Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Gaywood, Norfolk, in 2010-2013

Catherine Collins

Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Gaywood, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, in 2010, 2011 and 2013

Catherine Collins

2018

Access Cambridge Archaeology Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QG

01223 761519

[email protected]

http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/

(Front cover image: Excavation at GAY/11/2. © ACA)

Contents

1 SUMMARY ...... 11 2 INTRODUCTION ...... 13 2.1 ACCESS CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGY ...... 13 2.2 THE HIGHER EDUCATION FIELD ACADEMY (HEFA) ...... 13 2.3 TEST PIT EXCAVATION AND RURAL SETTLEMENT STUDIES ...... 14 3 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND DESIRED OUTCOMES ...... 15 3.1 AIMS ...... 15 3.2 OBJECTIVES ...... 15 3.3 OUTCOMES ...... 15 4 METHODOLOGY ...... 16 5 LOCATION ...... 17 5.1 THE SETTLEMENT TODAY ...... 17 5.2 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY ...... 19 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 20 6.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 20 6.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 25 6.2.1 Prehistoric ...... 25 6.2.2 Romano-British ...... 26 6.2.3 Anglo-Saxon ...... 26 6.2.4 Medieval ...... 26 6.2.5 Post medieval and later ...... 27 6.2.6 Undated ...... 28 7 RESULTS OF THE TEST PIT EXCAVATIONS IN GAYWOOD ...... 29 7.1 THE 2010 EXCAVATIONS ...... 30 7.2 THE 2011 EXCAVATIONS ...... 38 7.3 THE 2013 EXCAVATIONS ...... 61 8 DISCUSSION ...... 73 8.1 PREHISTORIC ...... 73 8.2 ROMANO-BRITISH...... 75 8.3 ANGLO SAXON...... 75 8.4 MEDIEVAL ...... 76 8.5 POST MEDIEVAL AND LATER ...... 77 9 CONCLUSION ...... 79 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 80 11 REFERENCES ...... 81 12 APPENDICES ...... 83 12.1 POTTERY REPORTS – PAUL BLINKHORN ...... 83 12.1.1 2010 Pottery Results ...... 86 12.1.2 2011 Pottery Report ...... 88 12.1.3 2013 Pottery Report ...... 95 12.2 OTHER FINDS – CATHERINE COLLINS ...... 98 12.2.1 2010 test pit finds ...... 98 12.2.2 2011 test pit finds ...... 104 5

12.2.3 2013 test pit finds ...... 115 12.3 MAPS ...... 120

List of Figures

Figure 1: Map of England with close up insert of East Anglia and the approximate location of Gaywood highlighted in red ...... 17 Figure 2: The extent of King’s Lynn with Gaywood situated to the north east of the city centre © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 40,000 ...... 18 Figure 3: A close up of the Gaywood area of King’s Lynn © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 18 Figure 4: Extent of the town of Lynn during the 15th century (© http://users.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/lynnmap1.html Accessed December 2017) .... 21 Figure 5: 1880’s OS Map of Kings Lynn and Gaywood © Crown Copyright and Database rights/Ordnance Survey 2018, 1: 10,000 ...... 24 Figure 6: 1880’s OS close up map of Gaywood © Crown Copyright and Database rights/Ordnance Survey 2018, 1: 5,000 ...... 24 Figure 7: The locations of the three years of test pitting in Gaywood (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000 ...... 29 Figure 8: Location map of the Gaywood test pits from 2010 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000 ...... 30 Figure 9: Location map of GAY/10/1 ...... 31 Figure 10: Location map of GAY/10/2...... 32 Figure 11: Location map of GAY/10/3...... 33 Figure 12: Location map of GAY/10/4...... 34 Figure 13: The possible beam slot excavated from GAY/10/4 ...... 35 Figure 14: Location map of GAY/10/5...... 36 Figure 15: Location map of GAY/10/6...... 37 Figure 16: Location map of the Gaywood test pits from 2011 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000 ...... 38 Figure 17: Location map of GAY/11/1...... 39 Figure 18: Location map of GAY/11/2...... 40 Figure 19: Location map of GAY/11/3...... 41 Figure 20: Location map of GAY/11/4...... 42 Figure 21: Location map of GAY/11/5...... 43 Figure 22: Location map of GAY/11/6...... 44 Figure 23: Location map of GAY/11/8...... 46 Figure 24: Location map of GAY/11/9...... 47 Figure 25: Location map of GAY/11/10 ...... 48 Figure 26: Location map of GAY/11/11 ...... 49 Figure 27: Location map of GAY/11/12 ...... 50 Figure 28: Location map of GAY/11/13 ...... 51 Figure 29: Location map of GAY/11/14 ...... 52 Figure 30: The human foot clay pipe fragment excavated from GAY/11/4, context three ...... 52 Figure 31: Location map of GAY/11/15 ...... 53 Figure 32: Location map of GAY/11/16 ...... 54 Figure 33: Location map of GAY/11/17 ...... 55 6

Figure 34: Location map of GAY/11/18 ...... 56 Figure 35: Location map of GAY/11/19 ...... 57 Figure 36: Location map of GAY/11/20 ...... 58 Figure 37: Location map of GAY/11/21 ...... 59 Figure 38: Location map of GAY/11/22 ...... 60 Figure 39: Location map of the Gaywood test pits from 2013 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000 ...... 61 Figure 40: Location map of GAY/13/1...... 62 Figure 41: Location map of GAY/13/2...... 63 Figure 42: Location map of GAY/13/3...... 64 Figure 43: Location map of GAY/13/4...... 65 Figure 44: Location map of GAY/13/5...... 66 Figure 45: Location map of GAY/13/6...... 67 Figure 46: Location map of GAY/13/7...... 68 Figure 47: Location map of GAY/13/8...... 69 Figure 48: Location map of GAY/13/9...... 70 Figure 49: Location map of GAY/13/10 ...... 71 Figure 50: Location map of GAY/13/11 ...... 72 Figure 51: The presence of burnt stone from the Gaywood test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000 ...... 74 Figure 52: The presence of worked flints from the Gaywood test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000 ...... 74 Figure 53: The presence of imported post medieval pottery excavated from the Gaywood test pits NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000 ...... 78 Figure 54: Romano-British pottery distribution map from the Gaywood test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. 1, 5.000 ...... 121 Figure 55: Mid Anglo Saxon pottery distribution map from the Gaywood test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. 1, 5.000 ...... 122 Figure 56: Late Anglo Saxon pottery distribution map from the Gaywood test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. 1, 5.000 ...... 123 Figure 57: High Medieval pottery distribution map from the Gaywood test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. 1, 5.000 ...... 124 Figure 58: Late Medieval pottery distribution map from the Gaywood test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. 1, 5.000 ...... 125 Figure 59: Post Medieval pottery distribution map from the Gaywood test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. 1, 5.000 ...... 126 Figure 60: 19th century and later pottery distribution map from the Gaywood test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. 1, 5.000 ...... 127

List of Tables

Table 1: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/1 31 Table 2: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/2 32 Table 3: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/3 33 Table 4: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/4 34 Table 5: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/5 36 Table 6: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/6 37 Table 7: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/1 39 Table 8: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/2 40 Table 9: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/3 41 Table 10: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/4 42 Table 11: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/5 43 Table 12: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/6 44 Table 13: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/7 45 Table 14: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/8 46 Table 15: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/9 47 Table 16: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/10 48 Table 17: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/11 49 Table 18: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/12 50 Table 19: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/13 51 Table 20: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/14 52 Table 21: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/15 53 Table 22: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/16 54 Table 23: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/17 55 Table 24: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/18 56 Table 25: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/19 57 Table 26: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/20 58 Table 27: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/21 59 Table 28: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/22 60 Table 29: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/1 62 Table 30: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/2 63 Table 31: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/3 64 Table 32: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/4 65 Table 33: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/5 66 Table 34: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/6 67 Table 35: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/7 68 Table 36: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/8 69 Table 37: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/9 70 Table 38: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/10 71 Table 39: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/11 72 Table 40: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/1 98 Table 41: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/2 99 Table 42: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/3 100 Table 43: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/4 101 Table 44: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/5 102 Table 45: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/6 103 Table 46: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/1 104 Table 47: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/2 104 Table 48: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/3 105 Table 49: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/4 105 Table 50: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/5 106 Table 51: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/6 106 Table 52: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/7 107 Table 53: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/8 107

Table 54: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/9 108 Table 55: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/10 109 Table 56: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/11 109 Table 57: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/12 110 Table 58: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/13 110 Table 59: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/14 111 Table 60: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/15 111 Table 61: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/16 112 Table 62: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/17 112 Table 63: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/18 113 Table 64: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/19 113 Table 65: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/20 113 Table 66: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/21 114 Table 67: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/22 114 Table 68: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/1 115 Table 69: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/2 115 Table 70: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/3 116 Table 71: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/4 116 Table 72: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/5 116 Table 73: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/6 117 Table 74: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/7 117 Table 75: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/8 118 Table 76: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/9 118 Table 77: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/10 119 Table 78: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/11 119

1 Summary

Two-day test pit excavations were undertaken in the Gaywood, now part of the wider borough of King’s Lynn in west Norfolk between May 2010 and May 2013. In that time a total of 39 1m2 archaeological test pits were excavated by 149 school pupils from seven local secondary schools as part of the Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) programme run by Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) out of the Department of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge.

The test pitting in Gaywood revealed a range of activity dating from the later prehistoric period through to the modern day, both supporting what has already been found through the parish as well as providing new archaeological evidence. The nature of the test pits allows excavations in otherwise inaccessible places for the normal methods of commercial archaeological investigation, and it showed that some earlier phases of occupation in Gaywood still exist under the present settlement, despite the widespread level of disturbances and modern development.

A few lithics were excavated from a small number of test pits and a small amount of Romano-British pottery were also found, but the formation of Gaywood as a village would have been from the 8th century AD onwards during the Middle Anglo Saxon period. It is probable that Gaywood developed from three separate foci of settlement at this time alongside the River Gaywood, potentially with a port; evidence for houses were found adjacent to the river. The village continued to expand into the medieval period, perhaps due to its proximity to the major thriving port at King’s Lynn it may never have been a huge settlement and was subsequently hit by the various socio- economic factors of the 14th century, including the Black Death. Gaywood was slow to recover during the post medieval, but by the 19th century it was a thriving settlement once more, after which it gradually became absorbed into the wider borough of King’s Lynn town.

2 Introduction

A total of 39 1m2 archaeological test pits were excavated over four, two-day digging events over three years in Gaywood, now part of Kings Lynn, in west Norfolk. Yearly this breaks down as six test pits being excavated in 2010, two excavations in 2011, with 10 excavated during the first dig and 12 on the second dig and finally an additional 11 test pits were excavated in 2013. The majority of the test pits were excavated in residential gardens where local residents offered spaces to dig, and three were also opened in the ground of Gaywood Primary School. The excavations were undertaken by 149 secondary school students from 7 local schools. The excavations in 2010 and 2011 were funded by Aim Higher Norfolk and the European Social Fund and in 2013 by the Widening Participation Fund at the University of Cambridge. The excavations were undertaken as part of the Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) designed to investigate currently occupied rural settlements (CORS) and was organised and supervised by Access Cambridge Archaeology, based in the Department of Archaeology, in the University of Cambridge.

2.1 Access Cambridge Archaeology

Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) (http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/) is an archaeological outreach organisation based in the Department of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge which aims to enhance economic, social and personal well- being through active engagement with archaeology. It was set up in 2004 and specialises in providing opportunities for members of the public to take part in purposeful, research-orientated archaeological investigations including excavation. Educational events and courses range in length from a few hours to a week or more, and involve members of the public of all ages.

Thousands of members of the public have taken part in scores of programmes run by ACA, including teenagers involved in Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) test pit excavation programmes intended since 2005 to build academic skills, confidence and aspirations. More widely, ACA has involved thousands of members of the public of all ages and backgrounds, including those with special needs, in a wide range of archaeological activities including field-walking, excavation, analysis and reporting. These have included projects funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and events in 2011- 12 as part of the Cultural Olympiad for the 2012 London Olympic Games.

2.2 The Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA)

The Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) programme aims to raise the aspirations, enthusiasm and attainment of 14-17 year-olds with regard to higher education by making a valuable contribution to current academic research at the University of Cambridge. The three-day learning-extension course has been run by Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) since 2005, aimed at UK students in state school years 9, 10 and 12. HEFA was developed as a collaboration between ACA, AimHigher and the Assessment Research Division at Cambridge Assessment.

On HEFA, participants spend two days running their own small (1m2) archaeological excavation within living villages, just like thousands did in TV's Big Dig in 2003 and Michael Wood's Great British Story in 2012, with the aim of applying and developing a wide range of learning skills, boosting their academic confidence and giving them a 13

taste of life and learning at university level. They make new discoveries for and about themselves, and in the process contribute to the university's CORS research into the development of rural communities and settlements in the past. The third day is spent in the University of Cambridge analysing the excavation results in discussive learning sessions which aim to engage and challenge participants, prepare them to produce a written analysis for assessment as well as provide an inspirational and positive experience of higher education. After the field academy, learners receive detailed individual feedback on their data collection, personal, learning and thinking skills developed during the fieldwork as well as their reporting and research skills exhibited in the written assignment, which will support applications to further and higher education.

2.3 Test pit excavation and rural settlement studies

Rural settlement has long been a crucial area of research for medieval archaeology (Gerrard 2003: Lewis et al 2001), notably since the pioneering work of W. G. Hoskins, Maurice Beresford and John Hurst in the 1940s and 1950s (Hoskins 1955; Beresford 1957; Beresford & Hurst 1971), but until recently attention was focused largely on the minority of medieval settlements which are today deserted or extensively shrunken. Currently occupied rural settlements (CORS), overlain by domestic housing and related buildings of living secular communities – the villages, hamlets and small towns of today – were generally largely disregarded as targets for research-driven excavation. Very few regions have seen any systematic research-driven primary investigation aimed at CORS, and most of that which has taken place has not involved excavation, including those of a survey based nature (Roberts 1987; Roberts and Wrathmell 2000; Roberts and Wrathmell 2003). However, recent attempts to redress this bias in favour of the majority of medieval rural settlements which are still inhabited have opened up new areas for debate which are beginning to call into question established theories about the development of rural settlement in the historic period (Aston & Gerrard 1999; Jones & Page 2007). However, despite these recent advances, the number of CORS to have seen methodical research-orientated investigation including excavation remains very small. In order to begin to resolve this problem, Access Cambridge Archaeology, working with members of the public including school pupils, has carried out test pit excavations in more than 30 CORS, most in eastern England. This will help allow the evidence upon which knowledge and understanding of the origins and development of the medieval rural settlement pattern of eastern England is based, to be more representative of the entire range of medieval settlements, not just on the minority of sites which are currently deserted (Lewis 2005, 2006; 2007a; 2007b, 2008, 2009, 2012 and 2013).

3 Aims, objectives and desired outcomes

3.1 Aims

The aims of the test pit excavations in Gaywood were as follows:

 Raise the educational aspirations of participants by providing the opportunity to acquire, develop, refine and demonstrate new skills, experience and confidence.  Increase learners’ capacity to succeed in applying to and studying at university by providing activities which enable them to reinforce generic skills in team-working, problem solving, communication, presentation and planning.  To engage with local communities and widen the participation of people in the heritage of the area.  To increase knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the setting, origins and development of Gaywood and its environs.

3.2 Objectives

The objectives of test pit excavations in Gaywood were as follows:

 To provide the opportunity for participants to learn and develop cognitive, practical, personal and technical skills.  To support and engage with members of local communities through involvement with the project.  To investigate the archaeology of the environs of Gaywood through test-pitting carried out by school students in properties throughout the settlement.

3.3 Outcomes

The desired outcomes of the test pit excavations in Gaywood were as follows:

 Raise the educational aspirations of participants.  Provide an educational and vocational challenge allowing participants to develop transferable skills for life and learning in school and for higher education.  An improved knowledge and understanding of the archaeological resource of the area of Gaywood.

4 Methodology

The three-years of test pitting in Gaywood was organised by ACA in conjunction with Norfolk County Council, with both the excavation and recording following the standard Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) instruction handbook and recording booklet.

The test pit digging takes place over two days, which begins with an initial lecture explaining the aims of the excavation, the procedures in digging and recording the test pit and the correct and safe use of equipment. Participants are then divided into teams of three or four individuals, with a mix of students from different schools. Each team is provided with a complete set of test pit excavation equipment, copies of the HEFA instruction handbook and a record booklet into which all excavation data are entered.

The test pits are all 1m2 and the turf, if present, was removed in neat squares by hand. Each test pit is excavated in a series of 10cm spits or contexts, to a maximum depth of 1.2m. The horizontal surface of each context/spit is then drawn at 1:10 scale before excavation, a photograph taken and the colour recorded with reference to a standardised colour chart, included in the written handbook. A pro-forma recording system was used by the students to record their test pit excavation. This comprises a 16-page pro-forma Test Pit Record booklet which has been developed by ACA for use with students and members of the public with no previous archaeological experience. The site code is GAY/year, so GAY/10 for 2010, GAY/11 for 2011 and GAY/13 for 2013.

During the excavation 100% of the spoil is sieved through a 10mm mesh (with the occasional exception of very heavy clay soils which have to be hand-searched). All artefacts are retained, cleaned and bagged by context. Cut and built features are planned at 1:10 and excavated sequentially with latest deposits removed first. Pottery and most other finds are identified promptly by archaeological experts who are on site for the duration of the field academy and visit the test pits regularly; and at the same time provide advice and check that the excavation is being carried out and recorded to the required standard. Test pits are excavated down to natural or the maximum safe depth of 1.2m, whichever is encountered first. A minority of test pits will stop on encountering a feature, (ancient or modern) which archaeological staff deem inadvisable or impossible to remove, and occasionally excavation may cease at a level above natural due to time constraints. On completion of each test pit excavation, all four sections are drawn at 1:10 along with the unexcavated base of the test pit prior to backfilling by hand and the turf replaced neatly to restore the site.

After the two days of excavation are completed, the archaeological records and finds (all of which are kept and cleaned on site) are retained by ACA at the University of Cambridge for analysis, reporting, archiving and submission to HER’s, publication and ongoing research into the origins and development of rural settlement. Ownership of objects rests in the first instance with the landowner, except where other law overrides this (e.g. Treasure Act 1996, 2006, Burials Act 1857). ACA retain all finds in the short term for analysis and ideally also in the longer term in order that the excavation archives will be as complete as possible, but any requests to return finds to owners will be agreed.

5 Location

5.1 The settlement today

Gaywood is a parish that since 1974 has formed part of the non-metropolitan district of King’s Lynn and West Norfolk, prior to which and since 1934 it was part of the Freebridge Lynn Rural District (named after the original hundred of Freebridge Lynn). Kings Lynn sits 22km northwest of Swaffham and 17km north of Downham Market, alongside the River Great Ouse. The church of St Faith’s is situated in the south of the district and is centred on TF 63617 20404.

Figure 1: Map of England with close up insert of East Anglia and the approximate location of Gaywood highlighted in red

Settlement at Gaywood today is arranged along three main roads (figure 3). Gayton Road runs east-west from Kings Lynn to Gayton, with the parish church of St Faith 50m to its south, near its junction with Lynn Road (running west to Kings Lynn) and Wootton Road, which runs in a north-easterly direction on the east side of the Lynn River. Housing along these roads is mostly late Victorian, with twentieth century estates infilling the surrounding area. A total of seven listed buildings are present in Gaywood, and concentrated around the junction of these three roads, to include St Faiths Church, The Old Rectory, three houses on Gayton Road, the Gaywood War Memorial Clock and Bishops Terrace on Lynn Road.1

The area today hosts a number of shops, café’s, pubs, supermarkets, a health centre, garage, a post office, a number of recreational areas, including Gaywood Park to the south of Gayton Road and a number of both primary and secondary schools and places of worship. Gaywood also has easy access into the centre of King’s Lynn on public transport which has a much wider range of amenities.

1https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/map-search?clearresults=True (Accessed December 2017) 17

Figure 2: The extent of King’s Lynn with Gaywood situated to the north east of the city centre © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 40,000

Figure 3: A close up of the Gaywood area of King’s Lynn © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

There is no designated conservation area for Gaywood, although there are now five conservation areas for King’s Lynn itself, the closest of these to Gaywood is the ‘Norfolk Street Conservation Area’ that covers part of the city around Highgate, just to the west of Gaywood.2

5.2 Geology and Topography

Gaywood today is effectively a suburb of King’s Lynn to the east of the town centre but Gaywood would have originally developed along the low-lying sandy ridge, between the River Gaywood in the north and the Middleton Stop Drain in the south. Along the river the land is only at 3m OD which rises slightly along Wootton Road to 5m OD. Further east and south the land rises to 10m OD so that St Faith’s church was built on the highest area of ground in the parish. The church was actually constructed on raised beach deposits of gravel and a bedrock of geology of Kimmeridge clay that also extends over a wide area of the settlement. Additional deposits of both sand and clay are known as well as tidal flat deposits of clay and silt along the River Gaywood. The river rises from Sowshead Spring, situated between Gayton and Grimston, and then meanders its way through Gaywood and into the centre of Lynn to join the River Great Ouse that then enters the Wash to the north of the city.3

2https://www.west- norfolk.gov.uk/info/20081/conservation_and_listed_buildings/139/conservation_areas (Accessed December 2017) 3 http://norfolkriverstrust.org/river/river-gaywood/ (Accessed December 2017) 19

6 Archaeological and Historical Background

6.1 Historical Background

The name Gaywood is first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Gaiuude or Gaiwde and derived from Old English as a person’s name and wudu to mean ‘the wood of a man called Gaega’ (Mills 2011).

