Sources des u www.snynumis.fi Mondes antiques) - umr 5189 / Numismatique Suomen Numismaatikkoliitto – Association of Finnish Numismatic Maison de l’Orient et de la Médi- Societies terranée (MOM) 7, rue Raulin, f-69365 Lyon Cedex 07 PO Box 36, fi -33541 Tampere c Sylviane Estiot c Petri V irolainen s +33 09 63 27 41 19 s +358 3 3631 480 e [email protected]  +358 3 3631 480 u www.numismaatikkoliitto.fi Cabinet des Médailles, Archives Municipales FRANCE – FRANCE 10 rue Clovis-Hugues, f-13003 Association des Amis du Parc Marseille archéologique européen de c Joëlle B ouvry Bliesbruck-Reinheim s +33 4 91 55 33 71  +33 4 91 55 23 38 1 rue Robert Schuman, f-57200 e [email protected] Bliesbruck u www.documentation-provence. c Berty S chaub org/orgs/83 .htm s/ +33 3 87 02 25 79 e bliesbruck@cg 57 .fr Musée Dobrée u www.archeo 57 .com 18 rue Voltaire, Bp 40415, f-44004 Groupe Numismatique du Comtat Nantes et de Provence c Gildas S alaün s +33 2 40 71 03 50 Maison iv de Chiffre, 26 rue des  +33 2 40 73 29 40 Teinturiers, F-84000 Avignon e [email protected] c Chevillon Jean-Albert u www.loire-atlantique.fr/jcms/ s +33 06 72 01 83 03 e cg_7520/musee/dobree [email protected] gncp-avignon.blogspot.fr

94 institution members | membres institutionnels

Société de Numismatique Asiatique Médaillier de la Banque de France

86 quai de la Fosse, f-44100 Nantes 10-1069 sg – spahi , 39 rue Croix- c François Joyaux des-petits-Champs, f-75049 Paris s +33 2 43 04 13 62 Cedex 01 e [email protected] c Jean-Renaud L efeuvre u https://sites.google.com/site/ s +33 1 4292 2539 societedenumismatiqueasiatique/ e jean-renaud.lefeuvre@banque- home france.fr

IRAMAT Centre Ernest-Babelon Société Française de Numismatique

3d rue de la Férollerie, f-45071 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Orléans Cedex 2 58 rue de Richelieu, f-75084 Paris c Bernard G ratuze Cedex 02 s +33 2 38 25 52 49 c Le Secrétaire  +33 2 38 25 76 88 s +33 1 53 79 86 26 e [email protected]  +33 1 53 79 86 28 , u www.sfnum.asso.fr Les Amis de l Euro (AD€) Musée Numismatique J. Puig 100, rue de Lille, f-59200 Tourcoing c Marc T hullier 42 av. de Grande-Bretagne, f-66000  +33 6 10 87 97 30 Perpignan s +33 1 75 43 49 41 c Sabine C astellvi  +33 1 75 43 49 42 s +33 4 68 62 37 61 e [email protected]  +33 4 68 34 76 55 u www.amisdeleuro.org e musee-puig@mairie-perpignan. com Direction des Monnaies et Médailles u www.mairie-perpignan.fr/index. 11 quai Conti, f-75006 Paris php?np=1076 c Jean-Luc D esnier Musée Saint-Raymond s +33 1 40 46 55 25  +33 1 40 46 57 09 Musée des Antiques de Toulouse, ter e jean-luc.desnier@monnaie 1 place Saint-Sernin, f-31000 deparis.fr Toulouse c u www.monnaiedeparis.fr Pascal C apus s +33 5 61 22 21 85 Département des Monnaies,  +33 5 61 22 31 25 médailles et antiques de la Biblio- e [email protected] thèque nationale de France u www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr 58 rue de Richelieu, f-75084 Paris Cedex 02 GERMANY – ALLEMAGNE c Frédérique D uyrat Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen s +33 1 53 79 83 40  +33 1 53 79 89 47 Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Geschwister- d e [email protected] Scholl-Strasse 6, -10117 Berlin c eisser u www.bnf.fr/fr/la_bnf/dpt_mma Bernhard W s +49 30 266 42 5401  +49 30 266 42 5402 e [email protected]

