Exercise and Sport Physiology

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC learningNOT FOR ObJecTiVes SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. Describe the general scope of the field of exercise and sport physiology. 2. Describe the general history and major events of the field of exercise physiology in the United States. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. Describe the importance of exercise physiology as a component of the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION kinesiology educational curriculum. 4. Define key terminology within exercise physiology. 5. Explain the general principles that form the basis of exercise physiology. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,6. Describe and LLC provide examples of the health-© Jones and skill-related & Bartlett components Learning, LLC of physical fitness. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7. List and explain the principles of exercise training. 8. Identify careers related to exercise physiology.

activities of daily living (ADLs) chronic exercise effects acute exercise effects demand acute physiological responses exercise © Jonesadenosine & Bartlett triphosphate Learning, (ATP) LLC exercise physiology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 119

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120 Chapter 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC health-related components of physical principle of progression exercise physiologyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The study of how fitness principle of reversibility the body responds instrumental activities of daily living principles of exercise training and adapts to (IADLs) skill-related components of physical physical stress. physical activity (PA) fitness © Jones & Bartlett physicalLearning, fitness LLC sport© physiologyJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC sport physiology physiological mechanisms stress NOTThe FORapplication SALE of OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION exercise physiology physiological training adaptations supply principles to principle of overload supply equals demand guide training and enhance sport © Jones & Bartlettperformance. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONWhat Is Exercise andNOT Sport FOR Physiology? SALE OR DISTRIBUTION acute exercise effects Sudden and Exercise physiology is the study of how the body responds and adapts to physi- immediate cal stress. Sport physiology is the application of exercise physiology principles responses to to guide training and enhance sport performance. Exercise and sport physi- exercise. © Jonesology & overlapBartlett significantly, Learning, and LLC therefore are generally considered© Jones together. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORFor the SALE remainder OR DISTRIBUTIONof this chapter, the term exercise physiologyNOT will FOR be used SALE OR DISTRIBUTION chronic exercise effects to encompass the areas of both exercise and sport physiology. Exercise is Gradual and long- an intentional physical stress placed upon the body, producing both acute term responses to and chronic effects that can be studied. Acute exercise effects are sudden and © Jonesexercise. & Bartlett immediate,Learning, whereas LLC chronic exercise effects are© Jonesgradual and& Bartlett long term. Learning, When LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION you startNOT jogging, FOR the SALE systems OR in DISTRIBUTION your body (cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, etc.) immediately respond with acute changes (e.g., increased heart rate © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesand &breathing Bartlett rate) Learning, that permit LLC your body NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORto meet SALE the demands OR DISTRIBUTION of the stress and perform the processes necessary for you to jog. If you jog regularly, the stress is placed upon the body chronically, and the body’s © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCsystems respond over time© with Jones long-term & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONphysiological adaptations.NOT Physiological FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION adaptations result in less stress on the body’s systems, greater efficiency of the systems, and improved physical perfor- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC mance during© Jones exercise & Bartlettand other Learning,types of LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Mike Powell/Digital Vision/Thinkstock physical NOTactivity. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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The History of Exercise Physiology in the United States 121

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the historyNOT FORof Exercise SALE ORPhysiology DISTRIBUTION STOP ANDNOT THINK FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in the United States ow do you think Exercise physiology is relatively new as a formal discipline; Hexercise physiology relates to your however, evidence suggests that individuals have been specific career area of interest? © Jonesstudying & Bartlett the physiological Learning, responses LLC to physical activity © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORas far SALEback as OR ancient DISTRIBUTION Greece. This historical review is a NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION capsule summary and will focus on the modern history of exercise physiology, which first became formalized in the United States in the early 1800s when physiology textbooks began to appear. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, In the earliest LLC years of the field in the© UnitedJones States, & Bartlett one of theLearning, first LLC NOT FOR SALE ORtexts DISTRIBUTION published was The Principles of PhysiologyNOT AppliedFOR SALE to the Preservation OR DISTRIBUTION of Health and to the Improvement of Physical and Mental Education by A. Combe in 1843. It included a limited amount of information on exercise. In 1855, William H. Byford published the first research paper on the physiology of exercise.© Jones In 1861, & Bartlett Edward Hitchcock Learning, at Amherst LLC College was the first © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC to collectNOT anthropometric FOR SALE data OR before DISTRIBUTION and after physical training. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Arguably one of the most significant years in the history of exercise physiology was the year 1886, when the American Association for the Advance- ment of Physical Education was founded. In the years following, exercise © Jonesphysiology & Bartlett began Learning, to enter the LLCcollege curriculum at a number© Jones of colleges & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORand universities. SALE OR In DISTRIBUTION the 1890s, Thomas Wood at Stanford UniversityNOT FOR estab- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lished a 4-year degree program in physical training and hygiene, which included exercise physiology as a major component. Around the same time, students majoring in physical education at Harvard, Stanford, and Oberlin were required to take exercise physiology courses. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,In 1891, George LLC W. Fitz at Harvard University© Jones was &the Bartlett first to establish Learning, a LLC NOT FOR SALE ORformal DISTRIBUTION research laboratory for physical educationNOT FOR in the SALE United ORStates. DISTRIBUTION The name of the department was Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training . Part of the Lawrence Scientific School, it offered a 4-year Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree and included both lecture and laboratory courses in exercise physiology.© JonesIn 1900, &the Bartlett title of the Learning, department LLC was changed to Anatomy © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and PhysiologyNOT , FORand the SALE focus shiftedOR DISTRIBUTION away from exercise physiology. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In 1898, the first edition of the American Journal of Physiology was published. In the early 1900s, several researchers began exploring exercise physiology and publishing information in the field. Exercise physiol- © Jonesogy &labs Bartlett began to Learning, open around LLC the country, such as those© founded Jones at & the Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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122 Chapter 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

