Photo by Jani Lourens

WILDLIFE JOURNAL Singita Kruger National Park For the month of November, Two Thousand and Nineteen

Temperature Rainfall Recorded Sunrise & Sunset Average minimum: 21.1 ˚C (70.1˚F) For the month: 72mm Sunrise: 04:56 Minimum recorded: 18.0˚C (64.4 ˚F) For the year to date: 330mm Sunset: 18:21 Average maximum: 32.6˚C (90.8˚F) Maximum recorded: 41.0˚C (105.8˚F)

The summer rains have arrived! The rains have fallen earlier than previous years and the transformation of the grasslands and Lebombo Mountains has been extraordinary. The first rains fell over two days on the 11th and 12th with more storms on the 19th and 20th. The impala lambs started making an appearance almost as the rains fell and have been wonderful additions to the game drives. The new green vegetation has started to take over the previously barren winter open areas, and all the trees have a full covering of green leaves. The N’wanetsi River has not started flowing but has filled up substantially. The numerous drainage lines that run down from the mountains are holding water and therefore the game numbers have increased in the hills.

Elephant’s sightings have been excellent as they seem to be taking advantage of the new grasses. The game viewing has been excellent in general, with a few being seen in different areas and densities as their movements change with the growth of the vegetation, and the filling of the pans. Most of the migrant species had arrived at the beginning of the month, particularly after some rain that fell at the middle of the month. With the increased amount of standing water there has been a rise in frog and insect activity, which has in turn, brought locally nomadic bird species from near and far. There were even a few sightings of a rare Pel’s fishing at the weir in front of the Lebombo Lodge!

Here’s a Sightings Snapshot November

Lions • This month we had 94 sightings of lions. • At the beginning of the month the Mananga Pride was seen in the area around Gudzane Dam where they have spent the winter month denning with their cubs. Since the rain they have tended to move east towards the burnt areas that recovered extremely well and have attracted many prey species. The seven cubs have been doing well. • The three Shishangaan males have continued to spend most of their time patrolling territory in the northern parts of the concession. They were seen with both the Mountain and Mananga Pride. • The Mountain Pride, after having moved into the Lebombo hills, have been seen less frequently over the course of the month. Their two young cubs were not seen for some time but where seen on the 26thof November. • The Shishangaan lionesses were seen a number of times around the vicinity of the lodges. Two of the females seem to have leg injuries and the older female does seem to be approaching the end of her life. • The three Kumana males have been seen seven times this month. Most of the time they seem to be searching for the Shishangaan lionesses and have been heard roaring from the lodge. • The four young nomadic Shish males have been frequent visitors and were seen almost every week this month. They managed to steal a buffalo carcass from the Mananga Pride on the 7th and they also stole a duiker kill from a leopard on the 10th of November.

Leopards • We had 22 sightings of leopard this month. • The Nhlangulene female was seen in her usual territory up in the north. • A young male was seen strolling nonchalantly near the area of Green Apple Hill while being followed by a troop of baboons. • A male was seen trailing a female and walked right past guests while they were viewing another sighting north of the Gudzane Dam. • A very old scarred male was seen in that same area a few times.

Cheetah • Excellent cheetah viewing this month with 36 different sightings recorded. • The coalition of four young males were seen on 16 occasions. The injured male is doing well and has almost recovered from his leg injury. Towards the end of the month they were seen killing impala lambs a number of times.

Elephant • There have been more than 108 elephant sightings during this month. The herds have been very spread out due to the excellent grazing on the concession after the rains. • A highlight is a few impressive bull elephants in and around the burnt block. • Several sighting of very young elephant calves have delighted our guests.

Buffalos • Huge herds have been seen with estimates reaching over 1 000 buffalos. • Since the rains have fallen the herds have seemed to split with more grazing available to them.

Spotted Hyena • The Nyokeng den-site has two cubs resident and has provided great entertainment. • There are also clans along the H6 public road seen on route to the airstrip.

Plains game • Great plains game this month. Impala numbers are increasing every day with the lambing season in full swing. Herds of zebra or wildebeest are congregating around the once burnt areas. The giraffes are also dotted around the concession with many young calves.