u www.smb.museum/ikmk membres institutionnels | institution members 95

Griechisches Münzwerk Museen für Kulturgeschichte der Stadt Hannover - Museum August Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie Kestner, Sammlung Münzen und der Wissenschaften, Jägerstrasse Medaillen 22-23, d-10117 Berlin c Ulrike P eter Trammplatz 3, d-30159 Hannover s +49 30 20370501 c Simone V ogt  +49 30 20370376 s +49 511 168 42120 e [email protected]  +49 511 168 46530 e museum-August-Kestner@ Staatliche Kunstsammlungen hannoverstadt.de Dresden, Münzkabinett u www.museum-august-kestner.de Residenzschloss, Taschenberg 2, Numismatische Kommission der d-01067 Dresden Länder in der Bundesrepublik c rund Rainer G Deutschland s +49 351 4914 3230  +49 351 4914 3233 Staatliche Münzsammlung München e [email protected] Residenzstrasse 1, d-80333 München u www.skd.museum c Dietrich O. A. K lose s +49 89 22 72 21 Institut für Archäologische Wissen-  +49 89 29 98 59 schaften, Abt. II: Archäologie und e info@staatliche- Geschichte der römischen Provinzen muenzsammlung.de sowie Hilfswissenschaften der u www.staatliche- Altertumskunde muenzsammlung.de

Grüneburgplatz 1 – Fach 136, Badisches Landesmuseum, Münz- d -60629 Frankfurt am Main kabinett c Fleur Kemmers s +49 69 798 32267 (Sekretariat) Schlossbezirk 10, d-76131 Karlsruhe 1  +49 69 798 32268 c Oliver Sänger e [email protected] s +49 721 92 6515  +49 721 92 6537 Geldmuseum der Deutschen e [email protected] Bundesbank u www.landesmuseum.de

Wilhelm-Epstein-Strasse 14, Bayerische Numismatische Gesell- d-60431 Frankfurt am Main schaft e. V. c Reinhold W alburg s +49 69 9566 6164 Residenzstrasse 1 (c/o Staatliche  +49 69 9566 50 6164 Münzsammlung), d-80333 München e [email protected] c Kristian Nicol W orbs u www.geldmuseum.de s +49 8022 705 826  +49 8022 705 849 Historische Museen Hamburg - Mu- e [email protected] seum für Hamburgische Geschichte Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Holstenwall 24, d-20355 Hamburg Epigraphik des Deutschen c Ralf W iechmann Archäologischen Instituts s +49 40 428132 -2363  +49 40 428132 -3103 Amalienstrasse 73b, d-80799 e Ralf.Wiechmann@ München Hamburgmuseum.de c Johannes N ollé u www.hamburgmuseum.de s +49 89 28 67 67 -73 or 60 96 institution members | membres institutionnels

 +49 89 28 67 67 -80 u www.numismatische- e [email protected] gesellschaft.de u www.dainst.org/mitarbeiter GREECE – GRÈCE Staatliche Münzsammlung München Alpha Bank, Numismatic Collection Residenzstrasse 1, d-80333 München c Dietrich O.A. K lose Stadiou 40, gr -102 52 Athens s +49 89 22 72 21 c Dimitra T sangari  +49 89 29 98 59 s +30 210 3262 460 /1 e info@staatliche-  +30 210 3262 462 muenzsammlung.de e [email protected] u www.staatliche- u www.alphanumismatics.gr muenzsammlung.de KIKPE (Welfare Foundation for Verband der Deutschen Münzen- Social & Cultural Affairs) händler Neophytou Douka 12, gr -106 74 c/o Dr. Busso Peus Nachf., Bornwie- Athens senweg 34, D-60322 Frankfurt c Vasiliki P enna c Christoph Raab s +30 210 729 93 66 s +49 69 95 96 62-21 e [email protected]  +49 69 55 59 95 e [email protected] Numismatic Museum

LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur Iliou Melathron, Panepistimiou 12, Westfälisches Landesmuseum, gr -106 71 Athens c Münzkabinett George K akavas s +30 210 364 3774 Domplatz 10, d-48143 Münster  +30 210 363 5953 c Stefan Kötz e [email protected] s +49 251 5907258 u www.nma.gr  +49 251 5907210 e [email protected] Institute of Historical Research

Germanisches Nationalmuseum, The National Hellenic Research Münzkabinett Foundation (KeRA) 48, Vassileos Constantinou avenue, gr -116 35 Kornmarkt 1, d-90402 Nürnberg Athens c Matthias N uding c Sophia K remydi s +49 911 1331251 s +30 210 727 36 86  +49 911 1331200 s +30 210 727 36 78 e [email protected]  +30 210 723 41 45 u www.gnm.de Cast Museum of the Aristotle Deutsche Numismatische Gesellschaft University Verband der Deutschen Münzvereine e.V. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, gr -541 24 Thessaloniki Zum Seeblick 5, d-83703 Gmund am c Theodosia Stefanidou-Tiveriou Tegernsee s +30 2310 997264 c Kristian Nicol Worbs  +30 2310 997775 s 49 8022 705826 e [email protected]  +49 8022 705849 u castmuseum.web.auth.gr e [email protected] membres institutionnels | institution members 97