Figure 6-1 This is David Bruce (“DB”) Dill. He was the founding director of Harvard’s Fatigue Laboratory and he served as President of the American © JonesPhysiological & Bartlett Society Learning, (APS). LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR© Elton and MadelineSALE Garrett photo OR collection DISTRIBUTION [Collection MSS 93–40 Photo Number 0265 0420]. Special Collections, University Libraries, UniversityNOT of Nevada, FOR Las Vegas SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

University of Illinois, Springfield College, and Williams © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCCollege. Exercise physiology© Jones established & Bartlett itself firmly Learning, as LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONan academic discipline inNOT 1927 FORwhen L.SALE J. Henderson OR DISTRIBUTION and G. E. Mayo established the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory (Figure 6-1) and named David Bruce “D.B.” Dill the director. This lab became prominent and productive, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC publishing© Jones 50 papers & inBartlett 20 years. Learning, Arguably, no LLC lab since NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION has obtainedNOT the FOR same SALE level of OR prestige. DISTRIBUTION In the 1930s, several exercise physiology textbooks and the first issue of the physical education journal Research Quarterly were published. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,The years LLC from 1946 to 1962 have been© Jones termed & the Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR“embryonic DISTRIBUTION years” of the exercise physiologyNOT disciplineFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (Massengale & Swanson, 1997). As evidence of this growth, in 1946 there were 14 exercise/exertion citations in 5 professional journals and manuscripts, and by © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC1962 there were 128 citations© Jones in 51 professional& Bartlett journalsLearning, LLC and manuscripts. And as evidence of the increasing rigor NOTReproduced FOR from Combe, SALE A. (1835), The principlesOR of physiologyDISTRIBUTION applied to the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION preservation of health, and to the improvement of physical and mental education. Maclachlan and Stewart.

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The History of Exercise Physiology in the United States 123