There is one entry in the Domesday Book for Gaywood, as land belonging to the Bishop of Thetford; Bishop William: ‘Gaywood was held by Bishop Aethelmaer TRE for a manor and three carucates of land; now the Bishop William holds it in demesne. There have always been two ploughs in demesne and one plough belonging to the men and 16 villans. Then there were 28 bordars, now 24. There has always been one slave and there are 40 acres of meadow. There is woodland for 160 pigs, one mill and 32 acres of land. Then there were 30 saltpans, now 21. And there are three sokemen with 29 acres and four acres of meadow. There has always been one horse and three and 25 pigs and 190 sheep. Then it was worth £13, now £18 10s. The whole is one league in length and half a league in breadth, and pays 12d in geld’ (Williams and Martin 2003). It has been estimated that there were 44 households at this time so was considered to be a large settlement for the period.4

For Lynn, there are five separate entries in the Domesday Book for Kings, West, North and South Lynn, each of which just had a small number of dwellings in each with a manor and shows that Gaywood was the bigger of the two settlements during the Late Anglo Saxon and high medieval periods. Of note however, was the fact that salterns were recorded in each manor entry, to have from between one and five salthouses5 to suggest that the early occupation in Lynn was industrial, making use of the surrounding wetland and the abundant natural resources, although these were only a tiny number in comparison to those in use in Gaywood. The name Lynn comes from the Celtic word Linn to mean ‘the pool’ (Mills 2011) and is probably in reference to a large tidal inlet that once covered this area. After the reformation the name of Lynn was changed first to Lynn Regis and then to King’s Lynn6.

It was during the later 11th century that Lynn as a town was created by the first Bishop of Norwich, Herbet Losinga, who reclaimed the land, built the church of St Margaret and an area for a Saturday market next to it, adjacent to the River Great Ouse. His successor, William de Turbe, had to the extend the limits of the town over the marshlands to the north due to the success of the settlement and he built the church of St Nicholas and another market place for a Tuesday market during the 12th century (Hoskins 1955). By the 13th century the town was known as Bishops Lynn and the town grew on its rich trade with Britain and the continent, but 1204 it was the fourth most important east coast port and by 1334 it was the 11th wealthiest town in England.7 Its wealth was in part due to the Hanseatic League, a German confederation of merchant guilds that dominated Baltic maritime trade from the 12th century and extended along the western coast of Europe8.

4 http://opendomesday.org/place/TF6520/gaywood/ (Accessed December 2017) 5 http://opendomesday.org/place/XX0000/kings-north-south-and-west-lynn/ (Accessed December 2017) 6http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Kings-Lynn-Norfolk/ (Accessed December 2017) 7 http://opendomesday.org/place/XX0000/kings-north-south-and-west-lynn/ (Accessed December 2017) 8http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Kings-Lynn-Norfolk/ (Accessed December 2017) 20

Lynn was first fortified during the 13th century, utilising the existing earthwork banks from the days of when the area was a saltmarsh with walls added during the 13th and 14th centuries (NHER 5486). The position of the east gate and wall may have been on the original routeway from Gaywood into Lynn, the construction of the fortifications were believed to have encroached on the manor of Gaywood and it was also recorded that any houses to the east of this new wall (which would have been within Gaywood manor) were burnt down so they could not hide any besiegers to the town9. The mouth of the River Gaywood, as it led into the River Great Ouse, formed the northern boundary of the medieval town (figure 4).

Figure 4: Extent of the town of Lynn during the 15th century (© http://users.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/lynnmap1.html Accessed December 2017)

With the development of Lynn, Gaywood diminished to the smaller of the two settlements, the manor itself becoming more rural on the outskirts of the rapidly developing town. The current site of Gaywood Hall (east of the church and south of Gaywood Park) is thought to have been re-built over the site of a medieval moated site

9 http://users.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/lynnmap1.html#p37 (Accessed December 2017) 21

(NHER 5555), belonging to the Bishop of Norwich, who continued to hold the manor at Gaywood during the medieval period. Here he built a palace for himself and his successors; the priory at Norwich also released all their rights to both the manors of Lynn and Gaywood to the Bishop, who in turn gave up his manor Sechesford10. During the later 12th century the manor at Gaywood reportedly had its own coroner, the Bishop would not allow the King’s Bailiff to enter for this reason, and by 1189 had a charter for a free warren. In the early 13th century, the then Bishop, William de Raleigh, created Gaywood Park as well as a warren and he also granted access to the common pasture for the men of Hugh de Albini, who was lord of the hundred of Freebridge and Rising11. There is also a record of Bishop Henry Spencer, in the 1380’s being granted a licence from Richard II to fortify his property at Gaywood (PastScape Mon. No: 356555).

The manor at Gaywood continued in the hands of the Bishops of Norwich until the Dissolution of the Priories by Henry VIII in the 1530’s, when it passed to the Crown. In 1545 the manor was granted to Thomas, the Duke of Norfolk with the remainder to Henry, Earl of Surrey, his son and heir and his wife Francis and their heirs. From Henry, the Early of Surrey, it passed to Sir Thomas Howard, but when he was beheaded in 1573 it passed once again to the Crown. In 1580 the manor was granted to John Pepys, a gentleman, who soon after sold it to Thomas Thoresby, within whose family it remained until 1697 when it was sold to Sir Cyril Wyche of Kent, who also owned Hockwold Hall12. The hall has since had multiple uses and building work during the 20th century; it now hosts the Norfolk College of Arts and Technology.

The church in Gaywood is dedicated to St Faith (NHER) and was first constructed in the early 12th century, before being substantially rebuilt during the 14th century and the square west tower added. It the 18th century the church was still recorded as having a thatch roof; the chancel was re-roofed in 1909, when the transepts were also restored and the vestry and south chancel chapel added. During the 1920’s the nave was also rebuilt and the aisled added and the south west nave chapel was built in 1989. The church today is Grade II* listed13.

The hospital of St Mary Magdalen was founded on the causeway leading from Lynn to Gaywood (now Gaywood Road) in 1145 by Peter the chaplain (NHER 11963). It housed a prior and 12 brethren and sisters to care for people with leprosy and consisted of almshouses built around a central courtyard. A second hospital was also present within Lynn, known as the hospital of St John the Baptist and was located in the north of the town in Damgate14.

These medieval almshouses of St Mary Magdalen were destroyed during the Civil War in 1649, when the town of King’s Lynn declared itself loyal to the crown and was besieged for three weeks until the town surrendered. The medieval defences were re- used in the town (NHER 5486), but were not able to be completed before the siege began. The almshouses were however eventually re-built on their original site during the mid-17th century, restored in 1904 and modernised in 1965 and are Grade II listed15.

The King’s Lynn to Hunstanton railway (NHER 13591) ran via Sandringham and Heacham and opened in 1862 and closed to goods in 1964 and then to passengers in

10 https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol8/pp419-425 (Accessed December 2017) 11 Ibid 12 Ibid 13 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1195311 (Accessed December 2017) 14 https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/norf/vol2/pp441-442 (Accessed December 2017) 15 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1219806 (Accessed December 2017) 22

1969. This line effectively separated the parish of Gaywood to the rest of Kings Lynn, the course of which can be seen on figures 5 and 6 below; the line now has since been removed. The station at King’s Lynn however remained open and the line south ran to Ely and was known as the Lynn to Ely Line, then East Anglian Railway and was opened in 1847 and is still in use today (NHER 13594). Another branch southeast out of Kings Lynn was the Lynn and Dereham Railway that connected to Swaffham and then beyond to Thetford and Bury St Edmunds (NHER 13600). It was opened in 1846 and closed in 1968 apart from a smaller stretch between Lynn and Middleton that was kept open for the transportation of sand from the quarries into Lynn.

Prior to the arrival of the railway, the waterways would have been heavily relied upon for the transport of bulk goods. The River Great Ouse had to be diverted from Wisbech to King’s Lynn in the late 13th century because it became too silted up,16 and additional new cuts were introduced to the south of the town as the river connected with many other rivers and canals great distances inland to Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire (Joby 1994). The River Gaywood would have likely also been partly navigable, perhaps until the later Anglo Saxon period when the construction of a water mill may have blocked access along the river; a mill is noted as being present in Gaywood in the Domesday Book of 1086.

As an improvement to the major land routes though the county, multiple Turnpike Trusts were set up and travellers were charged tolls for the upkeep and maintenance of the roads. A number of tolls were set up around King’s Lynn during the 18th century, the first of these was through was west out of the town and through the fens to Wisbech in 1764. In 1770, a turnpike was set up out of the south gate at Lynn to connect to Downham Market and Stoke Ferry, and in 1771, a turnpike road out of the east gate at Lynn travelled west to Hillington with offshoots to Gayton, Grimston and Dersingham17. Despite the introduction of these turnpikes, it would have still been more economical to move the bulk of goods by water, despite being slow and indirect, it was cheap and would have continued until the coming of the railways18.

The population on the first census for Gaywood was recorded at 410 and was at a time when Gaywood would still have been a small village on the outskirts of Lynn; the extent of Lynn itself being hemmed in by the presence of the railway lines and Gaywood did not expand much itself until the early 20th century. The population of Gaywood reached 1,064 by 1841, 1,338 by 1851 but then dropped rapidly to 896 in 1871. It slowly increased again through the latter half of the 19th century to 1, 411 in 1911, which was still quite small when compared to the population in King’s Lynn in the same year that was recorded as 20,201.19 Through the 20th century, Gaywood continued to expand as it gradually became a suburb of Lynn from the 1970’s and large new areas of housing were also built. The population in 1931 was recorded as 1,966.20 Gaywood is now split into three wards; Gaywood North Bank, Gaywood Chase and Old Gaywood, the population of all these combined in 2007 was recorded as 14,463 and in 2016 14, 867.21

16http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/ordsurvdraw/w/002osd000000011u00208000.html (Accessed December 2017) 17 http://www.turnpikes.org.uk/map Norfolk turnpikes.jpg (Accessed December 2017) 18 http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?TNF456-Canals-in-Norfolk-(Article) (Accessed December 2017) 19 http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10107684/cube/TOT_POP (Accessed December 2017) 20 http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10200180/cube/TOT_POP )Accessed December 2017) 21 http://www.norfolkinsight.org.uk/profiles/profile?profileId=18&geoTypeId=148 (Accessed December 2017) 23

Figure 5: 1880’s OS Map of Kings Lynn and Gaywood © Crown Copyright and Database rights/Ordnance Survey 2018, 1: 10,000

Figure 6: 1880’s OS close up map of Gaywood © Crown Copyright and Database rights/Ordnance Survey 2018, 1: 5,000

6.2 Archaeological Background

The archaeological record for northwest Norfolk and Kings Lynn is extensive so will not be discussed in full here. Only the archaeology pertaining to the Gaywood that is available on the Historic Environment Record (HER) is recorded here through the following sections. These were found through a keyword search for Gaywood within the parish search for King’s Lynn on the Norfolk Heritage Explorer Website.22

6.2.1 Prehistoric

The landscape of West Norfolk would have looked very different in prehistory. King’s Lynn sits on reclaimed land on the edge of the fens, River Great Ouse and The Wash with an area of sandy, well-drained soil lowland immediately to the east. The presence of a mainly wet landscape would have affected the amount of settlement in this part of Norfolk, although of course it is known that the fen landscape was abundant in natural resources, but given the lack of prehistoric archaeology on the HER for Gaywood in particular, areas of prehistoric settlement were probably located nearby rather than on what is now Gaywood. This idea is further enhanced by the distinct lack of cropmarks on the archaeological record around Gaywood, either meaning that they are yet to be discovered, have already been built over or that they are simply not there.

From within Kings Lynn parish, a number of lithic tools have been identified as being Palaeolithic (800,000-10,000 BC), Mesolithic (10,000-5,000 (CBC) and Neolithic (5,000-2,200 BC) in date; that includes from Gaywood a single leaf shaped Neolithic arrowhead was found in Gaywood Park (NHER 5493) to the south of Gayton Road. Additional lithic material was recorded during building work at Gaywood Hall to the south of the Gaywood Park (NHER 5555), from which both a flint core and flake were found to be of Mesolithic or Neolithic date. These were found with additional later prehistoric pottery sherds, potentially of Neolithic or Bronze Age in date.

A Bronze Age (2,100-700 BC) round barrow has been excavated in Reffley Wood (NHER 5489), just to the north of Gaywood and on the higher ground overlooking the Gaywood River to its south. The excavation revealed that the barrow had sealed an Early Bronze Age occupation site, but later in the Bronze Age a barrow was constructed from which both human inhumation and cremation burials were found. Residual Palaeolithic and Mesolithic lithics were also recovered.

There has been very little in the way of evidence for Iron Age (700 BC - AD 43) activity around Kings Lynn, although a number of coins have been found with sherds of pottery and harness fittings23. Settlement during the Iron Age consisted of a tribal society; the Iceni tribe controlled Norfolk, with parts of both north Suffolk and east Cambridgeshire24, and their settlements were initially focused on the uplands with only limited activity along the fen edge, utilising these wetland resources (Green 1994).

22 http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/advanced-search (Accessed December 2017) 23 http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?TNF1488-Parish-Summary-Kings-Lynn-(Parish- Summary) (Accessed December 2017) 24 http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainIceni.htm (Accessed December 2017) 25

6.2.2 Romano-British

No Romano-British (AD 43-410) finds or monuments have been recorded on the HER for Gaywood. This is despite the fact that a number of spot finds have been recorded for Kings Lynn to include coins, pottery, a harness fitting, a key and a bracelet25. The fact that no evidence for a settlement has yet been found in and around Lynn may mean that the landscape here was still too wet for any permanent settlement, but the presence of numerous personal items found do suggest that there was activity in the area; again likely utilising the abundant natural resources of the area.

Two Roman villas have been identified not far from Gaywood, at Grimston and Gayton Thorpe26 that would have made excellent use of the good agriculture land of the lowlands and would also have been not too far from the Peddars Way. This was a Roman road running north-south through the west of the county to meet the Fen Causeway at Threxton, to the south of Swaffham27.

6.2.3 Anglo-Saxon

Limited Anglo Saxon finds have been recorded on the HER for Gaywood and Lynn. Lynn itself was likely a minor settlement, but there is evidence that an earthwork bank, utilised as part of the initial draining of the land that is now King’s Lynn has been identified within the town as well as a cobbled road, with a few finds of pottery and a stirrup. In Gaywood, a rare Middle Saxon (AD 700-849) brooch was identified with a Late Anglo Saxon (AD 850-1065) buckle (NHER 5544) as well as later medieval and post medieval activity, including a possible cemetery.

Salterns were also recorded in the Domesday Book for Lynn, so it is possible that these had their origins during the Late Anglo Saxon period, as a continuation of the evidence for resource utilisation and land management that was ongoing in this marshy landscape.

6.2.4 Medieval

During the medieval period King’s Lynn developed and rapidly expanded as a settlement from the 11th century onwards so the immediate focus of settlement was to the west alongside the River Great Ouse. Gaywood manor had a church of St Faith’s (NHER 5556), a large palace built by the Bishops as residence in the manor, now Gaywood Hall (NHER 5555) and the site of a medieval hospital is known along what is now Gaywood Road (NHER 11963), all of which were also discussed above. A medieval building is known from along Lynn Road that although is mainly post medieval in date, the building core dates from 1487 (NHER 28491) and the destruction of an early 20th century house on Gaywood Road revealed fragments of medieval stonework from the east gate at Lynn, the road that would have led into Gaywood (NHER 39601). A new cut was made in the Gaywood River in 1425 to ensure a fresh water supply to King’s Lynn (NHER 28800), the course of which was diverted during the Civil War into a moat during the 3-week long siege on the town. A few fragments of medieval pottery

25 http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?TNF1488-Parish-Summary-Kings-Lynn-(Parish- Summary) (Accessed December 2017) 26http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?TNF461-Roman-Villas-in-Norfolk-(Article) (Accessed December 2017) 27 https://archive.uea.ac.uk/~jwmp/CaistorRomanTown/crtp4.html (Accessed December 2017) 26

have also been found at the same site as the Anglo Saxon metalwork and the post medieval cemetery (NHER 5544).

6.2.5 Post medieval and later

The majority of the records on the HER for Gaywood date to the post medieval (AD 1540 onwards) and include multiple structures that were either built or had alterations during this time, such as St Faith’s church (NHER 5555) and the re-building of the almshouses on the site of the medieval hospital (NHER 11963), as discussed above. At 22 and 24 Gayton Road, immediately north of the church, are houses that were built in 1693 and it has been suggested that this is the same site of the manor house that was built by the Thoresby Family when they acquired the manor in the 1690’s. The Old Rectory is a Grade II listed 18th century building (NHER 20891) and Bishop’s House on Lynn Road (NHER 28491) has a medieval core to the house, but has 16th century and later additions. Cornwall House (NHER 35760) is an Edwardian Grade II listed villa on Gaywood Road and The Ship Inn (NHER 32980) is a Grade II listed 17th century house that was subdivided during the 18th century, part of which was then converted into an inn. The site of a post medieval windmill is also known from 19th century maps (NHER 35749) that was located along the Gaywood River, just to the north of what is now the College of West Anglia. During the demolition of an early 20th century house at 1 Gaywood Road (NHER 39601) was found the remains of a curving brick wall that was thought to date to the 18th century. Also found at this site were the stonework remains of the medieval east gate of Lynn (see section 6.2.4). Gaywood Clock was constructed as a memorial to the First World War (NHER 48954) and the first school in Gaywood was built in 1908 along Field Road (NHER 57197) until it was converted in the early 21st century into now an Adult Education Centre.

The site of a possible iron working area was identified along Baldwin’s Road, just south of Gaywood Primary School (NHER 8594), where a number of sherds of pottery and clay pipe were also recovered. An early post medieval stone head was found from a garden along Suffolk Road (NHER 36195), but it is thought that the head may have come from dredging of the river as it was known that soil was deposited across the garden where the head was found. During an excavation in the Old Rectory Garden in 2007, a post medieval or modern path was discovered (NHER 50196) that was constructed from granite chippings and was recorded with a range of finds, consisting of post medieval and modern pottery, post medieval clay pipe, modern glass, medieval tiles, undated animal bone, brick, metal working debris, pot, roof slate and tiles.

Likely evidence for the Civil War and perhaps contemporary with the known siege on Lynn, was found in the entrance to Gaywood Hall, when a canon was utilised as part of the gateway; one the other side had already been removed in the 1950s (NHER 15687). In 1980, a round flint pebble was found in a garden along Eastfields Close that had been blackened, with a suggestion it was ammunition for a Civil War canon (NHER 16312). A steel belt buckle found from Bishop’s Road (NHER 23157) is of a typical sword belt type, dating from the 17th century and similar to those worn by soldier during the Civil War, again suggesting further occupation of troops in Gaywood during the Siege of Lynn. The New Gaywood River, cut during the early 15th century to supply fresh water to Lynn, was diverted during the Civil War as part of the siege on Lynn (NHER 28800). A 18th or 19th century brick tunnel was also constructed under the New Gaywood River to carry the Black Drain, though the exact relationships of all these drains are not fully known.

Two possible cemetery areas have been identified, although one of the locations was not disclosed on the HER, it was probably along the east side of Field Lane and close to the site of Gaywood Primary School. It was here that a number of human skeletal remains were found in the 1950’s, one of which was found directly above a 17th century wine bottle (NHER 5544), so a conclusion was drawn that these may have been part of a cemetery at this time, and additional fragments of human bone were also found in the 1960s. A second cemetery site has been identified under the gardens of 118 and 120 Wootton Road (NHER 18627), where fragments of human remains were first excavated in the 1980s and then during the digging of a soakaway, the remains of several people were found together. Human remains are still being found, a skull was recorded from house No.118 in 2005.

6.2.6 Undated

A single linear feature of unknown date was recorded during an archaeological evaluation at Gaywood Primary School in 2002. No finds were found from the east- west orientated ditch (NHER 36848). Four undated pits were also identified during an excavation at 147 Wootton Road as no finds were recorded from any of the features (Penn 2004).

7 Results of the test pit excavations in Gaywood

The approximate locations of the 39 test pits excavated between May 2010 and May 2013 can be seen figure 7 below. Yearly this figure breaks down to six pits excavated in 2010, 10 in the first excavation of 2011 and a further 12 excavated in the second dig of 2011 and then finally another 11 test pits excavated in 2013. The data from each test pit is discussed in this section and set out in numerical order and by year. Most excavation was in spits measuring 10cm in depth, but in cases when a change in the character of deposits indicated a change in context, a new spit was started before 10cm.

An assessment of the overall results, synthesizing the data from all the pits, including deductions about the historic development of Gaywood and the potential of the buried heritage resource of the village is presented in the following Discussion section (Section 8). Finds from each test pit are discussed in summary in this section, and listed in detail in the relevant appendices (Section 12). Photographs of sites under excavation and of all finds are included in the archive, but not included in this report for reasons of space.

Figure 7: The locations of the three years of test pitting in Gaywood (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000

7.1 The 2010 excavations

The 2010 excavations in Gaywood took place over the 24th and 25th of May when 24 HEFA participants from The Park High School, Smithdon High School, Springwood High School and Marshland High School (school names correct at the time of participation) excavated six test pits. The test pits were sited mainly in back gardens in the north of Gaywood and one test pit was excavated within the grounds of Gaywood Primary School.