HUNGARY – HONGRIE e [email protected] u www.numismatica.unibo.it Magyar Numizmatikai Társulat, Société Numismatique Hongroise Museo Civico Archeologico

Csepreghy u. 4. Fasz. 2, h-1085 Via Musei 8, i-41024 Bologna Budapest viii c Paola G iovetti c Melinda J. T orbágyi s +39 051 233849 s +36 1 3270 704  +39 051 266516 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.numizmatika.org u www.comune.bologna.it/ museoarcheologico/ Musée National de Hongrie, Cabinet des Monnaies et Médailles Università degli studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Scienze del Múzeum Körút 14-16, Postsbok 364, Patrimonio Culturale h-1088 Budapest viii c Melinda J. T orbágyi Via Ponte don Melillo, i-84084 s +36 1 3277 777 Fisciano ( sa ) e [email protected] c Renata Cantilena u www.hnm.hu s +39 089 962 113/962 136  +39 089 964 399 ISRAEL – ISRAEL e [email protected]

Israel Numismatic Society Cattedra di Numismatica, Diparti- , mento di scienze dell antichità, del The Israel Museum, P.O. Box 71117, medio evo e geograﬁco-ambientali Jerusalem 91710, Israel (disam ) c Haim G itler s +972 267 08831 Sezione scienze documentarie,  +972 267 08906 Università di Genova, 4, via Balbi, e [email protected] i-16126 Genova u www.ins.org.il c Rossella P era s +39 010 209 9779 /9763 ITALY – ITALIE  +39 010 209 5468 e [email protected] Università della Calabria, Diparti- mento di Scienze Umanistiche, Cattedra di Numismatica greca e Cattedra di Numismatica romana, Dipartimento di Civiltà Antiche e Moderne, Università degli Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 28–d, i-87037 Arcavacata di Rende cs Studi di Messina , c Benedetto C arroccio Polo dell Annunziata, i-98168 s +39 0984 49 4472 Messina  +39 0984 49 4411 c Maria Caccamo Caltabiano e [email protected] s +39 090 3503397 e Università degli Studi di Bologna, [email protected] Dipartimento di Storia Culture Dipartimento di Storia, archeologia e , Civiltà, Cattedra di Numismatica storia dell arte Via Zamboni 38, i-40126 Bologna Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, c Anna Lina M orelli Largo A Gemelli 1, i-20123 Milano s +39 051 2098761 c Claudia P erassi  +39 051 222706 s +39 02 72342530 98 institution members | membres institutionnels

 +39 02 72343908 u www.storia.unina.it/centri/ e [email protected] numismati.html

Università degli Studi di Milano, Museo Bottacin Dipartimento di Studi Storici, Palazzo Zuckermann, Corso Garibaldi Cattedra di Numismatica medievale 33, i-35123 Padova e moderna c Valeria V ettorato Via Festa del Perdono 7, i-20122 s +39 049 876 6959 Milano  +39 049 877 4671 c Lucia T ravaini e [email protected] 39 02 50 31 29 02 s + Museo Archeologico Regionale 39 02 50312904  + ‘Antonino Salinas’ e [email protected] – [email protected] 24, Piazza Olivella, i-90100 Palermo c u www.luciatravaini.it Lucina Gandolfo s +39 091 6116 806/807 Università degli studi di Milano, ,  +39 091 6110 740 Dipartimento di scienze dell anti- e museo.arche.pa.uo2@regione. chità, Cattedra di numismatica sicilia.it antica u www.regione.sicilia.it/ Via Festa del Perdono 7, i-20122 beniculturali/salinas Milano Istituto Italiano di Numismatica c Adriano S avio Palazzo Barberini, Via Quattro s +39 02 50 31 29 41 Fontane 13, i-00184 Roma  +39 02 50 31 25 92 c Sara S orda e [email protected] s/ +39 06 4743603 Società Numismatica Italiana e istituto@istitutoitaliano numismatica.it Via Orti 3, i-20122 Milano u www.istitutoitaliano c Gian Angelo S ozzi numismatica.it/storia.asp s/ +39 02 9439 1024 e [email protected] Università di Roma – Sapienza u www.socnumit.org Istituto Italiano di Studi Orientali - Islamic Numismatics Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Gabinetto Numismatico Circonvallazione Tiburtina 4, i-00185 Roma Piazza Pio xi , 2, i-20123 Milan c Arianna d’Ottone c Giancarlo Alteri s +39 348 516 2093 s +39 02 806 921 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.ambrosiana.eu Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Paolo Orsi’, Medagliere Centro Internazionale di Studi Viale Teocrito, 66, i-96100 Siracusa Numismatici c Gioconda Lamagna Villa Livia, Parco Grifeo 13, i-80121 s +39 0931 489509 Napoli  +39 0931 489532 c Marina T alierci 0 e [email protected] s +39 081 681112 e [email protected] – [email protected] membres institutionnels | institution members 99