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and scientificNOT basis FOR of SALEthe field, OR in 1946DISTRIBUTION the Federation of STOP ANDNOT THINK FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) hat were some national conference had a session dedicated to exercise Wof the significant physiology. events that occurred In 1947, the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory was closed during the early years of exercise © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC because the president of the university, James B. Conant, physiology? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION felt that the lab would lose its value after the end of World War II. Many of the professors, staff, and graduate students from the lab went on to establish new exercise physiology labs across the United States. This event resulted in the expansion of exercise © Jones & Bartlett physiologyLearning, labs LLC across the country. The ©increase Jones in & the Bartlett number Learning, of labs LLC NOT FOR SALE ORled DISTRIBUTION to more research, and thus the needNOT for new FOR journals. SALE In OR 1948, DISTRIBUTION the American Physiological Society (APS) began publishing the Journal of Applied Physiology . During this period, physical fitness emerged as a national concern. Thomas K.© CuretonJones &from Bartlett Springfield Learning, College establishedLLC the Physical Fit- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ness ResearchNOT LaboratoryFOR SALE at the OR University DISTRIBUTION of Illinois. Many of Cureton’s NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION graduates went on to research and leadership positions in physical education departments across the United States. Largely due to Cureton and his graduates, exercise physiology was recognized for its potential contribu- © Jonestion & to Bartlett fitness. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR George SALE Williams OR DISTRIBUTION College in Illinois and Springfield CollegeNOT inFOR Massa- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION chusetts became known for their emphasis on exercise physiology in physical education and for their preparation of students for careers in the YMCA. Many graduates of these colleges went on to become important leaders in © Jones & Bartlett universityLearning, and LLC state organizations, significantly© Jones impacting & Bartlett exercise physiol-Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORogy DISTRIBUTION as an academic discipline. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In 1954, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was established. The 11 founding members were physical educators and physicians, including A. H. Steinhaus from George Williams College and P. V. Karpovich from Springfield© Jones College, & Bartlett and one Learning, woman, Josephine LLC L. Rathbone from © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Teachers NOTCollege, FOR Columbia SALE University. OR DISTRIBUTION ACSM was, and continues to be, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION instrumental in increasing the visibility and growth of the discipline of exercise physiology. In 1956, the President’s Council on Youth Fitness was established © Jonesby President& Bartlett Dwight Learning, D. Eisenhower LLC when it was discovered© Jones that 57% & ofBartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORAmerican SALE children OR DISTRIBUTION had failed fitness tests. The name of NOTthe council FOR hasSALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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124 ChaPtEr 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC STOP ANDNOT THINK FOR SALE ORbeen DISTRIBUTION changed several times over the years,NOT most FOR recently SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Based on the by President Barack Obama, who changed the name to the events from 1946 President’s Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition in 2010 to 1962, why to reflect the expansion of the council’s mission to include do you think this period nutrition. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC has been referred to as the In 1960, the first exercise physiology textbook for grad- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION “embryonic years”? uate students, Science and Medicine of Exercise and Sport , • What do you think was the was published. In 1961, the first exercise physiology proj- most significant event of this ect was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). time period? Why? The project was entitled “Human Adaptation to Environ- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC mental and© JonesExercise &Stress.” Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The NOTyears fromFOR 1963 SALE to 1976OR DISTRIBUTIONhave been termed the “formative years” (Massengale & Swanson, 1997). During this period, the visibility and credibility of exercise physiology continued to improve, and the number of textbooks, journals, and journal articles related to exercise © Jonesphysiology & Bartlett increased Learning, significantly. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIn SALE 1963, J. OR B. Conant DISTRIBUTION published the Conant Report. TheNOT former FOR presi- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION dent of Harvard University was critical of teacher training in the United States. In particular, he singled out physical education for its lack of academic rigor. In 1964, programs at large universities in the Pac-10 and Big © Jones & Bartlett 10Learning, (and Penn LLCState) began to implement more© Jones rigorous & graduateBartlett programs Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORand DISTRIBUTION added exercise physiology emphases. NOTPhysical FOR education SALE departments OR DISTRIBUTION began to collaborate with other science departments, and joint appointments for faculty were established. The academic credibility and recognition of exercise physiology improved significantly. However, immediate changes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCwere not made to the curricula© Jones of undergraduate & Bartlett programs, Learning, and LLC as a result, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONstudents were forced to takeNOT several FOR science SALE courses, OR DISTRIBUTIONnot yet required by the undergraduate major, in order to qualify for graduate admission to exercise physiology programs. Also in 1964, the NIH established the Applied Physiology Study Section © Jonesto accommodate & Bartlett theLearning, increasing LLC number of proposals for funding© Jones of physical & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORfitness SALE and exercise OR DISTRIBUTION physiology research. Funding subsequentlyNOT increased, FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION which resulted in increased financial support for graduate students in exercise physiology. In 1969, the ACSM established a journal entitled, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. The majority of the articles in this jour- © Jones & Bartlett nalLearning, were to be LLC related to exercise physiology.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC In theNOT early FOR 1970s, SALE physical OR education DISTRIBUTION departments NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION began changing their names (e.g., to kinesiology or exercise science) to better define their objectives and high- light the increasing emphasis on science-related courses and activities. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The years from 1977 to the present have been NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION termed the “recognition years” (Massengale & Swanson, 1997). In 1977, the APS established a membership section for exercise physiologists. In 1983, it published a handbook of physiology dedicated to muscle physi- © Jones & Bartlett ology,Learning, and in LLC1996 it published a handbook© Jones of exer- & Bartlett Learning, LLC Courtesy of ACSM NOT FOR SALE ORcise DISTRIBUTION physiology. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Several new organizations related to exercise physiology were also established during this period. In 1978, the National Strength and Condi- tioning Association (NSCA) was established. In 1985, the American Asso- ciation of© Cardiovascular Jones & Bartlett and Pulmonary Learning, Rehabilitation LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (AACVPR) was founded. In 1997, the American Society STOP AND THINK of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP) was established. Reflect- • Based on the ing the field’s rigor and focus on experimentation, in 2005 events from 1963 the ACSM was admitted into the Federation of American to 1976, why © JonesSocieties & Bartlett for Experimental Learning, Biology LLC (FASEB). © Jonesdo &you Bartlett think this periodLearning, LLC NOT FOR Women SALE alsoOR began DISTRIBUTION to take on more leadership roles NOT FORhas beenSALE referred OR to DISTRIBUTION as the in the field. In 1988, the ACSM elected its first female “formative years”? president, Barbara Drinkwater, from the Department • What do you think was the of Medicine at Pacific Medical Center in Seattle, Wash- most significant event of this period? Why? © Jones & Bartlett ington.Learning, In 2002, LLC the APS elected its first© femaleJones presi- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORdent, DISTRIBUTION Barbara Horwitz, from the UniversityNOT of California, FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Davis. In 2007, ACSM spearheaded its Exercise Is Medicine (EIM) initiative, based on the efforts of two physicians, Robert Sallis and Ronald Davis. The© objectiveJones & of Bartlett EIM is “To Learning, make physical LLC activity and exercise a © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC standardNOT part of FOR a global SALE disease OR prevention DISTRIBUTION and treatment medical par- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION adigm” (ACSM | EIM, n.d.). This initiative has resulted in a significant increase in the mainstream appreciation and attention given to the benefits of physical activity and the application of the principles of exercise © Jonesphysiology. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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126 ChaPtEr 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC physical activityNOT (PA) FORWhy SALE Study OR Exercise DISTRIBUTION Physiology? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Any type of bodily movement. Exercise physiology is one of many topics traditionally taught within the core of physical education, Kinesiology, and exercise science programs. Exercise activities of daily physiology is an essential part of the curriculum because knowledge and © Jonesliving (ADLs) & Bartlett understandingLearning, LLC of the principles of exercise© physiology Jones & enable Bartlett physical Learning, edu- LLC The basic personal NOTtasks FOR individuals SALE ORcation DISTRIBUTION teachers, athletes, coaches, dance teachers,NOT FOR fitness SALE trainers, OR and DISTRIBUTION other perform on a daily sport and exercise science professionals to enhance physical performance basis. and health through the application of the principles. It is important to note that exercise physiology is not limited to the instrumental © Jones & Bartlettactivities Learning, of daily LLCstudy of exercise and sport;© Jonesit includes & theBartlett study ofLearning, the effects ofLLC any type NOT FOR SALEliving OR (IADLs) DISTRIBUTION of physical activity on the NOTsystems FOR of the SALE body. PhysicalOR DISTRIBUTION activity (PA) includes Daily activities any type of bodily movement, including activities of daily living (ADLs) and involved in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). ADLs are the basic personal maintaining a household. tasks individuals perform on a daily basis, including dressing, bathing, © Jonesgrooming, & Bartlett using theLearning, toilet, eating, LLC and moving around ( Figure© Jones 6-2 ). IADLs & Bartlett Learning, LLC exercise NOT FORare the SALE daily activities OR DISTRIBUTION involved in maintaining a household, NOTincluding FOR cook- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A specific type of Figure 6-3 Exercise physical activity ing, cleaning, and shopping ( ). , a subset of physical that is planned and activity, is planned and structured physical activity with the explicit pur- structured with the pose of improving physical fitness. Exercise physiology is not limited to explicit purpose of improving performance during sport and exercise; it is also used to help © Jonesimproving & physical Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTfitness. FOR SALE ORindividuals DISTRIBUTION attain and maintain optimal healthNOT and FOR independence SALE OR through DISTRIBUTION the life stages. The American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP, n.d.) classifies the scope of responsibilities of professional exercise physiologists into four © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION STOP AND THINK • Based on the events of 1977 to the present,© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC why do youNOT think FOR this period SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION has been referred to as the “recognition years”? • What do you think was the most significant event of this © Jonesperiod? & Bartlett Why? Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR Courtesy SALE of Exercise is MedicineOR DISTRIBUTION