Rare sightings • Sharpe’s grysbok have been reordered regularly in the mountains. • A serval was seen once, hunting mice. • An African wild cat was seen a few times.

Birds • There was a total of 209 species of that were recorded this last month. This was an increase from 197 species that were recorded in October. This increase is mainly attributed to the arrival of migrant species. Some other species have become more obvious now as they have started to get their distinctive breeding plumages and others have started to become more vocal (in order to attract partners for the breeding season), or have started to perform more obvious breeding displays. • Some of the migrant bird species that have returned include barn swallows, yellow-billed kites, lesser- spotted eagles, common buzzards, various cuckoos (including common, African, red-chested, black, Levaillant’s, Jacobin and Diderick cuckoos), woodland kingfishers, grey-headed kingfishers, European bee-eaters, broad-billed rollers, olive-tree warblers, willow warblers, spotted flycatchers, lesser-grey shrikes, red-backed shrikes and violet-backed starlings. • Some of the specials, many of which are regulars to the concession, seen this last month (excluding the migrants listed above) include common ostrich, kori bustard, martial eagle, southern ground hornbills, dwarf bittern, yellow-billed oxpeckers, saddle-billed storks, secretarybird, lappet-faced vultures, Cape vultures, white-headed vultures and greater painted snipes. • By far the most exciting bird sighting this month was of a Pel’s that was seen on two occasions quite close to camp.

Some Bush Stories follow, as well as a November Gallery of images.

An unexpected sighting! Article by Jani Lourens

It was another great afternoon - the sun had already gone down and we were headed back to camp for a delicious dinner. I had just radioed the lodge to tell them that we would be arriving in a few minutes, and we could see the lights of the lodge shining on the ridge. As we arrived at the weir, which crosses the N’wanetsi River in front of Lebombo Lodge, I could not believe my eyes! There, in front of us, was a Pel’s fishing owl! Wow! What an awesome surprise! It then flew up into a large tree near the road and I quickly asked the guests to take a photo of it as I knew that nobody would believe me when I told them what we had seen. My guests seemed a bit confused as to why I was so thrilled, but seeing how excited I was they quickly lifted the camera and managed to get a few great photos of it.

Pel’s fishing are extremely large (they are considered to be the second largest owl in southern Africa, after the Verreaux’s eagle-owl) and are bright orange in colour with dark bars across the wing feathers and dark speckles in front. They have big black eyes and a large rounded head. They almost remind one of a feathered, bird-like Garfield (or a cross between Tigger and Owl in Winnie the Pooh).

Pel’s fishing owls are extremely rare owls in South Africa and have a very limited distribution in the country. In South Africa they can mainly be seen along the permanently flowing rivers in the Lowveld region (Kruger National Park and surroundings), along the Limpopo River (the northern border of the country) and in northern Natal. Amongst South African birders, a sighting of a Pel’s fishing owl is almost the same as finding the Holy Grail!

As their name suggests Pel’s fishing owls feed mainly on fish. They are one of only three true fishing owls in Africa (the other two are the and the , which both occur in central Africa). They are predominantly piscivores, although they have been seen to also feed on frogs and crabs on rare occasions. As fishing specialists they tend to have bare legs (un-feathered tarsi), large feet with spiky scales (in order to grip hold of slippery fish) and long talons. At night they tend to perch on branches that lean over the water and when they see fish swimming beneath them they swoop down catching their prey feet-first. They rely predominantly on sight to see the shape and movement of the fish swimming beneath their perch. Pel’s fishing owls do need to be absolutely silent while hunting as the fish cannot hear them, and therefore do not have the downy covering to Photo by Lebombo guests, Sandra and Thorsten Gottwald the feathers that most owls have (which allow them to fly silently).

During the day they perch in densely leafed trees on the banks of rivers, where they are extremely difficult to see, and try to remain hidden from any diurnal threat. Pel’s fishing owls tend to be territorial and live in monogamous pairs. They prefer to nest in cavities or hollows in the trunks or branches of large riparian trees.