Figure 8: Location map of the Gaywood test pits from 2010 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000

Test Pit one (GAY/10/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the long enclosed rear garden of a modern house set in the north of the village, immediately south of the schools (43 Kensington Road, Gaywood. TF 564096 320751).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.92m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware was excavated from the lower contexts of GAY/10/1 with three sherds of Late Saxon Thetford Ware. A number of sherds of Grimston Ware were also recovered with a sherd of Late Medieval Ware and single post medieval wares of Glazed Red Earthenware, Staffordshire Slipware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware. Four sherds of Victorian pottery were also recorded from the mid- contexts of test pit one. Figure 9: Location map of GAY/10/1

IPS THET GRIM LMT GRE SS MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 2 8 1200-1300 1 2 1 2 2 4 1200-1900 1 4 1 2 1 17 1 1 1 5 2 3 1200-1900 1 5 2 17 850-1100 1 6 1 2 1 9 850-1550 1 7 1 14 720-850 Table 1: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/1

Limited Middle Saxon activity was identified at GAY/10/1 and suggests it was likely peripheral to more intense occupation further west towards the River, as identified through test pitting in the village. This seems to continue into the Late Saxon and medieval periods, with constant low levels of activity up to when the current house was built in the 20th century, suggesting that the site was probably open fields, particularly after the 14th century. More recent disturbances however appear to be quite intense on site with the upper 7 contexts all disturbed by much later digging and large deposits of rubbish have also been recovered, including coal, clay pipe, glass, iron nails, modern ceramic building material (CBM) and tile and modern nails, part of a plastic gun, a metal Kia-Ora bottle top, CBM, tile, mortar, part of a valve, fragments of linoleum, oyster shell, plastic and fragments of scrap iron. The partial remains of a small rodent were also identified in a plastic bag in context seven, that may well have been a buried pet. Two pieces of slag were also recovered suggesting metal working on or close to site and a possible piece of burnt stone may be later prehistoric in date, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit two (GAY/10/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the south west corner of the primary school playing field, close to the road and immediate north of the church (St Martha’s Primary School, Field Lane, Gaywood. TF 564011 320854).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Single sherds of both Middle and Late Saxon pottery were excavated from GAY/10/2, Ipswich and Thetford Wares were both identified in context three. A wide range of post medieval wares were also recovered, including Glazed Red Figure 10: Location map of GAY/10/2 Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, Staffordshire Slipware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. The vast majority of the pottery identified however, dates to the Victorian period with over 40 sherds found from the upper half of test pit two.

IPS THET GRE WCS SS EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 2 1 37 1 4 24 21 1600-1900 2 3 1 14 1 6 1 12 1 2 1 1 11 31 720-1900 2 4 2 7 2 2 7 10 1700-1900 2 5 2 2 1800-1900 Table 2: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/2

The minimal evidence for both Middle and Late Saxon occupation that was identified at GAY/10/2 suggests that the site was likely peripheral to more intense Saxon occupation close to the River in the west, as identified through test pitting. The area then has no further evidence for activity until the post medieval although the site was most likely open fields as an area to dump finds until the two schools and church were built on the land during the later 20th century. The finds also excavated from test pit two correspond with this later disturbance given the mix of finds identified through the five contexts; these consist of iron nails, concrete/mortar, plastic, CBM, coal, glass, tile, modern CBM fragments, clay pipe, animal bone, oyster shell, slate, fragments of scrap iron and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. The presence of both burnt stone and a possible waste flint flake from the bottom two contexts may also indicate the presence of later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit three (GAY/10/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the centre of the lawn of an open front garden to a modern house set along the main road north out of the village (St Clements, 124 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563810 321010).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, with a sondage in the northern corner of the pit to 1m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 11: Location map of GAY/10/3 The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/10/3 dates to the Victorian period and was found in large quantities through the test pit. A number of sherds of Late Saxon Thetford Ware were also identified mixed through the test pit with a small number of medieval and post medieval Grimston Ware, Harlow Slipware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware.

THET GRIM GRE HSW SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 garden 1 26 850-1100 3 1 14 22 1800-1900 3 2 1 16 17 27 1200-1900 3 3 1 4 1 4 1 1 30 60 850-1900 3 4 1 2 17 24 1720-1900` 3 5 12 28 1800-1900 3 6 1 2 1 2 2 4 850-1900 3 7 1 5 1 4 850-1900 3 9 1 1 2 6 2 2 850-1900 Table 3: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/3

After the excavations had taken place at GAY/10/3 it was learnt that the previous owner of the property had actually redeposited soil from the back garden into the front, which explains why all the soil excavated from the test pit was a very dark brown, top soil colour. This also illustrates the further disturbances that have been identified with a large amount of both 19th and 20th century finds and pottery mixed through the test pit. The finds consist of coal, slate, modern CBM, a large hexagonal nut, iron nails, glass, CBM, oyster shell, animal bone, a toy ring, clay pipe, fragments of scrap iron, concrete, plastic, snail and cockle shells, chalk and a single piece of slag that suggests metal working on or close to site. Earlier activity was also identified on site, although potentially not where the test pit was located, due to the extra soil that was bought in. There appears to have been both Late Saxon and medieval occupation here, until the 13th century when the site was abandoned, due to settlement shifts and after which was utilised for agriculture, particularly during the post medieval period, with more domestic rubbish being deposited in the area until the current house was built in the mid-20th century. A lot of disarticulated human bone was also found mixed through the test pit and given its location to the far north away from the church, which sits along the main east-west road into Kings Lynn, the remains may predate the church, as it seems that even un-consecrated remains are unlikely to have been buried this far from the church. Single pieces of both waste flint and burnt stone were also excavated from test pit three and may suggest later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit four (GAY/10/4)

Test pit four was excavated towards the middle of a long back garden of a 1920’s house, on a patch of grass next to the greenhouse (139 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563713 321047).

The total depth of the excavation here was not recorded, but the presence of a feature found just after 0.4m in depth halted the excavations. The test pit was then recorded and backfilled.

A large number of Saxon sherds Figure 12: Location map of GAY/10/4 were excavated from GAY/10/4, including both Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware and Late Saxon Thetford Ware that were mixed through the test pit. An additional four sherds of medieval Grimston Ware were also found with a single post medieval sherd of Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware and three sherds of Victorian pottery that were all found in the upper contexts of test pit four.

IPS THET GRIM SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 1 1 8 2 21 850-1900 4 3 4 24 4 11 1 4 720-1900 4 4 2 30 4 46 720-1300 4 20 5 87 720-850 Table 4: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/4

The remains of a possible Sunken Feature Building (SFB) were potentially excavated at GAY/10/4, although due to the confines of the test pit, further excavations are needed to confirm this (below). Middle Saxon pottery was only recovered from this context so it seems likely that there was Middle Saxon settlement on site, especially given its proximity to the River (there is potential that is was a port) and the large quantities of Saxon pottery excavated from GAY/10/4, GAY/10/5 and GAY/10/6. Activity also continued into the Late Saxon and medieval periods, but with less intensity, so that if there was a Middle Saxon building where the test pit was situated, then it is possible that there was a shift in occupation patterns after the 9th century and being abandoned altogether after the 13th century, potentially due to the Black Death. The site then remained as open fields through the post medieval and until the current house was built in the early 20th century. There does seem to be quite a bit of disturbance on site however, given the mix of later finds that were mixed through the test pit and consist of coal, slate, iron nails and bolts, oyster shell, animal bone with possible shark teeth, clay pipe, CBM, tile, concrete, cockle shell, mortar, glass, chalk, as well as a number of pieces of slag, indicative of metal working on or close to site. The proximity to the River may also explain the number of both worked flint and burnt stone that were also recovered from the test pit, including a possible flint blade that was actually identified in the possible SFB, although the disturbance may have been quite deep, which is why the blade was found with the Middle Saxon pottery.

Figure 13: The possible beam slot excavated from GAY/10/4

Test Pit five (GAY/10/5)

Test pit five was excavated towards the stream and rear extent of a long back garden of a 1920’s house (137 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563679 321034).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, with a small sondage in the north eastern corner to 1m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 14: Location map of GAY/10/5 The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/10/5 dates to the Saxon period with both a number of Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware and Later Saxon Thetford Ware and St Neots Ware’s recovered through the test pit. A smaller quantity of both medieval and post medieval wares were also identified, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Medieval Shelly Ware, Grimston Ware, Staffordshire Slipware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. An additional small sherd of Victorian pottery was also excavated from context two of test pit five.

IPS THET SN EMW SHC GRIM SS SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 8 1650-1750 5 2 2 13 1 2 720-1900 5 3 5 36 2 5 1 2 1 5 720-1750 5 4 1 16 1 3 2 17 720-1300 5 5 7 48 2 4 720-1100 5 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 29 720-1200 5 7 6 12 2 8 850-1300 Table 5: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/5

The large amounts of both Middle and Late Saxon pottery that were excavated from GAY/10/5 suggest quite intense occupation at that time, which may be due to its location along the River and that possibly this area was a port, although further excavations would be needed to confirm this. Occupation also continued into the high medieval, until about the 14th century, most likely due to the Black Death, after which settlement shifted further south to its current location. The area remained as open fields until the current house was built in the early 20th century, although there appears to be a lot of later disturbances on site given the mix of finds recovered. These consist of a fragment of cloth, a partially melted plastic wrapper, modern CBM and concrete, clay pipe, slate, coal, iron nails, metal wire and fragments of scrap metal, glass, CBM, animal bone, cockle and oyster shell, tile and a number of pieces of slag, indicative of metal working on or close to site. Much like GAY/10/4, a number of both worked flint flakes and burnt stone were also recovered at GAY/10/5 and suggests the possibility of later prehistoric activity along the River.

Test Pit six (GAY/10/6)

Test pit six was excavated on a grassed area in the middle of a long rear garden to a modern house fronting the main road north out of the village (135 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563692 321017).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, with a small sondage in the north eastern corner to 1.1m; only at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 15: Location map of GAY/10/6

A large amount of Saxon pottery was excavated from GAY/10/6, the majority of which dates to the Middle Saxon as Ipswich Ware, although a single sherd of Late Saxon Late Saxon was also recovered, with two sherds of medieval Grimston Ware. The majority of the pottery however dates to the Victorian period, with over 20 sherds recovered from the upper half of test pit six.

IPS THET GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 2 134 1800-1900 6 2 1 3 4 14 1200-1900 6 3 4 72 1 11 1 4 6 70 720-1900 6 4 10 45 1800-1900 6 5 2 20 720-850 6 6 5 93 720-850 6 7 4 125 720-850 Table 6: The pottery excavated from GAY/10/6

Following on from both GAY/10/4 and GAY/10/5, the evidence for quite intense Middle Saxon occupation continues southwards to GAY/10/6, which is again most likely due to its proximity to the River. Due to the small amounts of both Late Saxon and medieval pottery that were also recovered, the location of test pit six, may be the most southerly of the settlement at that time and appears peripheral to more intense occupation to the north. The site was again abandoned in the 14th century, most likely due to the Black Death, whereas after it remained as open fields until the current house was built in the early 20th century. The mix of both later finds and pottery suggest quite a bit of disturbance was also evident on site, the finds consisting of modern scrap metal, CBM, iron nails, a plastic button, coal, glass, tile, a small metal cog, a plastic peg, animal bone, oyster, mussel and cockle shell, a small plastic cap for a tube, snail shell, clay pipe and a number of pieces of slag, indicative of metal working either on site or very close by. The presence of a number of pieces of burnt stone may also suggest that later prehistoric activity was also evident on site, but as ever, further analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

7.2 The 2011 excavations

Two excavations were undertaken in 2011 in Gaywood, the first was over the 18th and 19th of May when 39 HEFA participants from King’s Lynn Academy, Springwood High School, Marshland High School and King Edward VII School (school names correct at time of participation), excavated 10 test pits. The second dig of 2011 took place over the 8th and 9th of June, when 44 HEFA participants from Springwood High School and Kind Edward VII school (school names correct at the time of participation) excavated a further 12 test pits. The test pits in 2011 were again mainly sited in gardens were the residents of Gaywood were happy to have a test pit excavation, between the 2010 test pit locations as well as further excavations again within the grounds of Gaywood Primary School and within the beer garden of a pub along Gayton Road.

Figure 16: Location map of the Gaywood test pits from 2011 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000

Test Pit one (GAY/11/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set along the main road in the far north of the village. It was the western of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/11/5 (139 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563748 321024).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.9m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from Figure 17: Location map of GAY/11/1 GAY/11/1 dates to the Saxon period, with Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware recovered through the test pit with Late Saxon Thetford Ware and St Neots Ware. Small amounts of Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware medieval pottery were also recovered with two sherds of Victorian pot, with two sherds of Victorian pot.

IPS THET SN EMW GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 2 22 1 4 720-1900 1 2 1 22 720-850 1 3 2 7 1 6 1 2 1100-1900 1 4 1 36 720-850 1 6 5 73 2 9 1 4 720-1050 1 7 11 226 6 32 2 14 720-1050 Table 7: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/1

The large amount of Middle Saxon pottery excavated from GAY/11/1 suggests quite intense activity on site at that time, situated along the eastern bank of the Gaywood River, with similar results found from the second test pit excavated on the property – GAY/11/5. Occupation on site seemed to continue through the Late Saxon and into the medieval period, until about the 13th century, although there may have been a shift in the focus of settlement from the 9th century, most probably away from the river, given that less Late Saxon and medieval pottery were recovered. After the 13th century the site was abandoned, the shift in settlement may have been to where the church now stands in the south of the village during the later medieval and post medieval periods. Into the 19th century expansion, the site was likely farmed until the current house was built in the mid-20th century. A mix of finds were also recovered from the test pit, consisting of slate, CBM, coal, iron nails, roof tile, fragments of tarmac and concrete, oyster shell, animal bone, modern nails, mortar and slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. The presence of both worked flints and burnt stone may also suggest later prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit two (GAY/11/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the open front garden of a modern house set back from the main road in the south of the village. It was the southern of two excavated within the property; see also GAY/11/3 (83 Gayton Road, Gaywood. TF 564062 320473).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/2 dates to the Victorian period although both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware were also found through the test pit.

Figure 18: Location map of GAY/11/2

EMW GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 2 2 12 5 6 1200-1900 2 3 2 5 4 15 1100-1900 2 4 1 1 1800-1900 2 5 3 35 2 9 1100-1900 2 6 1 2 1100-1200 Table 8: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/2

The medieval pottery excavated from GAY/11/2 suggests that there was occupation on site at that time, potentially as part of a spread of occupation along the main road through Gaywood and into Kings Lynn from the east. The site then appears to have been abandoned after the 13th century, perhaps due to a shift in settlement patterns, until the land was utilised again during the 19th century. Earlier cottages may have been sited along Gayton Road prior to the current houses, built in the 20th century. A small mix of finds were also recovered, consisting of a grey leather tag for clothes or a bag, coal, CBM, fragments of plastic, tile, lumps of corroded metal, oyster and cockle shell, animal bone and a small smooth rectangular stone, possibly utilised as a whet stone?

Test Pit three (GAY/11/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set back from the main road in the south of the village. It was the northern of two excavated within the property; see also GAY/11/2 (83 Gayton Road, Gaywood. TF 564068 320516).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from GAY/11/3 dates to the 16th century and later with small amounts of Glazed Red Earthenware, Staffordshire Slipware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware all recovered with a number of Victorian sherds.

Figure 19: Location map of GAY/11/3

GRE SS SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 2 1 1 1800-1900 3 3 3 5 1800-1900 3 4 3 22 1800-1900 3 5 3 23 1800-1900 3 6 1 5 7 11 1550-1900 3 7 1 2 4 10 3 5 1650-1900 3 8 1 1 1720-1760 Table 9: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/3

Unlike the test pit to the front of the property, there is no evidence for medieval occupation away from the main road, although there are post medieval activities, likely in the form of manuring, until more intense occupation in the 19th century, prior to the construction of the current house. A mix of finds were also recovered, consisting of slate, glass, iron nails, fragments of concrete, CBM, mortar, clay pipe, plastic tubing, coal, mortar, oyster shell, tile and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. A possible worked flint flake may also be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit four (GAY/11/4)

Test pit four was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a 20th century house set back from the main roads in the north east of the village (28 Jermyn Street, Gaywood. TF 564094 320580).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/4 dates to the Victorian period. A single sherd of 18th century Staffordshire White Salt- Glazed Stoneware was also recovered. Figure 20: Location map of GAY/11/4 SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 2 3 4 1800-1900 4 3 1 1 3 6 1720-1900 4 4 9 11 1800-1900 Table 10: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/4

The limited finds and pottery that were excavated from GAY/11/4 suggest that there was little activity on site until the current houses were built in the 20th century and this area of land was likely utilised as open fields, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries. The finds found consist of coal, glass, clay pipe, CBM and tile and the four burnt stones that were also recovered may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit five (GAY/11/5)

Test pit five was excavated in the enclosed front garden of a modern house set along the main road out of the village in the north. It was also the eastern of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/11/1. (139 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563781 321019).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 1.3m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 21: Location map of GAY/11/5 The majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/5 dates to the Middle Saxon as Ipswich Ware. A single sherd of medieval Grimston Ware was also recovered from the upper contexts with two pieces of Victorian pottery.

IPS GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 4 2 6 720-1900 5 2 1 19 720-850 5 3 1 6 720-850 5 4 1 27 1200-1350 5 5 1 7 720-850 Table 11: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/5

Similar to the results from GAY/11/1, there is further evidence to the front of the current property for occupation on site during the Middle Saxon period, in about the 8th and 9th centuries. Although the finds excavated are fewer closer to the road, this may be due to disturbances when the current house was built or that the site is slightly peripheral to the more intense Middle Saxon occupation closer along the River. The continual occupation that was recorded in GAY/11/1 through to the 13th century is not as evident here, with limited 13th century activity and after which the site was likely abandoned, perhaps due to a shift in focus of settlement until the 19th century when the area was most probably utilised as open fields. A small amount of finds were also excavated from the test pit, consisting of CBM, coal, glass, a metal button, clay pipe, animal bone, oyster shell, pieces of scrap metal and a possible small piece of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. Two pieces of burnt stone were also found that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit six (GAY/11/6)

Test pit six was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set close to the river in the north west of the village (20 Beulah Street, Gaywood. TF 563637 320984).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/6 dates to the Victorian period. Small amounts of both medieval and post medieval wares were also identified as Early Medieval Figure 22: Location map of GAY/11/6 Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware.

EMW GRIM GRE SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 2 1100-1200 6 2 1 3 1 1 4 9 1100-1900 6 3 1 12 2 4 1200-1900 6 4 7 12 1800-1900 6 5 1 4 1 90 4 8 1200-1900 6 6 2 3 1800-1900 Table 12: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/6

Despite the location of GAY/11/6 along the river there is no evidence for Saxon activity on site, the main focus of which appears to be further north, although from the test pitting strategy it seems that the spread of medieval occupation extends south along the river and towards the church. After the 13th century the site seems to have been abandoned and was most likely utilised as open fields, perhaps due to a shift in settlement patterns, until more intense activity again into the 19th century. The finds also excavated from the test pit consist of coal, whelk, cockle and oyster shell, CBM, clay pipe, animal bone, iron nails and bolts, slate, glass, fragments of plastic, pieces of concrete, asbestos, mortar and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. The presence of burnt stone from the lower contexts of the test pit may also be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit seven (GAY/11/7)

Test pit seven was excavated in the large side garden of a modern end of terrace house, adjacent to the river in the north west of the village (The House, 29 Beulah Street, Gaywood. TF 563590 320934).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from GAY/11/7 dates to the Victorian period and was found through the upper three contexts only.

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 7 1 5 9 1800-1900 7 2 9 22 1800-1900 7 3 6 27 1800-1900 Table 13: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/7

It seems likely that the 19th and 20th century disturbances at GAY/11/7 have potentially removed all evidence for any earlier activity on site, particularly dating to the Saxon or medieval periods, given the occupational evidence for both at nearby test pit sites. A large mix of finds were also deposited with the Victorian pottery, consisting of coal, slate, clay pipe, cockle shell, animal bone, CBM, a one penny coin dated 2000, iron nails, glass, asbestos, a very small plastic ball, modern nails, concrete, mortar, wire, melted glass, a small black toy tyre and four pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working close to site. Burnt stone and a possible flint core were also identified and may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit eight (GAY/11/8)

Test pit eight was excavated in the large enclosed rear garden of a late 19th century house set back from the main road north out of the village. It was the eastern of two pits excavated within the property; see also GAY/11/16 (58 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563644 320691).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A range of pottery types were excavated from GAY/11/8 including a single sherd of Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware that was mixed in with medieval wares of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and later medieval Cistercian Ware. A range of post medieval Figure 23: Location map of GAY/11/8 wares were also excavated, including Glazed Red Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, Staffordshire Slipware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. A number of Victorian sherds were also recovered.

IPS EMW GRIM CW GRE WCS SS SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 2 1 9 1 3 1 4 12 70 720-1900 8 3 1 1 3 6 1 6 4 10 1450-1900 8 4 2 8 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 5 1100-1900 8 5 8 76 1100-1200 8 6 1 2 1800-1900 Table 14: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/8

The single sherd of Ipswich Ware pottery that was identified from GAY/11/8 suggests that the site was likely peripheral to more intense Middle Saxon occupation further north and adjacent to the Gaywood River, as already identified through test pitting and could also have been its southern extent. Into the 12th century, occupation is evident on site and is one of the few areas of Gaywood where settlement also continues into the later medieval from the 15th, century, although possibly only as open fields, until the current house was built in the later 19th century. The majority of the finds were excavated from the upper half of the test pit, where the bulk of the disturbances are evident, and consist of glass, coal, CBM, slate, clay pipe, milk bottle tops, tile, iron nails and bolts, pieces of scrap metal, a small metal cube and a flat plate of metal with possible fragments of slag or vitrified material, suggesting either metal working or a kiln either on or close to site. The presence of worked flint may also be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit nine (GAY/11/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a mid-terrace house set along the main road north out of the village (52 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563571 320668).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 1.08m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/9 dates to the Victorian period and was found through the test pit. A range of earlier wares were also recovered, including Late Figure 24: Location map of GAY/11/9 Saxon Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware.

