24 th ISUF International Conference 27th-29th September 2017 VALENCIA City and territory in the Globalization Age Conference proceedings

An Analysis of the Applicability of Conzenian School in China: GzgornkÝgf"d{"Ujcpiskw

¥klkpi"Ujgp."Zktwk"Hgpi."Ujw{kpi"Ejgpi."[cpjwk"Ujk, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China *(corresponding author) E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Cduvtcev0 Urban morphology has been studied extensively in western countries, while the related researches had been carried out late in China and the researches on urban morphology evolution characteristics of China are rare. Scanty case studies like Pingyao showed that the characteristics of urban form and its evolutionary process of China was different from the western. This paper review the existing researches and take Shangqiu as a case city to study urban morphology evolution characteristics of Chinese cities, preliminary analyze ChinaRs special social and economic characteristics as well as its urban morphology process from the double fringe belts, plot and block patterns of Shangqiu. Through the research on the evolution of ShangqiuRs urban form, this paper aims to preliminary delimit the morphological period of Shangqiu, explore the evolution mechanism of Shangqiu, summarize evolutionary characteristics qh" Ejkpgug" ekvkgu" cpf" tgÞgev" wtdcp" oqtrjqnqikecn" crrtqcejgu" kp" yguvgtp" academic system.

Keywords: Shangqiu, Urban Morphology, Chinese City, Evolutionary process

Kpvtqfwevkqp development is affected by a large number of administrative and planning factors, so the With the theories and approaches of urban applicability of Conzenian approach, theory morphology established and developed based and terminology need more tests. on European cities, the major research force Based on the case study of Pingyao and of urban morphology is still in Europe so far. Zhishanmen carried out by J.W.R. Whitehand The Conzenian approach has good explanatory and some other research, Chinese cities are power for the morphological development different from the western cities mainly in of European cities, but its universality needs three aspects(Shi, 2014): further study for cities in different cultural Firstly, the development process of Chinese context. On the one hand, the degree of data cities is quite different from that of western perfection and the contribution to system ekvkgu." yjkej" ku" qdxkqwun{" tgÞgevgf" kp" vjg" kpvgitkv{"qh"Cnpykem"vqyp"ku"fkhÝewnv"vq"tgcej" different morphological periods of Chinese for other towns. Therefore, does Conzenian cities compared with western cities. Usually theory and approach still suitable for the cities the morphological periods include three, which are lack of historical documents and coinciding with the important time nodes in ocru"qt"fkhÝewnv"vq"kfgpvkh{"vjg"oqtrjqnqikecn" Ejkpgug"oqfgtp"jkuvqt{0""Vjg"Ýtuv"qpg"ku"vjg" features? On the other hand, for Chinese generalized feudal times before 1949 with cities with completely different political and xgt{"nqy"rtqfwevkxkv{"cpf"fgÝekgpv"fcvc0""Vjgp" cultural backgrounds(Whitehand, 2007), their is the typical socialism city transforming

