This Check-List has been sponsored by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and by the German Forestry Mis¬ sion to Liberia (G M) c/o Forestry Developme t Authority Monrovia, Liberia. A Preliminary Check-List with Status and Open Questions Cover: Wooly-necked Stork and Hadada Ibis. Photo: W.Gatter WULF GATTER White-breasted Guinea Fowl Agelastes meleagrides Downy young, subadult and adult bird. The most threatened bird of West Africa. Gattee: The Birds of Liberia 689
Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, 1988: 689 723
The Birds of Liberia (West Africa) A Preliminary List with Status and Open Questions
By Wulf Gatter*
The first important investigation of Liberia s avifauna was carried out by Büttikofer (1890, etc) at the end of the last Century. In 1926, an expedition from Harvard Univer- sity visited Liberia for several months. Allen (1930) analyzed their results and combi- ned them with previously published findings into a list of The Birds of Liberia . With additions from Bouet (1931) and Ra d (1951), the list reached 310 known species of birds in Liberia. The investigations at Mt. Nimba (Colston & Curry-Lindahl 1985) where Guinea savanna and rain forest meet, with a further important mountain com- ponent, came up with a list of 385 species.
Fig. 1 Map of Liberia with important Observation poi ts. K rte von Liberia mit wichtigen Beobach¬ tungsorten.
Mit einem Druckkostenzuschuß des Verfassers 690 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 691
Together with the results of the rain forest region of South-East Liberia (390 spe- Vegetation zones cies) and the Monrovia region (408 species) by the author and others, three sub-regions Coastal savanna and mangrove: The man-made savanna extends as a beit along the of the country were explored for the first time usin modern methods of investigation. coast up to 25 km into the country and is marked by various types of grassland-forest Since then the exploration of the unknown north-west after 1983 has produced a lar e mosaic, the remains of gallery forests, local patches of primary swamp forest and va¬ number of new findings and closed the most important gap in our knowledge. rious types of secondary forest. Along the coast and river estuaries man rove Vegeta¬ Since 1981 efforts have been made to carry through nationwide investi ations and tion covers altogether about 310 sq. km. Numerous lagoons are located along the to coordinate activities of observers, the numbers of whom remain low to this day. An coast, generally behind the beach sand bar. Depending on their development, there accurate account of the state of knowledge at the present time is much needed by the are different types of salt- and freshwater lagoons with different Vegetation types authorities of the country, as well as by the increasing number of interested persons. (Hasselmann 1979, Gatter 1988). Foliowing the initial project of drawing up an extensive annotated checklist of the birds of iberia, the necessity of starting off with a short list with information on Sta¬ Tropical rain forest zone: tus and unanswered questions became apparent. Tropical rain forest once covered all of Liberia except for a few rock outcrops, some Liberia is the only country along the Southern coast of West Africa which was re- sandy areas along the coast and the mangrove swamps (Gatter & Mattes 1987). stricted originally to a single Vegetation zone along its north-south extension the The most recent survey (1979 1982) of forested areas in Liberia reveals that 38% lowland rain forest. Taking this into account, its record of 590 species shows a very (42,000 sq. km.) of Liberia s 111,369 sq. km. was still covered by primary and very old rieh avifauna compared to other countries that have been extensively explored since secondary forest. Of this percentage, all e cept Sapo National Park had been leased to colonial times and which have Vegetation zones ranging from evergreen rain forest timber cropping concessions by 1987. through to the Sudan zone (e. g. Ivory coast with 683 species [Thiollay] 1985) or Ghana The annual destruction of primary forest by farmers, who have been enabled with 721 species [Grimes 1987]). Between 122 and 127 of Liberia s bird species (22%) through the road construction by logging concessions, to set up their f arms in the Cen¬ originate from the Palaearctic re ion. ter of primary forest areas, was estimated at the beginning of the 1980’s to be 1 %, i. e. 400 sq. km. Topography, climate and main Vegetation zones In the meantime it has increased, in particular in Western Liberia, and risen prob- The Coastal lowland (up to 30 m above sea level) extends forty kilometres Inland. It ably to 500 sq. km per year and more. is followed by a beit of rolling hills at an elevation of some 300 m and mountain r nges The rain forest beit can be divided into the evergreen rain forest zone in the south reaching 600 m. The northern highlands are table lands at over 500 m and mountain with more than 2 000 mm annual rainfall and a semideciduous forest zone in the north ranges reaching 1385 m at Mt. Nimba and 1350 m in the Wologizi Range (Schulze with less rain, and a transition zone between these two zones. 1973). Another 40% of the country is covered by secondary forest, which is slashed and burned within the f arming System of shifting cultivation, with 7 25 year or even lon- Climate ger fallow periods. The remainin areas are covered by plantations (mainly rubber), intensively used f armland and the following successions, and man-made savannas re- Liberia s position near the equator between 4°20 N and 8°30 N places the country sulting from repeated shif ting cultivation (Gatter 1984). within the so-called inner wet tropics with a steady, warm temperature throughout the year. Southern Guinea zone: There is a rainy season from April to November and a dry season from December Along the northern edge of the forest zone there is a forest grassland mosaic adja- to March, with a short mid-dry in Coastal and Southern parts of the country for not lon- cent to the Mt. Nimba region. In the most northern sector of Lofa County it forms an ger than 3 weeks in July/August. Along the coast the annual rainfall ranges from interrupted beit of bare rock, farmland with conspicuous Stands of oil palm, patches 3 000 mm in the east (Harper) to 4800 mm in the west (Robertsport) climbing above of grass savanna and forest. 5 000 mm on the nearby Cape Mount. Nearly all of this area was covered with forest and rieh farmland some eighty years In the interior from Zwedru (South-East) to Ganta and Zorzor (North-West) it de- ago, but today is strongly degraded by the dense human population. creases to about 2 000 mm and increases again to more than 3 000 mm in the northern highlands of the Nimba and Lofa region. Presentation of Data The annual mean temperature of the Coastal areas (2 5°- 2 6° C) compares with the in¬ The families appearing in the systematic list follow earlier checklists on Gambian terior (27°C) near Zwedru and Salala, and decreases in the northern highlands to birds (Gore 1981), Nigerian birds (Elgood 1982) and Ghanaian birds (Grimes 1987). 23.8°C at Kolahun and 19.6°C at Mt. Nimba. Within these taxa, genera and species are in alphabetic sequence. Beside this the na- mes used in the list usually follows those used in Grimes (1987). 692 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 693