THET EMW GRIM GRE ES VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 1 1 1 14 19 1200-1900 9 2 24 55 1800-1900 9 3 19 131 1800-1900 9 4 23 64 1800-1900 9 5 1 28 2 21 17 48 1550-1900 9 6 1 17 1 34 7 8 1100-1900 9 7 2 6 1800-1900 9 8 1 1 1800-1900 9 9 1 1 1800-1900 9 10 2 28 1 9 850-1350 9 11 1 8 8 95 2 9 1100-1900 9 12 1 15 2 7 1 1 1100-1900 Table 15: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/9

The Late Saxon occupation in Gaywood, as identified through the test pitting strategy, follows the same settlement pattern as the Middle Saxon occupation, with the focus being to the north of the village, adjacent to the river and this area to the south around GAY/11/9 is peripheral and also appears to be the southern extent of the occupation, so far identified. The identified medieval occupation of Gaywood is more widely spread through the village, with a concentration here on site, after which the land was generally abandoned and most likely kept as open fields until the 19th century and the cottages were likely built. A large mix of finds were also recovered through the test pit with the Victorian pottery and consist of glass, slate, coal, iron nails and bolts, modern nails, CBM, a slate pencil, metal springs from clothes pegs, tile, fragments of brick mortar, a glass eye, an iron rod, fragments of concrete, metal screws, clay pipe, oyster shell, animal bone, a button, pieces of scrap metal, melted glass, possible burnt fragments of brick and tile and pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. The presence of both worked flint and burnt stone may also suggest later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit 10 (GAY/11/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated in the large enclosed rear garden of a modern house set back from the main road through the village and immediately east of the church boundary. It was the northern of two pits excavated on the property; see also GAY/11/18 (The Rectory, Gayton Road, Gaywood. TF 563654 320397).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from GAY/11/10 dates to the Victorian period.

VIC Figure 25: Location map of GAY/11/10 TP Context No Wt Date Range 10 2 8 42 1800-1900 10 3 1 1 1800-1900 Table 16: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/10

Despite the location of GAY/11/10 adjacent to the church, there was no evidence for occupation on site until the 19th century, potentially suggesting that an earlier church may have been sited elsewhere in the village, although further excavations would be needed around the church to confirm this. The finds excavated consist of coal, a metal washer, tile, glass, CBM, clay pipe, iron nails, slate and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. A number of flint flakes were also recovered with burnt stone that may be prehistoric in date, or with the slag, be related to the construction of the church as it is faced in flint rubble. Analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this either way.

Test Pit 11 (GAY/11/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set along the main road north out of the village (167 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563797 321196).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/11 dates to the Victorian period, but Figure 26: Location map of GAY/11/11 a single sherd of Roman pottery was also identified.

RB VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 2 3 9 1800-1900 11 3 4 8 1800-1900 11 7 1 6 100-400 Table 17: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/11

The Roman pottery that was identified at GAY/11/11 is the only evidence for Roman activity so far identified through the test pitting strategy in Gaywood and its location close to the Gaywood River could suggest further Romano-British occupation in the area, although further work would be needed to confirm this. The site of the test pit also in the far north of the village, is potentially beyond the extent of the focus of occupation, generally from the Middle Saxon period onwards and it was only during the 19th century and later expansion of Gaywood that activity is once again present. A small range of finds were mainly mixed through the test pit with the later activity and consist of glass, coal, fragments of plastic, CBM, iron nails, tile, clay pipe, animal bone, pieces of scrap metal and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working close to site. The presence of both burnt stone and a possible waste flint flake may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit 12 (GAY/11/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set along the main road north out of the village (159 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563785 321163).

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of later medieval Figure 27: Location map of GAY/11/12 German Stoneware was excavated from GAY/11/12, although the vast majority of the pottery recovered dates to the Victorian period.

GS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 1 7 14 1800-1900 12 2 8 33 1800-1900 12 3 8 22 1800-1900 12 4 1 8 1350-1600 12 5 2 2 1800-1900 Table 18: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/12

Much the same as GAY/11/11, the location of GAY/11/12 in the far north of the village, has yielded few finds and pottery prior to the 19th century, again suggesting that this part of the village was beyond the focus of occupation from the Middle Saxon period onwards. The sherd of later medieval pottery does suggest that the site was likely open fields at that time, again outside the focus of occupation. Few finds were also excavated from the test pit and consist of modern CBM and tile, clay pipe, cockle shell, animal bone, fragments of plaster and concrete, pieces of plastic, CBM, coal and a possible lava stone quern fragment, potentially either Saxon or medieval in date. The presence of a number of pieces of burnt stone from the test pit may also be an indicator of later prehistoric activity on or close to site.

Test Pit 13 (GAY/11/13)

Test pit 13 was excavated in the small enclosed rear garden of a 20th century house set along the main road north out of the village (111 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563670 320868).

Test pit 13 was excavated to a depth of 0.9m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 28: Location map of GAY/11/13 A range of medieval and post medieval wares were excavated from GAY/11/13, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, Staffordshire Slipware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and English Stoneware. A number of Victorian sherds were also identified through the upper half of the test pit.

EMW GRIM GRE WCS SS SMW ES VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 1 1 2 1800-1900 13 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 1550-1900 13 3 3 16 1 1 1 1 1 2 1550-1900 13 4 5 11 2 5 2 2 1100-1900 13 5 1 5 1 1 1200-1700 Table 19: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/13

The results from the test pit excavation at GAY/11/13 suggests that there was occupation on site during the medieval period, which seems to have expanded from the Middle and Late Saxon occupation patterns, but also continued along the main road north out of the village. There is a lack of activity noted between the 12th and 16th centuries, when there seems to be a drop off in occupation throughout Gaywood, until the village began to expand again into the post medieval period. A mix of finds were also recovered and consist of CBM, modern drain fragment, metal spring from clothes peg, glass, the central core of a battery, iron nails, coal, slate, fragments of plastic, milk bottle tops, clay pipe, animal bone, pieces of scrap metal, fragments of concrete/mortar and oyster and mussel shells. A single waste flint flake was also recovered that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit 14 (GAY/11/14)

Test pit 14 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a cottage set along the main road north out of the village (90 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563745 320845).

Test pit 14 was excavated to a depth of 1.15m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/14 dates to the Victorian period, Figure 29: Location map of GAY/11/14 although a small amount of both medieval and post medieval wares were also recorded. These consist of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Chinese Porcelain, Staffordshire Slipware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware.

EMW GRIM GRE CP SS ES SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 14 1 10 10 1800-1900 14 2 2 2 1 3 13 29 1650-1900 14 3 1 1 1 1 18 50 1650-1900 14 4 1 22 6 24 1700-1900 14 5 1 24 1 8 13 17 1550-1900 14 10 3 19 1 3 1100-1300 Table 20: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/14

Much like the results from GAY/11/13, the presence of medieval pottery from GAY/11/14, suggests there was occupation on site at that time, until the 13th century, when there appears to be a drop off of activity throughout Gaywood. It seems likely that the site was utilised as open fields from the 16th century onwards, particularly as a land drain was identified at 0.7m through the test pit. There are further expansions of the village into the 19th century, as more houses are built and a lot more disturbances are evident on site. The finds also excavated consist of slate, iron nails, pieces of plastic, concrete, CBM, mortar, asbestos, glass, oyster and cockle shell, animal bone, clay pipe (with a human foot as part of the bowl), pieces of scrap metal, modern CBM and a hook on a chain. The presence of both worked flint and burnt stone may also suggest later prehistoric activity on or close to site.

Figure 30: The human foot clay pipe fragment excavated from GAY/11/4, context three

Test Pit 15 (GAY/11/15)

Test pit 15 was excavated in the small enclosed front garden of a modern mid terrace property set between the main road north out of the village and the river. It was also the western of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/11/22 (2 Methuen Avenue, Gaywood. TF 563580 320792).

Test pit 15 was excavated to a depth of 0.4m. Natural was not found, but due the presence of a gas pipe across the test pit at that depth, excavations were halted at this level and the test Figure 31: Location map of GAY/11/15 pit was recorded and backfilled.

Single sherds of both Delft Ware and Chinese Porcelain were both mixed in with a number of Victorian sherds through GAY/11/15.

TGE CP VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 15 1 3 24 1800-1900 15 2 1 4 4 25 1600-1900 15 3 10 55 1800-1900 15 4 1 4 2 5 1650-1900 Table 21: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/15

Although excavations were limited on site due to the presence of a gas pipe running through the centre of the pit at 0.4m, there is evidence for 17th century and later activity, although the area was most likely utilised as open fields until the 19th century. Disturbances are evident on site though, both from the laying of the gas pipe and the construction of the modern terrace’s during the 20th century. The few finds that were also found consist of mortar, CBM, tile, cockle shell, clay pipe, modern tile and CBM, tarmac, glass, brick, concrete and coal.

Test Pit 16 (GAY/11/16)

Test pit 16 was excavated in the open front garden of a late 19th century house, set back from the main road north through the village. It was also the eastern of two pits excavated within the property; see also GAY/11/8 (58 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563603 320717).

Test pit 16 was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, with half the test pit excavated to 0.9m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/11/16 dates to the Late Saxon (Thetford Ware) and medieval periods (Early Medieval Figure 32: Location map of GAY/11/16 Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware) although a small range of post medieval wares were also recovered. These include Cistercian Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware Staffordshire Slipware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware, English Stoneware, Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware and Victorian sherds.

THET EMW GRIM CW GRE SS SMW ES SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 16 2 1 8 13 22 900-1900 16 3 1 8 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1100-1750 16 4 1 7 3 10 2 11 900-1200 16 5 4 73 12 57 3 18 900-1200 16 6 7 36 12 129 900-1200 16 7 2 37 3 13 900-1200 16 8 4 21 900-1100 Table 22: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/16

Unlike GAY/11/8 that was excavated to the rear of the property, the test pit excavation closer to the road has yielded evidence for Late Saxon occupation, which then continued into the medieval period, between the 10th and 12th centuries. It seems that the site was then abandoned until the 16th century and even then only likely utilised as open fields, until the current house was built in the later 19th century. Few finds and pottery were found relating to the occupation of the current house, as its probable that the majority of the rubbish was deposited to rear of the property. The finds consist of slate, animal bone, CBM, clay pipe, thin metal piping, glass, iron nails, pieces of scrap metal and slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit 17 (GAY/11/17)

Test pit 17 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house, set back from the main road through Gaywood and into Kings Lynn and immediately north west of the church (Church Bungalow, Gayton Road, Gaywood. TF 563589 320426).

Test pit 17 was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, with half the test pit excavated to 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 33: Location map of GAY/11/17 Single sherds of both Harlow Slipware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware were both excavated from GAY/11/17 with two sherds of Victorian pottery.

HSW SMW VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 17 1 1 7 2 3 1600-1900 17 2 1 3 1700-1900 Table 23: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/17

The limited 17th century and later finds that were excavated from GAY/11/17 suggests that despite the location of the test pit immediately north west of the church, the area is not a focus for occupation, which was likely sited further north, until the 20th century when the current house was built. A small mix of finds were found, mainly relating to later activities and consist of modern tile and CBM, coal, concrete/mortar, glass, modern nails, CBM, iron nails, pieces of scrap metal, clay pipe, tile, animal bone, oyster shell and a single piece of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit 18 (GAY/11/18)

Test pit 18 was excavated in the large enclosed rough back garden area of a modern house set back from the main road through the village and into Kings Lynn and immediately east of the church. It was also the southern of two pits excavated within the property; see also GAY/11/10 (The Rectory, Gayton Road, Gaywood. TF 563684 320369).

Test pit 18 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not reached, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Small amounts of both Grimston Ware and English Stoneware were both excavated from GAY/11/18 with a number of sherds of Victorian pot.

Figure 34: Location map of GAY/11/18

GRIM ES VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 18 1 2 31 1800-1900 18 2 1 2 5 21 1700-1900 18 3 1 2 1200-1350 18 6 1 3 1200-1350 Table 24: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/18

Unlike the first test pit, GAY/11/10 that was excavated closer to both the house and church, there was no pre 19th century activity recorded. The presence of medieval pottery from GAY/11/18 however does suggest that there was limited activity close to the church, but the focus of the village does appear to be further north along Wootton Road. The lack of post 13th century pottery suggests that the site was generally abandoned until the 18th century, when there seems to be evidence for an expansion of the village. The few finds that were also recovered consist of coal, CBM, pieces of scrap metal, animal bone, a small cube shaped flint, slate, tile and modern tile. A single piece of burnt stone was also identified that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit 19 (GAY/11/19)

Test pit 19 was excavated in the south western edge of the playing field to the north of the school. It was the western of two excavated here; see also GAY/11/20 (Gaywood Community Primary School, Field Lane, Gaywood. TF 564121 321112).

Test pit 19 was excavated to a depth of c.0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Single sherds of both Grimston Ware and Glazed Red Earthenware were both excavated with six sherds of Victorian pot.

Figure 35: Location map of GAY/11/19

GRIM GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 19 3 1 1 1 4 6 6 1200-1900 Table 25: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/19

The limited pottery and finds that were excavated from GAY/11/19 suggest that the site has most likely always been utilised as open fields and was peripheral to activities that have generally always been focused along Wootton Road. Specific periods of activity have been noted between the 12th-13th centuries, 16th-17th centuries and into the Victorian period, before being separated for the school in the later 20th century. The few finds also recovered consist of modern nails, CBM, coal, clay pipe, iron nails, glass and two burnt stones that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit 20 (GAY/11/20)

Test pit 20 was excavated towards the north eastern corner of the playing field to the north of the school. It was the western of two excavated here; see also GAY/11/19 (Gaywood Community Primary School, Field Lane, Gaywood. TF 564209 321156).

Test pit 20 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Small amounts of both Grimston Ware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware were both excavated from GAY/11/20 with a number of sherds of Victorian pottery.

Figure 36: Location map of GAY/11/20

GRIM SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 20 1 1 8 7 33 1200-1900 20 4 1 7 1 1 1 1 1200-1900 Table 26: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/20

Much like the evidence for GAY/11/19 that was also excavated within the school grounds in the north of the village, there is very limited evidence for activity on site and the area seems peripheral to the general focus of settlement along Wootton Road. This area has most likely always been kept as open fields with particularly activity in the 13th-14th centuries, in the early 18th century and the again in the Victorian period, until the school was built in the later 20th century. Again, few finds were also recovered, consisting of oyster shell, clay pipe, CBM, tile, glass, brick, coal, slate, animal bone and a lump of slag/glass. The presence of burnt stone may also indicate later prehistoric activity on or close to site.

Test Pit 21 (GAY/11/21)

Test pit 21 was excavated in an overgrown scrub area to the east of the pub, set on the main road through the village and into Kings Lynn (WildFowler Public House, Gayton Road, Gaywood. TF 564035 320399).

Test pit 21 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, with one corner further excavated to 1.1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Victorian pottery was only excavated from GAY/11/21.

VIC TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 21 2 6 101 1990-2011 21 3 2 14 1800-1900 Figure 37: Location map of GAY/11/21 21 4 6 17 1800-1900 21 5 1 2 1800-1900 Table 27: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/21

It seems likely that there was very little activity on site until the village expanded into the 19th century. After the construction of the pub as well, this area of site appears to have been repeatedly disturbed as the area was utilised for the disposal of rubbish, given the wide range of modern finds that were excavated. These consist of fragments of modern drain, slate, glass, tile, CBM, modern tile, concrete, iron nails and bolts, melted plastic, mortar, pieces of scrap metal, coal, plastic screw caps, plaster, metal wire and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on site. Burnt stone was also recovered that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit 22 (GAY/11/22)

Test pit 22 was excavated in the small enclosed front garden of a modern mid terrace house set between the main road north out of the village and the river. It was also the eastern of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/11/15 (2 Methuen Avenue, Gaywood. TF 563585 320792).

Test pit 22 was excavated to a depth of 0.2m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 38: Location map of GAY/11/22

All the pottery excavated from GAY/11/22 dates to the Victorian period.

VIC TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 22 1 12 24 1800-1900 Table 28: The pottery excavated from GAY/11/22

The limited excavations that again were undertaken at this address (following on from GAY/11/15), have only yielded 19th century and later finds and pottery, which also suggests that there has been a great deal of disturbance on site, potentially from the construction of the modern terraces. The few finds that were recovered consist of tile, oyster shell, coal and clay pipe. Further work would be needed to see if any evidence remains of earlier on site activity.

7.3 The 2013 excavations

The 2013 excavations in Gaywood were undertaken over the 15th and 16th of May when a total of 11 archaeological test pits were excavated by 42 HEFA participants from Springwood High School and King Edward VII School (school names correct at time of participation). The test pits were again sited where home owners were happy for excavations to take place and the majority were excavated along Wootton Road. The excavations in 2013 brought the total number of test pits excavated in Gaywood to 39.

Figure 39: Location map of the Gaywood test pits from 2013 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000

Test Pit one (GAY/13/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a likely early 20th century house, set in the east of the village (Stanley House, 40 Jermyn Road, Gaywood. TF 564163 320556).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of c.0.8m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/13/1 dates as Victorian. Five earlier sherds were also recorded mixed through the test pit and have been identified as Roman, Grimston Ware, Staffordshire Slipware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware.

Figure 40: Location map of GAY/13/1

RB GRIM SS SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 2 1 4 1 3 15 39 1650-1900 1 3 1 25 19 41 100-1900 1 4 25 53 1800-1900 1 5 2 7 6 6 1800-1900 Table 29: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/1

The vast majority of both the finds and pottery excavated from GAY/13/1 suggest that prior to the construction of the current house there was very little in the way of activity on site, as the majority date to the 19th century and later. A mix of finds also suggest that there have been disturbances in this part of the garden, although only to a depth of c.0.5m. The finds recorded consist of foil, coal, charcoal, oyster shell, a green bead, slate, clay pipe, glass, CBM, tile, iron nails and a piece of plastic. The earlier pottery also identified however suggests that the land was utilised, albeit marginally to the likely continual focus of activity along the Gaywood River during the Roman, medieval and post medieval periods. A piece of possible worked flint may be later prehistoric in date, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit two (GAY/13/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a likely early 20th century end of terrace property fronting the main north-south road through the village (113 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563670 320878).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Roman pottery was excavated from the lower half of GAY/13/2 and was mixed in with a range of both medieval and post Figure 41: Location map of GAY/13/2 medieval wares of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, German Stoneware, Late medieval Ware and Chinese Porcelain. The vast majority of the pottery identified however dates as Victorian.

RB EMW GRIM GS LMT CP VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 4 30 1800-1900 2 2 22 268 1800-1900 2 3 2 9 20 81 1200-1900 2 4 4 12 1 3 5 19 1100-1900 2 5 2 4 1200-1400 2 6 1 4 1 7 4 61 1200-1900 2 7 1 47 100-400 2 8 1 4 1750-1800 Table 30: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/2

The vast majority of the finds and pottery excavated from GAY/13/2 date to after the construction of the house, most likely during the early 20th century, particularly given the disturbances evident through the upper four contexts of the test pit. The limited pre-19th century finds suggest that there was most likely occupation through the medieval period on site until the 15th century. After which it was likely left as open fields until the current houses were built along Wootton Road. From the test pitting so far undertaken in Gaywood, a cluster of Roman activity has been identified along the western side of Wootton Road, along the Gaywood River, the southern extent of which is at GAY/13/2, so the site may also have been fields at that time. The finds excavated from the test pit consist of coal, slate, iron nails, glass, an old light bulb filament, CBM, clay pipe, a toy plastic BP sign, tile and brick fragments, pieces of scrap metal, cockle shell, animal bone, modern brick and pieces of metal, mortar, melted plastic, slag, a metal screw and a coat hook. Possible worked flint was also recorded that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit three (GAY/13/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the enclosed front garden of a likely late 19th century house set back from the main road, close to the centre of the village. It was also the western of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/13/4 (58 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563605 320709).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A wide range of pottery types were excavated from GAY/13/3, mainly dating to the medieval period as Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Late Medieval Ware and Cistercian Ware. Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware Figure 42: Location map of GAY/13/3 was also recorded with post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware, Midland Blackware, Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware and as Victorian.

IPS EMW GRIM LMT CW GRE MB SWSG VIC Date TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Range 720- 3 2 1 9 1 2 1 2 1 28 6 7 1900 1100- 3 3 2 12 3 39 1 3 3 15 1 2 1 1 1 1 1900 720- 3 5 1 9 3 44 6 30 1550 720- 3 6 1 14 1 8 1 5 1550 Table 31: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/3

The evidence of Middle Saxon activity identified at GAY/13/3 is focused away from the cluster of occupation at that time, as recorded through the test pitting process, which is further north along the eastern bank of the Gaywood River. The occupation likely shifted in the Late Saxon period as no evidence from that date was recorded from the test pit, but activity was again evident into the medieval period and was generally abandoned into the 16th century, when the area likely became open fields. Even after the house was built there seems to have been limited disturbances evident, most likely due to the location of the test pit within the front garden of the property, as most of the time the domestic rubbish was deposited to the rear of the property. The few finds also recorded consist of tile, CBM, glass, animal bone and coal.

Test Pit four (GAY/13/4)

Test pit four was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a likely late 19th century house set back from the main road, close to the centre of the village. It was also the eastern of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/13/3 (58 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563654 320699).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.55m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/13/4 dates to the medieval period as Figure 43: Location map of GAY/13/4 Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Developed Stamford Ware, Grimston Ware and German Stoneware. A single sherd of Staffordshire Slipware was also recorded with eight sherds of Victorian wares.