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251 24 th ISUF International Conference 27th-29th September 2017 VALENCIA period(1949-1978). And the last is the period or public buildings become less valid since with great change of social economic system many Chinese cities are planned to be grids of reform and opening up after 1978. The and religious institutions are set according to rough delimitation of morphological periods etiquette. On the other hand, in the period of is related to the complicated and diverse socialist construction, many cities established urban landscape and limited by the lack of new centers outside the old one answering to literature or map sources of China. Due to the the need of development and the old city was preference of historical view and the gap in eventually incorporated into the new urban mapping technology, the literature of Chinese area with the development of metro, making cities rarely records the information about the old city as well as its fringe belt become the citiesR evolution, which is however required fringe belt of the current city as a whole. for morphological research. Therefore, for the urban form of earlier time, the large-scale town plans and other requirements for Conzenian Tgugctej"qp"Wtdcp"Oqtrjqnqi{"kp"Ejkpc approach cannot be met. Thus, detailed division of morphological period is hard to With the spread and development of conduct. morphology theory in China, studies on Secondly, Chinese cities are greatly different Chinese cities by Chinese and foreign scholars from western cities in terms of their driving have increased a lot in recent years, resulting forces of evolution. On the one hand, in both in a large number of research achievements, the feudal period and the period of socialist mainly empirical researches and literature construction after the founding of new China, review of the western theory. planning and administrative forces are the The scholars introducing Conzenian theory most important factors in urban development. to China mainly include Gu Kai, Tian Yinsheng On the other hand, China lacks effective and Song Feng. And the Conzenian empirical protection for private property rights. This researches on Chinese cites include JeremyRs makes the revolutionary planning, proposed series work on Pingyao, Peking University by Conzen(Conzen, 1960), more likely to research groupRs work on Lushan Mountain happen during the city construction under landscape, Zhang JianRs work on historical wpkÝgf"rncppkpi."tguwnvkpi"kp"vjg"rjgpqogpqp" blocks in Guangzhou, etc. The researches have that the evolution process of some Chinese made important contribution to the development cities is often faster and larger on scale than and application of Conzenian School in China, that of western cities that are based on private but because of the complexity of cross-cultural property rights and fair trade. morphological research, some also exposed Thirdly, the connotation of morphological defects made by Chinese and foreign scholars elements of Chinese cities is greatly different in the study of China urban morphology. For from those in western cities, for which the example, in Zhishanmen case study, due to the fringe belt is typical to annotate. In European fkhÝewnv{" qh" kpvgtewnvwtcn" wtdcp" oqtrjqnqi{" cities, fringe belt indicates a zonal region research and the lack of understanding of with distinctive morphological and functional ZhishanmenRs historical function and the features formed in urban fringes at certain operator of urban form evolution in socialism period(Conzen, 1960), often intuitionally China, the conclusion is not rigorous enough. related with the city wall. However, in In addition, in the case study of Pingyao, some ancient China, the city wall is usually built morphological terminology like fringe belt are Ýtuvn{" ceeqtfkpi" vq" vjg" rncppkpi." cpf" vjg" different in form with those in western cities. urban expansion from the kernel takes a Otherwise, because the common lack of detailed considerable period of time to reach the city historical materials and precise historical wall. In other words, the city wall does not maps, Conzenian approach is not completely necessarily indicate the fringe belt, at least the Ýv" kp" Ejkpgug" ekvkgu." vjwu" cogpfogpvu" cpf" inner fringe belt. At the meantime, the method development for current theory and approach of distinguishing fringe belt through big plots are needed for researches on Chinese cities.

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Hkiwtg"30" Vjg"ukvwcvkqp"qh"Ujcpiskw Vjg" V{rkecnkv{" cpf" Tgrtgugpvcvkxgpguu" qh" shaping special urban landscape in the ancient Ujcpiskw city area. Now, the preserved ancient city of The object of this study is the ancient city of Shangqiu is Guidefu city built in Ming Guidefu in Shangqiu. Shangqiu, the history of Dynasty(1368-1644) of 1510. More than 500 which can be dated back to the Xia(about 21 years of city development provides a good century B.C.-16 century B.C.) and Shang(about case for the study of China urban form. Firstly, 16 century B.C.-11 century B.C.) Dynasties of the morphological structure, fringe belt and more than 2000 years, and then becoming the Ýzcvkqp"nkpg"qh"Iwkfghw"ekv{"ctg"hwnn{"tgugtxgf0"" capital of Shang Dynasty, plays an important Secondly, Shangqiu, with double Ovelvet role in the early regime of China. This gloveP walls, is of a good representative in korqtvcpv"tqng"dgpgÝvu"htqo"vjg"Þcv"cpf"hgtvkng" the Central Plains and one of the few ancient land and the bred of the Yellow River, long- cities whose walls and gates are completely termly being the city of best construction, most preserved in China. Both inside and outside concentrated population and most developed the city have retained the traces of social and economy, as well as a hotly contested spot for economic changes in the material space since military. This advantage enhanced after the Ming dynasty. Thirdly, after 1949, because Grand Canal was excavated in Sui(581-618) of the great changes of social system and and Tang(618-907) Dynasties and connected administration, Shangqiu experienced the the North and the South via Shangqiu. Its process of separation and transfer of the city development reach another peak in North Song kernel. Dynasty(960-1127), becoming an important shipping corridor and the provisional capital of Bianliang(the capital of North Song Dynasty). Ujcpiskw"Ecug"Cpcn{uku With the decline of Han regime and the southward of economic center, the According to the morphological differences of Central Plains region including Shangqiu, Shangqiu ancient city in different social and lost the position of national political and economic conditions in different historical economic center after the South Song period, the nearly 500 years since 1510 can Dynasty(1127-1279). While Shangqiu still be divided into three morphological periods. retained the position of prefectural city as well They are the earlier and the heyday period as the political and economic center in the (before 1949), the socialist construction period region of eastern Central Plains, during which (1949-2000) and the period of rapid economic kv"ycu"oqxgf"cpf"tghqtogf"d{"yctu"cpf"Þqqfu." development (after 2000), during which the

