Good Practice Guide No. 118 a Beginner's Guide to Measurement
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Metric System Units of Length
Math 0300 METRIC SYSTEM UNITS OF LENGTH Þ To convert units of length in the metric system of measurement The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter. All units of length in the metric system are derived from the meter. The prefix “centi-“means one hundredth. 1 centimeter=1 one-hundredth of a meter kilo- = 1000 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) hecto- = 100 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 m deca- = 10 1 decameter (dam) = 10 m 1 meter (m) = 1 m deci- = 0.1 1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m centi- = 0.01 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m milli- = 0.001 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m Conversion between units of length in the metric system involves moving the decimal point to the right or to the left. Listing the units in order from largest to smallest will indicate how many places to move the decimal point and in which direction. Example 1: To convert 4200 cm to meters, write the units in order from largest to smallest. km hm dam m dm cm mm Converting cm to m requires moving 4 2 . 0 0 2 positions to the left. Move the decimal point the same number of places and in the same direction (to the left). So 4200 cm = 42.00 m A metric measurement involving two units is customarily written in terms of one unit. Convert the smaller unit to the larger unit and then add. Example 2: To convert 8 km 32 m to kilometers First convert 32 m to kilometers. km hm dam m dm cm mm Converting m to km requires moving 0 . -
Units and Conversions
Units and Conversions This unit of the Metrology Fundamentals series was developed by the Mitutoyo Institute of Metrology, the educational department within Mitutoyo America Corporation. The Mitutoyo Institute of Metrology provides educational courses and free on-demand resources across a wide variety of measurement related topics including basic inspection techniques, principles of dimensional metrology, calibration methods, and GD&T. For more information on the educational opportunities available from Mitutoyo America Corporation, visit us at www.mitutoyo.com/education. This technical bulletin addresses an important aspect of the language of measurement – the units used when reporting or discussing measured values. The dimensioning and tolerancing practices used on engineering drawings and related product specifications use either decimal inch (in) or millimeter (mm) units. Dimensional measurements are therefore usually reported in either of these units, but there are a number of variations and conversions that must be understood. Measurement accuracy, equipment specifications, measured deviations, and errors are typically very small numbers, and therefore a more practical spoken language of units has grown out of manufacturing and precision measurement practice. Metric System In the metric system (SI or International System of Units), the fundamental unit of length is the meter (m). Engineering drawings and measurement systems use the millimeter (mm), which is one thousandths of a meter (1 mm = 0.001 m). In general practice, however, the common spoken unit is the “micron”, which is slang for the micrometer (m), one millionth of a meter (1 m = 0.001 mm = 0.000001 m). In more rare cases, the nanometer (nm) is used, which is one billionth of a meter. -
An Atomic Physics Perspective on the New Kilogram Defined by Planck's Constant
An atomic physics perspective on the new kilogram defined by Planck’s constant (Wolfgang Ketterle and Alan O. Jamison, MIT) (Manuscript submitted to Physics Today) On May 20, the kilogram will no longer be defined by the artefact in Paris, but through the definition1 of Planck’s constant h=6.626 070 15*10-34 kg m2/s. This is the result of advances in metrology: The best two measurements of h, the Watt balance and the silicon spheres, have now reached an accuracy similar to the mass drift of the ur-kilogram in Paris over 130 years. At this point, the General Conference on Weights and Measures decided to use the precisely measured numerical value of h as the definition of h, which then defines the unit of the kilogram. But how can we now explain in simple terms what exactly one kilogram is? How do fixed numerical values of h, the speed of light c and the Cs hyperfine frequency νCs define the kilogram? In this article we give a simple conceptual picture of the new kilogram and relate it to the practical realizations of the kilogram. A similar change occurred in 1983 for the definition of the meter when the speed of light was defined to be 299 792 458 m/s. Since the second was the time required for 9 192 631 770 oscillations of hyperfine radiation from a cesium atom, defining the speed of light defined the meter as the distance travelled by light in 1/9192631770 of a second, or equivalently, as 9192631770/299792458 times the wavelength of the cesium hyperfine radiation. -
Calibration Methods – Nomenclature and Classification
CHAPTER 8 CALIBRATION METHODS – NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION Paweł Kościelniak Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland ABSTRACT Reviewing the analytical literature, including academic textbooks, one can notice that in fact there is no precise and clear terminology dealing with the analytical calibration. Especially a great confusion exists in nomenclature related to the calibration methods: not only different names are used with reference to a given method, but they do not express the principles and the nature of different methods properly (e.g. "the set of standard method" or "the internal standard method"). The problem mentioned above is of great importance. A lack of good terminology can be a source of misunderstandings and, consequently, can be even a reason of carrying out an analytical treatment against the rules. Finally, the aspect of rather psychological nature is worth to be stressed, namely just an analyst is (or should be at least) especially sensitive to such terms as "order" and "purity" irrespectively of what analytical area is considered. Chapter 8 1 INTRODUCTION Reading the professional literature, one is bound to arrive at the conclusion that in analytical chemistry there is a lack of clearly defined, current nomenclature relating to the problems of analytical calibration. It is characteristic that, among other things, in spite of the inevitable necessity of carrying out calibration in instrumental analysis and the common usage of the term ‘analytical calibration’ itself, it is not defined even in texts on nomenclature problems in chemistry [1,2], or otherwise the definitions are not connected with analytical practice [3]. -
Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance; Metrology in Chemistry and Biology CCQM Working Group on Isotope Ratios (IRWG) S
Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance; Metrology in Chemistry and Biology CCQM Working Group on Isotope Ratios (IRWG) Strategy for Rolling Programme Development (2021-2030) 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In April 2017, the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance; Metrology in Chemistry and Biology (CCQM) established a task group to study the metrological state of isotope ratio measurements and to formulate recommendations to the Consultative Committee (CC) regarding potential engagement in this field. In April 2018 the Isotope Ratio Working Group (IRWG) was established by the CCQM based on the recommendation of the task group. The main focus of the IRWG is on the stable isotope ratio measurement science activities needed to improve measurement comparability to advance the science of isotope ratio measurement among National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) focused on serving stake holder isotope ratio measurement needs. During the current five-year mandate, it is expected that the IRWG will make significant advances in: i. delta scale definition, ii. measurement comparability of relative isotope ratio measurements, iii. comparable measurement capabilities for C and N isotope ratio measurement; and iv. the understanding of calibration modalities used in metal isotope ratio characterization. 2. SCIENTIFIC, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES Isotopes have long been recognized as markers for a wide variety of molecular processes. Indeed, applications where isotope ratios are used provide scientific, economic, and social value. Early applications of isotope measurements were recognized with the 1943 Nobel Prize for Chemistry which included the determination of the water content in the human body, determination of solubility of various low-solubility salts, and development of the isotope dilution method which has since become the cornerstone of analytical chemistry. -
Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties
ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology -
Pressure Measuring Instruments
testo-312-2-3-4-P01 21.08.2012 08:49 Seite 1 We measure it. Pressure measuring instruments For gas and water installers testo 312-2 HPA testo 312-3 testo 312-4 BAR °C www.testo.com testo-312-2-3-4-P02 23.11.2011 14:37 Seite 2 testo 312-2 / testo 312-3 We measure it. Pressure meters for gas and water fitters Use the testo 312-2 fine pressure measuring instrument to testo 312-2 check flue gas draught, differential pressure in the combustion chamber compared with ambient pressure testo 312-2, fine pressure measuring or gas flow pressure with high instrument up to 40/200 hPa, DVGW approval, incl. alarm display, battery and resolution. Fine pressures with a resolution of 0.01 hPa can calibration protocol be measured in the range from 0 to 40 hPa. Part no. 0632 0313 DVGW approval according to TRGI for pressure settings and pressure tests on a gas boiler. • Switchable precision range with a high resolution • Alarm display when user-defined limit values are • Compensation of measurement fluctuations caused by exceeded temperature • Clear display with time The versatile pressure measuring instrument testo 312-3 testo 312-3 supports load and gas-rightness tests on gas and water pipelines up to 6000 hPa (6 bar) quickly and reliably. testo 312-3 versatile pressure meter up to Everything you need to inspect gas and water pipe 300/600 hPa, DVGW approval, incl. alarm display, battery and calibration protocol installations: with the electronic pressure measuring instrument testo 312-3, pressure- and gas-tightness can be tested. -
Discovering the History of Measurement Through Words
CONTENT BASED TEACHING + PLURILINGUAL/CULTURAL AWARENESS CONBAT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Gayane Hovhannisyan and Áine Furlong DISCOVERING THE HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT THROUGH WORDS WORKSHEET 4 Timing: 2 hours Material required: worksheet 3 Grouping: History of measurement From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1.a. Find synonyms (similar words) or explanations for each word in bold print: Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. Primitive societies needed measures for constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or exchanging food or raw materials. Earliest: Dwellings: Appropriate: Fashioning: Raw materials: 1.b. Something’s wrong! The spaces between the words have disappeared! Can you put a line between each word and re-write the sentences correctly? Theearliestsystemsofweightsandmeasuresseemtohavebeencreatedsometime betweenthe4thand3rdmillenniaBCbytheancientpeopleslivingbetweenEgyptand theIndusValley.Theeasternpeoplesachievedgreataccuracyinmeasuringlength,mass,andti me. 1.c. The weight units have been mixed up. Can you put them in the correct order? Check http://www.etymonline.com to discover the origin of the word ounce and why it is abbreviated as oz. The smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age was approximately 1.704mm. Weights were based on units of 100, 0.2, 500 , 20 , 2, 5, 10, 50 , 0.5 , 0.05, CONTENT BASED TEACHING + PLURILINGUAL/CULTURAL AWARENESS CONBAT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Gayane Hovhannisyan and Áine Furlong 200, 1 and 0.1, with each unit weighing -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
How Are Units of Measurement Related to One Another?