EMW DSW GRIM GS SS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 2 3 3 800-1900 4 3 4 8 3 14 1100-1900 4 4 2 6 1 4 1 8 1 1 1100-1900 4 5 34 121 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 1 1100-1900 4 6 3 12 1100-1200 Table 32: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/4

Despite the proximity of the two test pits excavated within this property, the earliest evidence for occupation on site is from the medieval period, particularly between the 12th and 14th centuries, after which is was likely utilised as open fields until the current house was built. Two sherds of quite rare 15th century pottery were also recorded as coming from a drinking vessel from Germany, called a ‘jakobakanne’. The other finds also recorded consist of CBM, glass, coal, slate, animal bone, iron nails, tile, a thin metal cap, pieces of scrap metal and metal bolts with a possible rubber surround. The possible worked flint also recorded may be of a later prehistoric date, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit five (GAY/13/5)

Test pit five was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of an early/mid-20th century house set along the main road north out of the village. It was also the eastern of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/13/6 (141 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563749 321041).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/13/5 dates to both the Middle and Late Saxon period as Ipswich and Thetford Ware respectively. A single small sherd of Victorian Figure 44: Location map of GAY/13/5 pottery was also recorded from context one.

IPS THET VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 1 1800-1900 5 3 2 38 720-850 5 4 3 68 1 2 720-900 5 5 1 34 720-850 Table 33: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/5

The presence of both Middle and Late Saxon pottery from GAY/13/5 suggests that there was occupation on site during the 8th and 9th centuries, which is also in quite a dense area of activity along the eastern bank of the Gaywood River, as identified through the test pitting strategy. The few later finds and pot also recovered from the test pit seems to most likely suggest that the land has then been kept as open fields until the current houses were built. The finds consist of coal, oyster shell, asbestos, glass and an iron nail.

Test Pit six (GAY/13/6)

Test pit six was excavated in the long enclosed rear garden of an early/mid-20th century house set along the main road north out of the village. It was also the western of two pits excavated here; see also GAY/13/5 (141 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563717 321053).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. Natural was Figure 45: Location map of GAY/13/6 not found, but due to time constraints and the presence of the water table, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small amount of pottery was excavated from GAY/13/6 and has been identified as Roman, Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and as Victorian.

RB IPS GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 4 100-400 6 2 3 10 1800-1900 6 4 1 2 1550-1600 6 6 2 32 720-850 Table 34: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/6

Much like the results from GAY/13/5, the pottery from GAY/13/6 further supports the notion of Middle Saxon activity along the river bank, but the fact that this test pit was closer to the river and that the water table was encountered probably accounts for the fewer amounts of pottery that were excavated. Although Roman activity was also present and has been recorded as part of a larger cluster identified through the test pitting strategy in this part of the village. It seems likely that the site was generally utilised as open fields until the current houses were built. The few finds also recorded consist of oyster and cockle shell, animal bone, glass, foil, a plastic tag, a central core of a battery, brick and a large lump of possible iron waste.

Test Pit seven (GAY/13/7)

Test pit seven was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set in the far north of the village, along the main road (Crantock, 145 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563708 321071).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.7m. Natural was not Figure 46: Location map of GAY/13/7 found, but due to time constraints and the presence of the water table, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Two sherds of Grimston Ware were recorded from GAY/13/7 with three sherds of pottery identified as Victorian.

GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 1 8 1800-1900 7 2 1 1 1800-1900 7 5 1 2 1800-1900 7 6 2 5 1200-1400 Table 35: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/7

The presence of the water table at only 0.7m may explain why there was little found at GAY/13/7, with the majority of the activity identified through test pitting and particularly dating to the Saxon and medieval periods, being focused further south and east away from the Gaywood River. The site has likely always remained as open fields, peripheral to the occupation during the medieval period until the current house was built during the 20th century. From the finds, it is evident that there was a lot of recent disturbance on site, as many modern artefacts were recorded. These consist of a metal door handle and bracket, a possible metal handle, modern nails and screws, a key ring with melted plastic still attached to it, burnt painted wood, modern brick, CBM, tile, glass, oyster and cockle shell, animal bone, iron nails and possible vitrified CBM with slag attached.

Test Pit eight (GAY/13/8)

Test pit eight was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set back along the main road in the south of the village (Greylands, 40 Gayton Road, Gaywood. TF 564120 320375).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single small sherd of Victorian pottery was only excavated from context two of GAY/13/8.

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 8 2 1 3 1800-1900 Table 36: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/8

The few finds and pottery that were excavated from GAY/13/8 suggest that there was very little activity on site prior to the construction of the current house and that the site was likely Figure 47: Location map of GAY/13/8 always open fields. The finds consist of brick, clay pipe, CBM, glass, coal, tile, a metal button and a clear glass marble. The presence of burnt stone may also be an indication of later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit nine (GAY/13/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of modern house on the main road in the far north out of the village (290 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 564185 321963).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from GAY/13/9 dates as Victorian.

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 9 2 11 38 1800-1900 9 3 4 9 1800-1900 Figure 48: Location map of GAY/13/9 9 4 4 11 1800-1900 Table 37: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/9

The site at GAY/13/9 was the most northerly of all the test pits ever excavated in Gaywood, so is also quite a way from the centre of the original village. The few finds and pottery that were recorded from this test pit suggest that the site has remained as open fields until the current house was built. The finds consist of coal, snail, cockle, whelk and oyster shells, CBM, clay pipe, an iron rod and a tiny metal hoop – potentially from a pocket watch.

Test Pit 10 (GAY/13/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated in the long enclosed rear garden of a likely mid-20th century house set along the main road in the north of the village (159 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563776 321167).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test Figure 49: Location map of GAY/13/10 pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from GAY/13/10 dates as Victorian but a range of earlier wares were also recorded, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Cistercian Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and Midland Blackware. An additional two sherds of Roman pottery were also identified.

RB EMW GRIM CW GRE MB VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 1 2 7 1800-1900 10 2 3 11 1800-1900 10 3 2 8 1800-1900 10 4 1 1 5 21 1200-1900 10 5 2 20 1 2 5 19 1 2 1 1 4 4 100-1900 Table 38: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/10

The limited pre-19th century finds and pottery suggest that the site was most likely utilised as open fields until the current houses were built, particularly from the 12th century onwards. The lack of any Anglo Saxon finds also suggests that the area of both Middle and Late Saxon activity just south along the Gaywood River, as already identified through the test pitting strategy, does not continue north to GAY/13/10. Although there is also a spread of Roman activity also in this area, again identified through the test pitting that may have been part of a small settlement as open fields. The finds were found mixed through the test pit with the Victorian pottery and consist of glass, slag, cockle, mussel and oyster shells, animal bone, slate, Perspex, coal, CBM, tile, iron nails, modern brick and tile, mortar and clay pipe.

Test Pit 11 (GAY/13/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a mid-20th century house set along the main road north out of the village (139 Wootton Road, Gaywood. TF 563719 321039).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small amount of pottery was excavated from GAY/13/11 and mainly consists of both Middle Saxon Figure 50: Location map of GAY/13/11 Ipswich Ware and Grimston Ware. A Single sherd of Victorian pottery has also been identified.

IPS GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 4 2 20 1 11 720-1400 11 5 1 12 1 8 720-1900 Table 39: The pottery excavated from GAY/13/11

The lack of 19th century and later finds excavated from GAY/13/11 suggest that there has been very little in the way of disturbances on site and there is even not much in the way of evidence for manuring, even though this area has likely been utilised as open fields, prior to the construction of the current housing. There was activity between the 8th and 9th centuries that was probably part of a larger settlement along the Gaywood River at that time. After that there was little occupation until the medieval period. The few finds also recorded consist of modern tile, glass, oyster and cockle shells.

8 Discussion

The test pitting in Gaywood has contributed greatly to the wider understanding of the history and archaeology of the parish as well as its relationship to the development of King’s Lynn. The results from the three years of test pitting in the settlement are included in the analysis below. The pottery has been utilised as the main source of dating in this report, as pottery can be the most accurately dated, often within a hundred years of so and it is one of the most frequent finds recovered from the test pitting strategy. The results will be discussed in historical order below.

8.1 Prehistoric

Although no prehistoric features or pottery were excavated from any of the 39 archaeologial test pits in Gaywood, a reasonable amount of lithics were however recorded. These included pieces of burnt stone found from 20 of the test pits (figure 51) and pieces of worked flint that were recorded from 16 of the test pits (figure 52). The majority of these were probable flakes, although a flint blade was found from GAY/10/4 along Jermyn Road and a probable core from GAY/11/7 close ot the river. As the format of this writing is at the grey report stage a full analysis of the lithics has not been undertaken and only the presence of any worked flint or burnt stone has been recorded here. Because of this a definitive date cannot be assigned to the test pit lithics at the time of writing, but a later prehistoric date, such as Neolithic (4,000-2,200 BC) or Bronze Age (2,100-700 BC) is most likely, particularly given that this is the date of the majority of the finds already recorded on the HER.

Gaywood would have been an attractive place to settle in prehistory; particularly with the proximity to the river, the fen edge and the Wash for a wealth of natural resources as well as the lighter sandy soil ridge that Gaywood is founded, would have been ideal for farming as well as settlement. The salt marshes along the coast would also have attracted settlement in prehistory (Chris Blandford Associates 2007); Gaywood may have been too far inland for this, although salterns have been identified to date to the Late Anglo Saxon and medieval periods in the parish, it is therefore highly probable that these industrial activities could have their origins here in prehistory.

An area of Early Bronze Age settlement is known from Reffley Wood to the north of the river, and the lithics excavated during the test pitting may be contemporary with this or perhaps reflect an earlier phase of settlement on the south side of the river, although further work would be needed to prove this. Only one test pit was excavated to the north of the Gaywood River (GAY/13/9), but no lithics were found from this test pit. The distribution of the lithics and burnt stone shows that the majority of this later prehistoric activity was found from those test pits excavated close to the river, particularly around Wootton Road and spreading eastwards, with also some to the south and continuing along the slightly higher ground and out of the flood plain.

The test pitting has shown that a variety of lithic material is still present under the current settlement at Gaywood and that the prehistoric activity is more extensive than previously noted on the HER. Analysis of the lithics would further be able to pinpoint the date of the activity recorded here and pave the way for further work in the area.

Figure 51: The presence of burnt stone from the Gaywood test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000

Figure 52: The presence of worked flints from the Gaywood test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000

8.2 Romano-British

A total of only six sherds of Roman Greyware pottery was excavated from five of the 39 test pits, accounting for only 0.5% of all the pottery found from the Gaywood test pit excavations. The pottery mainly derived from the test pits sited along Wootton Road and from the north of Beulah Street GAY/11/11, GAY/13/2, GAY/13/6 and GAY/1310). One test pit, GAY/13/1, sited along Jermyn Road, yielded an additional single sherd of Romano-British pottery and appears to have been an isolated find, away from the cluster identified along the river (the distribution of the pottery can be seen in appendix 12.3).

The routes of both the Icknield Way and Peddars Way that both likely had their origins during prehistory, traversed south to north through the west of Norfolk. The Peddars Way in particular was developed by the Romans as a more formal routeway through the landscape to connect to the north Norfolk coast and there would have also likely been lesser roads travelling east-west. Gaywood would have not been too far from the wider Romano-British road network as well as being ideally placed for access to salt production areas in the marshes that would have continued to be of great importance due to the ever increasing demand for salt throughout the Roman Empire. The presence of villa’s in both Gayton and Grimston, just east of Gaywood shows that the lighter soils of this part of west Norfolk would have been under cultivation, and the pottery recorded through the test pitting are the first Romano-British finds to be found in Gaywood, although given that so few sherds were found, it is likely that this land was utilised as open fields; the pottery found here was potentially from manuring as no evidence for any settlement in the area has yet been found.

8.3 Anglo Saxon

The earliest evidence for post-Roman activity was from the Middle Anglo Saxon period (AD 700-849) where a total of 83 sherds of Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware pottery was found from 12 of the test pits and accounted from 6.93% of all the pottery excavated from the three years of test pitting. Four of the pits yielded over 10 sherds, while the rest contained between one and six sherds of Ipswich Ware (see maps in appendix 12.3). The largest concentrations of pottery were found from GAY/10/4, GAY/10/5, GAY/10/6 and GAY/11/1, all of which were sited relatively close together in gardens along the north of Wootton Road and hint that this may have been the core focus of the settlement from the 8th century AD. There may have even been a port of some kind here given the proximity to the River Gaywood, particularly as vast quantities of Ipswich Ware pottery were found here in west Norfolk, a likely trade around the Suffolk and Norfolk coast seems the most probable method of transport. These connections may well have spread further afield to the continent although no evidence of foreign trade was found during the test pitting, but it is possible that Gaywood had one of the earliest ports around the Wash, a precursor for King’s Lynn once the marshland was reclaimed during the high medieval period.

One of the test pits that yielded 11 sherds of Ipswich Ware pottery (GAY/10/4) along Wootton Road, also found the likely remains of a sunken featured building (SFB), characteristic of Anglo Saxon settlement. Given that this feature was found at a relatively shallow depth of 0.4m below the ground, and the large quantities of Middle Saxon pottery that were found in the immediate area it is highly probable that additional Anglo Saxon structural remains could still survive under the gardens in Gaywood. Also found from this test pit were the unusual finds of a number of shark teeth, which either further illustrates the how the local inhabitants of Gaywood were exploiting their local

natural resources out of the Wash or this could be evidence of trade coming to Britain from great distances.

This cluster of Middle Anglo Saxon activity along Wootton Road has been well defined by the test pitting strategy, as test pits excavated to the north and south of this area produced no Anglo Saxon pottery, although test pits were not able to be excavated immediately east of this area, so it is not known how far this activity extends eastwards. The results show however that there was definitely two and perhaps three separate foci of settlement during the Middle Saxon period; the largest concentration was found at Wootton Road, as already discussed, with perhaps a port. A smaller, separate area of activity was noted south along Wootton Road (to the south of Rosebery Avenue) and a third area was identified inland to the east, between what is now Field Lane and Kensington Road and close to Gaywood Primary School. This third area may support what has already been recorded on the HER and it was in this vicinity that the rare Middle Anglo Saxon brooch was found.

The Late Anglo Saxon (AD 850-1065) activity recorded in Gaywood through the test pitting strategy followed same pattern that was identified for the Middle Anglo Saxon period, with three separate foci of settlement. A total of 60 sherds of Thetford Ware and St Neots Ware were found from 10 of the test pits, and accounting for just 5% of all the pottery recorded from Gaywood. Three of these pits contained more than 10 sherds of Late Saxon pottery; GAY/10/5 and GAY/11/1, were sited in the larger area of occupation along Wootton Road as a continuation of the Middle Anglo Saxon possible port area adjacent to the river (Lewis 2014). An increase of activity was also noted at the second focus of activity to the south of Rosebery Road at GAY/11/16, to suggest that the settlement started to expand from the 9th century, although the inland site identified by Gaywood Primary School, still remained the smallest area of activity of the three (see maps in appendix 12.3), but all three continued to grow and develop as Gaywood was described as a thriving community in the Domesday Book with industrial activities also present such as salt making and milling.

8.4 Medieval

It was from the 11th century that the town of King’s Lynn developed, sited immediately west of Gaywood on reclaimed salt marsh, so much so that by the 13th century it was one of the most significant and prosperous ports in Britain (Chris Blandford Associates 2007). However, the settlement in Gaywood was not entirely abandoned, a total of 187 sherds of high medieval pottery (AD 1066-1399) were found from 24 of the 39 test pits, a total of 15.63% of all the pottery found. Again there was no imported pottery, but with many local potteries, such as at Grimston, just in of Gaywood as well as nearby Stamford and other non-specified sites across the east of England (appendix 12.1), there may not have been the need. The distribution of this pottery is seen to spread out from the separate areas of settlement that were established during the Anglo Saxon period, in particular along Wootton Road to connect the one separate areas, perhaps as a precursor for the modern road. New areas of activity were also noted for the first time during the high medieval, including next to the church, for which there is no record during the late Anglo Saxon, as well as further east, extending from Gayton Road north through the primary school to the river.

There is a significant decrease in the pottery recorded from the Gaywood test pits dating to the late medieval (AD 1400 -1539), compared to the high medieval, with only 25 sherds of later medieval pottery found from eight of the test pits and just 2% of all the pottery found. Most of the types of pottery found again were made in England, 76

although perhaps with the influence of the thriving port in King’s Lynn, for the first time imported pottery has been recorded in Gaywood. These include four sherds of German Stoneware that were found from three test pits (GAY/11/12, GAY/13/2 and GAY/13/4) and although production of this type of pottery continues through the post medieval, the production start date is during the later medieval and has therefore been recorded with the later medieval data as so few sherds were found. Two of these sherds however were from the same pot, identified as a Jakobakanne drinking vessel that was found from GAY/13/4 is also quite a rare find (see appendix 12.1). This was found in an area to the south of Rosebery Street, one of the original separate areas of Anglo Saxon occupation that seemed to be more prevalent through the high medieval and during the later medieval had owners of perhaps a higher status.

No evidence was found during the test pitting of the medieval hospital of St Mary Magdalene or for the medieval manor sites as the test pits were generally not sited in these areas. Gaywood is often overlooked during the medieval period given the presence of nearby King’s Lynn, but the test pitting has shown that it continued to be a thriving settlement, perhaps providing produce for the growing town, as it has been suggested that Lynn was more of an industrial town rather than an agricultural community (Silvester 1988). The decrease in pottery between the high and later medieval could be due to a number of factors and events that took place during the 14th century. The century began with a population boom, which then subsequently led to over population in some areas as well as land shortages and depleted soils. This was not helped by a series of both poor harvests and bad winters, subsequent famine and then of the course the Black Death that swept through the county. Although the amount of pottery found from the test pits cannot be equated to population figures at that time, the substantial decline in the amount of pottery recovered from the test pits likely does reflect a severe population decline due to the Black Death. There may also have been small shifts in the settlement which would affect where the pottery was deposited, but the pottery distribution maps (appendix 12.3) do show that the later medieval pottery was only found in three areas, interestingly in similar locations to the original settlement foci dated to the Anglo Saxon period (Lewis 2016).

8.5 Post Medieval and later

The vast majority of the finds and pottery excavated from the Gaywood test pits are post medieval and later in date. A total of 80 sherds of post medieval (AD 1540-1799) pottery were found from 24 of the test pits (6.68% of all the pottery found). The pottery was again mainly English made, with sites in Harlow (Essex) and Norwich (Norfolk) identified along with more generally from Staffordshire and the Midlands. Imports were low, which is perhaps surprising given the proximity of Gaywood to the major port of King’s Lynn, but it may mean that the demand or need for imported pottery was just not there, or it still remains to be found. Four sherds of Cologne Stoneware were found from three test pits (GAY/10/2, GAY/11/8 and GAY/11/13) and four sherds of Chinese Porcelain were also recorded from only three test pits (GAY/11/14, GAY/11/15 and GAY/13/2). The majority of these imports were found along Wootton Road, as a cluster to the south of Beulah Street (figure 53), with one of the sherds of Cologne Stoneware (GAY/11/8) found in the same garden as the rare later medieval import of German Stoneware Jakobakanne from GAY/13/4, which may hint at a continuation of a slightly higher status family occupying the site, or perhaps a family benefiting from the trade links established through the busy port of King’s Lynn. It appears that the settlement was also able to recover quite quickly after the Black Death, expanding once again into the areas occupied during the high medieval as well as spreading further east, although this may have mainly been utilised for agriculture. 77

Figure 53: The presence of imported post medieval pottery excavated from the Gaywood test pits NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 5,000

A number of fragments of disarticulated human bone were found from GAY/10/3 along Wootton Road that was found a couple of houses to the north of the supposed site of a post medieval cemetery already identified on the HER at 118 and 120 Wootton Road (NHER 5544). The amount of bone found here does show that the extent of the cemetery could well be greater than previously thought and may even bring into question the date of the cemetery, assumed to be post medieval in date. The fact that the human remains have been found very close to the cluster of both Anglo Saxon and medieval activity, close to the road and perhaps an original port site pre-dating Lynn may warrant further investigation that the human remains found along Wootton Road may be earlier in date.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from the Gaywood test pitting dated to the 19th century and later, with a total of 755 sherds found from all the test pits, a whopping 63.1% of all the pottery found. There was a marked population drop in Gaywood during the first half of the 19th century due to a wider de-population of the countryside across Norfolk, as reflected in the population census, but activity in Gaywood continued to be quite widespread through the settlement that continued to expand as it gradually became absorbed as a suburb of King’s Lynn.

9 Conclusion

The 39 archaeological test pits that were excavated in the settlement of Gaywood, as part of the University of Cambridge’s Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) with the help of Norfolk County Council, have yielded archaeological evidence for settlement in the parish dating from the later prehistoric period through to the modern day. All the test pit results have also added to the ‘bigger picture’ of the development of Gaywood and its relationship to Kings Lynn which adds to both the previous archaeology and historical references to the settlement as well as also providing a new insight into the level of archaeological remains that are still present under Gaywood.

Gaywood in prehistory would have been on the edge of salt marshes that were just to the west as well as along the River Gaywood; an optimum position for settlement at this time with a wealth of nearby local resources. The test pitting supported what had already been found in the parish with additional lithic material found from alongside the river, which was also the same for the small amount of Romano-British pottery also found and is the first of this date to be found in the parish. It was during the Middle Anglo Saxon period though that Gaywood as a settlement developed with three possible separate foci of settlement, the largest of these was along Wootton Road where there was also found structural remains and the unusual find of some shark teeth. These three settlement foci continued through the Late Anglo Saxon, until the settlement expanded again into the high medieval, contemporary with the development of King’s Lynn, likely as a precursor to the current settlement layout. It seems that Gaywood was affected by the various social and economic factors of the 14th century that caused the settlement to shrink and shift, including the Black Death, but was able to quite rapidly recover. It has only been since the later 19th century that Gaywood had substantially expanded again as it was gradually included into the wider settlement of King’s Lynn.