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Why Study Exercise Physiology? 127

Figure 6-2 Getting dressed requires a certain amount of strength and flexibility. © Clynt Garnham Lifestyle© / JonesAlamy Stock Photo & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Figure 6-3 Housework requires a certain amount of muscle endurance © Jonesand &aerobic Bartlett capacity. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR© Piotr Marcinski/Shutterstock SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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128 Chapter 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORcategories: SALE (1) OR to promoteDISTRIBUTION health and wellness, (2) to preventNOT illness FOR and SALE OR DISTRIBUTION stress disability, (3) to restore health, and (4) to help athletes reach their potential Response of the body to a stressor in sports training and performance. that interferes with normal physiology. © Jones & Bartlett TLearning,he Principles LLC of Exercise Physiology© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTsupply FOR equals SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION demand There are many sources of stress on the body, referred to as stressors, includ- When the amount ing anxiety, physical trauma, illness, and disease. Stress is the body’s response of resources needed are matched by to a stressor that interferes with normal physiology. Physical activity and © Jones & Bartlettthe amount Learning, made LLCexercise are also stressors© on Jones the body. & BartlettWhen the Learning,body performs LLC increas- available; for NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONing intensities of physical NOTactivity, FOR the stress SALE level OR and DISTRIBUTION demands on the body example, when increase because it must do more work. The normal physiology is disrupted the amount of ATP needed is matched because in order for the body to be able to do more work, it must produce by the amount of and use more energy: ATP produced. © Jones &↑ PABartlett → ↑ Work Learning, → ↑ Energy LLC (ATP) DEMAND © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION supply The body’s most basic demand is energy. The body is efficient, and Amount of resources made available; therefore produces (and supplies) just enough energy to meet the current for example, the demand (supply equals demand). Supply and demand are central themes in production of ATP. exercise physiology. The fuel the body uses to provide energy to do work is © Jones & Bartlett calledLearning, adenosine LLC triphosphate (ATP). Food nutrients© Jones from & Bartlettyour diet and Learning, oxy- LLC demand NOT FOR SALE ORgen DISTRIBUTION (O ) from the environment are used withinNOT theFOR processes SALE that OR produce DISTRIBUTION Amount of 2 resources needed; most of the ATP used by your body. Therefore, as demand for ATP increases, for example, the demand for oxygen also increases: need for ATP to do ↑ PA → ↑ Work → ↑ Energy (ATP) DEMAND → ↑ O DEMAND © Jones & Bartlettthe required Learning, work. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,2 LLC As an example, when you begin to jog, your PA intensity level increases NOT FOR SALEadenosine OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION triphosphate (ATP) and the amount of work being done by the body increases. Therefore, your The body’s fuel body must produce more ATP by using more oxygen. source. One of the two major areas within exercise physiology is the study of © Jonesthe specific& Bartlett acute Learning, physiological LLC responses that occur within© the Jones body’s &sys Bartlett- Learning, LLC acute physiological tems in order to help meet the demands of increased physical activity. The responses NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The immediate concept is simple. When the stress of exercise is placed on the body, the effects on the demands on the body increase, and the body responds acutely to increase body’s systems in the supply to meet the increased demand (i.e., supply = demand). Dur- response to the © Jonesstress of exercise.& Bartlett ingLearning, exercise, LLCthe greatest increase in demand© Jones is on &the Bartlett skeletal musclesLearning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR(the DISTRIBUTION muscles that cause bone and limb movement).NOT FOR For SALEexample, OR when DISTRIBUTION you

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The Principles of Exercise Physiology 129

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION STOP ANDNOT THINK FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Why is knowledge and understanding of exercise physiology important © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesfor &different Bartlett careers? Learning, Provide LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORspecific SALE examples. OR DISTRIBUTION • What is the difference between physical activity (PA) and exercise? Provide an © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,example of each. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR• HowDISTRIBUTION do activities of © Cultura Creative (RF) / Alamy Stock Photo daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of start to jog, your breathing and heart rates increase. Did daily living (IADLs) differ? Provide an example of each. you ever stop to wonder why? One purpose of the increased © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC breathing rate is to bring more oxygen into your lungs, and • According to the ASEP, what NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION are the fourNOT items FOR in the scopeSALE OR DISTRIBUTION one purpose of the increased heart rate is to deliver the oxy- of responsibility of professional gen (carried in your blood) to the muscles at a faster rate exercise physiologists? Why do (oxygen supply). Faster supply of oxygen to the muscles you think ASEP chose each of allows them to produce and use (supply) ATP at a faster these items? © Jonesrate &in Bartlettorder to meet Learning, the higher LLC demand for ATP so that © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORthe muscles SALE can OR do DISTRIBUTION more work: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

