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Hindawi Journal of Environmental and Public Health Volume 2019, Article ID 5490716, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5490716 Research Article Diarrhea Prevention Practice and Associated Factors among Caregivers of Under-Five Children in Enemay District, Northwest Ethiopia Melese Dubie Agegnehu,1 Liknaw Bewket Zeleke ,2 Yitayal Ayalew Goshu ,3 Yonas Lamore Ortibo,2 and Yohannes Mehretie Adinew 4 1World Vision, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia 3College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia 4College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Liknaw Bewket Zeleke; [email protected] Received 24 October 2018; Revised 2 February 2019; Accepted 11 February 2019; Published 12 May 2019 Academic Editor: Pauline E. Jolly Copyright © 2019 Melese Dubie Agegnehu et al. .is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. Diarrhea is the leading cause of mortality among infants and children younger than 5 years of age in both un- derdeveloped and developing countries. Factors determining the occurrence of diarrhea in children are complex, and the relative contribution of each factor varies as a function of interaction between socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral variables. Objectives. To assess diarrhea prevention practice and associated factors of diarrheal disease among caregivers who have under- five children in Enemay district, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study was done from June 1–30, 2018, among 398 caregivers who have under-five children, in the Enemay district that were selected by using the simple random sampling technique. A structured and pretested data collection tool was used to collect the data. Data were entered using EPI DATA version 4.2, and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical package to be cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analysis was done to describe study participants, and logistic regression (bivariable and multivariable) analysis was done to identify factors that have association with the dependent variable. .e P value was less than 0.05. Results. A total of 398 with a response rate of 97% under-five caregivers were participated in this study. Nearly, half (48.7%) of the participants were in the age group 25–34. .e study revealed that good practice of diarrhea prevention was 52.8%. .is study was also identified that occupation (AOR: 3.922, 95% CI: 1.593, 9.657), family size (AOR: 0.088, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.916), and understanding on diarrhea (AOR: 0.237, 95% CI: 0.091, 0.613) were associated factors of diarrhea prevention practice of under-five children caregivers. Conclusion. .is finding showed that diarrhea prevention practice among under-five children caregivers was low and prevention practice was significantly as- sociated with caregivers’ awareness on frequency of diarrhea in a day, occupation, and family size in a house. 1. Background Diarrhea is the second leading cause of child morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing countries. Glob- Diarrhea is the passage of loose or watery stools occurring ally, it is estimated that there are 2.5 billion episodes and 1.5 three or more times in a 24-hour period which means an million deaths annually in children under five years [3]. increased frequency or decreased consistency of bowel Diarrheal diseases are major causes of malnutrition, movements, and it affects people of all ages [1]. It is usually delayed physical development, and early childhood mor- a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can tality in developing countries and poor communities, and be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic or- the major cause of death in children with diarrhea is loss of ganisms [2]. water and essential minerals [4]. 2 Journal of Environmental and Public Health In sub-Saharan Africa, primary caregivers display poor With confidence level 95% and margin of error 5%, 2 2 perception about the signs of dehydration, dysentery, and n � (Zα/2) p(1 − P)/d , where n is the sample size, P is the management of diarrhea [5]. population proportion of diarrhea prevalence, d is the .e incidence of illnesses contributing to avoidable deaths margin of error (0.05), and α is 5%. diarrhea is higher in Ethiopia compared to other sub-Saharan So using the above formula, the sample size is African countries partly due to different factors [6]. In n � z2p((1 − p)/d2) Ethiopia, diarrheal disease is a major public health problem, � ((1:96)2 × 0:413)((1 − 0:413)/(0:05)2) � 373. and it is one of the top 15 countries in which nearly three- .e final sample size with 10% nonresponse rate is 410. fourths of child deaths occur due to diarrhea [4]. In Ethiopia, morbidity reports and community-based studies indicate that 2.5. Sampling Technique. .e study was conducted using diarrheal diseases are a major public health problem that simple random