There is plenty of scope for further archaeological work in Gaywood. It is recommended that all the lithics from the test pits are analysed by a lithic expert, which will more accurately pin point the date and spread of the prehistoric activity in the parish. Further excavation at GAY/10/4 where the Saxon SFB was recorded would be useful in determining the full scope of this feature and if any other remains can be found. The same is also true for the excavation that yielded the disarticulated human remains to find a date for these remains and to determine if they are a part of the supposed post medieval cemetery already recorded on the HER. The test pitting strategy is heavily reliant on people volunteering gardens and open spaces for the excavations so there is also scope for additional excavations in the village to ‘fill in the gaps’. Re-examining some of the test pits that did not reach natural (15 of the 39 were not able to excavated to natural in the time available) would also add to the picture of the archaeology in Gaywood. Although a lot of the archaeology in the parish has been disturbed by later developments, there is still plenty of evidence under the extent of the current settlement.

10 Acknowledgements

All the excavations in Gaywood were directed by Carenza Lewis, with on-site supervision provided by Catherine Collins, Clemency Cooper, Jessica Rippengal, Jenni French, Robert Gardner-Sharp, Andrew Rogerson of Norfolk County Council and Paul Blinkhorn, who also analysed the pottery. Additional support was also provided by members of the King’s Lynn and West Norfolk Archaeological Society. The Higher Education Field Academy in 2010 and 2011 was funded by Aim Higher Norfolk and the European Social Fund, managed by Lorraine Sturman and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The 2013 excavations were funded by the Widening Participation Fund at the University of Cambridge and for their ongoing support of ACA we are very grateful.

Our local coordinator in Gaywood was Stuart Hall of Norfolk County Council, who also found all the test pit sites prior to each excavations and was on-hand during the digs for further advice and support. Stuart also kindly consulted on this report. Our base for each excavations was the Gaywood Community Centre.

Our gratitude must go to all the property owners in Gaywood who allowed the excavations to continue in their gardens and open spaces. Thank you also to the 149 Year 9 and Year 10 school students who excavated the test pits and the staff and volunteers who supervised them, along with Student ambassadors from the University of East Anglia. The schools involved with the excavations were The Park High School, Smithdon High School, Springwood High School, Marshland High School, King’s Lynn Academy, the King Edward VII School and The Thetford Academy (school names correct at the time of the excavations).

11 References

Aston, M.A. and Gerrard, C. 1999. ‘Unique, traditional and charming: The Shapwick Project, Somerset’ The Antiquaries Journal, 79: 1-58

Beresford, M.W. 1957. The Lost Villages of England. London

Beresford, M.W. and Hurst, J.G. 1971. Deserted Medieval Villages. London

Chris Blandford Associates. 2007. King’s Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Landscape Character Assessment. King’s Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council. Accessed from: https://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/downloads/download/77/landscape_character_assessment (accessed December 2017)

Gerrard, C. 2003. Medieval Archaeology: understanding traditions and contemporary approaches. London

Green, B. 1994. ‘The Iron Age’ In Wade-Martins, P (Ed) An Historical Atlas of Norfolk. Norwich: Norfolk Museums Service

Hoskins, W.G. 1955. The Making of the English Landscape. London

Joby, R. 1994. ‘Waterways’. In Wade-Martins, P. (Ed) An Historical Atlas of Norfolk. Norwich: Norfolk Museums Service

Jones, R and Page, M. 2007. Medieval Villages, Beginning and Ends. Windgather Press

Lewis, C. 2005. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2005’, MSRG Annual Report 20: 9-16

Lewis, C. 2006. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2006’, MSRG Annual Report 21: 37-44

Lewis, C. 2007a. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2007’, MSRG Annual Report 22: 48-56

Lewis, C. 2007b. ‘New Avenues for the Investigation of Currently Occupied Medieval Rural Settlement – Preliminary Observations from the Higher Education Field Academy’. Medieval Archaeology 51: 131-161

Lewis, C. 2008. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2008’, MSRG Annual Report 23: 60-68

Lewis, C. 2009. ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements: results of the HEFA CORDS project in 2008’. MSRG Annual Report 24: 60-68.

Lewis, C. 2012. ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements – results of the University of Cambridge CORS project in 2011’. MSRG Annual Report 2: 42-56

Lewis, C. 2013. ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements – results of the University of Cambridge CORS project in 2012’. MSRG Annual Report 28: 77-89

Lewis, C. 2014. ‘The Power of Pits: Archaeology, Outreach and Research in Living Landscapes’. In Boyle, K, Rabett, R.J and Hunt, C.O. (Eds) Living in the Landscape. Essays in Honour of Graeme Barker’. Cambridge University: McDonald Institute Monograph

Lewis, C. 2016. ‘Disaster recovery: new archaeological evidence for the long-term impact of the ‘calamitous’ fourteenth century’. Antiquity, Volume 90, Issue 351, pp777-797

Lewis, C; Mitchell Fox, P and Dyer, C.C. 2001. Village, Hamlet and Field. Macclesfield: Windgather

Penn, K. 2004. An Archaeological Watching Brief at 147 Wootton Road, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Norfolk Archaeological Unit Report No: 844

Mills, A.D. 2011. A Dictionary of British Place Names. First Edition Revised Oxford: University Press

Roberts, B.K. 1987. The Making of the English Village. Harlow

Roberts, B.K. and Wrathmell, S. 2000. An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England. London

Roberts, B.K. and Wrathmell, S. 2003. Region and Place. London

Silvester, R.J, 1988. The Fenland Project No.3: Marshland and the Nar Valley, Norfolk. East Anglian Archaeology, Report No: 45

Williams, A & Martin, G.H (Eds). 2003. Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. Volume II Great Domesday: Cambridgeshire to Lincolnshire. London: The Folio Society

12 Appendices

12.1 Pottery Reports – Paul Blinkhorn

All Pottery Types

RB: Roman Greyware. This was one of the most common types of Roman pottery, and was made in many different places in Britain. Lots of different types of vessels were made, especially cooking pots. It was most common in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, but in some places, continued in use until the 4th century.

IPS: Ipswich Ware. The first industrially produced pottery to be made after the end of the Roman period. Made in Ipswich, and fired in kilns, some of which have been excavated. Most pots were jars, but bowls also known, as are jugs. It is usually grey and quite smooth, although some pots have varying amounts of large sand grains in the clay. Very thick and heavy when compared to later Saxon pottery, probably because it was made by hand rather than thrown on a wheel. Dated AD720 – 850.

THET: Thetford ware. So-called because archaeologists first found it in Thetford, but the first place to make it was Ipswich, around AD850. Potters first began to make it in Thetford sometime around AD925, and carried on until around AD1100. Many kilns are known from the town. It was made in Norwich from about AD1000, and soon after at many of the main towns in England at that time. The pots are usually grey, and the clay has lots of tiny grains of sand in it, making the surface feel a little like fine sandpaper. Most pots were simple jars, but very large storage pots over 1m high were also made, along with jugs, bowls and lamps. It is found all over East Anglia and eastern England as far north as Lincoln and as far south as London.

SN: St Neots Ware. Made at a number of as-yet unknown places in southern England between AD900-1200. The early pots are usually a purplish-black, black or grey colour, the later one’s brown or reddish. All the sherds from this site date to AD1000 or later. The clay from which they were made contains finely crushed fossil shell, giving them a white speckled appearance. Most pots were small jars or bowls.

EMW: Early Medieval Sandy Ware: AD1100-1400. Hard fabric with plentiful quartz sand mixed in with the clay. Manufactured at a wide range of generally unknown sites all over eastern England. Mostly cooking pots, but bowls and occasionally jugs also known.

DSW: Developed Stamford Ware, 1150-1250. Highly decorated jugs made in the south Lincolnshire town of Stamford White or pale buff clay, with a mottled yellow and bright green glaze on the outside.

GRIM: Grimston Ware. Made at Grimston, near King’s Lynn. It was made from a sandy clay similar with a slight ‘sandpaper’ texture. The clay is usually a dark bluish- grey colour, sometimes with a light-coloured buff or orange inner surface. It was made between about AD1080 and 1400. All sorts of different pots were made, but the most common finds are jugs, which usually have a slightly dull green glaze on the outer surface. Between AD1300 and 1400, the potters made very ornate jugs, with painted designs in a reddish brown clay, and sometimes attached models of knights in armour or grotesque faces to the outside of the pots. It is found all over East Anglia and eastern England. A lot of Grimston ware has been found in Norway, as there is very

little clay in that country, and they had to import their pottery. Nearly half the medieval pottery found in Norway was made at Grimston, and was shipped there from King’s Lynn.

SHC: Medieval Shelly Ware. AD1100-1400. The clay has a lot of small pieces of fossil shell in it, giving the pots a speckled appearance. Sometimes, in acid soils, the shell dissolves, giving the sherds a texture like cork. Mainly cooking pots, although bowls and jugs were also made.

LMT: Late Medieval Earthenware. Fine, red, slightly sandy pottery with a reddish- orange glaze, very similar to GRE, but earlier, dating to 1400-1550.

CW: Cistercian Ware: Made between AD1475 and 1700. So-called because it was first found during the excavation of Cistercian monasteries, but not made by monks. A number of different places are known to have been making this pottery, particularly in the north of England and the midlands. The pots are very thin and hard, as they were made in the first coal-fired pottery kilns, which reached much higher temperatures than the wood-fired types of the medieval period. The clay fabric is usually brick red or purple, and the pots covered with a dark brown- or purplish-black glaze on both surfaces. The main type of pot was small drinking cups with up to six handles, known as ‘tygs’. They were sometimes decorated with painted dots and other designs in yellow clay. Cistercian ware was very popular, and is found all over England.

GS: German Stonewares. First made around AD1350, and some types still made today. Made at lots of places along the river Rhine in Germany, such as Cologne, Siegburg and Frechen. Very hard grey clay fabric, with the outer surface of the pot often having a mottled brown glaze, with some having blue and purple painted decoration, and others moulded medallions (‘prunts’) with coat-of-arms or mythical scenes on them. The most common vessel type was the mug, used in taverns in Britain and all over the world. Surviving records from the port of London (‘port books’) show that millions such pots were brought in by boat from Germany from around AD1500 onwards.

GRE: Glazed Red Earthenwares: Fine sandy earthenware, usually with a brown or green glaze, usually on the inner surface. Made at numerous locations all over England. Occurs in a range of practical shapes for use in the households of the time, such as large mixing bowls, cauldrons and frying pans. It was first made around the middle of the 16th century, and in some places continued in use until the 19th century. Such pottery was made in both Colchester and Chelmsford.

MB: Midland Blackware. AD1550 – 1700. Similar to GRE, but has a black glaze on one or both surfaces. Vessels usually tall cups, jugs and bowls. A pottery making such wares was operating in the ‘Babylon’ area of Ely.

HSW: Harlow Slipware. Similar to glazed red earthenware (GRE), but with painted designs in yellow liquid clay (‘slip’) under the glaze. Made at many places between 1600 and 1700, but the most famous and earliest factory was at Harlow in Essex.

WCS: Cologne Stoneware. Hard, grey pottery made in the Rhineland region of Germany from around 1600 onwards. Usually has lots of ornate moulded decoration, often with blue and purple painted details. Still made today, mainly as tourist souvenirs.

SS: Staffordshire Slipware. Made between about AD1640 and 1750. This was the first pottery to be made in moulds in Britain since Roman times. The clay fabric is usually a pale buff colour, and the main product was flat dishes and plates, but cups

were also made. These are usually decorated with thin brown stripes and a yellow glaze, or yellow stripes and a brown glaze.

CP: Chinese Porcelain. Hard, white, glassy pottery with blue-painted decoration. Imported from china in bulk from about 1740 onwards, usually bowls and plates.

ES: English Stoneware: Very hard, grey fabric with white and/or brown surfaces. First made in Britain at the end of the 17th century, became very common in the 18th and 19th century, particularly for mineral water or ink bottles and beer jars.

SMW: Staffordshire Manganese Ware, late 17th – 18th century. Made from a fine, buff-coloured clay, with the pots usually covered with a mottled purple and brown glaze. A wide range of different types of pots were made, but mugs and chamber pots are particularly common.

SWSG: Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. Hard, white pottery with a white glaze with a texture like orange peel. Made between 1720 and 1780, pots usually table wares such as tea bowls, tankards and plates.

VIC: ‘Victorian’. A wide range of different types of pottery, particularly the cups, plates and bowls with blue decoration which are still used today. First made around AD1800

12.1.1 2010 Pottery Results

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

This test-pit shows that people first used this site in the 8th century, and people appear to have been living here ever since. The deepest context produced only early pottery, and suggests that there are undisturbed Saxon remains here.

Test Pit 2

The pottery from this site shows that there were people living here in the Saxon period, during the 8th – 11th centuries, but the site was then abandoned. It then seems to have been used again in the 16th century, and people have been here ever since.

Test Pit 3

The results from this test-pit show that people were living here in the late Saxon and early medieval periods, probably the 10th – 13th centuries, but it was then abandoned until the 16th century, after which time it was intermittently used until Victorian times.

Test Pit 4

IPS THET GRIM SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 1 1 8 2 21 850-1900 4 3 4 24 4 11 1 4 720-1900 4 4 2 30 4 46 720-1300 4 20 5 87 720-850

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were living at the site from around the 8th to the 14th century, but then it was abandoned until relatively recently, probably the 18th century. The lowest context contained only Saxon pottery, and show that there undisturbed remains of 8th century date at the site.

Test Pit 5

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were living at the site from around the 8th to the 14th century, but then it was abandoned until relatively recently, probably the 17th century.

Test Pit 6

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were living at the site from around the 8th to the 14th century, but then it was abandoned until the 19th century.

12.1.2 2011 Pottery Report

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

The majority of the pottery from this test-pit was Saxon, and shows that there were people living at the site in the 8th – 9th centuries, and possibly right through until the 13th century. After that, the site appears to have been abandoned until the 19th century.

Test Pit 2

EMW GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 2 2 12 5 6 1200-1900 2 3 2 5 4 15 1100-1900 2 4 1 1 1800-1900 2 5 3 35 2 9 1100-1900 2 6 1 2 1100-1200

The range of pottery types from this test-pit shows that people were living at the site in the earlier part of the medieval period, the 12th – 13th centuries. The site then seems to have been abandoned until Victorian times.

Test Pit 3

GRE SS SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 2 1 1 1800-1900 3 3 3 5 1800-1900 3 4 3 22 1800-1900 3 5 3 23 1800-1900 3 6 1 5 7 11 1550-1900 3 7 1 2 4 10 3 5 1650-1900 3 8 1 1 1720-1760

All the pottery from this test-pit is post-medieval, and mostly Victorian, but it does appear that people were using the site from the 16th or 17th century onwards.

Test Pit 4

SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 2 3 4 1800-1900 4 3 1 1 3 6 1720-1900 4 4 9 11 1800-1900

Most of the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian and it so it would appear that people were not living at the site before that time, with the earliest material being one sherd dating to the 18th century.

Test Pit 5

IPS GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 4 2 6 720-1900 5 2 1 19 720-850 5 3 1 6 720-850 5 4 1 27 1200-1350 5 5 1 7 720-850

This test-pit produced mainly middle Saxon pottery showing that people were living at the site in the 8th and 9th centuries. After that it appears to have been abandoned until Victorian times, although the single sherd of medieval material shows that it was used then, possibly as fields.

Test Pit 6

EMW GRIM GRE SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 2 1100-1200 6 2 1 3 1 1 4 9 1100-1900 6 3 1 12 2 4 1200-1900 6 4 7 12 1800-1900 6 5 1 4 1 90 4 8 1200-1900 6 6 2 3 1800-1900

The pottery from this test-pit included some medieval material, showing that people were probably living at the site in the 12th and 13th centuries, but it then seems to have been more or less abandoned until the 19th century, although it could have been used as fields in the intervening period.

Test Pit 7

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 7 1 5 9 1800-1900 7 2 9 22 1800-1900 7 3 6 27 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, so it seems that people did not use the site before that time.

Test Pit 8

This test-pit produced a wide range of pottery which shows that people have been using the site since Saxon times, probably the 8th – 9th century. The range of other pottery types indicates that it has always been in use since that time.

Test Pit 9

Most of the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, but there were also other types present which show that the site was in use in the Late Saxon and medieval times, possibly from the 10th – 13th century. After that, it appears to have been more or less abandoned until the 18th or 19th century.

Test Pit 10

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 10 2 8 42 1800-1900 10 3 1 1 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, so it seems that people did not use the site before that time.

Test Pit 11

RB VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 2 3 9 1800-1900 11 3 4 8 1800-1900 11 7 1 6 100-400

All the pottery from this test-pit was Victorian, apart from a single piece of Roman material from the deepest context. As no other pottery was found, this suggests that the layer in which it was found is Roman in date. The site then appears to have been abandoned until the 19th century.

Test Pit 12

GS VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 1 7 14 1800-1900 12 2 8 33 1800-1900 12 3 8 22 1800-1900 12 4 1 8 1350-1600 12 5 2 2 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit was Victorian, apart from a single piece of late medieval Stoneware. This suggests that the site may have been fields at that time, but otherwise it does not appear to have been used much by people until the 19th century.

Test Pit 13

EMW GRIM GRE WCS SS SMW ES VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 1 1 2 1800-1900 13 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 1550-1900 13 3 3 16 1 1 1 1 1 2 1550-1900 13 4 5 11 2 5 2 2 1100-1900 13 5 1 5 1 1 1200-1700

This test-pit produced lots of different types of pottery, and shows that the site was used in the early medieval period, probably the late 11th – 12th century. It then appears

to have been abandoned until the late 16th or 17th century, but has been in use ever since.

Test Pit 14

The pottery from the deepest context in this test-pit dates to the 12th – 13th centuries, and shows that there are undisturbed strata of that date at that depth. The site then seems to have been abandoned until the late 16th - 17th century, with the range of types present showing that it has been in use ever since then.

Test Pit 15

TGE CP VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 15 1 3 24 1800-1900 15 2 1 4 4 25 1600-1900 15 3 10 55 1800-1900 15 4 1 4 2 5 1650-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit dates to the 17th century or later. This shows that it was not used by people before that time, and may have been abandoned in the 18th century, as there is no pottery of that date present.

Test Pit 16

This test-pit produced lots of different types of pottery, and they show that there were people living here from late Saxon times, probably the 10th century, until the 12th century, but also that it was then abandoned until the mid-16th century. It appears to have been used ever since. The deepest context produced only late Saxon pottery, and so must date to that period.

Test Pit 17

HSW SMW VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 17 1 1 7 2 3 1600-1900 17 2 1 3 1700-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit dates to the 17th century or later. This shows that it was not used by people before that time, but has probably been used ever since.

Test Pit 18

GRIM ES VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 18 1 2 31 1800-1900 18 2 1 2 5 21 1700-1900 18 3 1 2 1200-1350 18 6 1 3 1200-1350

This test-pit produced two sherds of medieval pottery which show that the site was probably in use in the 13th century. It then appears to have been abandoned until the 18th or 19th century.

Test Pit 19

GRIM GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 19 3 1 1 1 4 6 6 1200-1900

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, but that which is present shows the site was used in the 13th or 14th century, again in the 16th or 17th, and finally in Victorian times. It was probably fields for most of the time, and there would be much pottery if people had been living there.

Test Pit 20

GRIM SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 20 1 1 8 7 33 1200-1900 20 4 1 7 1 1 1 1 1200-1900

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, but that which is present shows the site was used in the 13th or 14th century, again in the early 18th century and finally in Victorian times. It was probably fields for most of the time, and there would be much pottery if people had been living there.

Test Pit 21

VIC TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 21 2 6 101 1990-2011 21 3 2 14 1800-1900 21 4 6 17 1800-1900 21 5 1 2 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, which suggests that the site was not used by people before that time.

Test Pit 22

VIC TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 22 1 12 24 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, which suggests that the site was not used by people before that time.

12.1.3 2013 Pottery Report

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

RB GRIM SS SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 2 1 4 1 3 15 39 1650-1900 1 3 1 25 19 41 100-1900 1 4 25 53 1800-1900 1 5 2 7 6 6 1800-1900

Most of the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, but the other types show that the site was probably used as fields in the Roman and medieval periods.

Test Pit 2

RB EMW GRIM GS LMT CP VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 4 30 1800-1900 2 2 22 268 1800-1900 2 3 2 9 20 81 1200-1900 2 4 4 12 1 3 5 19 1100-1900 2 5 2 4 1200-1400 2 6 1 4 1 7 4 61 1200-1900 2 7 1 47 100-400 2 8 1 4 1750-1800

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were probably using the site as fields in Roman times, then it was abandoned until the 12th century, at which time it was re-occupied, perhaps into the 15th century. It then seems to have been abandoned again until the Victorian era.

Test Pit 3

IPS EMW GRIM LMT CW GRE MB SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 2 1 9 1 2 1 2 1 28 6 7 720-1900 3 3 2 12 3 39 1 3 3 15 1 2 1 1 1 1 1100-1900 3 5 1 9 3 44 6 30 720-1550 3 6 1 14 1 8 1 5 720-1550

The site of this test-pit was used by people in Anglo-Saxon times, the 8th - 9th century, but then it was abandoned until the 12th century. It then seems to have been used again throughout the medieval period, then abandoned again in the 16th century, until people started using it again in the 18th or 19th century.