↑ PA → ↑ Work → ↑ Energy (ATP) DEMAND → ↑ O2 DEMAND

↑ Breathing Rate → ↑ O2 Intake into Lungs ↑ Heart Rate → ↑ O Delivery to Muscles © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ↑ O 2 Intake & Delivery → ↑ O 2 SUPPLY → ↑ ATP Production & NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONUsage → ↑ ATP SUPPLY NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SUPPLY = DEMAND Exercise physiology explains why the breathing and heart rates increase during exercise,© Jonesthe physiological & Bartlett mechanisms Learning, the body usesLLC to cause these increases, © physiologicalJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and the mechanismsNOT FOR the SALE body uses OR to DISTRIBUTION precisely match supply with demand. NOTmechanisms FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The second major area of study in exercise physiology is how the body Interacting processes responds to repeated stress through chronic physiological adaptations. The within the body that bring about one or body resists stress, so when a stress becomes chronic, as with regular exer- more effects. © Jonescise, & the Bartlett body finds Learning, ways to resist LLC the stress. Stress resistance© is Jonesaccomplished & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORwith physiologicalSALE OR DISTRIBUTIONchanges within the systems; these changesNOT are referredFOR SALE to OR DISTRIBUTION

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130 ChaPtEr 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC physiological trainingNOT FORas physiological SALE OR adaptations DISTRIBUTION . After these adaptations occur, theNOT body’s FOR systems SALE OR DISTRIBUTION adaptations experience less stress in response to the stressor (i.e., physical activity). In exer- Long-term changes cise physiology, physiological training adaptations are those adaptations that occur within the systems in response to the stress of exercise. Returning to our previous example, your of the body in heart rate increases when you start to jog. One reason the heart rate increases © Jonesresponse &to theBartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC stress of exercise. is to increase the delivery rate of oxygen to the mus- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cles so they can make and use more ATP (increased STOP AND THINK supply to meet the increased demand). An increased • Use complete sentences heart rate stresses the cardiovascular system. If you to explain the following jog on a regular basis, adaptations within the cardio- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,relationships: LLC vascular© Jones system & Bartlett result in a lowerLearning, heart rate LLC while jog- NOT FOR SALE OR↑ DISTRIBUTION PA → ↑ Work → ↑ Energy (ATP) gingNOT at FORthe same SALE intensity. OR This DISTRIBUTION means that the body DEMAND → ↑ O DEMAND 2 is able to meet the same demand (i.e., same jogging ↑ Breathing Rate → ↑ O Intake into 2 intensity, same demand for ATP and oxygen) with Lungs less stress. The lower heart rate means that there is ↑ Heart Rate → ↑ O Delivery to © Jones2 & Bartlett Learning,less stress LLC on the cardiovascular system,© Jones and there- & Bartlett Learning, LLC Muscles NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfore the body has accomplished itsNOT goal, which FOR was SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ↑ O Intake & Delivery → ↑ O SUPPLY 2 2 to reduce the stress caused by the stressor. Exercise → ↑ ATP Production & Usage → ↑ ATP SUPPLY physiology explains the mechanisms the body’s sys- SUPPLY = DEMAND tems use to respond to chronic stress with physiologi- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? cal adaptations that resist future stress. NOT FORWhat SALE is its role OR in enabling DISTRIBUTION physical Physiological NOT training FOR adaptationsSALE OR DISTRIBUTIONoccur activity? because the body resists stress. The adaptations • When PA intensity level increases, what do, in fact, reduce stress on the body systems, happens to the demand for ATP? Why? but they also have other positive side effects. As a © Jones & Bartlett• Learning,When PA intensity LLC level increases, what result© Jones of training & Bartlett adaptations, Learning, the body LLC becomes happens to the demand for oxygen (O )? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 moreNOT efficient,FOR SALE which OR means DISTRIBUTION it can perform the Why? same amount of work with less energy. Training • What are some of the acute physiological adaptations, including better efficiency result in responses within the body that an increased ability to perform physical activity, contribute to an increased supply of O ? © Jones & Bartlett2 Learning,which LLC can improve an athlete’s performance© Jones in & his Bartlett Learning, LLC • Define and explain physiological or her sport or an older adult’s ability to carry his mechanismsNOT . FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION or her own groceries. In addition, exercise adapta- • What are physiological training tions strengthen the body’s systems, making them adaptations? more resistant to illness and disease, resulting in • Why does the body adapt? What are a lower risk for many diseases and better general © Jonesthe & benefits Bartlett to the Learning, body? LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

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The Components of Physical Fitness 131

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The ComponentsNOT FOR SALE of Physical OR DISTRIBUTION Fitness NOTphysical FOR fitness SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Physiological When you exercise, probably without realizing it, you intentionally place attributes that stress on your body, hoping that it will respond and adapt. When you say reflect the ability of you want to become more “fit,” you are usually expressing your desire to the systems of the © Jonesimprove & Bartlett one or more Learning, of your health-related LLC components of© fitness Jones through & Bartlett body to Learning, support LLC physical activity. NOT FORphysiological SALE ORadaptation. DISTRIBUTION Physical fitness is a set of physiologicalNOT attributesFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that reflect the ability of the systems of the body to support physical activity. health-related The health-related components of physical fitness are those components that components of have been shown to have a relationship with good physical health and the physical fitness The components © Jones & Bartlett preventionLearning, of LLCmany types of disease (Table© Jones6-1). & Bartlett Learning,of physicalLLC fitness NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONAnother category of fitness componentsNOT that FOR generally SALE receiveOR DISTRIBUTION less that are associated consideration in a general exercise program, but that are still affected by with good physical skill-related components of physical fitness health, including physiological adaptation, are the body composition, (Table 6-2). The skill-related components of physical fitness are related to muscular strength, sport and© motor-skill Jones & performance. Bartlett Learning, LLC © muscularJones endurance, & Bartlett Learning, LLC aerobic capacity, Table 6-1NOT Health-Related FOR SALE Components OR DISTRIBUTION of Physical Fitness NOTand flexibility.FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Component Description

