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Karakteristik Gaya Langgam Atap Museum Di Kota Tua Jakarta

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Karakteristik Gaya Langgam Atap Museum Di Kota Tua Jakarta Prosiding Seminar Intelektual Muda #2, Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup dan Peradaban Dalam Konteks IPTEKSEN, 5 September 2019, hal: 74-79, ISBN 978-623-91368-1-9, FTSP, Universitas Trisakti. SHANTY MARPAUNG. KARAKTERISTIK GAYA LANGGAM ATAP MUSEUM DI KOTA TUA JAKARTA CHARACTERISTIC STYLE OF THE MUSEUM ROOF IN THE OLD CITY OF JAKARTA Shanty Marpaung1, Maria Immaculata Ririk Winandari2, Sri Tundono3 1 Mahasiswa Program Studi Sarjana Arsitektur, Jakarta 3Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta *e-mail: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], ABSTRAK Museum Kota Tua Jakarta adalah bangunan bersejarah di Jakarta memiliki aspek tipologi langgam fasad museum di Kota Tua Jakarta yang dapat menggambarkan, memberikan, dan mencirikan suatu khas langgam fasad museum di Kota Tua Jakarta. Perumusan masalah setiap langgam memiliki tipologi tertentu yang nampak di unsur-unsur arsitektur sekarang. Pertanyaan penelitian tipologi langgam fasad museum di kota tua Jakarta adalah bagaimana karakter tipologi langgam fasad museum di kota tua Jakarta? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan karakter ciri khas tipologi langgam fasad museum di kota tua Jakarta. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode induktif kualitatif. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah elemen-elemen fasad yang dilihat dari kepala sebuah bangunan museum adalah atap yang terdiri dari bentuk atap, material atap, dinding atap, dan tinggi atap. Berdasarkan analisa data yang dilakukan, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa tipologi langgam fasad museum di kota tua Jakarta atap pada Museum Mandiri memiliki ciri khas gaya langgam art deco, gaya art deco menghiasi atap datar dengan tembok pembatas, memiliki menara atau cerobong asap di bagian atapnya, dan memiliki ciri khas arsitektur yang bersifat dekoratif. Atap pada Museum Bank Indonesia memiliki gaya langgam neo classic yaitu memiliki bentuk atap limasan atau datar. Sedangkan, atap pada Museum Wayang memiliki gaya langgam neo reinaissance yaitu memiliki bentuk atap segitiga yang disebut atap gavel. Kata kunci : tipologi, langgam fasad, museum di kota tua Jakarta. ABSTRACT The Jakarta Old Town Museum is a historical building in Jakarta which has a typology aspect of the museum facade style in the Old City of Jakarta which can describe, give, and characterize a typical museum facade style in the Old City of Jakarta. The formulation of the problem of each style has a certain typology that appears in the elements of architecture now. The research question of typology of museum facade styles in the old city of Jakarta is what is the character of the typology of museum facade styles in the old city of Jakarta? The purpose of this research is to get the characteristic typology of museum facade style in the old city of Jakarta. This research method uses qualitative inductive methods. The variables in this study are the facade elements seen from the head of a museum building are the roof consisting of the shape of the roof, roofing material, roof wall, and roof height. Based on the data analysis, the conclusion is that the typology of the facade of the museum in the old city of Jakarta, the roof of the Mandiri Museum has a characteristic style of art deco style, art deco style adorns a flat roof with a parapet, has a tower or chimney on the roof, and has a architectural characteristics that are decorative. The roof of the Bank Indonesia Museum has a neo classic style style that has a pyramid or flat roof shape. Meanwhile, the roof of the Wayang Museum has a neo reinaissance style of style that has a triangular roof called a gavel roof. Keywords: typology, style facade, museum in the old city of Jakarta. 74 Prosiding Seminar Intelektual Muda #2, Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup dan Peradaban Dalam Konteks IPTEKSEN, 5 September 2019, hal: 74-79, ISBN 978-623-91368-1-9, FTSP, Universitas Trisakti. SHANTY MARPAUNG. A. PENDAHULUAN Museum Kota Tua Jakarta adalah B. STUDI PUSTAKA bangunan bersejarah di Jakarta memiliki aspek B.1. Langgam Fasad tipologi tipologi langgam fasad museum di Menurut Ahkamal Ulyaa, Anisa, Kota Tua Jakarta yang dapat menggambarkan, Yeptadian Sari langgam arsitektur yang berada memberikan, dan mencirikan suatu khas di Museum Kota Tua memiliki gaya langgam langgam fasad museum di Kota Tua Jakarta itu yang berbeda-beda. Gaya-gaya dari sendiri, dan aspek-aspek yang bersifat faktual langgam,yaitu : (a) Langgam art deco (b) lainnya. Langgam neo-klasik dan (c) Langgam neo- Perubahan ditandai dengan gaya neo reinaissance. clasic yang semakin pudar, dan muncul banyak Menurut Burcu Ozguven (2009) ciri langgam anyar seperti Neo-klasik, Art Deco, langgam art deco memiliki karakteristik