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253 24 th ISUF International Conference 27th-29th September 2017 VALENCIA morphological characteristic and evolutionary cityRs north wall. The new city was 75km to impetus are different. The third period of the east of the provincial capital, 900km from Chinese cities is usually the reform and Beijing (the capital when the city was built) opening up period after 1978. The reason of and 1100 of waterways. choosing 2000 as the beginning of ShangqiuRs According to county records, the wall is third morphological period is that in 1990s, 4.35km in circumference, about 7m wide on the driving forces of ShangqiuRs development the top and 10m wide at the bottom, with 13 is still the administrative forces, only after lookout towers and 32 alarm stations on it. The 2000 did the commercial forces come into wall has four gates, called Binyang on the east, stage, coincident with the rapid development Dieze on the west, Gongyang on the south and of economy and tourism. Gongchen on the north, and two water gates, one on the west of Gongyang Gate, another on the east of Gongyang Gate. The Earlier and the Heyday Period Guidefu city is made up of three parts: the inner city wall, the moat and the outer city wall Early City or the embankment. The 250,000m2 moat and the 9km outer city wall were constructed Guidefu city is not the result of planning in later than the inner city wall. The outer city cfxcpeg." dwv" fwg" vq" vjg" Þqqf" kp" 3724." chvgt" wall played the role of resisting the enemy, which the old city was totally destroyed and the ogv"vjg"pggfu"qh"Þqqf"eqpvtqn"kp"Þqqf"ctgcu"qh" governor decided to construct a new city near the Yellow River, while the moat protected the the site. It took 8 years to construct Guidefu ekv{"cpf"uvqtgf"Þqqfycvgt0""Kp"hcev."vjku"mkpf"qh" city of the similar area to the old city, whose structure played an important role in a certain south wall was exactly at the position of the old period of time, but after the weapons and war

Hkiwtg"40" Vjg"ncpfuecrg"qh"Ujcpiskw"kp"Skpi"F{pcuv{0

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254 City and territory in the Globalization Age Conference proceedings form changed in late nineteenth century, their belt in Pingyao. These plots were mostly function became limited and unnecessary. In houses for the dignitaries, each occupying half tgurgev" qh" Þqqf" eqpvtqn." cnvjqwij" vjg" oqcv." a block to one block, and some families even outer city wall and the terrain of high center have multiple properties, occupying the vast but low circumference released the pressure of majority of neighborhoods except government uocnn"Þqqf."vjgtg"ycu"Þqqf"kpukfg"vjg"ekv{"ycnn" agencies, religious institutions, public sometimes, even boat could sail in the city, as institutions and so on. They merged small the county records described. A large body of plots as their own family homestead with the ycvgt" tgvckpgf" chvgt" vjg" gnkokpcvkqp" qh" Þqqf" power and commercial operations, and these and the typical county landscape in northern large houses were in the form of traditional China of water, reed, boats and lotus could still Chinese courtyard. Compared to the limited be seen in early twenty century. living space the city left to civilians, a humble surrounding residential area formed inside of Urban Landscape in Early Period the city wall.