University of Trieste – Department Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap of Numismatics voor Munt- en Penningkunde

Via del Lazzaretto Vecchio, 6, i-34121 Secretariaat kngmp , Grotekerks- Trieste buurt 54, 3311 cb Dordrecht c Bruno C allegher c Chris T eulings s +39 040 558 2856 s +41 44 780 60 37 e [email protected] e [email protected] Museo di Castelvecchio Teylers Museum

Corso Castelvecchio 2, i-37121 Verona Spaarne 16, nl -2011 ch Haarlem c Paola M arini c Marjan S charloo s +39 045 8062611 s +31 23 5319010  +39 045 8010729  +31 23 5342004 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.comune.verona.it/ castelvecchio/ cvsito NORWAY – NORVÈGE

JAPAN – JAPON Det Norske Myntverket AS Currency Museum Section, Institute PO Box 53, n-3601 Kongsberg c for Monetary and Economic Studies Turid D jønne s +47 3 73 53 00 The Bank of Japan, 2-1-1 Hongoku-  +47 3 73 62 58 cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8660 Kulturhistorisk museum, Universi- c Noriko F ujii tetet i Oslo Numismatisk Bibliotek 81 3 3279 1111 s + Box 6762 St Olavs Plass, n-0130 Oslo 81 3 3277 1456  + Contacts: Svein Harald G ullbekk e [email protected] u (Viking age and medieval coins, www.imes.boj.or.jp/cm orders, banknotes and Norwegian monetary history) LUXEMBOURG – LUXEMBOURG s +47 22 85 99 46 Cabinet des Médailles, Musée  +47 22 85 97 69 , , National d Histoire et d Art e [email protected] oland Marché-aux-Poissons, l-2345 Håkon R Luxembourg (Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins, c François R einert oriental coins, medals, modern s +352 47 93 30 217 Norwegian monetary history) 47 22 85 99 48  +352 47 93 30 271 s + e [email protected]  +47 22 85 97 69 e [email protected] THE NETHERLANDS – PAYS-BAS Collection manager, Anette S ættem (responsible for managing the Central Bank of The Netherlands, numismatic collection and the National Numismatic Collection collection of classical antiquities) P.O. Box 98, nl -1000 ab Amsterdam s +47 22 85 99 43 c Paul Beliën  +47 22 85 97 69 s +31 20 524 9111 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.khm.uio.no

100 institution members | membres institutionnels

NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet (NTNU przedmieście 26/28, pl 00-927 University Museum) – Section for Warsaw Archaeology and Cultural History c Aleksander B ursche s +48 22 5522827 Erling Skakkes gate 47, n-7491 +48 225522801 Trondheim  e [email protected] c Birgitte Skar (Head of Department) s +47 73 59 21 70  +47 73 59 22 38 ROMANIA – ROUMANIE e [email protected] National History Museum of [email protected] Romania

POLAND – POLOGNE 12 Victoriei Road, Sector 3, Komitet Nauk Historycznych, ro -010082 Bucharest Komisja Numizmatyczna c Martin T udor s +40 21 315 82 07 Al. Solidarności 105, pl 00-140  +40 21 311 33 56 Warsaw e [email protected] c Borys P aszkiewicz u www.mnir.ro s +48 22 620 28 81  +48 22 624 01 00 Institut d’Archéologie „Vasile Parvan“, Cabinet des Médailles National Museum Kraków, Numismatic Cabinet 11 Rue Henri Coandă, ro -010667 Bucharest Ul. J. pilsudskiego 12, pl 31-109 c Aurel Vîlcu Kraków s +40 212 88 62 c Jaroslaw B odzek +40 212 88 62 s +48 12 292 64 40  e [email protected] e bodzek@ 02 .pl