Aerobic capacity The ability to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to © Jones & Bartlett Learning,high levelsLLC of intensity © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORBody SALEcomposition OR DISTRIBUTION The proportion of total body weight madeNOT up of FOR fat mass SALE and fat-free OR mass DISTRIBUTION Flexibility The ability of the joints to move freely through their normal range of motion Muscular endurance The ability of skeletal muscles to repeatedly generate force Muscular strength The ability of skeletal muscles to generate force © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 6-2 Skill-Related Components of Physical Fitness

Component Description

Agility The ability to change body position quickly and accurately © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Balance The ability to maintain steady body posture NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Coordination The ability to perform physical tasks smoothly and accurately Power The ability of the muscles to generate force quickly Reaction time The ability to respond to a stimulus quickly © JonesSpeed & Bartlett Learning,The abilityLLC to move quickly © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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132 ChaPtEr 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC STOP ANDNOT THINK FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Define physical fitness . • Identify the © Joneshealth-related & Bartlett components Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of physical fitness. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • For each component, provide an example of a specifi c sport skill and/ or exercise that depends © Jones & Bartlett Learning,on the component. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR• IdentifyDISTRIBUTION the skill-related NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION components of physical fitness. © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock • For each component, provide an example of a specifi© cJones sport skill & and/ Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC or exerciseNOT that FOR depends SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION on the component.

skill-related © Jonescomponents & Bartlettof Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTphysical FOR fitness SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The components of physical fitness that are associated with good sport © Jones & Bartlettand motor-skill Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC performance. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION principles of exercise © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock training Foundational guidelines for planning an © Jonesthe & Principles Bartlett Learning, of Exercise LLC training © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC exercise programNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that successfully As stated previously, one of the reasons people exercise is to improve their leads to the desired physical fitness. The principles of exercise training are the foundational guide- physiological lines for planning an exercise program so that it successfully leads to the adaptations without © Jonescausing undo& Bartlett stress desiredLearning, improvements LLC without causing undue© Jones stress & and/or Bartlett injury. Learning, The LLC NOTand/or FOR injury. SALE ORprinciples DISTRIBUTION of exercise training have been establishedNOT FOR from SALE evidence-based OR DISTRIBUTION

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The Principles of Exercise Training 133