The landscape inside Guidefu city has Characteristics of the Early Fringe Belt undergone profound changes, showing high similarity with the early Pingyao ancient city. In this period, the fringe belt of Shangqiu In the period of construction, the construction showed a strange feature. On the one hand, of houses and the wall is synchronized, while the large number of large plots in the city were inside the inner city wall some traces of distributed in such an orderly way that the space along the wall or post construction are method of identifying the fringe belt through founded, not being used as roads. Therefore, the large plots became invalid. Instead, the in the early stage of urban construction, the characteristics of large plots corresponded to location of the city wall was not the edge of the core of Shangqiu county. On the other the built-up area, which was similar to the hand, there were 54 towns outside the city, characteristics of PingyaoRs early fringe belt. distributed in all directions outside the ancient There are prefectural city government, county city. The widespread distribution of towns government, court, procuratorate, Confucian showed that the urban economic life and Temple, schools and ancestral halls in the housing construction had broken through the city, while other plots are occupied and used eqpuvtckpvu" qh" vjg" vyq" Ýzcvkqp" nkpgu." yjkej" by ordinary citizens. The layout of streets is extended to the outside of the city. But this basically the same as today. The fringe belt practical sense of the urban fringe was not at this stage were similar to those of early characterized by the large land and institutional Pingyao, distributing inside the city. Because land, except the religious and memorial sites of the chessboard pattern of blocks and the which already existed for a long time, Yingtian non-circle distribution of institutional land in Institute and so on. This made it need further the city, the belt was not apparent. fkuvkpevkqp" cpf" fkuewuukqp" vjcv" jqy" vq" fgÝpg" Important changes occurred in the middle the fringe belt of Shangqiu at this stage. and late Qing Dynasty. During this period, the This trend, which had some differences from original street structure remained unchanged, the existing characteristics of the fringe belt, chessboard-shaped streets divided the area into changed again in the late Qing Dynasty and the neat and bustling neighborhoods. At the end of beginning of the Republic of China, turning to the Qing Dynasty there were 88 county roads the similar characteristics of the fringe belt in in total, which were in chess-like distribution. the early industrialization of Pingyao. At the The improvement of the street system coincides end of Qing dynasty, after the establishment with the identity of the political center of of modern industry and the spread of western Shangqiu, and has a very active economy. ideas brought by western missionaries, the The difference was that most of the blocks city had carried out the construction of a large at this time were occupied by a single plot, number of modern factories, churches, schools, forming a different situation from the fringe hospitals which centered on Shangqiu ancient city.

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Hkiwtg"5 Vjg"fkuvtkdwvkqp"qh"rwdnke"kpuvkvwvkqpu"kpukfg"Iwkfghw"Ekv{"kp"Skpi"F{pcuv{"cpf"vqfc{0 large factories, schools and other construction There were indications that the development made the ancient city of Shangqiu reshow of Shangqiu during this period experienced a the same characteristics of the fringe belt process from developing inside of the walls to as Pingyao and some Western cases. The being partly restricted by the walls and then ambiguity and reappearance of this fringe belt to breaking through the walls, in which the tgÞgevgf"vjg"korgvwu"qh"wtdcp"hqto"gxqnwvkqp." characteristics of the early fringe belt were including the administrative system and not preserved completely, but were covered property right, which were different from the qt" Ýnngf" d{" vjg" nctig/dnqem" kpuvkvwvkqpu" cpf" western marketization and property rights. residence which were not easy to identify. The property rights were weak in China, which Until the socio-economic institutional changes made the pattern of construction before the at the end of Qing Dynasty, a new round of emergence of the wealthy class who could

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256 City and territory in the Globalization Age Conference proceedings buy the complete plots could not possibly be economic condition but clear in political preserved in the early period. condition. Around 1960, the construction of vjg"ekv{"ycu"uvknn"uvtkevn{"uwdlgev"vq"vjg"wpkÝgf" plan of the government, and the landscape did The Period of Socialist Construction not change a lot inside and outside the city. The architectural style of the Soviet factory The construction and destruction of the ancient which was different from the ancient city walls city and the new surrounding houses also supported that the construction scale of this period was In 1949, the PeopleRs Republic of China not big to some degree. was established, bringing the revolutionary During the Great Cultural Revolution, transformation of the social economy. The although some of the cultural relics remained original mixture of feudal society and capitalist destroyed by wanton destruction, the overall society was gradually replaced by new socialist pattern of the city had not been greatly damaged, construction. Its economic relations and and most of the city housing was preserved social structure changed at the same time, and dgecwug" eqpÝuecvgf" d{" iqxgtpogpv" cigpekgu0"" unique spatial characteristics were left behind But with the end of the Cultural Revolution, during this period. But at the beginning of this urban residents who had been forced to live change, remarkable spatial changes did not in the countryside (in other words, exiled) happen immediately with the establishment returned home, but their original housing had and implementation of the socialist system. been reassigned to other people for political On the contrary, during the early period of the reasons, making this part of the residents lose establishment of the system and a long time vjgkt"jqogu"cpf"jcf"Ýpf"pgy"jqwugu0""Cv"vjg" after that, the rate of changes were as slow and same time after the reform and opening up, gradual as the previous hundred years. the rural surplus labor force coming into the During the early period of the establishment city increased the demand for housing and of the socialist system, the social structure pressure for land supply. Under such pressure cpf" geqpqoke" tgncvkqpu" ejcpigf" Ýtuv0" " Ukpeg" vjg"iqxgtpogpv"jcf"vq"ceswkgueg"kp"vjg"Ýnnkpi" the new regime eliminated the remnants of the moat from outside to inside and house capitalist political and economic relations as construction, and some settlements were even much as possible, it was not legal for the private built on the embankment of the outer city. Just courtyards in the city to be declared, which in a few years, the original thousands of acres ygtg" eqpÝuecvgf" cpf" wugf" cu" iqxgtpogpv" of water were reduced to only a few hundred agencies and other public utilities, or assigned acres, leaving only the south side of the water to urban residents who were average in surface close to the original area.

