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Lethrinus Harak) in Lagoon During 2005–2006 Revealed Sex-Specific Differences in Von Ber- Saipan Lagoon Talanffy Age and Growth Parameters

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Lethrinus Harak) in Lagoon During 2005–2006 Revealed Sex-Specific Differences in Von Ber- Saipan Lagoon Talanffy Age and Growth Parameters 409 NOAA First U.S. Commissioner National Marine Fishery Bulletin established 1881 of Fisheries and founder Fisheries Service of Fishery Bulletin Abstract—Analysis of the life his- tory of the thumbprint emperor (Le- Life history characteristics and stock status of thrinus harak) sampled from Saipan the thumbprint emperor (Lethrinus harak) in Lagoon during 2005–2006 revealed sex-specific differences in von Ber- Saipan Lagoon talanffy age and growth parameters. Length at 50% reproductive matu- rity was estimated as 19.6 cm fork Michael S. Trianni length (FL) for females and as 18.7 cm FL for males for the correspond- Email address for contact author: [email protected] ing ages of 2.6 and 2.4 years. Avail- able data from several sources for Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center this data-poor coral reef fish were National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA analyzed to assess its population P.O. Box 8216 status in Saipan Lagoon, Northern Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands 96950 Marianna islands. Estimates of to- tal mortality (Z) within the period 2005–2011 were derived by using length-converted catch-curve analy- sis and the Chapman–Robson esti- mator. Natural mortality (M) was Coral reef fishes of the family Le- U.S. jurisdiction, landings data are estimated from 3 models based on thrinidae, the emperors, are widely inconsistent or unreliable and there applicable observations and param- distributed throughout the tropical is a lack of estimates for jurisdic- eter estimates derived from data for and subtropical Indo-Pacific, where tion-specific life history parameters thumbprint emperor in Saipan La- they are primary targets of important (WPRFM1). As a result, these data of- goon. Exploitation ratios (E) derived commercial and noncommercial fish- ten are insufficient to support formal with combinations of Z and M esti- eries (Carpenter, 2001). Annual glob- stock assessments. The issue of data- mators within the period 2005–2011 al landings of emperors rose sharply poor fishery resources has in recent showed a wide disparity, although no estimate of average annual E ex- beginning in the mid-1970s and years led to an array of techniques ceeded 0.5 (an E over that threshold started to level off at about 84,000 designed to address data shortfalls. would have indicated overexploita- metric tons (t) in the mid-1990s, ac- Examples of such approaches were tion). Location-specific life history cording to statistics accessed through specific natural mortality estimates, studies should be pursued to sup- the Food and Agriculture Organiza- extended time-series of landings, or port local research and management tion of the United Nations, FAO ap- both (MacCall, 2009; Dick and Mac- goals. Standardized methods for the plication FishStatJ, vers. 2.2.0 (Cap- Call, 2011); stock assessments with estimation of life history parameters ture Production data set, available at hierarchical Bayesian models that would allow empirical comparisons website). As a result of the increase allow data for poor-data species to between regions. in landings, numerous studies have be borrowed from data for similar been directed at estimating life his- species for which “good-quality data” tory characteristics for lethrinid spe- exist in single (Jiao et al., 2011) or cies that are targeted in commercial multispecies fisheries (Punt et al., and noncommercial fisheries (Brown 2011); and density ratios that re- and Sumpton, 1998; Laursen et al., flect both larval dispersal and adult 1999; Grandcourt, 2002; Kulmiye et movement patterns for species that al., 2002; Sumpton and Brown, 2004; occur within and outside of function- Ebisawa, 2006; Williams et al., 2007; al marine protect areas (McGilliard Ebisawa and Ozawa, 2009; Trianni, et al., 2011). The data required for Manuscript submitted 31 December 2015. 2011; Currey et al., 2013), and addi- these methods tend to differ from or Manuscript accepted 28 June 2016. tional studies have focused on other exceed existing information for coral Fish. Bull. 114:409–425 (2016). topics, including demographics (spa- reef fisheries in U.S. jurisdictions in Online publication date: 8 August 2016. tial and temporal), status designa- doi: 10.7755/FB.114.4.4 tions, or both (Dalzell et al., 1992; 1 WPRFMC (Western Pacific Regional The views and opinions expressed or Williams et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2007; Grandcourt et al., 2010; Taylor Fishery Management Council). 