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC scientificNOT knowledge FOR of SALE the stimuli OR andDISTRIBUTION physiological responses that lead to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION physiological adaptations, and therefore improvements in fitness. Whether you are a physical education teacher, sport coach, strength and conditioning coach, dance teacher, fitness trainer, or fitness instructor, knowledge, understanding, and application of these principles are essential for your © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC professional success. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The primary, overarching principle of exercise training is the principle principle of overload of overload, which states that the body must be stressed to a level beyond The body must be which it is normally accustomed in order to stimulate physiological training stressed to a level adaptations. Overload is essentially the stress that we discussed earlier. The beyond that to © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,which LLC it is normally body is stressed when it is forced to do something that it is not accustomed accustomed in NOT FOR SALE ORto. DISTRIBUTION When the body and its systems are stressedNOT regularly,FOR SALE the body OR detects DISTRIBUTION order to stimulate the pattern of stress and responds by making physiological changes (adap- physiological training adaptations. tations) to resist the stress. For each fitness component, tests can be used to measure physiological adaptations to exercise. For example, one test of car- diorespiratory© Jones endurance & Bartlett is the step Learning, test. During LLCthe step test, we measure the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC heart rateNOT response FOR to steppingSALE OR up and DISTRIBUTION down for 3 minutes. When you first NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION start a jogging program, the cardiovascular system is overloaded because it is forced to deliver oxygen at a rate that is higher than it is accustomed to. Part of the overload in this situation is that the heart has to contract (beat) © Jonesfaster. & TheBartlett high heartLearning, rate puts LLC stress on the heart, and if ©the Jones heart rate & Bartlettis Learning, LLC NOT FORraised SALE long and OR often DISTRIBUTION enough, the cardiovascular system willNOT respond FOR with SALE OR DISTRIBUTION physiological adaptations that result in a lower heart rate when jogging at the same intensity. This training adaptation can be measured by perform- ing the step test again, after several weeks of training. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,It is important LLC to note that not all physical© Jones activity & Bartlett causes overload, Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORbecause DISTRIBUTION your body is “accustomed” to activitiesNOT you FOR do often. SALE For OR example, DISTRIBUTION if you walk 1–2 miles around campus every day, walking this distance will not overload your body and stimulate physiological changes. However, if some- one is sedentary and moves around very little each day, walking 1–2 miles will likely© cause Jones an overload, & Bartlett and if Learning, done regularly LLC will result in adaptations. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC If you wantNOT your FOR exercise SALE program OR toDISTRIBUTION result in training adaptations, it must NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION consist of physical activity that your body is not accustomed to. In addition, as you exercise regularly over time, your body adapts, plateaus, and eventually becomes “accustomed” to the exercise. When that occurs you © Jonesmust & increase Bartlett the Learning, intensity of theLLC exercise stress such that it,© again, Jones becomes & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORa physical SALE activity OR DISTRIBUTIONthat your body is not accustomed to. ThisNOT is calledFOR theSALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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134 ChaPtEr 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC principle of progression STOP ANDNOT THINK FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION . You must progressNOT the overload FOR SALE as OR DISTRIBUTION • Explain each of your body adapts. For example, the stress of jogging can the principles of be increased many ways, including increasing the speed, exercise training. grade (run up hills), duration (more minutes per session), or frequency (more sessions per week). © Jones• Provide & Bartlett examples ofLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC following and not following Just as the body recognizes a pattern of stress and subse- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION each principle within an quently adapts, it also recognizes when that stress has been exercise program. removed. If you jog regularly over time, adapt, lowering your exercise heart rate, and then stop your jogging rou- tine, your body will reverse its adaptations. As mentioned © Jones & Bartlett principle Learning, of LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC progression earlier, the body adapts to resist tress, but if the stress is no longer present, NOT FOR SALE As OR the bodyDISTRIBUTION adapts the physiological systemsNOT no longer FOR maintain SALE ORthe adaptations, DISTRIBUTION and there- to exercise, the fore they are lost. Because it strives for efficiency, the body will not exert its exercise intensity must be increased energy and resources to maintain an unnecessary physiological adaptation. in order to continue This is called the principle of reversibility, which is sometimes referred to by to stimulate © Jonesthe saying& Bartlett “use it Learning,or lose it.” LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC physiological NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION training adaptations. Other exercise training principles exist, but they are beyond the scope of this chapter. In other courses, you will learn more about the princi- principle of ples explained above, as well as other principles, such as the principles of reversibility specificity, individuality, and overtraining. All of these principles come © Jones When an & exercise Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC stress is removed, from evidence-based scientific data about the physiological responses to NOTthe FORphysiological SALE ORexercise. DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION training adaptations to that stress are lost. What Can You Do with a Degree in Exercise Physiology? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Students typically struggle© in Jones their quest & Bartlett to discover Learning, career options LLC related NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONto exercise physiology becauseNOT job FOR titles SALE are rarely OR labeled DISTRIBUTION “exercise physiol- ogist.” However, exercise physiology concepts make up the basis for understanding the human body and how it responds to the stresses of life, including exercise and disease. Therefore, individuals with a degree in exercise physi- © Jonesology & are Bartlett employed Learning, in a wide variety LLC of career areas that can© be Jones categorized & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORas clinical, SALE fitness, OR DISTRIBUTIONresearch, sport, and teaching. See TableNOT 6-3 FOR for a listSALE OR DISTRIBUTION of some of these careers and Table 6-4 for a list of research areas related to exercise physiology. Although there are many exercise physiology–related careers, many of © Jones & Bartlett theLearning, career paths LLC require additional schooling© Jones and/or & certification Bartlett Learning,beyond LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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What Can You Do with a Degree in Exercise Physiology? 135

Clinical Athletic trainer Cardiac rehabilitation specialist © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Chiropractor © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMassage therapist NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Medical doctor/osteopathic doctor Nurse/nurse practitioner Occupational therapist © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Occupational© Jones therapy & Bartlett assistant Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PhysicalNOT therapist FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Physical therapy assistant Physician assistant Podiatrist © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Pulmonary rehabilitation specialist NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Recreational therapist Fitness Adapted physical activity specialist Business owner/entrepreneur © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Community physical activity© Jones specialist & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Corporate fitness specialistNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Director of wellness and health promotion Fitness consultant Fitness writer Group fitness trainer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Master trainer NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Personal trainer Public health physical activity specialist Senior fitness specialist Wellness coach © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONWellness director NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Research Academia Military Olympic Training Center © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Pharmaceuticals © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sports equipment companiesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (continues)

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136 ChaPtEr 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Table 6-3 Career Areas Related to Exercise Physiology (continued) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Career area Career

Sport Athlete Coach © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Dance teacher © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sports nutritionist Strength and conditioning specialist Teaching College © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Fitness workshop© Jones presenter & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Health educatorNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION High school teacher

© Jonesa bachelor’s & Bartlett degree. Learning, Students LLCshould research the various© career Jones options & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORearly (asSALE freshmen OR DISTRIBUTIONand sophomores) to evaluate practicalityNOT and feasibilityFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in terms of personal interest and strengths. Early preparation also provides time to plan appropriately for graduate schooling and certification, if necessary. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION STOP AND THINK • For each career area in Table 6-3 , choose one © Jones & Bartlett Learning,specific career LLCyou think you © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORwould DISTRIBUTION enjoy the most and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION explain why. • For each career area in Table 6-3 , choose one specific career that© you Jones think you & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC would beNOT most successful FOR SALE at OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and explain why. • Can you think of any other careers related to exercise physiology that are not listed © Jonesin Table 6-3& Bartlett ? Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE © Mike Powell/Digital OR Vision/Thinkstock DISTRIBUTION

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Areas of Research in Exercise Physiology 137

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Areas ofNOT Research FOR SALE in Exer ORcise DISTRIBUTION Physiology NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 6-4 Areas of Research in Exercise Physiology (continued)