The status of each species is summarized by the following abbreviations: RB resident breeder R(B) resident, but breeding unproven (RB) resident and breeding status unproven. Species may leave during the rains. PM Palaearctic migrant •NM Nearctic migrant, Neotropical migrant AfM migrates within Liberia and neighbouring areas AfM/B migrates to and from Liberia to breed in Liberia AfM/NB migrates to and from Liberia to spend the non-breedin season in Liberia, V vagrant ? indicates doubt about the status immediately preceding the question mark, but not of occurrence 5 CO Where there is ncertainty about the occurrence of a species, it is placed in square
brackets. Most of these species should occur in Liberia, but records have not been def- 3 =! X\ Xl r3 ,3 & P Ph * * * * initely confirmed or it is believed that the species has been overlooked. Ph * * Ph * Ph Ph Ph Ph
This column is followed by information on abundance: ?h 3 ?h 3 a abundant c common u uncommon r rare u-c 0 means the species is not uncommon, or is locally uncommon and locally common H uScN uncommon in south, common in north etc. Ph H Cß PQ C/3 PS > PLh > > Ph > h Ph > habitat, habits O (Ph) phenology, migrations, migration direction, annual cycles such as breeding and moult, numbers SYSTEMATIC LIST (ZG) zoogeography, origin, distribution
(Sy) systematics CD Ph (Dy) population dynamics (short term and lon term) h-j C CD J-, o B f-l ?H (*) all possible further Information needed OJ 'S Ph Ph S Ph o l o3 Ph CO Sh
GS moist Guinea Savanna in the north G o cs Coastal beit with savanna, mangrove and littoral PE primary forest and related formations w all forests, secondary forest, woodland Qi i Q W o HH ¦2 Q h 1 .3 1 H G S M mountainous areas or higher elevations < ÄH HH) 0 S I g s5 O S ö) ö, PP . 03 H C CQ X SS < G H Ci) S S O O -O H o O G O e O g P Ü o cd o § rG Ph o h S 3 s5 § O 3) -G HS cu I h Ph CQ JPh h h h ffi O o fJ; o h Ph h iFregata aquüa Ascension Frigatebird rejected PHALACROCOEACIDAE Oi CD Phalacrocorax africanus Reed Cormorant AfM/NB u (Ph, Ec) Phalacrocorax carbo White-breasted Cormorant V (*)
ANHINGIDAE
Anhinga rufa Darter AfM/NB u (Ph, Ec)
ARD EID AE
Botaurinae
Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern RB, AfM?, PM u (*, Sy) Ixobrychus sturmii African Dwarf Bittern R(B); AfM u (Ph, Ec, ZG)
Ardeinae Tigriornithini
Nycticorax leuconotus White-backed Night Heron (RB) r (*) Nycticorax nycticorax Night Heron PM, AfM/B? u (Ph, Ec) igriornis leucocephala African Tiger Bittern RB u (Ph, Ec)
Ardeini
Ardea cinerea Grey Heron PM, AfM/NB c (Ph, Dy) Ardea goliath Goliath Heron V (*) Ardea melanocephala Black-headed Heron AfM/NB u O (Ph, Ec, ZG) ffi Ardea purpurea Purple Heron PM, AfM/NB? u (Ph, Dy, ZG) Ui ca Ardeola ibis Cattle Egret AfM/NB a (Ph, Ec, Dy) 0= Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron PM, AfM/NB? u (Ph, Dy, ZG) Butorides striatus Little Green Heron RB; AfM c (Ph, Ec, Dy) Egretta alba Great White Egret PM?, AfM/NB+ B? u (Ph, ZG) ffi Egretta ardesiaca Black Egret AfM/NB u (Ph, Ec) (TJ Egretta garzetta Little Egret PM, AfM/NB? u c (Ph, Dy) Egretta gularis Reef Heron AfM/NB c (Ph) Egretta intermedia Yellow billed Egret AfM/NB u (*)
SCOPIDAE Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 695
Scopus umbretta Hammerkop AfM, V r (*, ZG, Sy)
CICONIIDAE Mycteriini Ibis ibis Yellow-billed Stork AfM/NB r (Pb, *)
Ciconiini
Anastomus lamelligerus Open-bill Stork AfM/NB r (*) W Ciconia abdimii Abdim s Stork AfM/NB r (Ph, *) Ciconia ciconia White Stork PM, V r (*) Ciconia episcopus Wooly-necked Stork RB, AfM u (Ec, Ph, Dy)
Lep optilini
Leptoptilos rumeniferus Marabou Stork AfM/NB, V r (*)
THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Threskiornithinae
Bostrychia hagedash Hadada R (B), AfM u-c (Ph, Ec) Bostrychia olivacea Olive Ibis R (B), AfM u (Ph, Ec, Dy) PF Bostrychia rara Spotted breasted Ibis R (B) r (*) PF Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis PM, V r (*)
Plataleinae Platalae alba African S oonbill AfM u (Ph, Ec) CS
PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber/minor Flamingo spec. V (*, Sy) ANATIDAE 02 CD Anserinae Oi
Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Tree Duck RB, AfM u (Ec, Ph) W Cairinini
Nettapus auritus African Pygmy Goose R(B) u (Ec, Ph) Plectropterus gambensis Spur-winged Goose RB, AfM r (Ph, Ec) Pteronetta hartlaubii Hartlaub s Duck RB u (Ph, Ec) PF Sarkidiornis melanota Comb Duck (R) r (*)
Anatini
Anas acuta Pintail PM r (Ph) Anas querquedula Garganey PM u (Ph) Anas clypeata Shoveler PM r (Ph) Aythyini
Aythya ferina Pochard PM, V r (Ph) FAND IONED AE
Pandion haliaetus Osprey PM u (Ph, Ec) ACCIPITRIDAE
Aegypinae Q Gypohierax angolensis Palmnut Vulture RB, AfM c (Ph, Ec) W Gyps bengalensis White-backed Vulture V (*) P Neophron monachus Hooded Vulture AfM u (*) N
Accipitrinae Circini
Circaetus beaudouini Beaudouin s Snake Eagle AfM u (*) N Circaetus cinereus Brown Snake Eagle RB, AfM u (Ph, Ec) N + S
Circus macrouros Pallid Harrier PM r (Ph) O > Circus aeruginosus H Marsh Harrier PM u (Ph) H H Circus pygargus Montagu s Harrier PM r (Ph) W Dryotriorchis spectabilis Congo Serpent Eagle RB u (*) PF Polyboroides radiatus Harrier Hawk RB c (Ph, Ec) «3 tö Therathopius ecaudatus Bateleur V r (*) N, formerly
Accipitrini
Accipiter badius Shikra AfM, B? u (*) er Accipiter erythropus Western Little Sparrowhawk R(B) u c (Ph, Ec) Acci iter melanoleucos Black Sparrowhawk R (B) u (Ph, Ec) A ci iter tachiro African Goshawk RB c (Ph, Ec, Sy) Urotriorchis macrouros Long-tailed Hawk RB u-c (Ec, Ph, Zoo)
Buteini
Butastur rufipennis Grasshopper Buzzard AfM/NB, V (*) Buteo buteo Common or Steppe Buzzard PM r-u (Ph) N Buteo auguralis Red-tailed Buzzard AfM/B c (Ph, Ec) Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizzard Buzzard RB c (Ph, Ec)
Aquilini
Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle V r h N Aquüa wahlbergi Wahlberg s Eagle AfM r n N Haliaetus vocifer African Fish Eagle R(B) r (*, Dy) only SE? Hieraaetus africanus Cassin s Hawk Eagle RB u (Ph, Ec, ZG) Hieraaetus dubius Ayres Hawk Eagle R (B) r (*) Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle PM, V (*) Lophaetus occipitalis Long-creasted Eagle R (B) r (*) Stephanoetus coronatus Crowned Eagle RB u (Ph, Ec)
03 D Milvini 698 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 699 Aviceda cuculoides African Cuckoo Falcon R (B) AfM u (Ec, Ph, Sy, Dy) Eianus caeruleus Black shouldered Kite R?, AfM u (Ph, Ec) Eianus riocourii Swallow-tailed Kite V (*) N Macheirhamphus alcinus Bat Hawk R (B)?, AfM u (Ph, Ec) Milvus migrans Black Kite PM, AfM/B u c (Ph, Ec, Sy, ZG) Pernis apivorus Honey Buzzard PM c (Ph, Ec)
FALCONIDAE
Falco alopex Fox Kestrel RB?, AfM u (*) Falco ardosiaceus Grey Kestrel RB?, AfM u (*) N Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon V? r (*) N Falco cuvieri African Hobby RB?, AfM u (Ec, Ph) Falco naumanni esser Kestrel PM r (Ph, *) Falco peregrinus Peregri e Falcon R (B), AfM?, PM r-u (*) Falco subbut o European Hobby PM u (Ph, Ec, *) N Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel PM, AfM? u-c (Ph, Sy) Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon PM r (Ph, *)
PH ASIANID AE
Phasianinae
Coturnix chinensis Blue Quail (R?) B, AfM u (Ph, Ec) Coturnix coturnix Common Quail PM r (Ph) Coturnix delegorguei Harlequin Quail AfM r (*) N Francolinus ahantensis Ahanta Francolin RB c (Ph) Francolinus bicalcaratus Double spurred Francolin R (B) c (Ph, Ec, ZG) Francolinus lathami Forest Francolin RB c (Ph, Ec) PF, F
Numidinae
Agelastes meleagrides White breasted Guinea Fowl RB r-u (Ph, Ec, *) PF Gutt ra douardi Crested Guineafowl RB u-c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl R(B) r (Ph, Ec, *) N, extinct ?