National Museum Warsaw Depart- Societatea Numismatica Română ment of Coins and Medals Biblioteca Academiei Romane, Al. Jerozolimskie 3, pl 00-495 Cabinetul numismatic, Popa Tatu Str. 1 ro Warsaw 20, sector , -010805 Bucharest c etac c Andrzej R omanowski Emanuel P 40 723 241303 +48 22 621 10 31 ext. 252 , 347 s + s e  +48 22 622 85 59 [email protected] e [email protected] RUSSIA – RUSSIE Polskie Towarzystwo Numiz- matyczne – Polish Numismatic The State Historical Museum, Society Dept. of Numismatics

Ul. Jezuicka 6, pl 00-281 Warsaw Red Square 1, ru -109012 Moscow c Barbara Solarewicz c Alexander S hkourko (Director) s/ +48 22 831 39 28 s +7495 292 2269 e [email protected]  +7495 692 2269 u www.ptn.pl  +7495 925 9527

University of Warsaw, Institute of Igor S hiryakov (Keeper of Archaeology Numismatic Department) s +74 95 692 2873 Szkola Glówna, ul. Krakowskie  +74 95 921 5316 membres institutionnels | institution members 101

State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts s +34 93 318 8245  +34 93 318 9062 12 Volkhonka st., ru -119019 Moscow e [email protected] c Nataliya S mirnova u www.ane.org.es s +74 95 203 7414  +74 95 203 4674 Gabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya e [email protected] , Museu Nacional d Art de Catalunya, u www.museum.ru/gmii Palau Nacional, Parc de Montjuïc, International Numismatic Club e-08038 Barcelona c Albert E strada 24, Bolshoy Afanasievskiy, ru -119019 s +34 93 622 0360 Moscow  +34 93 622 0374 c Mityaeva Alexandra e [email protected] +7495 637 9493 s u www.mnac.cat +7495 637 9401  , e [email protected] Societat Catalana d Estudis Numis- màtics The State Hermitage Museum Carrer del Carme 47 , e-08001 St. Petersburg, Dvortsovaya Nab, 34, Barcelona ru -190000 St. Petersburg c Xavier S anahuja c V. Kravtsov Konstantin s +34 3 457 3876 s/ +7812 710 90 06  +34 3 457 9277 e [email protected]; e [email protected] [email protected] Fundación para el Fomento de los SLOVENIA – SLOVÉNIE Estudios Numismáticos fonumis e Narodni Muzej Slovenije, Numis- c/ Orﬁla 18, -28010 Madrid c ayón matični kabinet J. C s +34 91 522 8030 Prešernova 20, si -1000 Ljubljana  +34 91 523 3585 c Andrej Šemrov e [email protected] s +386 1 241 44 37 e [email protected] Departamento de Numismática y u www.narmuz-lj.si/english/ Medallistica, Museo Arqueológico Nacional 12_departments/coin_cabinet/ coin_cabinet.html c/ Serrano 13, e-28001 Madrid c Paloma O tero SPAIN – ESPAGNE s +34 91 577 7912 -224  +34 91 431 6840 Sociedad Numismática Avilesina e [email protected] Apartado 225, e-33400 Aviles u man.mcu.es c Claudio L ópez Arias Museo Casa de la Moneda  +34 93 556 3170 s +34 93 552 3153 F.N.M.T., Jorge Juan 106, e-28009  +34 98 552 3153 Madrid c Juan T eodoro Asociación Numismática Española s +34 91 566 6533 Diputació 297, 3 o 1a, e-08009  +34 91 566 6809 Barcelona e [email protected] c Josep P ellicer u www.museocasadelamoneda.org 102 institution members | membres institutionnels

Departamento de Arqueología e SWEDEN – SUÈDE Historia antigua Rut och Bengt Holméns stiftelse för Centro de Estudios Históricos, numismatik Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Eklandagatan 12, se -412 55 Göteborg Cientíﬁcas, Duque de Medinaceli c Eje Johansson n° 6, e-28014 Madrid s +46 705-927 291 c Maria Paz G arcia -Bellido e [email protected] s +34 91 429 0626  +34 91 369 0940 Kungl. Myntkabinettet – Royal Coin e [email protected] Cabinet