2009. implied in this article are those of the Fishery ecosystem Plan for the Mariana author (or authors) and do not necessarily and McIlwain, 2010). Archipelago, 231 p. Western Pacific reflect the position of the National For most coral reef fishes caught in Regional Fishery Management Council, Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. the central and western Pacific under Honolulu. [Available at website] 410 Fishery Bulletin 114(4) with hook and line and by free-dive spearfishing. Since Phillippine Sea December 2003, the use of gill nets, drag nets (which are gill nets dragged along the bottom in a manner similar to that used with beach seines), and surround 15°15′N nets in the CNMI have been restricted by the CNMI Department of Lands and Natural Resources (DLNR), and their use is allowed only for annual cultural fi- estas through a special exemption granted by the DLNR. Hook and line has become the primary har- vest method, followed by free-dive spearfishing. Given Pacific Ocean the importance of the thumbprint emperor as a major component of the coral reef fish community in Saipan Lagoon and the lack of biological data for this species, the DLNR Division of Fish and Wildlife (DFW) con- ducted research from 2005 through 2006 during which 15°10′N period age and growth and reproductive data were col- lected. This data collection effort corresponded with the commencement of a DFW creel survey program in 2005 that was designed to reflect fishing activity in Saipan Lagoon. The objective of the present study was to use the thumbprint emperor as an example species in an ex- amination of the challenges in assessing data-poor fish- eries. This work drew on available data pertinent to the thumbprint emperor from Saipan Lagoon and this article presents estimates of life history parameters 145°45′E and mortality rates from 2 models for total mortality Figure 1 (Z) and 3 models for natural mortality (M). Generated Map of the island of Saipan in the Mariana Archipelago rates of exploitation of the thumbprint emperor are showing the spatial extent of Saipan Lagoon and the provided here, along with biological and fishery met- boundaries of the Mãnagaha Marine Conservation Area rics, to examine the status of this species in Saipan (MMCA). Lagoon. the central and western Pacific; therefore, the applica- tion of these techniques for U.S. Pacific Island fisheries Materials and methods is limited. Species-specific evaluation in U.S jurisdic- tions will need to occur on a case-by-case basis and Study site incorporate appropriate levels of analysis. A protogynous hermaphrodite, the thumbprint em- Saipan Lagoon extends along the western side of the is- peror (Lethrinus harak), ranges throughout the Indo- land of Saipan and is bordered by a nearly continuous Pacific region, including the Red Sea, where it is found barrier reef (Fig. 1). The habitat that covers the larg- in various habitats, including mangroves, lagoon sea- est amount of area in Saipan Lagoon is composed of grass habitats (Carpenter, 2001; Shibuno et al., 2008; unconsolidated sands, followed, in descending size, by Nakamura et al., 2009), expanded reef flats (Taylor and a deeper (>7 m average depth) sandy area interspersed McIlwain, 2010), and sand environments on protected with consolidated coral reef structure (deep patch-reef), outer reef slopes (Myers, 1999). This species occurs seagrass beds (Halodule spp. and Enhalus spp.), mid- solitarily or in groups of a few individuals and exhibits lagoon zones of coral rubble, and backreef. Depths in high diurnal site fidelity (Nanami and Yamada, 2009). Saipan Lagoon range from <1 m in nearshore areas to Its diet consists of benthic invertebrates and small about 15 m in the main shipping channel. The lagoon fishes (Carpenter, 2001). The thumbprint emperor can serves as the primary area for a variety of recreational be a dominant species in landings from nearshore fish- activities that do not involve the extraction of resourc- eries for which the primary methods of capture include es, as well as the primary grounds for noncommer- gill nets, surround nets, and hook and line (Dalzell et cial and commercial fishing for the island of Saipan. al., 1996; Carpenter, 2001; Ebisawa, 2006; Taylor and The principal fishing gears include hook and line, McIlwain, 2010). free-dive fishing with a spear gun, and cast net or tala- At Saipan in the Commonwealth of the Northern ya. Spearfishing with scuba gear is prohibited through- Mariana Islands (CNMI), the thumbprint emperor is out the CNMI by public law (CNMI Admin. Code a numerically dominant reef fish species in Saipan § 85-30.1-401). The restrictions on net use issued by Lagoon. Historically, this fish was primarily harvested DLNR allow a total annual catch of reef fish of about with gill and surround nets and, to a lesser extent, 907 kg (2000 lb). The no-take Mañagaha Marine Con- Trianni: Life history characteristics and stock status of Lethrinus harak in Saipan Lagoon 411 Table 1 Macroscopic sex-specific gonad criteria used to assign maturity class to thumbprint emperor (Lethrinus harak) collected from Saipan Lagoon during 2005–2006. Stage Male Female Maturity class 1 Immature Gonads long and slender, threadlike, and Gonads long and slender, transparent or Inactive translucent. pinkish in color. Oocytes not discernible. 2 Developing Grayish-white in color, beginning to Ovaries elongated, some beginning to Active swell in girth. swell in girth. Individual oocytes not discernible.
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