TURNICIDAE
Turnix sylvatica Button Quail AfM/B r (Ph, Ec, *) RALLIDAE Rallinae
Canirallus oculeus Grey-throated Rail RB u (Ph, Ec, ZG) Crex egregia African Crake R?, B, AfM c (Ph) Gallinula chloropos Moorhen RB?, AfM r—u (*) Gallinula angulata Besser Moorhen RB?, AfM r (*) Himantornis haematopus Nkulen a Rail R(B) u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) Limnocorax flavirostris Black Crake RB c (Ph) Porphyrio allem Allen s Gallinule RB?, AfM u (Ph, ZG) Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Gallinule R (B), AfM u (Ph, Ec, ZG) Porzana porzana Spotted Crake PM u (Ph, Ec, *) Porzana parva Little Crake PM r (Ph, Ec) Sarothrura elegans Buff-spotted Crake R(B) u (Ph, Ec, ZG, *) Sarothrura ulchra White-spotted Crake RB u-c (Ph, Ec, *) Sarothrura rufa Red-chested Crake R(B) r (Ph, Ec, *)
HELIORNITHIDAE
Podica senegalensis Finfoot RB c (Ph, Ec, ZG)
JACANIDAE
Actophilornis africana African Jacana RB, AfM? c (Ph, ZG) [Microparra capensis Besser Jakana V?
ROSTRATULIDAE
Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe (RB), AfM u (Ph, *)
HAEMATOPODIDAE
Haemato us ostralegus Oystercatcher PM r (*) RECURVIROSTRIDAE 700 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 701
Himantopus himanto us Black-winged Stilt AfM/PM? u (*) Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet PM or AfM r n BURHINIDAE
Burhinus senegalensis Senegal Thick-knee AfM r n Burhinus vermiculatus Water Thick-knee RB, AfM? u c (Ph) CS GLAREOLIDAE
Cursorinae
Pluvianus aegy ticus Egyptian Plover AfM/NB r n
Glareolinae
Glareola nuchalis Rock Pratincole RB, AfM/B c (Ph) Glareola pratincola Common Prati cole AfM/B u (Ph, Ec) CS CHAR DRIIDAE
Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover PM r-u (Ph) CS Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover PM u (Ph) Charadrius forbesii Forbe s Banded Plover RB?, AfM c (Ph, Ec, ZG) Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover PM u (Ph, Ec, Sy) Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover PM, V r (*) Charadrius marginatus White fronted Sand Plover RB?, AfM r (*) Charadrius mongolus asiaticus Mongohan/Caspian Plover PM, V (*, Sy) Pluvialis dominica!apricaria Golden Plover PM r (Ph, Sy) Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover PM u (Ph, Ec) CS Vanellus albiceps Blackshouldered Wattled Plover RB, AfM u (Ph, Ec) Vanellus lugubris Senegal Plover AfM/B c (Ph, Ec) CS, L Vanellus senegallus Senegal Wattled Plover AfM r-u (*) Vanellus spinosus Spur-winged Plover V r (*) CS
SCOLOPACIDAE
Tringinae
Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit PM r n Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit PM r n Numenius arquata Curlew PM u (*) CS Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel PM u-c (Ph, Dy) CS
Tringini
Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank PM r (*) cs Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper PM c (Ph) Tringa hy oleucos Common Sandpiper PM a (Ph) Tringa nebularia Greenshank PM u-c (Ph, Ec) ringa ochro us Green Sandpiper PM u—c (Ph, Ec) Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper PM r—u (*) cs Tringa totanus Redshank PM u (Ph, Ec, Sy) cs
Arenariinae
Arenaria interpres Turnstone PM u (Ph) cs
Phalaropinae
Phalaropus fulicarius Grey Phalarope PM r (*)
Gallinagoninae
Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe PM c (Ph, Ec) Gallinago media Great Snipe PM r (*) Lymnocryptes minima Jack Snipe PM r (*)
Calidrinae
Calidris alba Sanderling PM u—c (Ph) CS Calidris alpina Dunlin PM r (*) Calidris canutus Knot PM u (*) CS Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper PM u-c (Ph) CS 702 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper PM/NM, V n Calidris minuta Little Stint PM u n Calidris temminckii Temminck s Stint PM u (Ph, Ec) Philomachus pugnax Ruff PM r (*)
STERCOCARIIDAE
Stercocarius longicaudus Long-tailed Skua PM r (*) Ocean Stercocarius parasiticus Arctic Skua PM u (Ph, Ec) Ocean Stercocarius pomarinus Pomarine Skua PM u (*) Ocean Stercocarius skua Great Skua PM r (*) Ocean
L ARID AE
Larinae
Larus cirrhocephalus Grey-headed Gull AiM/NB, V (*) CS Larus fuscus Besser Black-backed Gull PM u (Ph, Sy) CS Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull PM r (Ph, Ec) Larus sabini Sabine s Gull PM r (*) Ocean
Sterninae
Anous stolidus Noddy V (*) Ocean Anous tenuirostris White-capped Noddy V (*) Ocean Sterna albifrons Little Tern PM?/AfM? u (Ph, Sy) CS Sterna anaethetus Bridled Tern V (*) Ocean Sterna balaenarum Damara Tern V (*) CS Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern PM u (Ph, Ec) CS Sterna fus cata Sooty Tern AfM/NM/NB r (*) Ocean Sterna hirundo Common Tern PM a (Ph, Ec) CS Sterna hybrida Whiskered Tern PM r (*) Sterna leucoptera White-winged Black Tern PM r (*) Sterna m xima Royal Tern AfM/NB c (Ph) CS Stern nilotica Gull-billed Tern PM r (*)
St rna nigra Black Tern PM a (Ph, Ec) CS Sterna paradisea Arctic Tern PM c (*) CS Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern PM c (Ph) CS Sterna tschegrava Caspian Tern PM r (*) CS
RHYNCHOPIDAE
Rhynchops flavirostris African Skimmer RB?, AfM r u (*)
COLUMBIDAE
Aplopelia larvata Lemmon Dove R(B) r (*) M, L [Columba livia Rock Pigeon rejected Columba malherbii Bronze-naped Pigeon RB c (Ph, Ec, ZG) Columba unicincta African Wood Pigeon RB u-c (*) PF Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Pigeon RB, AfM a (Ph) Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove RB? r (*) Streptopelia vinacea Vinaceous Dove AfM r (*) Treron calva African Green Pigeon RB, AfM a (Ph, Ec) Turtur abyssinicus Black-billed Wood Dove RB?, AfM? r (*) N Turtur afer Blue-spotted Wood Dove RB a (Ph) Turtur brehmeri Blue-headed Wood Dove RB c (Ph, Ec) urtur tympanistra Tambourine Dove RB, AfM c (Ph)
PSITTACIDAE
Aga ornis pullaria Red-headed Lovebird R? r (*) escaped birds? Aga ornis swinderiana Black-collared Lovebird R(B) r (*) PF Poicephalus gulielmi Red-crowned Parrot R(B) u (Ph, Ec, *) PF Poicephalus robustus Brown-necked Parrot RB? r (*) Poicephalus senegalensis Senegal Parrot RB? r (*) L, CS introduced? Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parrakeet RB?, AfM r (*) L, CS Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot RB c (Ph, Ec, ZG) MUSOPHAGIDAE 704 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatte The Birds of Liberia Corythaeola cristata Great Blue Turaco RB r c (Ph) Crinifer piscator Grey Turaco R(B) u n CS Musophaga violacea Violet Turaco R(B) r n N Tauraco macrorhynchos Verreaux s Turaco R(B) c (Ph, Ec) Tauraco persa Guinea Turaco R(B) r c (Ph, Ec, ZG) L
CUCULIDAE