Sociedad Iberoamericana de Estudios National Museum of Economy Numismáticos ( siaen ) P.O. Box 5428, se -114 84 Stockholm c Eva R amberg c/ Jorge Juan 106, e-28009 Madrid s +46 8 5195 5310 c orres Julio T  +46 8 5195 5315 34 91 566 6536 s + e [email protected] +34 91 566 6809  u www.myntkabinettet.se e [email protected] Numismatiska Forskningsgruppen – Departamento de Arqueologia e Stockholm Numismatic Institute Historia Medieval, Facultad de Stockholm University Filosofia y Letras se -106 91 Stockholm Campus Universitario de Teatinos, c Kenneth J onsson e-29071 Málaga s +46 8 6747755 c Bartolomé Mora-Serrano e [email protected] s +34 95 213 1739 u www.archaeology.su.se–numis  +34 95 213 2139 matiska-forskningsgruppen e [email protected] Svenska Numismatiska Föreningen Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueo- – Swedish Numismatic Society logia i Història Antiga, Universitat Banérgatan 17 nb , se -115 22 de València, Facultat de Història i Stockholm Geograﬁa c President Avda Blasco Ibáñez, no. 28, e-46010 s +46 8 6675598 València  +46 8 6670771 c Pere Pau R ipollès e [email protected] s +34 96 386 4124 u www.users.wineasy.se/snf/  +34 96 398 3887 index.html e [email protected] Uppsala University, Coin Cabinet u www.uv.es–ripolles Box 256, se -751 05, Uppsala Museu de Prehistòria de València c Hendrik M äkeler Corona 36, e-46003 València s +46 18 471 17 22 c Helena Bonet R osado  +46 18 471 75 69 s +34 963 883 587 e hendrik.makeler@gustavianum.  +34 963 883 536 uu.se e [email protected] u www.myntkabinettet.uu.se

membres institutionnels | institution members 103

SWITZERLAND – SUISSE c Matteo C ampagnolo s +41 22 4182600 Historisches Museum Basel, Münz- +41 22 4182601 kabinett  e [email protected] Steinenberg 4, ch -4051 Basel Musée Monétaire Cantonal c Michael M atzke s +41 61 2058 600 Place de la Riponne 6, Palais de  +41 61 2058 601 Rumine, ch -1014 Lausanne e [email protected] c Anne G eiser u www.hmb.ch s +41 21 3163990  +41 21 3163999 Bernisches Historisches Museum e [email protected] Helvetiaplatz 5, ch -3005 Bern u www.musees.vd.ch/musee/ c Daniel S chmutz monetaire/ +41 31 350 77 31 s Cabinet de Numismatique de +41 31 350 77 99 , ,  Neuchâtel, Musée d Art et d Histoire e [email protected] u www.bhm.ch Case postale, ch -2001 Neuchâtel c Gilles P erret Inventar der Fundmünzen der s +41 32 7177920 Schweiz (ifs )  +41 32 7177929 e [email protected] Hischengraben 11, Postfach 6855, u www.mahn.ch ch -3001 Bern c Rahel C. A ckermann Münzkabinett und Antiken- s +41 31 311 34 24 sammlung der Stadt Winterthur  +41 31 311 34 25 Villa Bühler, Lindstrasse 8, Postfach, e [email protected] ch -8402 Winterthur u www.fundmuenzen.ch c Benedikt Z äch Circolo Numismatico Ticinese ( cnt ) s +41 52 267 51 46  +41 52 267 66 81 Pedrazzetti c/o Danilo , Novamarke- e [email protected] cp ch ting sa, 1623, -6830 Chiasso u www.muenzkabinett.org c Fabrizio Rossini s +41 19 19225873 Freie Vereinigung Zürcher e [email protected] Numismatiker c/o Hortensia von Roten , Wilfried- Schweizerische Numismatische strasse 11, ch -8021 Zürich Gesellschaft/Société suisse de e [email protected] Numismatique Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, c/o Ueli Friedländer (Präsident), Her- Landesmuseum Zürich, Münz- rengasse 12, ch -8640 Rapperswil SG kabinett s +41 44 341 4247 e [email protected] Museumstraße 2, PF, ch -8021 Zürich u www.numisuisse.org c Christian W eiss , , s +41 58 466 65 16 Musée d Art et d Histoire, Cabinet  +41 44 211 29 49 Numismatique e [email protected] u Rue Charles Galland, Case postale www.musee-suisse.ch/d/ 3432, ch -1200 Genève sammlung/wissenschaft_und_ sammlungen/numismatik.php 104 institution members | membres institutionnels

TAIWAN – TAIWAN c Edward M. B esly s +44 29 2057 3291 National Museum of History  +44 29 2057 3321 49 Nan Hai Road, Taipei City 10066, e edward.besly@museumwales. Taiwan ac.uk c Hui-Chuan H an u www.museumwales.ac.uk/ s +886 2 2361 0270 ext. 207 en/archaeology/  +886 2 2331 1086 e [email protected] National Museum of Scotland u www.nmh.gov.tw Chambers Street, Edinburgh eh1 1jf c The Director of the Library TURKEY – TURQUIE s +44 131 247 42 71 e [email protected] Université d’Ankara, Faculté des u www.nms.ac.uk Lettres, Département d’Archéologie Classique The Hunterian