Test Pit 4

EMW DSW GRIM GS SS VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 2 3 3 800-1900 4 3 4 8 3 14 1100-1900 4 4 2 6 1 4 1 8 1 1 1100-1900 4 5 34 121 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 1 1100-1900 4 6 3 12 1100-1200

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were living at the site in the medieval period, from the 12th – 14th centuries. It then seems to have been largely abandoned until the 19th century. The sherds of GS are both from the same pot, a quite rare type of 15th century drinking vessel called a ‘jakobakanne’.

Test Pit 5

IPS THET VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 1 1800-1900 5 3 2 38 720-850 5 4 3 68 1 2 720-900 5 5 1 34 720-850

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were living at the site in the 8th and 9th centuries, but it was then abandoned until the Victorian era.

Test Pit 6

RB IPS GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 4 100-400 6 2 3 10 1800-1900 6 4 1 2 1550-1600 6 6 2 32 720-850

There was not very much pottery from this test-pit, but it shows that people were using the site in Roman and Anglo-Saxon times, and then in the post-medieval period.

Test Pit 7

GRIM VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 1 8 1800-1900 7 2 1 1 1800-1900 7 5 1 2 1800-1900 7 6 2 5 1200-1400

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, and it shows that the site was not used very much before the Victorian era, although it might have been fields in the medieval period.

Test Pit 8

VIC TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 8 2 1 3 1800-1900

The lack of pottery from this test-pit shows that the site was not used by people until quite recently

Test Pit 9

VIC TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 9 2 11 38 1800-1900 9 3 4 9 1800-1900 9 4 4 11 1800-1900

All the pottery from this site is Victorian, and shows that people did not use the site before that time.

Test Pit 10

RB EMW GRIM CW GRE MB VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 1 2 7 1800-1900 10 2 3 11 1800-1900 10 3 2 8 1800-1900 10 4 1 1 5 21 1200-1900 10 5 2 20 1 2 5 19 1 2 1 1 4 4 100-1900

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were probably using the site as fields in Roman times, then it was abandoned until the 12th century, from which time it was probably used as fields again, until people started living here again in the Victorian era.

Test Pit 11

IPS GRIM VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 4 2 20 1 11 720-1400 11 5 1 12 1 8 720-1900

The small amount of pottery from this test-pit shows that people were living at the site in the 8th and 9th centuries, but then it was abandoned until the medieval period, and then abandoned again until Victorian times.

12.2 Other Finds – Catherine Collins

12.2.1 2010 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 1 working pottery)

clay pipe stem x1 =5g, modern flat red tile corroded iron nails x1 fragments x3 =40g, clear container glass x3 black rubber car =7g, corroded coal x30 = modern pink/red CBM =8g, clear flat glass x2 toy wheels with C. 1 modern nail x1 =4g, 69g, chalk fragments x4 =59g, =2g, orange bottle glass corroded metal corroded iron scraps =1g red CBM fragments x x1 =1g axels x2 =2g x4 =6g, slag x1 =6g 1 =3g, dark yellow tile fragment =17g

fragment of broken red corroded iron nails x6 glass? object x26 = 39g, = 21g, metal bottle clear flat glass x2 =5g, top “KIA-ORA Ltd modern pinkish red red and black broken London W2” =2g, brick fragment = 340g, glass object fragments x3 part of the body thin flat metal hoop light red brick =9g, orange broken glass of a black =<1g, circular metal C. 2 fragment x1 =1224g, object fragments x6 =6g, coal x8 =9g plastic gun? bottle cap with red CBM fragments x2 green glass fragments x1 =7g, mortar? x1 ‘handles’ at each side =9g, dirty yellow CBM =2g, clear container =3g to lever it off the fragments x1 =3g glass x2 =9g, bottle? =13g, yellow/orange broken corroded metal part glass object fragments x2 of valve? x2 =17g =1g

clear container glass x11 = 50g, green bottle glass thin flat metal hoops x1 =3g, red broken glass x3 =3g, corroded iron coal x11 red CBM fragments x6 C.3 object fragments x3 =5g, nails x3 =27g, =36g, burnt =13g red and yellow broken corroded iron scraps stone? =3g glass objects x1 =1g, x3 =9g clear flat glass x2 =4g

corroded iron nails x3 =29g, small corroded head of black iron tack =2g, small plastic torch clear flat glass x1 =4g, lump of lead? =10g, =9g, black lino? red CBM fragments x3 coal x5 C.4 clear container glass x3 corroded scraps of x2 =1g, oyster =7g =10g =11g iron x3 =17g, shell x1 =2g, yellow/orange broken charred wood glass object x1 =<1g fragments x1 =2g

modern pinkish red flat tile fragment x1 =29g, small corroded iron red CBM fragments x6 clear container glass x1 nail x1= <1g, red and grey C.5 coal x5 =2g =30g, pinkish red and =5g corroded iron scraps plastic =1g yellow flat tile x2 =2g fragment x1 =5g modern pinkish red CBM with concrete/mortar on outside x2 =228g, corroded iron scraps mortar? X5 C.6 modern pinkish red x2 =6g, slag x1 =2g =<1g CBM fragments x2 =3g, red CBM fragments x1 =<1g Table 40: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/1

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 2 working pottery) concrete/mortar red CBM fragments x1 corroded iron nails x2 C. 1 x1 =4g, yellow =8g =22g plastic x1 =<1g

flat red tile fragments x1 =13g, modern pinkish/red CBM clear container slag x5 = 145g, fragments x1 =29g, glass x4 =5g, unidentified scrap chalk x1 =2g, dark yellow flat tile oyster shell x2 C. 2 degraded green metal object =5g, coal x8 =7g, fragments x1 =10g, =2g glass x1 =1g, clear corroded iron nail x1 slate x4=5g clay pipe stem x3 =4g, flat glass x1 =<1g =1g red CBM fragments x5 =7g, dark yellow CBM fragments x1 =1g

dark yellow flat tile fragments x1 =23g, red clear flat glass x1= corroded iron scraps C.3 coal =1g CBM fragments x1 =5g, 1g x2 =16g clay pipe stem x2 =3g

dirty yellow CBM clear container coal x7 =7g, fragments x2 =70g, glass x1 =2g, chalk x1 C.4 clay pipe stem x6 =8g, green bottle glass slag x1 =4g, =<1g, burnt red CBM fragments x4 x1 =1g, clear flat stone =20g =9g glass x1 =<1g

coal x4 =1g, red CBM fragments x1 clear container corroded iron scraps slate x2 =1g, grey plastic? x1 C.5 =27g glass x1 =<1g x1= 3g waste flint? =<1g x1 =17g Table 41: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/2

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 3 working pottery)

modern pink/red large thick hexagon CBM fragments clear container glass coal x3=14g, C. 1 nut = 94g, corroded oyster shell x1 =5g x6=17g, red CBM x5 =22g slate x1 =2g iron nails x1 =2g fragments x1 =<1g

green bottle glass x2 modern pink/red oyster shell x2 =15g, clear waste flint? CBM fragments x5 corroded iron nails =<1g, metal toy container glass x7 x1 =14g, coal =66g, red CBM x2 =17g, strip of ring with =16g, opaque x15 =17g, C. 2 fragments x4 =8g, thin flat metal =5g, rectangular setting container glass with slate x2 =4g, clay pipe stem x3 corroded iron of picture of bird green rim =<1g, chalk x1 =5g, grey and yellow scraps x1 =8g on branch in clear clear flat glass x2 =<1g CBM x1 =14g glass/plastic =2g =3g modern red/pink CBM fragments x13 green bottle glass x7 = 81g, red/yellow = 31g, clear CBM fragments x1 coal x16 oyster shell x1 container glass x5 corroded iron nails C.3 =7g, clay pipe stem =21g, chalk =1g, concrete x1 =14g, orange bottle x1 =9g, slag x1 =5g x1 =1g, yellow x4 =10g =3g glass x1 =7g, clear glazed tile? =2g, red flat glass x6 =5g CBM fragments x6 =5g clay pipe bowl and stem fragment x1 green plastic/glass? oyster shell x2 =4g, modern cube with ridges corroded lumps of =2g, mussel shell pink/red CBM C.4 down the edges metal and pot/tile coal x5 =6g fragments x1 fragments x1 =10g, =9g, clear container =50g =<1g, snail shell clay pipe stem x1 glass x4 = 13g fragments x4 =2g =2, red CBM fragments x2 =10g

oyster shell x7 red CBM fragments clear container glass coal x6 =10g, =10g, cockle shell C.5 x2 =9g, clay pipe x1 =<1g, clear flat chalk x1 =3g x3 =2g, whelk? stem x1 =4g glass x1 =4g shell x3 =2g

clay pipe bowl fragments x1 =1g, green bottle glass x1 coal x7 = lump of corroded oyster shell x5 C.6 clay pipe stem x1 =2g, clear flat glass 23g, chalk x1 metal = 183g =27g =2g, red CBM x1 =2g =2g fragments x4 =7g

corroded iron nails oyster shell x16 = C.7 coal x1 =<1g x1 =10g 19g clay pipe stem x1 oyster shell x5 C.8 =3g, red CBM =116g, snail shell fragments x1 =5g x2 =1g modern pink/red corroded iron nails coal x8 = C.9 CBM fragments x1 x1 =15g, lump of 34g, burnt =6g corroded metal = 7g stone =7g Table 42: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/3

100

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 4 working pottery)

clay pipe stem x1 oyster shell x1 corroded iron nails =<1g, red CBM =1g, breeze x1 =2g, slag x2 coal x5 =20g, C. 1 fragments x 1 =<1g, block? x1 =5g, =18g, corroded iron slate x1 =5g yellow/orange flat tile concrete? x2 bolt x1 =59g fragments x3 =25g =27g

dark yellow flat tile concrete x2 =48g, fragments x2 =42g, degraded green slag x9 =117g, coal x9 =21g, black glassy red CBM fragments x4 C. 2 bottle glass x1 corroded iron burnt stone x1 vitrified =14g, modern pinkish =5g scraps x1 =4g =3g material?? x1 red CBM fragments x2 =13g =22g

oyster shell x9 coal x18 =24g, slag x6 =49g, =21g, concrete x3 red CBM fragments clear container chalk x4 =14g, C.3 corroded iron nails =10g, animal x13 = 102g glass x1 =2g burnt stone x2 x1 =6g bone x2 =4g, grey =13g mortar? x1 =14g

greyish red CBM oyster shell x29 = fragments x2 =174g, coal x2 =6g, 67g, cockle shell dark yellow CBM burnt stone x3 clear container x2 =3g, shark C.4 fragments x1 =1g, clay slag? =5g =11g, waste glass x1 =0g tooth x1 =<1g, pipe stem x1=1g, red flint? x1=8g, animal bone x5 CBM fragments x5 chalk x3 =5g =4g =10g

red/yellow CBM slag/stone?? x1 oyster shell x5 C.5 chalk x1 =3g fragments x2 =17g =19g =66g orange/yellow CBM burnt stone? x2 fragments x1 =2g, red lumps of corroded =59g, small flint oyster shell x4 C.20 CBM fragments x3 iron x3 =103g blade =1g, coal =38g =62g x1=3g Table 43: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/4

101

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

possible slag and modern orangey red CBM fragments x3 = black cloth =1g, CBM with 30g, corroded iron partially melted slate x1 =2g, C. 1 mortar/concrete x1 scraps x3 =6g, plastic wrapper coal x3 =3g =50g, clay pipe stem corroded iron nails x3 =<1g, concrete x2 x2 =9g =23g, thin metal wire =16g =1g

slag x7 = 43g, dirty yellow CBM corroded iron scraps burnt stone oyster shell x3 fragments x2 =3g, red x4 =8g, modern x3 =11g, coal C. 2 =7g, cockle shell CBM fragments x3 metal screw =26g, x52 = 89g, x4 =<1g =8g corroded iron nails x6 chalk x2 =5g =32g

coal x16 red CBM fragments x3 clear flat glass corroded iron bolt? x1 oyster shell x18 = C.3 =17g, burnt =31g x2 =2g =60g 28g stone x3 = 6g

red CBM fragments x3 coal x4 =8g, oyster shell x9 C.4 =24g chalk x2 =1g =16g oyster shell x7 chalk x1 =2g, red CBM fragments x2 =17g, nut shell x1 C.5 slag x1 =9g burnt stone =7g =<1g, mortar? x6 x2 =5g =4g corroded iron scraps oyster shell x5 C.6 chalk x2 =4g x3 =12g =8g coal x5 =11g, red CBM fragments x3 chalk x3 =6g, oyster shell x8 C.7 =8g burnt stone =18g x1 =5g

slightly curved? red tile fragments x1 = C.8 63g, flat red tile fragments x2 =57g Table 44: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/5

102

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

corroded L shaped plate of iron red CBM fragments C. 1 painted green = plastic? button =<1g x4 =10g 221g, corroded iron nails x1 =12g

clear container glass x2 =14g, coal x3 =30g, flat red tile small metal cog? C. 2 clear flat glass x1 burnt stone? fragments x1 =19g =2g =3g, green bottle x1 = 13g glass x1 =1g

slag x3 = 112g, red CBM fragments corroded iron part of blue plastic green bottle glass C.3 x7 =63g, flat red tile scraps x2 =19g, coal x9 = 30g peg? =<1g, oyster x1 =24g fragments x1 =22g corroded iron nails shell x2 =7g x2 =11g

very soft burnt paper? x23 = <1g, cloth x1=2g, cockle corroded iron red CBM fragments clear container shell x5 =2g, small scraps x3 =72g, coal x30 =74g, x7 =45g, dark glass x2 =19g, red plastic cap to a C.4 corroded iron nails burnt stone x1 yellow CBM clear flat glass x2 tube? =<1g, green x3 =19g, slag x5 =6g fragments x6 =18g =7g glass and blue =58g Perspex layered together? =3g, oyster shell x2 =5g

red CBM fragments slag x2 =57g, oyster shell x10 = x2 =9g, dark yellow corroded iron nails C.5 coal x1 =5g 130g, cockle shell CBM fragments x2 x2 =36g, corroded x1 =1g =10g iron scraps x2 =6g

corroded iron oyster shell x21 = red CBM fragments C.6 scraps x1 =4g, slag coal x4 =17g, 78g, mussel shell x9 x2 =3g x3 =24g =5g

slag x3 = 18g, oyster shell x13 = red CBM fragments corroded iron nails coal x5 =8g, 36g, cockle shell x6 x4 = 12g, dark C.7 x1 =6g, corroded burnt stone x1 =4g, mussel shell yellow CBM iron scraps x3 =2g x13 =13g, snail shell fragments x1 =2g =10g x5 =2g

oyster shell x4 clay pipe =16g, cockle shell C.8 coal x1 =2g stem/fossil? =2g x1 =2g, mussel shell x2 =3g

corroded iron nails x2 =13g, corroded Unknown lump of iron =14g,

Context small lump of lead? = 7g, small key hole cover? =2g Table 45: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/10/6

103

12.2.2 2011 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 1 working pottery)

dark yellow CBM x3 slate x5 =44g, tarmac? x2 =113g, curved red corroded iron nails x2 coal x7 =52g, C. 1 =282g, roof tile =128g, red =15g waste flint concrete? =9g CBM x4 =165g flake? =7g

large slightly curved red roof tile =931g, coal x3 =18g, tarmac x8 curved red tile x4 corroded iron nail =5g, C. 2 slate =2g, burnt =501g, oyster =552g, red CBM x7 slag =23g stone =12g shell =6g =52g, dark yellow CBM x3 =32g

‘granite’ like red CBM x3 =43g, modern nail =5g, tarmac x2 green bottle glass stone =39g, C.3 dark yellow CBM corroded iron scrap =31g, mortar =2g slate =5g, =11g =50g =18g chalk =2g

C.4 clay pipe stem =2g corroded iron nail =3g oyster shell =7g

red CBM and mortar coal x2 =3g, C.5 oyster shell =3g =13g burnt stone =2g

coal x2 =5g, tarmac? =34g, pink CBM =3g, red burnt stone x2 C.6 oyster shell x17 CBM x2 =4g =13g, waste =58g flint? =6g

coal x3 =15g, corroded iron nail oyster shell x4 C.7 burnt stone? =17g, slag? =36g =28g =8g Table 46: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/1

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 2 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

rectangular grey leather tag for C. 1 clothes or a bag – no writing visible =4g

coal x9 =27g, red CBM x2 =4g, corroded iron lump smooth rectangular C. 2 dark yellow/pink flat black plastic =2g =2g stone – like a whet tie =6g stone? =8g

corroded iron C.3 red CBM x3 =109g coal =<1g oyster shell =<1g scraps x3 =40g corroded iron scrap C.4 =2g oyster shell =4g, C.5 red CBM x2 =6g cockle shell x17 =10g cockle shell x10 C.6 red CBM x2 =4g =12g Table 47: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/2

104

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working lump clear container slate =1g, C. 1 concrete/mortar? glass =2g waste flint? =1g =110g

red CBM and clear flat glass x4 corroded iron nail C. 2 mortar x2 =22g, =16g, green bottle concrete =88g =3g clay pipe stem =2g glass =<1g

white flat glass x2 C.3 clay pipe stem =2g =1g clear flat glass x5 slag x2 =9g, slate =2g, coal half black plastic C.4 red CBM =6g =12g, orange corroded iron =<1g tubing? =10g bottle glass =1g nail? =3g

red CBM x2 =12g, C.5 dark yellow CBM slag x7 =139g coal =<1g mortar? =39g x3 =147g

dark yellow CBM green bottle glass C.6 slag x3 =8g oyster shell x2 =4g x3 =1g x2 =47g C.7 red CBM =8g coal =<1g red CBM =1g, curved C.8 coal x2 =<1g shell =<1g yellow/orange tile = 29g Table 48: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/3

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 4 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) green bottle glass C.2 coal =<1g =2g clay pipe stem x2 C.3 burnt stone =4g =8g red CBM =1g, clay green bottle glass C.4 burnt stone =<1g pipe stem =3g =6g, flat red tile =63g, C.5 burnt stone =2g clay pipe stem =1g red flat tile with clear container C.6 grooves on one side , burnt stone =5g glass =2g =49g C.7 red flat tile =9g waste flint? =2g Table 49: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/4

105

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

dark yellow CBM clear container chalk =<1g, C. 1 metal button =2g =4g glass =2g coal x2 =2g

coal x9 =17g, C. 2 red CBM x5 =11g burnt stone =49g clay pipe stem x3 C.3 =4g corroded iron oyster shell x3 C.4 red CBM x2 =14g scraps x2 =9g, coal =2g =3g slag? =1g coal =<1g, corroded iron oyster shell x6 C.5 burnt stone? x3 scraps x3 =16g =2g =37g Table 50: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/5

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) dark yellow CBM whelk? shell =2g, C. 1 slag x4 =22g coal x8 =15g x3 =25g oyster shell =<1g

long corroded iron clay pipe stem x3 bolt =36g, metal rod =6g, red CBM x12 coal x27 =42g, C. 2 clear flat glass =2g hooked over at one clear plastic x2 =1g, =52g, dark yellow slate x4 =7g end =10g, corroded CBM x2 =6g iron nail =18g

concrete =19g, coal x22 =37g, dirty yellow CBM slag x7 =17g, mortar? x2=18g, clear container slate x7 =22g, C.3 x2 =4g, red CBM corroded iron scraps cockle shell =<1g, glass =3g chalk/mortar x6 =7g x5 =68g asbestos? =4g, sea =2g shell =2g

red flat tile =28g, clay pipe stem x2 clear flat glass coal x12 =65g, =3g, red CBM x3 =1g, clear slate x4= 10g, C.4 slag =9g cockle shell x3 =1g =5g, clay pipe container glass burnt stone? bowl fragment? =<1g x2 =10g =1g

dirty yellow CBM x2 =14g, clay blue container coal x2 =6g, C.5 pipe stem x2 =2g, glass =11g, green metal fixing? =8g slate =13g pink/red CBM x2 bottle glass =19g =35g

coal x5 =7g, dirty yellow CBM chalk x3 =3g, C.6 =2g burnt stone? =<1g

slate =7g, C.7 red flat tile =25g burnt stone =18g Table 51: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/6

106

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 7 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

one penny coin burnt stone dated 2000 =4g, =4g, coal cockle shell =<1g, clay pipe stem =1g, clear flat glass x3 C. 1 corroded iron nails x27 =71g, tiny red plastic ball red CBM x3 =3g =9g x7 =17g, modern slate x5 =<1g nail =9g =11g

green bottle glass coal x26 clay pipe stem =2g, x3 =9g, clear flat slag? x4 =31g, =63g, slate asbestos? =9g, shell dirty yellow CBM glass x4 =4g, clear C. 2 corroded iron nails x6 =37g, x4 =4g, concrete x5 =12g, red CBM container glass x2 x5 =21g, wire =2g burnt stone =3g, mortar x3 =23g x9 =41g =4g, melted glass? =5g =5g

clear flat glass x4 slate x4 =4g, green bottle flat piece of metal small black toy tyre C.3 red CBM x2 =3g =19g, coal glass =2g, clear (lead?) =12g =1g, mortar =1g x13 = 58g container glass =2g

red CBM =1g, clear container corroded iron nail? burnt stone C.4 burnt CBM? x2 =8g glass =7g =2g =6g

flint core? C.7 =51g Table 52: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/7

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) orange bottle glass C. 1 =4g

gold/orange milk bottle top red/orange CBM x11 =<1g, small metal cube – =131g, clay pipe stem narrows inside to hole in green bottle glass coal x58 = x3 =7g, burnt CBM? base =28g, flat square C. 2 x7 =39g, clear flat 345g, slate =94g, red flat tile =55g, plate of metal =1g, glass x5 =11g x2 =3g dark yellow CBM x27 slag/vitrified material? x7 =416g =71g, corroded iron bolt =19g

clay pipe stem x5 =9g, waste flint? green bottle glass C.3 red flat tile =9g, dirty =3g, coal x6 =1g yellow CBM x2 =20g =16g corroded iron scraps x2 dark yellow/pink CBM C.4 =12g, corroded iron nail coal =5g x2 =12g =4g coal x3 =1g, C.5 waste flint? =10g coal/clinker C.6 =8g C.7 coal x2 =2g

