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Renaud Lapeyre & Yann Laurans Renaud Lapeyre & Yann Laurans Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) Paris, 41 rue du Four, 75006 Paris, France, http://www.iddri.org/ With support from The France-IUCN Partnership Contents Introducing the study ............................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Protected areas: FAQs .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. The need for further funding ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3. The call for innovative financial mechanisms .............................................................................................. 7 1.4. The need to investigate innovative financial instruments actually at work .................................................. 8 1.5. References .................................................................................................................................................. 10 2. Innovating together with communities: the Gola Rainforest, Sierra Leone ....................................................... 13 2.1. Preparing for the innovation: case study context........................................................................................ 13 2.2. Innovation at work: a long-term innovative contractual approach ............................................................. 17 2.3. Innovation at scale: socio-economic and environmental results ............................................................... 22 2.4. Innovation at risk: challenges and the way ahead ...................................................................................... 24 2.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 25 2.6. References .................................................................................................................................................. 26 3. Innovating in public and private combination for conservation: South Africa’s Biodiversity Stewardship and Fiscal Benefits approach ............................................................................................................................ 27 3.1. Preparing for the innovation: case study context........................................................................................ 27 3.2. Innovation at work: a combination of private and public conservation, with help from fiscal benefits ..... 28 3.3. Innovation at scale: a promising potential .................................................................................................. 34 3.4. Innovation at risk: challenges and the way ahead ...................................................................................... 36 3.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 38 3.6. References .................................................................................................................................................. 39 4. Innovatively securing finance and ecological results: an environmental trust fund for protected areas in Côte d’Ivoire..................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1. Preparing for the innovation: case study context........................................................................................ 41 4.2. Innovation at work: funding efficient PA management through debt swaps ............................................. 43 4.3. Innovation at scale: securing the parks’ integrity ....................................................................................... 51 4.4. Innovation at risk: challenges and the way ahead ...................................................................................... 54 4.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 55 4.6. References .................................................................................................................................................. 56 5. IFMs for the future? Synthesis of results from three African case studies ......................................................... 57 5.1. Innovation lies in forms of combination of public and private involvement .............................................. 57 5.2. Key points of innovative instruments ......................................................................................................... 60 5.3. Innovation at scale? .................................................................................................................................... 63 5.4. Challenges and questions ahead ................................................................................................................. 63 5.5. References .................................................................................................................................................. 66 IUCN-MAEDI-Iddri – Innovative financing for conservation – compiled study draft page 2 1. Introducing the study1 1.1. Protected areas: FAQs The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area (PA) as “a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” (Dudley, 2008). Protected areas are characterised based on their primary management objective2. Hence 6 categories, including 2 sub-categories, of protected areas are defined (Table 1). Category Characteristics Ia: Strict nature reserve Category Ia protected areas are strictly protected areas set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring. Ib: Wilderness area Category Ib protected areas are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition. II: National park Category II protected areas are large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. III: Natural monument or Category III protected areas are set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be feature a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value. IV: Habitat/species Category IV protected areas aim to protect particular species or habitats and management management area reflects this priority. Many category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category. V: Protected Category V protected areas are protected areas where the interaction of people and nature over landscape/seascape time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value ; and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values. VI: Protected area with Category VI protected areas conserve ecosystems and habitats, together with associated sustainable use of natural cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, resources with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area. Table 1. IUCN categories of protected areas, and their characteristics Source: Dudley, 2008 Protected areas, and their adjacent areas, are further categorized into four different governance arrangement types3, defined on the basis of who holds authority, responsibility and can be held 1 Authors would like to sincerely thank Marc Magaud (IUCN), Geoffroy Mauvais (IUCN) and Emmanuelle Swynghedauw (MAEDI) for their continuous support to this study, their assistance and expertise. 2 Dudley (2008) importantly adds on this: “assignment to a category is not a commentary on management effectiveness; the categories system is international; national names for protected areas may vary; all categories are important; and a gradation of human intervention is implied”. 3 Governance is defined as “the interactions among structures, processes and traditions that determine how power and responsibilities are exercised,
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