Cuculinae
Cercococcyx mechowi Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo R(B) u c (*) PF Cercococcyx olivinus Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo R(B) u-c n PF Chrysococcyx caprius Didric Cuckoo RB, AfM c (Ph, Ec, ZG) Chrysococcyx cu reus Emerald Cuckoo R(B) c (Ph, Ec) Chrysococcyx flavigularis Yellow throated Cuckoo R(B) r (*) PF Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas Cuckoo R (B), AfM c (Ph, Ec) Clamator glandarius Great Spotted Cuckoo PM?, AfM r (*) Clamator levaillanti Striped Cuckoo R (B), AfM u (Ph, Ec) Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo PM u (Ph, Ec) Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo R (B), AfM r (Ph, Ec, ZG, Sy) Cuculus gularis Grey Cuckoo AfM r n Cuculus solitarius Red-chested Cuckoo R(B) c (Ph, Ec) Pachycoccyx audeberti Thick-billed Cuckoo R(B) r (*) PF
Phaenicophaeninae
Ceuthmochares aereus Yellowbill RB c (Ph, Ec)
Centropinae
Centropus leucogaster Black-throated Coucal RB c (Ph) PF, Centropus grülii Black Coucal R (B), AfM uS, cN (Ph, Ec) Centropus monachus Blue headed Coucal R(B) r (*) Centropus senegalensis Senegal Coucal R(B) c (Ph)
TYTONIDAE Tyto alba Barn Owl RB u-c (Ph)
STRIGIDAE
Buboninae
Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl PM, V (*) Bubo africanus S otted Eagle Owl R (B) IV-u (*) Bubo lacteus Verreaux s Eagle Owl R(B) r n N Bubo leucostictus Akun Eagle Owl RB u c n PF, F Bubo poensis Fraser’s Eagle Owl RB u-c h PF, F Bubo shelleyi Banded E gle Owl R(B) r n PF Ciccaba woodfordii African Wood Owl RB c (Ph, Ec) Glaucidium capense Barred Owlet RB u (*) PF Glaucidium perlatum Pearl-spotted Owlet R(B) r (*) Glaucidium tephronotum Red-chested Owlet RB u (*) PF Lophostrix letti A un Scops Owl RB r (*) PF Otus icterorhynchos Sandy Scops Owl R(B) r-u n PF Otus leucotis White-faced Scops Owl RB u-c n CS, GS Otusscops Scops Owl PM u n CS, GS Otus senegalensis African Scops Owl R(B) r (*) N [Scotopelia bouvieri Vermiculated Fishing Owl Scotopelia peli Pel’s Fishing Owl RB r-u n Scotopelia ussheri Rufous Fishing Owl RB r-u n
CAPRIMULGIDAE
Ca rimulginae
Caprimulgus binotatus Bro n Night] ar R (B) r (*) Nimba Ca rimulgus climacurus Long-tailed Nightjar AfM/NB c (Ph, Sy) Caprimulgus europaeus European Nightjar PM r (Ph) Caprimulg s inornatus Plain Nightjar AfM/B, AfM u (*, Ph) Caprimulgus natalensis White-tailed Nightjar AfM/B, AfM? u (*) Caprimulgus pectoralis Dusky Nightjar RB?, AfM? r (*) Caprimulgus ruficollis Red-necked Nightjar PM, V r n N Caprimulgus tristigma Freckled Nightjar R (B), AfM/B? u (*) N, M Macrodipteryx longipennis Standard-winged Nightjar AfM/B u-c (Ph, Ec)
APODIDAE Apodinae Chaeturini
Chaetura cassini Cassin s Spinetail (RB), AfM u (Ph, Ec, *) Chaetura melanopygia Ituri Mottled-throated Spinetail R (B), AfM u (*) PF Chaetura sabini Sabine s Spinetail RB, AfM? u-c (Ph) PF, F Chaetura ussheri Mottled-throated Spinetail RB?, AfM r (*)
Apodini
A us aequatorialis Mottled Swift V, AfM r (*) Apus affinis Little Swift RB, AfM c (Ph, ZG) Apus apus European Swift PM a (Ph) Apus (barbatus granviüei?) (RB) r (*, Zoo, Sy) N Apus batest Black Swift (RB), AfM? r (*) N, M, PF, F [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter The Birds of Liberia 707 Apus caffer White-rumped Swift (RB), AfM r (*) N + W Apus melba Alpine Swift PM r (*, Sy) Apus pallidus Pallid Swift PM r (*) Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swift RB c (Ph)
TEOGONIDAE
Apaloderma narina Narina s Tro on RB u (*) PF
ALCEDINIDAE
Cerylinae
Ceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher RB, AfM? u (Ph, Ec) Ceyle rudis Pied ingfisher RB, AfM? u (Ph)
Alcedininae
Alcedo cristata Malachite Kingfisher RB, AfM/NB c (Ph) Alcedo leucogaster White-bellied Kingfisher RB c (Ph) F, PF Alcedo quadribrachys Shining-blue Kingfisher RB c (Ph) Ceyx lecontei Dwarf Kingfisher R(B) r-c (Ph, Ec) PF Ceyx picta Pygmy Kingfisher (RB), AfM/NB c (Ph)
Daceloninae
Halcyon badia Chocolate-backed Kingfisher RB U-C (Ph, ZG) PF, F Halcyon chelicuti Striped Kingfisher AfM/NB, V (*) N Halcyon leucocephala Grey-headed ingfisher AfM/B, AfM/NB u-c (Ph) Halcyon malimbica Blue-breasted Kingfisher RB c (Ph) Halcyon senegalensis Senegal Kingfisher RB, AfM/NB c (Ph, Ec)
MEROPIDAE
Mero s albicolli White-throated Bee-eater AfM/NB a (Ph) Merops apiaster European Bee-eater PM r n N, M Merops gularis Black bee-eater (RB), AfM/B u—c (Ph) Merops hirundineus Swallow-tailed Bee-eater RB?, V? r h N Merops muelleri Blue-headed Bee-eater RB r-u n PF Merops nubicus Carmine Bee-eater AfM/NB r n Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater RB, AfM/B u—c (Ph) CS, GS Merops superciliosus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater PM?, AfM/B? u (*, Sy) L, CS
CORACIIDAE
Coracias abyssinica Abyssinian Roller AfM/NB r—u (*) [Coracias cyanogaster Blue-bellied Roller N? Coracias garrulus European Roller PM r (*) Coracias naevia Rufous-crowned Roller AfM/NB r n Eurystomus glaucurus Broad-billed Roller AfM/NB, AfM/B a (Ph) Eurystomus gularis Blue-throated Roller RB, AfM u-c (Ph, Ec) UPUPIDAE 708 [Verh. orn. Ges. Baye 24, Heft 6,1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 709
Upupa epops Hoopoe PM?, AfM/NB? r (Ph, Sy) CS
PHOENICULIDAE Phoeniculus bollei Buff-headed Wood-Hoopoe R (B) u (*) PF, F Phoeniculus castaneiceps Forest Wood-Hoopoe RB u (*) PF, F
BU CEROTTD AE
Bycanistes cylindricus Brown-cheeked Hornbill R(B) r u (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF Bycanistes fistulator Piping Hombill R (B), AfM u-c (Ph, Ec) Bycanistes subcylindricus Black-and- hite-casqued Hombill (RB) r (*) N + S Ceratogymna atrata Black-casqued Hombill R(B) u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF Ceratogymna elata Yellow-casqued Hornbill RB u-c (Ph, Ec) PF, F Tockus camurus Red-billed Dwarf-Hombill RB u—c (Ph) PF Tockus fasciatus Pied Hornbill RB c—a (Ph) F, PF Tockus hartlaubi Black Dwarf Hornbill R(B) r-u (Ph, Ec) PF ockus nasutus Grey Hornbill AfM/NB r (*) CS/GS Tro icranus albocristatus White-crested Hornbill RB u-c (Ph) F, PF
CAPITONIDAE
Buccanodon duchaillui Yellow-spotted Barbet RB u-c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Gymnobucco calvus Naked-faced Barbet RB a (Ph, Ec) F, PF Gymnobucco peli Bristle-nosed Barbet RB r-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) E, F, PF Lybius bidentatus Tooth-billed Barbet (RB) r (*) F Lybius hirsutus Hairy-breasted Barbet RB u—c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Lybius vieillotti Vieillot s Barbet RB u (Ph) CS, GS Pogoniulus atroflavus Red-rumped Tinker-bird RB c (Ph, Ec) Pogoniulus leucoleima Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird RB u-c (*) Pogoniulus scolopaceus Speckled Tinker-bird RB a (Ph) Pogoniulus subsulphureus Yellow-throated Tinker-bird RB a (Ph, Ec, Sy) Trachyphonus urpuratus Yellow-billed Barbet R(B) u—c (Ph, Ec) F, PF