C.8 clear flat glass =3g coal =<1g Table 53: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/8

107

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 9 working pottery)

corroded iron nails x2 clear container glass x3 =7g, thick corroded iron slate =3g, C. 1 red CBM =2g =14g, blue/white glass? shell x3 =1g bolt =27g, modern nail coal x9 =12g =2g, clear flat glass =1g =2g

clear flat glass x8 =13g, metal spring from slate x2 green bottle glass x2 shell x6 =5g, clothes peg =3g, =27g, coal red flat tile x5 =8g, clear container mortar x2 =11g, C. 2 corroded iron nails x8 x11 =22g, =44g glass x14 =45g, blue concrete? x2 =34g, corroded iron flat slate pencil container glass =<1g, =7g rod =37g =2g oval glass eye? =<1g

corroded iron scraps clay pipe stem x4 clear container glass x4 x49 = 143g, corroded slate x2 =10g, red CBM x5 =20g, clear flat glass x5 screw =12g, thick button =<1g, C.3 =34g, coal =34g, dirty yellow =10g, green bottle glass corroded iron nail shell x4 =12g x5 =30g CBM x2 =6g =4g =22g, long corroded iron nails x2 =36g

flower? patterned clear clay pipe bowl flat glass x9 =189g, fragment =2g, clay clear container glass x3 C.4 corroded iron nail =14g pipe stem =3g, red =10g, clear flat glass CBM =9g =2g, green bottle glass x2 =10g

clay pipe stem x2 clear container glass x4 corroded iron bolts x4 =7g, clay pipe =40g, clear flat glass =107g, corroded iron bowl fragment x2 =3g, flower patterned coal x17 shell x6 =7g, C.5 nails x2 =19g, corroded =4g, red CBM x5 clear flat glass x5 =27g, =51g mortar? =13g iron scraps x3 =42g, =61g, dirty yellow green bottle glass x2 slag? =5g CBM x6 =46g =4g

clay pipe stem x2 flower patterned clear coal x8 corroded iron nail =9g, oyster shell x2 C.6 =4g, red CBM x2 flat glass =4g, green =49g, slate slag =11g =9g =35g bottle glass =6g x2 =11g clay pipe stem C.7 =4g, burnt? red flat coal x2 =5g tile? = 10g pink/red CBM C.8 =10g clear flat glass x2 =2g, C.9 clear container glass coal x2 =15g =1g coal =3g, dark yellow/grey C.10 burnt stone flat tile =42g x2 =12g clear container glass coal/clinker? C.11 =5g, melted glass blob? =4g =2g

coal =12g, slate x2 C.12 =11g, waste flint flake? =7g

dirty yellow/orange flat tile =33g, burnt? red brick clear container glass burnt/corroded iron C.13 fragment =115g, coal =2g =15g scraps x4 =21g burnt grey CBM? =27g, red/orange flat tile =22g Table 54: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/9

108

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 10 working pottery) coal x3 =4g, C. 1 red CBM x3 =4g metal washer? =1g burnt stone? =<1g

red flat tile =15g, clear flat glass x4=4g, red CBM x5 =17g, green bottle glass x4 corroded iron nails C. 2 coal x33 =23g clay pipe stem x2 =4g, clear container x2 =10g =2g glass =1g

grey tile? =86g, slag? x4 =25g, coal x13 =35g, C.3 clay pipe stem x2 clear flat glass x3 =2g corroded iron nail slate x2 =2g, =3g =2g burnt stone =2g

red CBM x5 =80g, coal x15 =29g, C.4 slag =7g, grey waste flint flake? CBM? =2g =9g

waste flint flake C.5 red CBM =336g =24g, coal =1g

coal =3g, waste C.6 slag =10g flint? =4g

Table 55: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/10

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery)

clear container glass slag x3 =18g, thin pink/red red CBM x6 =4g, dark coal x5 C.2 x3 =4g, blue container corroded iron nails x2 plastic x4 yellow CBM x2 =1g =19g glass =<1g =4g =<1g

clay pipe stem =6g, red CBM x3 =10g, clear container glass C.3 slag? x2 =9g coal x3 =7g pink CBM? =2g, red =4g flat tile x2 =19g red flat tile =71g, red clear container glass C.4 CBM =4g x3 =12g waste flint C.5 red CBM x5 =35g flake =1g

corroded iron nail clear container glass C.6 red CBM x8 =27g =1g, corroded iron x8 =27g scrap? =2g, slag? =1g

burnt stone C.7 =6g Table 56: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/11

109

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 12 working pottery)

modern red/orange CBM x3 =28g, red cockle shell x8 C. 1 burnt stone? =9g CBM x3 =8g, clay =4g pipe stem =2g

plaster? =<1g, black plastic? clear container coal =<1g, burnt C. 2 red CBM =4g =1g, cockle shell glass x2 =9g stone x2 =9g x2 =2g, concrete? x2 =31g

C.3 clay pipe stem =3g modern green glazed C.4 cockle shell =1g flat tile =12g cockle shell x7 C.5 =2g C.6 cockle shell =<1g

grey quern stone fragment (lava C.9 stone?) = 508g, burnt stone x3 =25g Table 57: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/12

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 13 working pottery)

red CBM x24 =61g, central core of battery? corroded metal modern drain =12g, red plastic =<1g, clear flat glass clothes peg spring coal x9 =20g, C. 1 fragment =23g, green plastic x2 =<1g, =2g, =3g, corroded iron slate x2 =12g modern red/orange grey plastic =<1g, nail =2g CBM x3 =23g yellow plastic x2 =2g

clay pipe stem x3 corroded iron nails =5g, red CBM x2 clear flat glass x3 =21g, gold milk coal x7 =12g, C. 2 green plastic =<1g =6g, dirty yellow x6 =5g bottle top =<1g, chalk? =2g CBM =3g metal spring? =2g green bottle red CBM x2 =20g, glass =2g, clear clay pipe stem x4 flat glass x5 corroded iron nail x2 concrete/mortar x2 C.3 coal x4 =8g =10g, clay pipe =6g, clear =11g =19g stem and bowl =6g container glass =<1g red CBM x4 =7g, clear flat glass concrete/corroded iron C.4 modern red/pink =1g, green coal =1g scrap? =12g CBM x2 =12g bottle glass =1g corroded iron scrap waste flint C.6 =2g flake? =5g chalk/mortar? C.7 x2 =1g oyster shell x3 =33g, C.8 mussel shell x5 =<1g Table 58: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/13

110

Test Pit Ceramic Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 14 (excluding pottery) working white plastic x2 corroded iron nail red CBM =2g, modern =<1g, concrete C. 1 clear flat glass =1g =6g, corroded iron slate =8g red/pink CBM =8g =15g, mortar? =12g, lumps x2 =37g asbestos? =2g

corroded iron nails coal clear flat glass x2 x7 =53g, corroded x6=13g, =1g, clear C. 2 red CBM =<1g iron lumps x6 =29g, burnt oyster shell x2 =6g container glass small metal belt? stone =3g buckle =5g =<1g

clay pipe stem x2 =4g, clay pipe stem with a left foot design =4g, dark clear flat glass x2 corroded iron coal x4 oyster shell x4 =5g, C.3 yellow CBM x2 =23g, =3g scraps x2 =23g =23g cockle shell x4 =3g modern red CBM =21g, red CBM x3 =10g

oyster shell x3 C.4 slate =4g =16g, cockle shell x7 =7g clear container coal x3 mortar =2g, cockle C.5 red CBM =5g glass =8g, clear hook on chain =7g =5g, burnt shell x3 =6g, shell flat glass =<1g stone =1g x4 =2g waste flint C.10 clay pipe stem =1g flake? =40g Table 59: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/14

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 15 working pottery)

yellow mortar x2 =248g, ‘wavy’ C. 1 corrugated like red CBM =18g, red CBM =3g

corroded iron scraps x8 C. 2 red curved tile =43g cockle shell =1g =61g clay pipe stem x4 tarmac? x2 green bottle glass C.3 =9g, modern red flat =40g, yellow =1g tile =96g mortar x4 =31g

green bottle glass red brick fragment x2 =3g, clear C.4 =423g, modern red coal =1g concrete =25g container glass CBM =17g =5g Table 60: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/15

111

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 16 working pottery) C. 1 slate =5g thin metal piping x4 =20g, red CBM x23 =60g, green bottle glass corroded iron thick nails? C. 2 clay pipe stem x3 =4g =7g x4 =73g, corroded iron scraps x8 =22g

dark yellow/pinkish CBM x2 =25g, red/pink clear container glass C.3 CBM =46g, red CBM =2g x5 =11g green bottle glass C.4 =3g slag? =3g, corroded iron C.6 scrap =2g

corroded iron scraps/iron C.7 stone? x2 =5g

Table 61: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/16

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 17 working pottery)

modern grey curved tile modern nail =2g, =157g, modern corroded iron red/orange CBM x2 clear container glass coal x13 concrete/mortar? C. 1 scraps x7 =44g, =91g, dark yellow CBM x2 =23g =24g =41g corroded iron nail =<1g, red CBM x14 =2g =120g

clay pipe stem x3 =6g, modern corroded iron chalk x3 mortar x2 =3g, red/orange/yellow CBM green bottle glass lumps/iron stone C. 2 =23g, coal oyster shell x2 x2 =33g, dirty yellow flat =2g x21 =266g, slag x9 =24g =<1g tile =21g, red CBM x8 =2g =85g

corroded iron C.3 lumps/iron stone? x15 =334g corroded iron lump C.4 coal =<1g mortar? =2g =2g dark yellow/red CBM corroded iron lumps C.5 =2g x3 =27g Table 62: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/17

112

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 18 working pottery) C. 1 red/yellow CBM =3g coal x2 =6g coal x2 =9g, red/orange CBM x2 corroded iron scraps x2 square ‘tessera’ C. 2 =12g =1g shaped small flint? =33g

dark yellow flat tile x4 =84g, modern white C.3 slate =<1g and blue glazed flat tile x2 =9g

chalk =1g, coal corroded iron scraps x2 C.4 =4g, burnt stone =11g =2g dark yellow flat tile x3 coal =1g, slate C.5 =17g =<1g Table 63: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/18

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 19 working pottery) C.2 red CBM x3 =5g modern nail =4g coal x2 =2g

clay pipe stem =3g, coal x2 =<1g, clear container C.3 red CBM x4 =25g, corroded iron nail =2g burnt stone x2 glass x2 =<1g dirty yellow CBM =<1g =17g

dirty yellow CBM =2g, C.4 red CBM x2 =11g, coal x6 =2g red/pink CBM =6g

Table 64: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/19

Test Pit Ceramic (excluding Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 20 pottery) working clay pipe stem x2 =6g, red burnt stone C. 1 slag/glass? =1g oyster shell =<1g CBM =2g =5g

red and grey ‘sandwich’ flat tile =22g, red CBM x15 =62g, dirty yellow/pink green bottle C. 2 CBM x2 =21g, clay pipe glass=6g, clear stem =1g, dirty yellow flat glass x2 =6g CBM =27g, red/grey flat tile =46g

red brick fragment =423g, C.3 red CBM x2 =24g green bottle chalk x2 red CBM x6 =22g, clay glass =2g, clear =4g, coal x4 C.4 pipe bowl fragments x2 oyster shell =2g container glass =4g, slate =4g =12g =5g C.5 red CBM =2g coal x2 =2g C.6 red CBM =<1g Table 65: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/20

113

Test Pit Ceramic (excluding Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 21 pottery) working

modern drain fragments slate x3 slag x8 =151g, x7 =379g, red flat tile x2 orange bottle glass =33g, coal concrete x5 corroded iron bolt =90g, red CBM x15 x4 =9g, clear x12 =180g, melted C.2 =37g, corroded iron =125g, dark yellow CBM container glass x27 =146g, plastic =<1g, nail =4g, corroded iron =7g, modern grey curved =185g burnt mortar =2g scrap =6g tile =101g stone =6g

slag x8 =124g, corroded iron lump sea shell clear container =126g, corroded iron modern drain fragments =<1g, concrete glass x22 =191g, nail =16g, white screw coal x10 C.3 x4 =200g, red CBM x4 =67g, clear flat glass x4 bottle cap with central =55g =170g chalk/mortar =11g black circle and white =5g mansion/cathedral inside =5g

concrete slate corroded iron lumps x4 =144g, small red flat tile x4 =142g, red =17g, coal clear container =85g, slag x3 =176g, white bottle C.4 CBM x2 =8g, modern x3 =85g, glass 15 =71g thin piece of scrap top =2g, drain fragments =89g burnt copper? =<1g concrete and stone =2g plaster =6g curved red tile =123g, large corroded lump curved orange tile =86g, clear container with nail sticking out of coal x2 C.5 red flat tile =22g, red CBM glass x12 =82g it =544g, corroded iron =28g x3 =128g, dark yellow nail =18g CBM =4g

corroded iron lumps x6 clear container =156g, corroded iron red flat tile x4 =279g, red coal x3 C.6 glass =9g, orange nails x3 =28g, metal CBM x3 =56g =79g bottle glass =11g wire =12g, slag x6 =79g

green bottle glass =<1g, clear C.7 red flat tile x2 =33g slag? x4 =89g container glass x3 =16g

slate x2 red CBM x3 =49g, slag x3 =42g, corroded C.8 =30g, coal red/orange CBM x2 =80g green iron lump =9g x10 =61g clear container coal =23g, C.9 glass =6g slate =5g clear container C.10 glass =2g Table 66: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/21

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 22 working pottery) red flat tile =61g, clay C. 1 coal x2 =1g oyster shell =1g pipe stem =1g Table 67: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/11/22

114

12.2.3 2013 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 1 working pottery)

charcoal x12 clear flat glass x3 =3g, clay pipe stem x3 =2g, oyster clear container glass coal x2 =5g, C.2 =3g, red CBM x3 scrunched foil =8g shell =1g, x2 =8g, clear glass slate =3g =5g green bead pipette =4g =3g

charcoal x26 clay pipe stem x2 blue bottle glass =<1g, =8g, thin grey =5g, red flat tile x2 green bottle glass C.3 coal x4 =6g plastic =16g, yellow CBM =2g, clear flat glass tube=<1g, =11g =<1g concrete =6g

red CBM x3 =9g, green bottle glass x3 corroded iron bolt C.4 clay pipe stem =2g, =4g, clear flat glass x2 =33g, corroded iron coal x3 =5g yellow CBM =2g =3g nail =5g

yellow flat tile =35g, clear container glass corroded lump of C.5 red CBM = <1g =1g metal =3g

Table 68: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/1

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 2 working pottery)

red CBM x10 =41g, green bottle glass x2 corroded iron nails x2 yellow CBM x2 =4g, clear flat glass coal x57 small white =9g, corroded iron nail C. 1 =4g, decorated clay x3 =4g, old light bulb =124g, slate plastic BP toy with hoop at one end pipe bowl fragment base and filament x26 =71g sign =2g =14g =1g =17g

red CBM x28 corroded iron nails x14 cockle shell =192g, modern red =55g, corroded curved clear container glass coal x87 = =<1g, melted brick fragment plate of metal =30g, C. 2 x4 =38g, clear flat 104g, slate plastic sheet =194g, clay pipe corroded iron lumps x8 glass x4 =7g x48 =214g fragment =<1g, stem =2g, yellow =33g, modern metal mortar x5 =9g CBM x2 =8g fragment =3g

red brick fragments curved corroded plate of x4 =294g, red CBM rounded clear glass metal =25g, corroded x29 =196g, red flat bottle base =106g, iron nails x5 =35g, slag slate x6 tile =17g, yellow clear container glass =23g, corroded metal C.3 =32g, coal mortar x4 =16g CBM x8 =81g, clay x4 =3g, clear flat scraps x5 =29g, flat x28 =100g pipe stem x3 =6g, glass =1g, green rectangular plate of decorated clay pipe bottle glass x2 =8g metal with 2 prongs at bowl fragment =1g one end =47g

green container glass coal x26 red brick =75g, red cockle shell C.4 =4g, clear flat glass =34g, slate CBM x14 =56g =<1g =1g x4 =7g pink flat metal coat hook coal x4 =5g, C.6 mortar/plaster? =26g slate =1g =2g small metal screw in C.7 clear flat glass =4g object with a hooped coal x2 =25g handle =20g C.8 corroded iron nail =17g coal =<1g Table 69: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/2

115

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

red curved tile green bottle glass C.2 =89g, red CBM =3g x3 =22g

C.3 red CBM x3 =27g coal x2 =5g Table 70: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/3

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 4 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

corroded iron nail clear flat glass x3 =22g, decorated coal x4 =11g, C.2 red CBM x3 =7g =10g, clear thin metal cap? slate x2 =10g container glass =6g =4g

clear flat glass =6g, red flat tile = 73g, corroded iron coal x4 =16g, C.3 green bottle glass red CBM x6 =14g scraps x2 =5g slate x3 =13g =2g metal bolts with green bottle glass C.4 red flat tile x4 =112g rubber surround? coal x3 =43g =<1g x2 =14g Table 71: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/4

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

C. 1 coal x2 =5g oyster shell =3g

asbestos =9g, C. 2 coal x3 =3g oyster shell =5g

corroded iron lump oyster shell x4 C.3 =8g, corroded iron coal x2 =48g =19g nail =4g

clear container oyster shell x8 C.4 glass =10g =72g

oyster shell x4 C.5 =42g Table 72: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/5

116

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

oyster shell =4g, cockle shell =<1g, green bottle glass shell fragment =<1g, C.2 silver foil =<1g =2g plastic tag fragment =<1g, central battery core =4g

dark red brick clear flat glass C.4 oyster shell x9 = 58g fragment =119g =<1g

large lump of iron C.5 oyster shell =30g waste/slag? = 773g

C.7 oyster shell = 47g Table 73: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/6

Ceramic Test Pit (excluding Glass Metal & metal-working Stone Other 7 pottery)

metal door handle and bracket =179g, metal handle or turning lever? =69g, modern screws x3 =22g, modern nails x3 =7g, corroded iron lump C. 1 =12g, slightly vitrified cockle shell x2 =2g CBM/slag? x3 =196g, key ring with red melted plastic attached to it = <1g, partially melted/distorted? pin as spike is at the top end = 9g burnt painted wood =4g, oyster shell orange bottle =4g, red plastic C. 2 modern CBM =19g corroded metal nails x4 =13g glass =3g conical pointed tube with rounded end =<1g clear container corroded metal modern glass =8g, screws x2 =13g, modern nail C.3 green bottle =2g, corroded metal nail =7g, glass =1g corroded long nail =34g

green bottle glass =<1g, coal x3 C.4 red CBM = 92g corroded metal nail =4g oyster shell x2 =<1g clear flat glass =3g =2g clear container C.5 mortar =6g glass =2g modern red brick =79g, red CBM x2 C.6 corroded iron nails? =7g oyster shell =5g =19g, flat yellow and pink tile =19g coal x3 C.7 oyster shell x2 =3g =4g Table 74: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/7

117

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) red brick fragment C. 1 =55g

clear glass marble clay pipe stem x5 =9g, green bottle green plastic C. 2 =8g, red CBM x2 =5g glass x2 =5g, clear fragment =<1g container glass x5 =5g

clay pipe stem x6 C.3 clear flat glass x2 =1g coal =1g =9g, red CBM =3g thick metal button C.4 red flat tile = 8g =4g clear container glass C.5 =<1g Table 75: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/8

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 9 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) snail shell fragment C.2 red CBM =2g coal x4 =4g =<1g

corroded iron nail? =19g, cockle shell x4 =9g, clay pipe stem x3 tiny metal ring with hoop C.3 coal x5 =9g oyster shell =1g, =8g at top (top of small whelk shell =2g pocket watch?) =4g

cockle shell =<1g, long corroded iron rod = C.4 mussel shell =2g, 41g oyster shell =1g Table 76: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/9

118

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 10 working pottery)

orange bottle glass cockle shell C. 1 =3g, clear container slag =11g slate =<1g fragments x16 =5g, glass =5g Perspex? =4g

clear container glass x2 =9g, clear flat corroded iron nail C. 2 red CBM x2 =7g coal x5 =4g cockle shell x5 =4g glass x3 =4g, green =1g bottle glass x3 =5g

modern red brick fragment =300g, long corroded iron clear container glass cockle shell C.3 modern white nail =20g, corroded coal x9 =11 =2g fragments x3 =3g glazed flat tile iron lump =7g =6g

cockle shell modern red CBM fragments x4 =4g, C.4 coal x8 =26g x3 =72g mortar =1g, oyster shell =<1g

clay pipe stem clear flat glass x3 cockle shell x6 =4g, red flat tile =5g, orange bottle corroded iron nails =11g, mussel shell C.5 x2 =16g, yellow glass =2g, pink x3 =20g x7 =6g, oyster shell CBM =2g container glass =<1g =<1g, mortar =10g

Table 77: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/10

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery) modern grey curved clear container oyster shell x2 C.4 tile =29g glass x2 =2g =1g cockle shell x3 C.5 =6g, oyster shell x3 =2g Table 78: The non-pottery finds excavated from GAY/13/11

119

12.3 Maps

Much of the value of the test pit data from currently occupied rural settlements are derived from a holistic consideration across the entire settlement. Maps showing a range of the data from the test pit excavations in Gaywood between 2010 and 2013 are included below. These may be read in conjunction with relevant sections of the main report. Some of these maps are available online at: http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/reports/norfolk/gaywood maps showing the distribution of other classes of data not depicted in this appendix.

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127