Area of Research Example Research Topics © JonesExercise & Bartlett testing Learning, LLC Fitness assessment© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Performance assessmentNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Physical activity assessment Exercise training Aerobic training Anaerobic training © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesAthletic performance& Bartlett training Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTExercise FOR prescription SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Flexibility training Muscular endurance training Muscular strength training Bioenergetics and muscle metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism © Jones & Bartlett Learning, EnergyLLC expenditure © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONLipid metabolism NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Body composition Energy balance Obesity Weight control © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Clinical exercise physiology Clinical exercise prescription NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Clinical exerciseNOT testing FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Exercise epidemiology Exercise immunology Disease Alzheimer’s disease © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesArthritis & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTCancer FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Depression Heart disease Hypertension © Jones & Bartlett Learning, StrokeLLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONType II diabetes NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Environmental physiology Altitude Diving Space travel © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Thermoregulation© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(continues)

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138 Chapter 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Table 6-4 Areas of Research in Exercise Physiology (continued) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Area of Research Example Research Topics

Fatigue Central nervous system fatigue Muscular fatigue © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Neuromuscular fatigue© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Gender differences Performance differences Training differences Lifespan Senior fitness and aging © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©Youth Jones fitness and& Bartlett development Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OccupationalOR DISTRIBUTION physiology NOTFire and FOR rescue SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Law enforcement Military Physical activity and health promotion Community health © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Public LLC health © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONSchools NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Workplace health Rehabilitation Cardiac rehabilitation Occupational therapy © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Physical therapy NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Respiratory therapy Sports nutrition Ergogenic aids In-competition nutrition Precompetition nutrition © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTRecovery FOR nutrition SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Supplements Systems exercise physiology Bone and connective tissue physiology Cardiovascular physiology © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Cellular LLC and molecular physiology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONEndocrine physiology NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Neural physiology Respiratory physiology Skeletal muscle physiology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Discussion Questions 139

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION STOP ANDNOT THINK FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • For each area of research in Table 6-4 , what are some specific © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesissues & Bartlettrelated to exercise Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORphysiology SALE that OR may DISTRIBUTION be studied? • Can you think of any other research areas related to © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,exercise physiology LLC that are © wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock not listed in Table 6-4 ? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

chaPTer suMMarY

In this chapter, you have learned that exercise physiology is the study of how the body responds© Jones and adapts & Bartlett to physical Learning,stress. Exercise LLC is an intentional physical stress © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC placed uponNOT the body.FOR Within SALE the OR field, DISTRIBUTIONboth acute and chronic exercise effects are NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION studied. Although exercise physiology is relatively new as a formal discipline, it has likely been studied as far back as the ancient Greeks. Currently, exercise physiology is one of many topics traditionally taught within the core of physical education, © Joneskinesiology, & Bartlett and exercise Learning, science programs.LLC Exercise physiology is© an Jones essential & part Bartlett Learning, LLC of the curriculum because knowledge and understanding of it permits physical NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION education teachers, athletes, coaches, dance teachers, fitness trainers, and other sport and exercise science professionals to enhance physical performance and health through the application of exercise physiology principles. Some of the core principles that form the basis of exercise physiology include stress and supply and © Jones & Bartlett demandLearning, as they LLC relate to physical activity, energy© (ATP)Jones use, and& Bartlett physiological Learning, train- LLC NOT FOR SALE ORing DISTRIBUTION adaptations. The principles of exercise are NOTthe foundational FOR SALE guidelines, OR DISTRIBUTION based on evidence-based science, for planning a successful exercise program. The principles of overload, progression, and reversibility were also discussed in this chapter. Individuals with a degree in exercise physiology are employed in a wide variety of career areas that can be categorized as clinical, fitness, research, sport, and teaching. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION DiscussiOn QuesTiOns

1. Describe the study of exercise physiology and explain how it differs from sport physiology. © Jones2. &Briefly Bartlett explain Learning,the evolution ofLLC exercise physiology as a discipline© Jones in the United & Bartlett Learning, LLC States. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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140 Chapter 6 | Exercise and Sport Physiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. Why is exercise physiology a core curricular component of most kinesiology NOT FORprog SALErams? OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. Explain the terms stress, demand, supply, response, mechanism, and adaptation as they relate to the basic underlying principles of exercise physiology. 5. What is the difference between acute and chronic exercise effects? © Jones & Bartlett Learning,6. What is the differenceLLC between the health- and© skill-related Jones & components Bartlett of Learning, physical LLC fitness? NOT FOR SALE OR7. DISTRIBUTION What is the purpose of the principles of exerciseNOT training? FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. For each career area in Table 6-3, randomly choose a specific career and describe the characteristics you think an individual must have in order to be successful in that career and explain why you think those characteristics are important. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC9. Why do you think it is impor© Jonestant to both & enjoyBartlett and be Learning, good at your career?LLC What would be some of the consequences if you did not like your career or were not NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONgood at it? Consider the NOTconsequences FOR forSALE you, your OR coworkers, DISTRIBUTION your patients/cli- ents, and your family.

References © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORACSM SALE | EIM. E ORxercise DISTRIBUTION is Medicine®: A global health initiative. RetrievedNOT FOR31 August SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2016, from http://exerciseismedicine.org American Society of Exercise Physiologists. (n.d.) Standards of practice. Retrieved from https://www.asep.org/index.php/organization/practice/ Massengale, J. D., & Swanson, R. A. (eds.). (1997). The history of exercise and sport © Jones & Bartlett Learning,science. Champaign, LLC IL: Human Kinetics.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Other Resources

www.acsm.org www.asep.org © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCwww.healthinaging.org/resources/resource:eldercare-at-home-problems-of-daily© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION-living/ NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION www.nsca.org www.the-aps.org