Neo-reinaissance, Ekspresionist, Futurist, Gaya diantaranya adalah memiliki gaya yang mewah Internasional, Gaya Organik, Gaya Visionary. dan rasa romantisme, memakai bahan dasar Setiap langgam memiliki tipologi yang langka dan material yang mahal, memiliki tertentu yang nampak di unsur-unsur arsitektur bentuk massif, memiliki atap yang datar, sekarang. Bangunan memiliki karakter tertentu, memiliki asimetris dan bentuk yang geometris maka tiap bangunan dapat di deteksi style-style dan didominasi garis yang melengkung plastis. atau langgam-langgamnya. Kenyataannya, Ciri gaya Neo klasik ini berbentuk datar bangunan-bangunan tertentu di Kota Tua dan horizontal, memiliki menara di bagian Jakarta memiliki unsur-unsur yang mirip atapnya, mempunyai kolom-kolom yang dengan style atau langgam-langgam tertentu. panjang dan sejajar. Bagian pintu dan jendela Langgam tersebut memiliki gaya langgam art memiliki secara proporsi untuk menciptakannya deco, neo reinaissance, dan neo klasik. Menurut nilai-nilai arsitektur Neo Klasik yang terdapat di perumusan masalah diatas penelitian ini kolom bagian belakang. memiliki pertanyaan adalah Bagaimana tipologi Ciri-ciri Arsitektur Neo Reinaissance langgam fasad Museum di Kota Tua Jakarta. ini adalah konsep simetris dan seimbang pada Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk tampak dan interior, menggunakan material mendapatkan tipologi langgam fasad Museum batu marmer, memiliki elemen dekoratif pada di Kota Tua Jakarta. eksterior dan interior di seluruh bangunan yang Kasus museum terdiri dari tiga bersifat berupa ukiran,relief, dan lukisan yang bangunan museum di kota tua Jakarta. Ketiga melambangkan karakter-karakter atau museum tersebut adalah Museum Wayang, penafsiran tentang alam dan sosok manusia, Museum Bank Indonesia, dan Museum Bank flora, fauna, serta pemandangan alam. Mandiri. Museum Wayang, Museum Bank Tabel 1.Gaya-Gaya Langgam No Gaya-gaya Langgam Keterangan Indonesia, dan Museum Bank Mandiri memiliki 1 Gaya langgam art ciri khas atau karakter-karakter dan langgam- deco. langgam tertentu yang dapat digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian yang telah dirumuskan. Langgam yang 2 Gaya langgam neo dijadikan acuan adalah langgam art deco, klasik. langgam neo renaissance, dan langgam neo klasik. 75 Prosiding Seminar Intelektual Muda #2, Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup dan Peradaban Dalam Konteks IPTEKSEN, 5 September 2019, hal: 74-79, ISBN 978-623-91368-1-9, FTSP, Universitas Trisakti. SHANTY MARPAUNG. 3 Gaya langgam neo reinaissance. (Sumber : Burcu Ozguven, 2009, Luke Firdaus, 2013, dan Cavitt, 2015, : 567, 12, dan 35) Gambar 3. Langgam Gaya art deco (Sumber: Kotb, 2014: 18) B.2. Langgam Atap Gaya Art Deco Pada zamannya, beberapa dari apa yang Langgam atap art deco menghiasi atap sekarang kita sebut sebagai Art Deco sering datar dengan tembok pembatas, menara, atau disebut Moderne, atau Art Moderne, istilah konstruksi seperti menara untuk menonjolkan yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan ide-ide sudut atau pintu masuk. Elemen dekoratif desain paling canggih tahun 1930-an hingga seperti cerobong asap ditambahkan untuk lebih akhir Perang Dunia kedua. Karena sepupu meningkatkan desain. dekat, Art Deco dan Art Moderne berbagi Bahan art deco termasuk plesteran, formulir yang dilucuti. Tetapi Art Moderne beton, batu berwajah halus, dan Terracotta. Baja dan aluminium digunakan dengan blok memiliki penekanan horizontal daripada kaca dan kaca plat yang bersifat dekoratif. vertical, bulat bukan sudut sudut, dan ornamen permukaan minimum. B.3. Langgam Atap Gaya Neo Klasik Gaya atap tipe Neo Klasik berbentuk Gambar 1. Langgam Gaya Art deco (Sumber: Khaled M Dewidar, 2017: 5) seperti arsitektur kuil. Arsitektur Kuil ini memiliki bentuk yang menopang pada suatu Gaya art deco pada atap, biasanya juga bangunan yang terdapat di kolom kuil tesebut. dihiasi dengan bentuk seperti menara untuk Arsitektur Neo Klasik berfungsi sebagai menunjukan letak entrance agar lebih menarik. penopang kolom-kolom yang berdiri bebas, dan Bentuk gaya art deco adalah geometris bersifat dekorasi. persegi yang disusun dalam suatu pola, memiliki unsur-unsur hias dengan bentuk yang melengkung. Namun,tetap menjadi suatu kesatuan antara bentuk dan hiasan. Gambar 4. Langgam Gaya Neo Klasik (Sumber: Luke Firdaus 2013: 12) Atap gaya Neo Klasik ini berbentuk Gambar 2. Langgam Gaya art deco datar dan horizontal, memiliki menara di bagian (Sumber: Burcu Ozguven, 2009: 567) atapnya, mempunyai kolom-kolom yang Atap memiliki gaya datar, dinding yang panjang dan sejajar. Bagian pintu dan jendela memanjang di luar garis atap untuk membentuk memiliki secara proporsi untuk menciptakannya sebagai dinding tembok pembatas, atap nilai-nilai arsitektur Neo Klasik yang terdapat di memiliki bentuk yang aneh yaitu atap datar dan kolom bagian belakang. Arsitektur Prancis dan atap miring, bersifat dekoratif dan memiliki Italia memiliki tradisi
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