Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Political Science Honors Projects Political Science Department Spring 5-6-2014 No more 9/11s: Reconceptualizing national security and the creation of an American garrison state. Jacob M. Waxman Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/poli_honors Part of the American Politics Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, and the Social Influence and Political Communication Commons Recommended Citation Waxman, Jacob M., "No more 9/11s: Reconceptualizing national security and the creation of an American garrison state." (2014). Political Science Honors Projects. Paper 45. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/poli_honors/45 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. No more 9/11s: Reconceptualizing national security and the creation of an American garrison state. By Jacob M. Waxman Honors Project Advisor: Dr. Andrew Latham, Political Science May 6, 2014 This page intentionally left blank. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements.…………………………………………….……………………….…….5 List of Acronyms…………………………………………………………………………..…..6 Introduction………….……………………………………………………………………...…7 Chapter 1: Literature review..……………… …………………………………………….10 1.1 U.S. Civil-Military Relations After 9/11……………….…………………….10 1.2 The New American Militarism………………………………………………..12 1.3 Where the literature falls short……………………………………………….13 Chapter 2: Guiding theories in national security………….…………………………..15 2.1 The garrison state……………………………………………………………….15 2.2 Citizen-soldiers and the birth of civil-military relations………………...17 2.2.1 Democratic civil-military relations………………………………..20 2.2.2 Civic republican and liberal civil-military relations……………21 2.3 Conscription in a democratic society………………………………………..24 2.4 The rhetoric of national emergency………………………………………….25 2.5 The dawn of national security…………………………………………………26 Chapter 3: The Cold War……………………………..…………………………………….29 3.1 The threat…………………………………………………………………………29 3.2 National security in the Cold War…………………………………………….30 3.3 Legislation of the Cold War…………………………………………………….32 3.3.1 The National Security Act of 1947………………………………..…32 3.3.2 National Security Council Report 68……………………………….34 3.4 Agencies of the national security bureaucracy……………………………..36 3.4.1 The National Security Council………………………………………36 3.4.2 The Department of Defense…………………..…………………….37 3.4.3 The Intelligence Community………………………………………..37 3.4.4 The Central Intelligence Agency…………………………………….38 3.4.5 The National Security Agency……………………………………….39 3.4.6 The Federal Bureau of Investigation……………………………….41 3.5 Presidential rhetoric in the Cold War………………………………………..41 3.5.1 President Harry Truman: the Truman Doctrine………………..42 3.5.2 President Dwight Eisenhower: Atoms for Peace…………………43 3.5.3 President Eisenhower: Farewell Address…………………………44 3.6 Analyzing the garrison state, 1947 - 1973……………………………………46 3 3.7 Vietnam: a watershed moment……………………………………………….48 3.8 The fallout from Vietnam………………………………………………………51 3.8.1 The War Powers Resolution of 1973………………………….…….51 3.8.2 The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act…………………………52 3.8.3 The end of conscription………………………………………………54 3.9 The garrison state in context…………………………………………………..55 Chapter 4: The War on Terror……………………………………………………………..58 4.1 The threat…………………………………………………………………………58 4.2 National security in the War on Terror………………………………………60 4.3 Legislation of the War on Terror……………………………………………..61 4.3.1 Authorization for Use of Military Force……………………………61 4.3.2 The USA PATRIOT Act……………………………………………….62 4.3.3 The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act……………………………………………….62 4.3.5 The FISA Amendments Act…………………………………….....…64 4.4 Agencies of the new national security bureaucracy…………………..……64 4.4.1 The Department of Homeland Security…………………………..64 4.4.2 The Office of the Director of National Intelligence……………..65 4.4.3 The Federal Bureau of Investigation ………………………………66 4.5 Rhetoric of the War on Terror…………………………………………………67 4.5.1 President George W. Bush: the Bush Doctrine…………………..67 4.5.2 President Bush: Speech to airline employees…………………….69 4.6 President Barack Obama: Ending the War on Terror? …………………..71 4.7 The national security state exposed………………………………………….72 4.8 The new national security state, 2001 - present……………………………75 4.9 In defense of the national security state: President Obama’s NSA Address……………………………………….79 Chapter 5: What happens now?……..………..…………………………………………..82 5.1 Where does that leave the country?…………………………………………..84 5.2 Towards an intelligence state………………………………………………….84 5.3 The sky is not falling…………………………………………………………….86 Bibliography……………………………………………………..