06100 Sihhiye - Ankara, Turquie The University of Glasgow, Univer- c Zeynep Çizmeli Ogun sity Avenue, Glasgow g12 8qq s/ +90 232 745 1413 c J. Donal B ateson e [email protected] s +44 141 330 4221 or 4289 [email protected]  +44 141 330 3617 e [email protected] UNITED KINGDOM – ROYAUME-UNI u www.glasgow.ac.uk/hunterian

The Barber Institute of Fine Arts, The British Museum, Department Dept. of Coins, The University of of Coins and Medals Birmingham Great Russell Street, London Edgbaston, Birmingham b15 2ts wc 1b 3dg c Jonathan Jarrett c Philip A ttwood s +44 121 414 7332 s +44 20 7323 8260  +44 121 414 3370  +44 20 7323 8171 e [email protected] e pattwood@thebritishmuseum. u www.barber.org.uk/coins/index. ac.uk html u www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/ cm/cmhome.html The Fitzwilliam Museum, Dept. of Coins and Medals Royal Numismatic Society

Trumpington Street, Cambridge The British Museum, Great Russell cb 2 1rb Street, London wc 1b 3dg c Adrian P opescu c Nicholas M ayhew s +44 1223 332949 s +44 207 323 8228  +44 1223 332923  +44 207 323 8171 e ap 345 @cam.ac.uk u www.numismatics.org.uk u www.ﬁtzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/dept/ coins/ Ashmolean Museum, Heberden Coin Room The National Museum of Wales, Department of Archaeology and Beaumont Street, Oxford ox1 2ph c Numismatics Chris H owgego s +44 1865 278063 Cathays park, Cardiff cd 10 3np  +44 1865 278057 membres institutionnels | institution members 105 e [email protected] harvard.edu u www.ashmolean.org/departments/ u www.harvardartmuseums.org heberdencoinroom/ Yale University Art Gallery, Dept. of The Royal Mint Coins and Medals

Llantrisant, Pontyclun, Mid Glamor- PO Box 208271, New Haven, gan cf 7 8yt ct 06520-8271, usa c c Kevin C lancy Benjamin H ellings 1 203 432 1801 s +44 1443 222111 s + 44 1443 228799  +1 203 432 6013  + e u www.royalmint.com [email protected] u www.artgallery.yale.edu British Numismatic Society The American Numismatic Society The Warburg Institute, Woburn Square, London wc 1h 0ab 75 Varick Street, floor 11, New York, Current president: Roger B land , ny 10013, usa Keeper of Portable Antiquities & c Ute W artenberg Treasure, c/o British Museum, s +1 212 571 4470 uk -London wc1b 3dg  +1 212 571 4479 c The President e [email protected] s +44 20 7323 8611 u www.numismatics.org e [email protected] Princeton University Library u www.britnumsoc.org Oriental Numismatic Society One Washington Road, Princeton, nj 08544, usa 9 Grandison Road, London sw 11 6ls c Alan M. S tahl c Peter S mith s +1 609 258 9127 s +44 207 228 6826  +1 609 258 2324 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.onsnumis.org The John Max Wulﬁng Collection, British Numismatic Trade Kemper Art Museum Association Washington University in St. Louis, P.O. Box 2, Rye, East Sussex tn 31 cb 1189 – Kemper 210, One Brookings 7we Drive, St. Louis, mo 63130-4899, usa c Rosemary C ooke c William S. Bubelis s/ +44 1797 229988 s +1 314 935 4519 e [email protected] e [email protected] u www.bnta.net Dumbarton Oaks Research Library UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – , nd ÉTATS-UNIS D AMÉRIQUE 1703 32 Street NW, Washington, dc 20007, usa Harvard Art Museums, Division of c Barbara Mersereau Asian and Mediterranean Art s +1 202 339 6993 32 Quincy Street, Cambridge,  +1 202 339 6419 ma 02138, usa e [email protected] c Carmen A rnold -Biucchi u www.doaks.org/index.html s +1 617 496 9274

 +1 617 495 5211 e Carmen_Arnold-Biucchi@ 106 institution members | membres institutionnels