INDICATORIDAE
Indicator conirostris Thick-billed Honey-Guide RB u (*, host) PF Indicator exilis Least Honey-Guide RB u (*, host) N, M? Indicator indicator Black-throated Honey-Giude (RB), AfM? r (*) N Indicator maculatus Spotted Honey-Guide RB u-c (Ph, Ec, host) F, PF [Indicator minor esser Honey-Guide GS? Indicator willcocksi Willcock s Honey-Guide R(B) u (*, host) F, PF Melichneutes robustus Lyre-tailed Honey-Guide RB r-u (*, host) PF M lignomon eisentrauti Yellow-footed Honey-Guide R(B) r (*, host) N + M? Prodotiscus insignis Cassin s Honey-Guide R(B) u (*, host) F, PF Prodotiscus regulus Wahlberg s Honey-Guide (RB) r (*) N
PICIDAE Jynginae Jynx torquüla European Wryneck PM u n GS
Picumi ae
Verreauxia africana African Piculet R(B) r n F (V. Dorka)
Picinae
Campethera caroli Brown-eared Woodpecker RB u—c (Ph, ZG) PF, F Campethera maculosa Golden-backed Woodpecker RB u (Ph, Ec) F, PF Campethera nivosa Buff-spotted Woodpecker RB c (Ph) [Campethera unctuligera Fine-spotted Wood ecker GS? [Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal Woodpecker GS? Dendropicos gabonensis Gabon Woodpecker RB u—c (Ph, ZG) [Dendropicos obsoletus Brown-bac ed Wood ecker GS? Mesopicos goertae Grey Woodpecker R(B) r—u n CS, GS Mesopicos pyrrhogaster Fire-bellied Woodpecker RB u-c (Ph) F, PF PASSERES 710 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6,1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia
EURYLAIMIDAE Smithornis capensis African Broadbill RB r n F, PF Smithornis rufolateralis Rufous-sided Broadbill RB c (Ph) PF
PITTIDAE Pitta angolensis African Pitta RB, AfM/B? r h F
ALAUDIDAE
Mirafra africana Rufous-naped Bush-Lark AfM/NB r (*) GS, M Mirafra nigrans Red-tailed Bush-Lark (RB) AfM/NB r (*) N, GS [Mirafra rufocinnamomea Flappet Lark
HIRUNDINIDAE Delichon urbica European House Martin PM r n Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped Swallow RB, AfM/B u-c (Ph) L Hirundo daurica Red-rumped Swallow RB, AfM u n L, M, N Hirundo fuligula African Rock Martin RB u (*) Hirundo griseopyga Grey-rumped Swallow RB, AfM/B u (*) Hirundo lucida Red-chested Swallow V r n N Hirundo nigrita White-throated Blue Swallow RB u c (Ph, ZG) Hirundo rustica European Swallow PM a (active migration) Hirundo semirufa Rufous-chested Swallow RB, AfM/B c (Ph, Ec) Hirundo senegalensis Mosque Swallow V (*) N of 8.30 N Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow V? r (*) Psalidoprocne nitens Square-tailed Rough-wing Swallow RB c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Psalidoprocne obscura Fantee Rough-wing Swallow (RB), AfM u (*) L [Riparia paludicola African Sand Martin Riparia riparia European Sand Martin PM u (Ph)
MOTACILLIDAE
Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit PM r (*) N Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit PM u (Ph, Ec) Anthus leucophrys Plain-backed Pipit RB, AfM u-c (Ph, Ec) L Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard s Pipit PM r (*) Anthus similis Long-billed Pipit RB u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) M Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit PM u-c (Ph) Macronyx croceus Yellow-throated Longclaw RB u-c (Ph) CS, GS Motacüla agiump African Pied Wagtail RB u (Ph, Ec, ZG) Motacilla clara Mountain Wa tail RB r-u (*) Motacüla flava Yellow Wagtail PM a (Ph, Sy)
CAMPEPHAGIDAE
Campe haga lobata Wattled Cuckoo-Shrike RB r (*) PF Cam ephaga phoenicea Red-shouldered Cuckoo-Shrike AfM r (*) Campephaga quiscalina Purple-throated Cuckoo-Shrike RB r-u (*) PF + M Coracina azurea Blue Cuckoo-Shrike RB c (Ph, ZG) PF, F
PYCNONOTIDAE
Andropadus ansorgei Ansorge s Greenbul R (B) u-c (*, Ec, Sy) PF Andropadus curvirostris Sombre Bulbul RB u-c (*) F, PF Andropadus gracilirostris Slender-billed Bulbul R (B) c (Ph) F, PF Andropadus gracilis Little Grey Bulbul RB u-c (Ph, Ec, Sy) F, PF Andropadus latirostri Yellow-whiskered Greenbul RB a (Ph) F, PF Andropadus virens Little Greenbul RB a (Ph) Baeo ogon indicator Honey-Guide Greenbul RB c (*) F, PF Bleda canicapilla Grey-headed Bristle-bill RB c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Bleda eximia Green-tailed Bristle-bill RB c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Bleda syndactyla Bristle-bill RB c (Ph, Ec) PF Calyptocichla serina Golden Bulbul R (B) u-c n F, PF Chlorocichla Simplex Simple Leaf-love RB a (Ph) Criniger barbatus Bearded Greenbul RB c (Ph) F, PF Criniger calurus White-bearded Greenbul RB c (Ph) F, PF Criniger olivaceus Yellow-throated Olive Greenbul RB r c n PF 712 [Verh. orn. Ges. Baye 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatteb: The Birds of Liberia 713 Ixonotus guttatus Spotted Greenbul RB c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Nicator chloris West-African Nicator RB c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Phyllastrephus albigularis White-Throated Greenbul R (B) u n N? Phyllastrephus baumanni Baumann s Greenbul R (B) u n N, M Phyllastrephus leucolepsis R(B) r (*) Gatter 1985 Phyllastrephus icterinus Icterine Greenbul RB a (Ph) F, PF Phyllastrephus scandens Leaf-love RB u (*) F, PF Pycnonotusbarbatus Common Bulbul RB a (Ph) Thescelocichla leucopleura Swamp-Palm Bulbul RB c (Ph, Ec) F, PF
LANIIDAE
Prionopinae
Prionops caniceps Red-billed Shrike RB u c (Ph, Ec) PF
Malaconotinae
Dryoscopus gambensis Gambian Puff-back Shrike RB u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) Dryoscopus sabini Sabine s Puff-back Shrike R(B) u (Ph, Ec) PF, F Laniarius barbarus Barbary Shrike (RB), AfM? r (*) CS Laniarius ferrugineus Bell Shrike R(B) r (*) N Laniarius leucorhynchos Sooty Boubou Shrike RB u (*) Malaconotus cruentus Fiery-breasted Bush-Shrike RB u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) F, PF Malaconotus lagdeni Lagden s Bush Shrike RB u (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF Malaconotus multicolor Many-coloured Bush-Shrike RB c (Ph, Ec) PF, F [Malaconotus sulfureopectus Sulphur-breasted Bush-Shrike N? Nilaus afer Brubru Shrike V, AfM? (*) Tchagra australis Brown-headed Tchagra R (B) u (*) N + S Tchagra minuta Blackcap Tchagra (RB) r (*) N Tchagra senegala Black-headed Tchagra RB u-c (*) CS
Laniinae
Lanius collaris Fiscal Shrike RB a (Ph) Lanius Senator Woodchat Shrike PM u (Ph)
MUSCICAPIDAE
Turdinae