This sighting that we had of this incredible bird is possibly the first confirmed record of this species being found along the N’wanetsi River and in our concession.

Southern African python (Python natelensis) Article and photo by Chantelle Venter

We recently received our first summer rains. The wet conditions and high temperatures have brought about an abundance of reptile activity, and we have been fortunate to see the Southern African python on a few occasions this month.

Southern African pythons are versatile snakes that can be found in rocky areas, in trees and also in water. They are generally most active at dusk and also at night, but can also be seen basking in the sun. They are described as large bulky snakes, and can reach a maximum length of around 5.5 metres and 65 kg (143 lbs) in weight. Due to their size, they are not usually confused with other species. Their underbellies are creamy white in colour, featuring brown spots. The upper-side of the body can be described as being a red-brown colour with cream coloured blotches that are edged in black. The head often features a triangular shaped marking.

They are known to strike and bite readily, and even though they lack fangs, they have many recurved teeth that can deliver a painful bite and cause severe tissue damage. Pythons are ambush hunters and hunt by latching on with their teeth, and then constricting their prey. They have been known to feed on rodents, monkeys, small antelope species, birds and reptiles. Fortunately attacks on humans are extremely rare.

Females will choose a favourable location to lay eggs (usually abandoned termite mounds), and will remain there up to two weeks after the hatchlings emerge. The incubation period can last as long as two to three months, and she will only leave the nest site in order to drink or bask in the sun.

The Sun God By Garry Bruce

Photo by Temujin Johnson while filming for Nat Geo

When I arrived on the Singita Lebombo concession at the beginning of this year, I was hoping to catch a glimpse of the famous white male lion of the Shishangaan Pride. It is almost the end of the year, and I can say that I have been very privileged to have seen him many times since then.

He and his band of three brothers are now over five years old (originally there were five brothers, one is missing and presumed dead). They have been living a nomadic life for close on two years but, incredibly, are still in the area of their birth. Typical lion behaviour dictates that young male lions become nomadic at around three-and-a-half years of age. They would then go in the search of a pride of their own. In these wilderness areas, male lions can sometimes settle up to a 100 km away from their natal pride group. This seems to be nature’s way of ensuring a strong gene pool among the lion population. It is a difficult time for these males as they need to hunt and provide for each other, and they also have to avoid the larger more powerful territorial males that will no doubt try to eliminate them before they reach maturity.

The presence of them in this area at this late stage of their lives can be regarded as unusual behaviour, however it is very exciting for us and we are hoping that they will become territorial at some stage in the near future. It is thought that this white male lion is one of only three known to exist in the wild. The other two white lions were born in the same region of the Kruger National Park along the Timbavati River in 2019. This region is the only area where white lions have occurred in the wild - they were first reported here in the 1930s and again in the 1970s. The gene that produces the white fur is limited to this small region of Africa and is engineered by a leucistic gene. It creates a loss of pigment but they still retain colour in other features.

Photo by Temujin Johnson while filming for Nat Geo

The mythology surrounding white lions has fascinated me. In African folklore, white lions existed long before the first known sighting of them in the 1930s. They are also considered to be the one of the most sacred of all the animals. There are myths and legends about them coming down to our planet from the stars, even the name of the Timbavati River, which is said to be derived from the Shangaan language, means “the place where star lions came down from the heavens.” The central Kruger area where these lions occur, falls on the Nile meridian (31 degrees East), a ley line which in Egyptian mythology, is believed to be the place at which life first emerged on our planet. This area also happens to be exactly aligned with the great Sphinx of ancient Egypt and, incredibly, could have been symbolising a white lion.

Whether you believe in these legends or not, when you do manage to spend time with this white lion and you look deep into his blue eyes, one cannot dispute that he is both majestic and, I would say, supernatural.

November Gallery

Saddle-billed stork, yellow-billed hornbills and a foam nest frog.

An almost-blue-eyed leopard, and the first impala lamb of the season.

Male lion, crocodile and cheetah paw.

All photographs (unless otherwise stated) by Jani Lourens, Wessel Booysen and Garry Bruce.