……………………………89 4 Acknowledgements When I first applied to do an Honors project in April 2013, I was on my study abroad program at King’s College London, and had little idea of what I was getting myself into. At the time, I was studying war and conflicts at King’s, and wanted to write about United Nations Peacekeeping. To my surprise, I was accepted to the Honors Colloquium. Then, over the summer, I interned at the United States Army | Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute at the US Army War College. When I began my research, I soon felt that there was little I could say about peacekeeping that had not already been said. Instead, I drew inspiration from the military atmosphere around me, and decided to write about civil-military relations. As someone who has always been interested in the military and security, with many friends in uniform, but having not served myself, this was a topic that I felt affected me personally. In the course of my research over the summer and into the fall of my senior year at Macalester, my focus narrowed within civil-military relations and national security until I rediscovered my original scholarly passion, intelligence. The path from that idea to this thesis here has been long and arduous, but I am proud of what I have accomplished. Of course, I would not be where I am today without the help, advice, and inspiration from many people. I want to thank my parents, Paula and Mark, and my extended family, for making me the person I am today. Thank you to my academic advisor, Andrew Latham, for four years of mentoring at Macalester and leading the Honors Colloquium. I also want to thank my reviewers: Dr. Terry Boychuk, Dr. Zornitsa Keremidchieva, and the rest of the Political Science faculty and staff; my Honors partner Kai Wilson for reading the first draft; and everyone else who helped me along the way. Last but certainly not least, I want to thank the staff of the US Army | Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute for the inspiration for my project. Hooah. 5 List of Acronyms AFSA – Armed Forces Security Agency AUMF – Authorization for Use of Military Force CIA – Central Intelligence Agency Cointelpro – Counterintelligence Program COMINT – Communications Intelligence DCI – Director of Central Intelligence DHS – Department of Homeland Security DoD – Department of Defense FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation FISA – Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act FISC – Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court GCHQ – Government Communications Headquarters HUMINT – Human Intelligence IRTP – Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act / Intelligence Reform Act MIC – Military Industrial Complex NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization NSA – National Security Agency NSA-47 – National Security Act of 1947 NSC – National Security Council NSC-68 – National Security Council Report No. 68 ODNI – Office of the Director of National Intelligence OSS – Office of Strategic Services SIGINT – Signals Intelligence USA PATRIOT Act – Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act UCAV / UAV – Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle / Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 6 “What should Americans expect from their government in the struggle against Islamist terrorism? The goals seem unlimited: Defeat terrorism anywhere in the world. But Americans have also been told to expect the worst: An attack is probably coming; it may be terrible. With such benchmarks, the justifications for action and spending seem limitless.” —The 9/11 Commission Report Introduction A frequent refrain in contemporary American politics is that 9/11 changed everything. Increased airport security, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and other measures to prevent more terrorist attacks certainly seem to validate this viewpoint. Paradoxically, on a more fundamental level 9/11 changed nothing about US national security. The United States responded to 9/11 with the desire to prevent another devastating surprise attack. In doing so, the US built on existing legislation, bureaucratic agencies, and conceptual frameworks deeply embedded in American political thought and culture. 9/11 was not the first time the US was attacked by foreign agents, and nor was what followed, the War on Terror, the first time the US entered a period of national emergency to defeat a dangerous enemy. This paper will examine the evolution of the national security state in the contemporary United States, focusing specifically on the role of intelligence collection and intelligence agencies within national security. Even within national