Alethe diademata Fire-crest Alethe RB a (Ph, Ec) F, PF Alethe poliocephala Brown-chested Alethe RB a (Ph, Ec) F, PF Cercotrichas leucosticta Northem-bearded Scrub-Robin RB r-u (*) PF Cossypha cyanocampter Blue-shouldered Robin-Chat RB u (*) F, PF Cossypha niveicapilla Snowy-crowned Robin-Chat R (B) r—u (*, ZG) L Cossypha polioptera White-browed Robin-Chat R(B) r (*) N, M Luscinia megarhynchos Nightingale PM u—c (Ph) Monticola saxatilis Rock-Thrush PM r—u (*) M Monticola solitaria Blue Rock-Thrush PM r-u (*) M, N Myrmecocichla nigra Sooty Chat V (*) N Neocossyphus poensis White-tailed Ant Thrush RB u-c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Oenanthe oenanthe Wheatear PM r (*) Phoenicurus pho nicurus Redstart PM r (*) N Saxicola rubetra Whinchat PM c (Ph) Saxicola torquata Stonechat V r (*) N Shephardia cyornithopsis Akalat RB r—c (Ph, Ec, ZG) L Stiphrornis erythrothorax Forest Robin RB c (Ph, Ec) Stizorhina fraseri Finch s Rufous Flycatcher RB u—c (Ph, Ec) PF Turdus pelios Olive Thrush RB r—u (Ph, Ec, ZG) Turdus princei Grey Ground-Thrush RB r-u (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF
Timaliinae
Phyllanthus atripennis Capuchin Babbler RB r-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) F, L Trichastoma cleaveri Black-cap Illadopsis RB u—c (Ph, Ec) F, PF Trichastoma fulvescens Brown Illadopsis RB c (Ph, Ec) Trichastoma puveli Puvel s Illadopsis RB u (Ph, Ec, ZG) F, PF Trichastoma rufescens Rufous-winged Illadopsis R(B) u—c (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF Trichastoma rufi ennis Pale-breasted Illadopsis RB c (Ph, Ec) F, PF
Picathartinae
Picathartes gymnoce halus Yellow-headed Rockfowl RB r—u (*) PF Sylviinae 714 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6,1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 715
Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler PM u (*) [Acrocephalus rufescens Rufous Swamp Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler PH c (Ph, Ec) Acrosephalus scir aceus Reed Warbler PM c (Ph) Apalis nigriceps Black-capped Apalis RB r-u (*) F, PF, M A alis sharpii Sharpe s Apalis RB r-c (Ph, ZG) Bathmocercus cerviniventris Black-capped Warbler RB u (Ph, Ec, ZG) F Camaroptera brachyura Grey-backed Camaroptera RB a (Ph) Camaroptera chloronata Green-backed Camaroptera RB c (Ph, Ec) Camaroptera supercüiaris Yellow-browed Camaroptera RB u c (Ph, Ec) Cisticola aberrans Rock-loving Cisticola RB u (*) N, M Cisticola brachyptera Siffling Cisticola RB c (Ph, ZG) CS, GS Cisticola cantans Singing Cisticola (RB) r (*) Cisticola erythrops Red-faced Cisticola RB r-c (Ph, ZG) [Cisticola gal ctotes Winding Cisticola [Cisticola juncides Zitting Cisticola Cisticola lateralis Whistling Cisticola RB c (Ph) F Cisticola natalensis Croaking Cisticola R (B) r (*) only N? [Cisticola rufa Rufous Cisticola overlooked? Eremomela badiceps Brown crowned Eremomela RB u—c (Ph, Ec, ZG) F, PF Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler PM r (*) Hippolais allida Olivaceous Warbler PM?, AfM/NB? r (*, Sy) Hippolais polyglotte Melodious Warbler PM u c (Ph, Ec) Hylia prasina Green Hylia RB a (Ph) F Hypergerus atrice s Oriole Warbler R (B) r (*) N Locustella naevia Grasshopper Warbler PM r (*) Macrosphenus concolor Grey Longbill R(B) u-c (Ph, ZG) F, PF Macrosphenus kempi Kemp s Longbill RB u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) F, PF Pholidornis rushiae Tit-Hylia RB u (Ph, ZG, Sy) F, PF Phyllosco us sibilatrix Wood Warbler PM r u (*) Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler PM c (Ph, Sy) Prinia erythroptera Red-wing Warbler RB r u (*) N Prinia leontica Sierra Leona Prinia R(B) r-u (*) M, N, L Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia RB a (Ph)
Sphenoeacus mentalis Moustache-Warbler RB u h N Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap PM r-a (Ph, ZG) Sylvia borin Garden Warbler PM r—a (Ph, ZG) Sylvia communis Whitethroat PM r (*) N Sylvietta denti Lemmon-bellied Crombec RB r—u (*) Sylvietta virens Green Crombec RB a (Ph)
Muscicapinae
Artomyias ussheri Ussher s Dusky Flycatcher RB a (Ph) [Bradornis pallidus Pale Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca Pied Flycatcher PM r-c (Ph) Fraseria cinerascens White-browed Forest Flycatcher RB u-c (*) Fraseria ocreata Forest Flycatcher R(B) u-c (Ph, ZG) PF, F Melaenornis annamarulae A na s Forest Flycatcher R (B) r (*) Nimba, Forbes-Watson (1970): Glaro [Melaenornis edolioides Black Flycatcher N? [Muscicapa aquatica Swamp Flycatcher rejected Muscicapa caerulescens Ashy Flycatcher R(B) r—u (*) F Muscicapa cassini Cassin s Grey Flycatcher RB c (Ph, ZG) Muscicapa comitata Dusky Blue Flycatcher R(B) u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF, F Muscicapa epulata Little Grey Flycatcher RB u (*) PF Muscicapa gambagae Gambaga Dusky Flycatcher (RB) r (*) N Muscicapa griseigularis Grey-throated Tit-Flycatcher RB r (*) F Muscicapa olivascens Olivaceous Flycatcher RB u (*) PF Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher PM u-c (Ph) Muscicapa tessmanni Tessmann s Flycatcher R(B) r (*) PF (Glaro) Myioparus plumbeus Grey Tit-Flycatcher R(B) r H CS, GS?
Platysteirinae
Batis occultus White browed Puff-back Flycatcher R (B) r (*) PF Batis senegalensis Senegal Puff-back Flycatcher (RB), V? (*) Bias musicus Black and White Flycatcher RB u (*) Megabyas flammulata Shrike Flycatcher RB u (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF 716 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gat er: The Birds of Liberia 717 Platysteira blis tti Red-cheeked Wattle-eye R(B) c (Ph, Ec) Platysteira castanea Chestnut Wattle-eye R(B) c (Ph, ZG) PF, F Platysteira concreta Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye RB u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF Platysteira cyanea Scarlet Wattle-eye RB u-c (Ph, ZG) CS, GS, L [Platyst ira tonsa hite-spotted Wattle-eye (*) PF, SE, field:
Monarchinae
Erythrocercus mccalli Chestnut-cap Flycatcher RB u-c (Ph, ZG) PF [Hyliota flavigaster Yellow-bellied Flycatcher inN? Hyliota violacea Violet-backed Flycatcher R(B) u (*) PF, F ersiphone rufiventer Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher RB c a (Ph) PF, F Tersi hone viridis Paradise Flycatcher (RB), AfM? r u (*) F, PF [Trochocercus longicauda Blue Flycatcher Trochocercus nigromitratus Dusky Crested Flycatcher RB u c (Ph) PF, F Trochocercus nitens Blue-headed Crested Flycatcher R(B) u-c (Ph, ZG) PF
REMIZIDAE
Remiz flavifrons Forest Penduline Tit R(B) r (*) F
PAR ID AE
Parus funereus Dusky Tit RB r (*) PF Parus leucomelas Black Tit (RB, V) r (*) CS, GS?