Ancient Coin Collectors Guild VATICAN CITY – VATICAN

PO Box 911, Gainsville, mo 65655, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, usa Gabinetto Numismatico c Wayne G. S ayles Cortile del Belvedere, v-00120 s +417 679 2142 Vatican City e [email protected] c Eleonora Giampiccolo Baylor University, Department of Art s +6 698 79 406  +6 698 79 428 One Bear Place #97263 Waco, e [email protected] tx 76798-7263, usa u www.vaticanlibrary.va c Nathan T. Elkins e [email protected] s +1 254 710 6382  +1 254 710 1566 e [email protected]

MEMBRES HONORAIRES – HONORARY MEMBERS

Alföldi , Maria R. Boehringer , Christof õ Hans-Sachs-Straße 1, d-60487 õ Höltystr. 4, d-37085 Göttingen, Frankfurt/M., Germany Germany s +49 69 707 3157 e [email protected] Burnett , Andrew õ 19, Almorah Road, n1 3er Amandry , Michel London, United Kingdom õ 24, blvd. Poissonière, f-75009 e [email protected] Paris, France Buttrey, Theodore V. e [email protected] Deptartment of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum Arslan , Ermanno A. õ Trumpington Street, uk - õ Via privata Cesare Battisti 2, Cambridge cb 2 1 rb , United i-20122 Milan, Italy Kingdom s +39 25512901 e [email protected] e [email protected] Campo , Marta u www.ermannoarslan.eu Gabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya õ Museu Nacional d’Art de Cata- Bates , Michael L. lunya, Palau Nacional, Parc de Curator emeritus of Islamic Coins Montjuïc, e-08038 Barcelona, õ 1334 River Road, Apt. 3, Spain Edgewater, nj 07020-1424, usa e [email protected] e [email protected] Crawford , Michael H. Bhatia , Pratipal õ 11 a Tavistock Place, uk -London õ e-7/7 Vasant Vitar, New Delhi wc1h 9sh , United Kingdom 110 057, India e [email protected] e pbhatia 10 @yahoo.com honorary members | membres honoraires 107

Gedai , Istvan Morrisson , Cécile , Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum cnrs , Centre d histoire et civilisation õ Múzeum Körút 14-16, postbok de Byzance, Collège de France 364, h-1088 Budapest, Hongary õ 52 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine, f-75005 Paris, France Geiger , Hans-Ulrich e [email protected] õ Rötelsteig 9, ch -8037 Zürich, Switzerland Nicolaou , Ino e [email protected] õ 44 Metochiou Avenue, cy -1101 Nicosia, Chypre Gorini, Giovanni õ Via A. Cavalletto 12, i-35122 Nicolet , Hélène Padova, Italy õ 2 rue de Paradis, f-75010 Paris, e [email protected] France e [email protected] Hahn, Wolfgang Institut für Numismatik und Geld- Nilsson, Harald geschichte õ Granebergs gård, s-646 96 õ Universität Wien, Franz-Klein- Stjärnhov, Sweden Gasse 1, A-1190 Wien, Austria e [email protected] e [email protected] Parise , Nicola Jensen , Jørgen Steen õ Via dei Delﬁni 24, i-00186 Roma, Den Kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamling, Italie Nationalmuseet e [email protected] õ Frederiksholms Kanal 12, dk - 1220 København K, Denmark Picard, Olivier e [email protected] õ Université Paris Sorbonne Paris iv , 12 rue A. Joly, f-78000 Versailles, Kluge , Bernd France Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu e [email protected] Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz õ Geschwister-Scholl-Strasse 6, Schultz , Hans-Dietrich d-10117 Berlin, Germany õ Rödelstrasse 6, d-10318 Berlin, e [email protected] Allemagne

Lagerqvist, Lars Skaare , Kolbjørn (+) õ Keltiska vägen 3, s-291 65 Universitetets Kulturhistoriske Kristianstad, Sweden Museer, Myntkabinett e [email protected], õ Postboks 6762, St Olavs plass, [email protected] n-0164 Oslo, Norvège

Metcalf , Michael Spufford, Peter Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean õ University of Cambridge, Queens’ museum College, West Road, uk -Cam- õ Beaumont Street, uk -Oxford ox 1 bridge cb3 9et , United Kingdom 2ph , United Kingdom e [email protected]

108 honorary members | membres honoraires

Suchodolski , Stanislaw Weiller , Raymond , , , Institut d Archéologie et d Ethno- õ Résidence de l Avenir, 40 rue de , logie, Académie polonaise des l Avenir, l-1147 Luxembourg Sciences õ Al. Solidarnosci 105, pl 00-140 Westermark , Ulla Warszawa, Pologne õ Hällbygatan 36 a, se -752 28 e suchodol [email protected] Uppsala, Suède e [email protected]