UNIT 1 Measurement How are Units of Measurement Related to One Another? I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind... Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), developer of the absolute scale of temperature measurement Engage: Is Your Locker Big Enough for Your Lunch and Your Galoshes? A. Construct a list of ten units of measurement. Explain the numeric relationship among any three of the ten units you have listed. Before Studying this Unit After Studying this Unit Unit 1 Page 1 Copyright © 2012 Montana Partners This project was largely funded by an ESEA, Title II Part B Mathematics and Science Partnership grant through the Montana Office of Public Instruction. High School Chemistry: An Inquiry Approach 1. Use the measuring instrument provided to you by your teacher to measure your locker (or other rectangular three-dimensional object, if assigned) in meters. Table 1: Locker Measurements Measurement (in meters) Uncertainty in Measurement (in meters) Width Height Depth (optional) Area of Locker Door or Volume of Locker Show Your Work! Pool class data as instructed by your teacher. Table 2: Class Data Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Width Height Depth Area of Locker Door or Volume of Locker Unit 1 Page 2 Copyright © 2012 Montana Partners This project was largely funded by an ESEA, Title II Part B Mathematics and Science Partnership grant through the Montana Office of Public Instruction. -
Table of Contents
Division of Measurement Standards Department of Food and Agriculture FIELD REFERENCE MANUAL 2014 California Code of Regulation Title 4, Division 9 Chapter 1 National Uniformity, Exceptions and Additions Part 7: NIST Handbook 44 Appendices A through D CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF MEASUREMENT STANDARDS DISCLAIMER DISCLAIMER This document represents the Division of Measurement Standards’ field manual for enforcing regulations pertaining to weights and measures in California. This field manual is not to be considered as the official Code of Regulations, as published by Barclays Law Publishers. NOTE: Language in Handbook 44 that is not adopted is annotated “[NOT ADOPTED]” in this document. NOTE: Requirements are different than, or in addition to, the requirements of Handbook 44 are included in the appropriate section this document. They are shaded, bordered, and numbered in the 4002 series to differentiate them from the Handbook 44 requirements. To find the latest online version of the California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 4, Division 9, visit the California Office of Administration Law at: http://ccr.oal.ca.gov/linkedslice/default.asp?SP=CCR-1000&Action=Welcome The CCR may also be accessed at http://oal.ca.gov/ by selecting the link Titled “California Code of Regulations” under the list of “Sponsored Links” in the left column on the OAL Home page. For information concerning the contents of this document, please contact the Division of Measurement Standards by e-mail at [email protected]. Links to NIST Handbook 44 (2014 Edition) - Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices as adopted by the 98th National Conference on Weights and Measures 2013 are available for viewing and downloading by simultaneously holding the “Ctrl” key and clicking the mouse on the desired format. -
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You Used Metric Units
Measuring in Metric Units BEFORE Now WHY? You used metric units. You’ll measure and estimate So you can estimate the mass using metric units. of a bike, as in Ex. 20. Themetric system is a decimal system of measurement. The metric Word Watch system has units for length, mass, and capacity. metric system, p. 80 Length Themeter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric system. length: meter, millimeter, centimeter, kilometer, Three other metric units of length are themillimeter (mm) , p. 80 centimeter (cm) , andkilometer (km) . mass: gram, milligram, kilogram, p. 81 You can use the following benchmarks to estimate length. capacity: liter, milliliter, kiloliter, p. 82 1 millimeter 1 centimeter 1 meter thickness of width of a large height of the a dime paper clip back of a chair 1 kilometer combined length of 9 football fields EXAMPLE 1 Using Metric Units of Length Estimate the length of the bandage by imagining paper clips laid next to it. Then measure the bandage with a metric ruler to check your estimate. 1 Estimate using paper clips. About 5 large paper clips fit next to the bandage, so it is about 5 centimeters long. ch O at ut! W 2 Measure using a ruler. A typical metric ruler allows you to measure Each centimeter is divided only to the nearest tenth of into tenths, so the bandage cm 12345 a centimeter. is 4.8 centimeters long. 80 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations Mass Mass is the amount of matter that an object has. The gram (g) is the basic metric unit of mass.