NECTARINIDAE
Anthreptes collaris Collared Sunbird RB c (Ph) F Anthreptes fraseri Fraser s Scarlet-tufted Sunbird R(B) c (Ph, Ec, ZG) PF Anthre t s gabonicus Brown Sunbird RB c (Ph, ZG) except N [Anthreptes longuemarei Violet-backed Sunbird N of 8° N? Anthr ptes r ctirostris Yellow-chinned Sunbird RB u—c n F Nectarinia adelberti Buff-throated Sunbird RB, AfM u—c (Ph, Ec) F [Nectarinia batesi Bate s Sunbird F
Nectarinia chloropygia Olive-bellied Sunbird RB c—a (Ph) Nectarinia coccinigaster Splendid Sunbird (RB), AfM r—u n N Nectarinia cuprea Copper Sunbird (RB), AfM r u n CS, GS Nectarinia cyanolaema Blue-throated Sunbird RB u—c (Ph, ZG) F, PF Nectarinia fuliginosa Carmelite Sunbird RB r—u (*) CS + N Nectarinia johannae Madame Verreaux s Sunbird RB u—c (Ph, Ec) F Nectarinia minulla Tiny Sunbird RB r—c (*) PF, F Nectarinia olivacea Olive Sunbird RB a (Ph) F [Nec arinia pülchella Beautiful Sunbird N? Nectarinia reichenbachii Reichenbach s Sunbird R(B) r (*) CS, Harper-Monrovia Nectarinia seimundi Little Green Sunbird RB r-u (*) F Nectarinia superba Superb Sunbird RB u—c (*) F Nectarinia venusta Variable Sunbird RB u—c (Ph, ZG) CS, GS Nectarinia verticalis Green-headed Sunbird R(B) r-c (*) CS, GS
ZOSTEROPIDAE
Zosterops senegalensis Yellow White-eye RB r—c (*) CS, GS
EMBERIZIDAE
Emberiza cabanisi Yellow-bellied Bunting (RB) r (*) GS Emberiza tahapisi Cinnamon-breasted Rockbunting AfM/NB r (*) M
FRINGILLIDAE
Serinus mocambicus Yellow-fronted Canary R(B) r-u (*) CS, GS
ESTRILDIDAE
Amandava subflava Zebra Waxbill AfM/NB? r—u (*) CS, GS Clytospiza dybowskii Dybowski s Twin-spot (RB) r (*) Saniquellie Estrilda astrild Waxbill RB r—c (Ph, ZG) CS; GS Estrilda caerulescens Red-tailed Lavender Waxbill V (*) Estrilda melpoda Orange-cheeked Waxbill RB, AfM? a (Ph) Hypargos nitidulus Green-backed Twin-spot RB r-u (*) F Lagonosticta rara Black-bellied Fire-Finch (RB) r-u n GS 718 [Verh. orn. Ges. Baye 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 719 Lagonosticta rubricata African Fire-Finch RB u-c n GS Lagonosticta rufopicta Bar-breasted Fire-Finch RB u n CS Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Fire-Finch (RB) u (*) GS Lonchura bicolor Black and White Mannikin RB c (Ph) Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin RB r-a (Ph, ZG) L Lonchura fringilloides Magpie Mannikin RB u-c (Ph, Ec, ZG) Nigrita bicolor Chestnut-breasted Negro-Finch RB c (Ph) Nigrita canicapüla Grey-headed Negro-Finch RB c (Ph) Nigrita fusconota White-breasted Negro-Finch R (B) u (Ph, ZG) Ortygospiza atricollis Quail-Finch R(B) u-c (*) CS, L Parmoptila jamesoni Red-fronted Ant-pecker RB r-c (*) PF Pirenestes sanguineus Crimson Seed-Cracker ' RB c (Ph, Sy) Pytelia hy ogrammicus Yellow-winged Pytelia (RB) r (*) GS Spermophaga haematina Blue-bill RB c (Ph) F, PF
PLOCEIDAE
Passerinae
Passer griseus Grey-headed Sparrow RB c (Ph, Dy)
Ploceinae
Amblyospiza albifrons Grosbeaked Weaver B(AfM) r (*) GS, CS, L [Anomalospiza imberbis Parasitic Weaver Euplectes afer Yellow-crowned Bishop (RB) r (*) CS, SE Euplectes ardens Long-tailed Black Widow-bird RB r-c (Ph, ZG) Euplectes hordeaceus Black-winged Red Bishop RB, (APM) c (Ph) Euplectes macrouros Yellow-mantled Widow-bird RB, (AfM) u—c (Ph, ZG) Malimbus ballmanni Gola Malimbe RB r—c (*) PF, L Malimbus malimbicus Crested Malimbe RB u-c (Ph, ZG) PF, F Malimbus nitens Blue-billed Malimbe RB a (Ph) F Malimbus rubricollis Red-headed Weaver RB u-c (Ph, ZG, Ec) PF, F Malimbus scutatus Red-vented Malimbe RB c (Ph)
Ploceus albinucha White-naped Weaver R(B) u (*) F, PF Ploceus aurantius Orange Weaver RB u-c (Ph, ZG) Ploceus cucullatus Black-headed Village Weaver RB a (Ph) [Ploceus heuglini Heuglin s Masked Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus Chestnut and Black Weaver RB a (Ph) Ploceus nigricollis Black-necked Weaver RB u—c (Ph) [Ploceus pelzelni Slender-billed Weaver Ploceus preussi Golden-backed Weaver R (B) r-u (*) M, PF, F, L Ploceus superciliosus Compact Weaver RB r (*) N Ploceus tricolor Yellow-mantled Weaver RB u (Ph, ZG) F Quelea erythrops Red-headed Quelea R (B), AfM u—c (Ph)
Viduinae
Vidua macroura Pin-tailed W ydah RB, AfM? c (Ph, Ec, ZG) [Vidua togoensis Togo Paradise hydah rejected
STURNIDAE
Sturninae
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed Starling AfM r—a (*) [Lamprotornis chalcurus Short-tailed Glossy Starling Lamprotornis chloropterus Besser Blue-eared Glossy Starling RB? r (*) N Lam rotornis cupreocauda Copper-tailed Glossy Starling RB u—c (Ph, Ec) PF, F [Lamprotornis iris Emerald Starling N? [Lamprotornis purpureiceps Purple-headed Glossy Starling (*) SE? Lamprotornis splendidus Splendid Glossy Starling RB, AfM? u-c (Ph, ZG) F, PF, CS, L Onychognathus fulgidus Chestnut-winged Starling RB u (*) F Pocoptera lugubris Narrow-tailed Starling RB u (*) F
ORIOLIDAE
Oriolus auratus African Golden Oriole AfM/NB r n Oriolus brachyrhynchus Black-headed Oriole RB c (Ph, Ec) F Oriolus nigripennis Black-winged Oriole R(B) u (*•) F Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole PM r (*) 720 [Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 721
Acknowledgements
Düring the last eight years many people have provided help of different kinds to encourage fau- nistic work in Liberia. First, there are my Liberian friends who have contributed towards the suc- ¦Ö cess of numerous activities, A. K. Davies, W. K. Dwey, J. Paye, K. Togba, R. Sambulah. A special
I thanks to A. Peal, who provided me with excellent administrative help. My ornithological friends ft and travelling companions F. Alkemeyer, S. Bass, M. Behrndt, V. Dorka, D. Gatter, P. Gat¬ ü ter, Ambassador M. E. J. Gore, G. Hodgson, B. Hündorf, H. Mattes and C. Steiner - thanks for many hours spent together in the field and for unpublished materials that they have made availa- ble to me. I am grateful to M. Carter, G. Blankespoor, A. Forbes-Watson, G. Hodgson, H. Mattes, C. J. M. Olsthorn and D. F. Shepherd who supplied me with unpublished handwritten or typed lists. I am indebted to N. Collah, R. Gardner, C. Imboden, M. Rands, J. Sayer, J. Schweier, S. Stuart for valuable help in Europe. My thanks also go to P. Colston (Brit. Museum), M. Louette (Tervuu- ren), G. F. Mees (Leiden) and C. König (Stuttgart) for the opportunity to have access to collections ft in their museums. Last but not least, my thanks go to my colleagues Mrs. M. Appleton, G. Nebo, P. E. Weinstabel and R. Wolf and to the pilots M. Bokeloh, H. Plessa and F. Schrenk. Further- 3 I more I am very grateful to J. R. Dowsett and especially to my friend A. Forbes-Watso for their Sh most valuable comments on this list.