sampling. Six kebeles were selected by lottery causes excess morbidity and mortality among children [7]. method from all 29 kebeles in the Enemay district. Finally, .e prevalence in Enemay woreda is 18.6% which indicates the required number of under-five caregivers was selected by diarrhea is still the burden in the study area [8]. using the simple random sampling technique from the list Various preventive techniques were reported in the obtained from health extension workers in selected kebeles. literatures including hygiene and sanitation, diet, medica- tions, and supplements which are generally classified as health care, breastfeeding, immunization, supplemental 2.6. Data Collection Procedure. Data were collected by in- zinc, and probiotics [9]. Treatment and prevention of di- terviewer-administered interview and observation using arrhea can be done at home by primary caregivers, and their semistructured questionnaire. .e questionnaire was pre- role is vital in health promotion, disease prevention, and pared in English initially by reviewing the literatures and patient care [4]. then translated in to the Amharic version which later on Prevention practice of caregivers is important and can translated back to the English version to check its consis- prevent diarrhea-related child morbidity and mortality. tency and comparability of the finding. Six health extension .erefore, the study aimed at identifying the gaps on under-five data collectors and one BSc nursing supervisor were children diarrhea prevention practice and associated factors in recruited to data collection in the Enemay district. Training the study area so as to forward recommendations for under- was given for data collectors and supervisor on objectives of five caregivers, local health-care providers, and other stake- the study, method of collecting the needed information holders to reduce diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality. through interviewing and observation, how to fill the in- .e community at large in the study area can be benefited from formation on the questionnaire, and the ethical aspect in improved under-five diarrhea prevention practice. approaching the participants which should be in a polite and respectful manner. .e supervisor had been monitoring the 2. Methods data collection process, and the investigators were available to respond the concerns raised from the data collector and 2.1. Study Design. Community-based cross-sectional study the supervisor. .e older children were considered when two was conducted. or more under-five children were found in the house. 2.2. Study Area and Period. .e study was conducted in 2.7. Operational Definition Enemay district, East Gojjam zone, Amhara regional state, 2.7.1. Good Diarrhea Prevention Practice. Participants who northwest Ethiopia, from June 1–30, 2018. .e Enemay scored above the mean value of practice question [11]. district is located 370 km, northwest of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, and 220 km southwest of Bahir Dar city, the capital of the Amhara National Regional State, re- 2.7.2. Clean Latrine. No fecal matter in and around the pit spectively. .e total population in the district is 198241, of latrine, properly swept. which 26404 are under-five children. .e district has one district hospital, 7 health centers, and 34 health postsites. All 2.7.3. Hand Washing at Critical Time. It includes washing these health facilities involve in diarrhea prevention and hand after using a toilet, after cleaning a child, after any control. Access to safe water supply in the district is 62% [10]. cleaning activity, before preparing food, before meal, and before breastfeeding. 2.3. Source Population. All caregivers of under-five children in the Enemay district were the source populations, and the 2.7.4. Caregiver. A caregiver is an individual who could be study population was all caregivers of under-five children in a parent, foster parent, or head of the household who attends the selected kebeles. to the needs of a child or primary caregiver [12]. 2.4. Sample Size Determination. Single population pro- 2.8. Data Quality Assurance. .e questionnaire was adapted portion formula was employed using population proportion from literatures and modified into local context. Training 41.3% [5]. was given for data collectors and supervisor. Pretesting of the Journal of Environmental and Public Health 3 questionnaire was made on 5% of the sample size in adjacent for caregivers about causes of diarrhea, and 70.1% respond kebele prior to the actual data collection. .e data collection contaminated food. Concerning treatment seeking behavior process was strictly followed day to day by the supervisor, of the participants, 37 (31.9%) participants stay at home and data were checked for its completeness by the principal without treatment when their child had diarrhea (Table 2). investigator. During analysis, not eligible variables for the analysis method were excluded by checking the chi-square 3.3.