Zusammenfassung
Die Vögel Liberias (Westafrika) Vorläufige Liste mit Status und offenen Fragen PQ (V- ft Die ersten bedeutenden Forschungsergebnisse aus Liberia stammen von dem Schweizer J. Büt- tikofer (1890 usw.). Aus der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts gibt es wenige Resultate von kür¬ zeren Aufenthalten sowie Sammlungsauswertungen. 1951 waren 310 Vogelarten im Lande be¬ kannt. Inzwischen können drei Gebiete des Landes als gut erforscht gelten. Die Bergregion des Mt. Nimba (385 Arten), die Waldregion Südostliberias (390 Arten) und die Küstenregion um die Hauptstadt Monrovia mit 408 Arten. Liberia verfügte in seiner ganzen N-S-Ausdehnung ursprünglich nur über eine einzige Vege¬ tationszone, den tropischen Regenwald. Mit 590 bekannten Arten weist es, gegenüber seinen Nachbarländern Elfenbeinküste (683 Arten) und Ghana (721 Arten) deren Nordausdehnun bis in die trockene Sudanzone reicht, eine reiche Avifauna auf. 122 bis 127 Arten (22%) entstammen der paläarktischen Region. Das Land ist gegliedert in das Küstentiefland, eine Hügelzone um 300 bis 600 m NN, und in das O .«! ft Hochland im Norden, um 500 m hoch, mit Bergen bis zu 1385 m. ft ft Liberia liegt innerhalb der „Inneren Feuchttropen mit einer ganzjährig ausgeglichenen war¬ men Temperatur (0 250-27°). Klimatische Besonderheiten sind eine Regenzeit von April bis No¬ vember, die im Süden durch eine kurze niederschlagsärmere Periode im Juli/August unterbro¬ chen wird. Die Niederschläge liegen entlang der Küsten zwischen 3 000 mm im Osten und 5 000 mm im Westen und bei 2 000 bis 3 000 mm im Binnenland. 1980 waren noch 38 des Landes mit Primärwald, weitere ca. 40 Prozent mit Sekundärwald¬ formen bedeckt. Der Rest entfällt auf Farmland, Plantagen, anthropogene Savannen und einen vielfach unterbrochenen Gürtel von Mangrove entlang der Küste. Die Artenliste folgt dem in Westafrika üblichen Schema der Checklist-Serie der B. O. U. Sie ist H so gehalten, daß sie weitgehend ohne Englischkenntnisse benutzt werden kann. Q Die über den Namen hinausgehende Information gliedert sich in 4 Spalten: ft Spalte 1 gibt Hinweise zu Brut- und Zugvogelstatus usw. O Dicrurus adsimilis Glossy-backed Drongo RB u c (Ph, Ec) CS, GS, F, PF Dicrurus atripennis Shining Drongo RB u-c (Ph, Ec) PF, F Dicrurus ludwigii Square-tailed Drongo R (B) r-u (*) F, PF O O ft Spalte 2 zur Häufigkeit von „abundant (gemein) bis „rare (selten). 722 [Verh. orn. Ges. Baye 24, Heft 6, 1988] Gatter: The Birds of Liberia 723
Spalte 3 weist in Klammern auf offene Fragen hin. Gore, M. E. J. (1981): Birds of the Gambia (An annotated check-list) B. O. U. check-list No. 3. Spalte 4 gibt Hinweise zu Verbreitung und Habitatpräferenzen. Grimes, J. G. (1987): The birds of Ghana. (An annotated check-list) B. O. U. check-list No. 9. Das Ziel der Liste ist es, in aller Kürze über Wissensstand und Lücken zu informieren. Sie soll 276pp. Behörden eine erste Entscheidungshilfe geben und den Ornithologen des Landes als Arbeits- und Hald-Mortensen, P. (1971): A collection of Birds from Liberia and Guinea. Steenstrupia 1: Diskussionspapier dienen. 115-125. Damit soll die Grundlage für eine umfangreichere kommentierte Artenliste geschaffen werden. Hall, B. P. & R. E. Moreau (1970): An Atlas of speciation in African Passerine Birds. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. Hasselm nn, K. H. (1979): Liberia. Geographical mosaics of the land and the people. Monrovia. References Louette, M. (1974): Contribution to the Ornithology of Liberia (Pt. 3). Revue Zool. afr. 88: 741-748. The list of references extends that of Allen (1930). Later literature is only listed if several spe- (1981 a): A new species of Honeyguide from West Africa (Aves, Indicatoridae). Revue Zool. cies are treated or if a new species is dealt with. afr. 95: 131-135. (1981b): Contribution to the Ornithology of Liberia. Revue Zool. afr. 95: 342-355. Allen, G. M. (1930): The birds of Liberia. In: The African Republic of Liberia etc . Contr. Dept. Mackwor h-Praed, C. W. & C. H. B. Gran (1970): The birds of Central and Western Africa, trop. Med. and Inst. trop. Biol. Med. Cambridge, Mass. 5: 636 748. 2 vols. Longman, London. Bannermann, D. A. (1930-1951): The Birds of Tropical West Africa, Vols. 1-8. Crown Agents, Moreau, R. E. (1972): The Palaearctic-African Bird Migration Systems. Academic Press, London London. & New York. (1953): The Birds of West and Equatorial Africa. 2 vols. Oliver and Boyd, London. Rand, A. L. (1951): Birds from Liberia, with a discussion of barriers between Upper and Lower Bouet, G. (1931): Contribution ä la Repartition des Oiseaux en Afrique Occidentale. Oiseau 1: Guinea subspecies. Fieldiana, Zool. 32: 561 653. 363-377, 426-437, 487-502. Schouteden H. (1970): Quelques oiseaux du Liberia — Rev. zool. Bot. Afr. 82: 187-192. Brown, L. H., E. K. Urba & K. Newma (1982): The Birds of Africa. Vol. I. Academic Press. Lon¬ (1971): Quelques oiseaux du Liberia — Rev. zool. Bot. Afr. 84: 297 — 300. don. Snow, D. W. (1978): An Atlas of speciation in African Non-passerine birds. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Büttikofer, J. (1890): Reisebilder aus Liberia. 2 vols. Leiden. London. Carter, M. (1987): Initial Avifaunal Survey of Sapo Nationalpark. Liberia. Unpublishedmanus- Thiollay, J. M. (1985): The birds of the IvoryCoast: Status and Distribution. Malimbus 7:1 — 59. cri t. Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry & S. Keith (1986): The Birds of Africa. Vol. II. Academic Press. London Collar, N. J. & S. N. Stuart (1985): Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands. ICBP/IUCN Verschuren, J. (1979): Note sur les oiseaux du Liberia. Gerfaut 69: 379—391 Red Data Book Part. 1. Cambridge. Schulze, W. (1973): A New Geography of Liberia. London. Colston, P. R. & K. Curry-Li dahl (1986): The birds of Mt. Nimba, Liberia. Brit. Museum. Pu¬ blic. Nr. 982. Curry-Li dahl, K. 1981: Bird Migration in Africa. Movements between six continents. 2 vols. Author s address: London, New York, Toronto, Sydney and San Francisco. Wulf Gatter Elgood, J. H. 1982. The birds of Nigeria (An annotated check-list). B. O. U. Check-list No. 4, Buchsstraße 20, D-7318 Lenningen 246 p. Forbes-Watson, A. D. 1970. A new species of Melaenornis (Muscicapinae) from Liberia. Bull. Br. W-Germany Orn. Club 90: 145-148. Gatter, W. (1984): For future Natural Forest and plantation management in Liberia. Forestry Development Authority. Monrovia. 55 pp. (1985): Anew species of bulbul from West Africa (Aves,Pycnonotidae).J. Orn. 126:155-161. (1987a): Migration behaviour and winterin of Palaearctic birds in Liberia (West Africa). Bird migration in Liberia I. Verh. orn. Ges. Bayern 24: 4 9-508. (1987b): Bird migration in West Africa. Observations and hypotheses on migration strate- gies and migration routes. Bird migration in Liberia II. Die Vogelwarte 34: 80 91. (1988): The Coastal Wetlands of Liberia: their Importance for wintering Waterbirds. Int. Counc. for Bird Preservation (ICBP). Study Report No. 26. Cambridge. (1988): Midwinter counts of Palaearctic Waterbirds in Liberia (West Africa). Verh. om. Ges. Bayern 24: x xx. & G. Hodgson (1987): Changed pattems of behaviour of breeding landbrids (Glareola nu- chalis, Streptopelia semitorquata, Ploceus aur ntius) on rocks in the Atlantic offshore of West Africa. Vogelwarte 34: 138 140 & H. Mattes (1987). Changes in occurence of the Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava and Afro- tropical Motacillidae caused by Forest Destruction in Liberia (West Africa). Verh. Om. Ges. Baye 24: 467-477. This Check-List has been sponsored by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and by the German Forestry Mis¬ sion to Liberia (GFM) c/o orestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia.
Cover: Wooly-necked Stork and Hadada Ibis.
Photo: W. Gatter