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Hkiwtg"7 Vjg"tgncvkqpujkr"dgvyggp"vjg"cpekgpv"ekv{"cpf"vjg"oqfgtp"wtdcp"ctgc0 The dramatic changes of the pattern of the other courtyards were demolished and re- city began in the early 90s of last century, constructed, and even the Catholic Church, a when Shangqiu ancient city had not been cultural relics, was reconstructed. This greatly included in the National Major Cultural Relics improved the urban density of residential Protected Unit and its historical and cultural buildings, corresponding to the repletion value had not been recognized yet. So the process. demand for the reality of utilitarian went beyond the old pattern and lifestyle. The The transformation of the core of the city and urban large-scale transformation began. New fringe belt. cfokpkuvtcvkxg"qhÝekcnu"uvctvgf"vjg"fgoqnkvkqp" and construction, during which broadening the From the regional scale, Guidefu City completed North-South Street was the most important the process of transforming from the old core representative. The original North and South of the city into the part of the fringe belt of the Street was as wide as the gate, but with the more large-scale new city. This change is not demolition and reconstruction of all the the result of natural evolution that city develops buildings on both sides of the street, the street and changes along the original site and natural was widened to two to three times, and antique development path, but through the role of the buildings were rebuilt on both sides of the administrative force from the construction of street. Except the old buildings occupied by socialist color with Chinese characteristics. government or institutions were retained, most

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Established in 1969 as an administrative Pingyao, Taierzhuang, and Wuzhen, the locals, unit, Shangqiu Area manages Shangqiu City, especially the governors have gradually paid Shangqiu County, which was based on Guidefu more attention to the tourism value of Guidefu City, and multiple administrative units. In the city. The representative urban pattern and 1990s, the developing mode of this kind ended completed long history become hot spots to with the combination of the city, county and attract tourists. But how to place the long district. The newly developed city became the history of the ancient city into the physical core of the wider range of city. This kind of space to get the prosperity of tourism industry, development model of urban form had resulted city governors, planners, the protectors of in the new stage that the new urban core was ancient city and the professors of urban established independently outside the old city morphology have different ideas. and the old core became part of the new city In the new tourism project planning, the with the characteristic of fringe belt. The constructions inside ancient Shangqiu city original edge of the old city core became a part will be replaced by well-designed streets and of the urban fringe of the new city as the new cpvkswg" dwknfkpiu" yjkej" ecp" tgÞgev" vjg" uv{ng" city became bigger. and features of ancient Guidefu city, except In this context, on the one hand, the ancient for some protected constructions. At the same city became the southern suburbs of the city. time, in order to restore the pattern of the On the other hand, the concept of ancient ancient shangqiu city, the moat between the city tended to be the historical and cultural outer city wall and brick city will be restored to protection entity unit surrounded by the old the original water area as far as possible, which city walls. It exists more as an independent means tens of thousands of people living in the unit in the southern part of the city and no more river area will be transferred to the centralized had the meaning of completed city functions resettlement area by the government. In a larger which separated the urban and rural area as scale, the new development center is selected vjg"Ýzcvkqp"nkpg0""Dgecwug"vjg"uqwvjyguvyctf" in eastern direction of Shangqiu ancient city development of Shangqiu has been obstructed which is closer than the original distance to the by the existence of the ancient city, the contact city core. The infrastructure construction and of this direction had to detour around the population agglomeration followed by the new ancient city. selection of city core will change the existing pattern of the whole Shangqiu city. As a result, The Period of Rapid Economic Development the situation of Shangqiu ancient city being the boundary zone of Shangqiu may change again After tourism has added huge economic according to further development. dgpgÝvu" vq" uqog" cpekgpv" vqypu" uwej" cu"

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Hkiwtg": Vjg"vqwtkuo"rncppkpiu"qh"Iwkfghw"Ekv{0 Eqpenwukqp information providing enough strong research support. So, the division of the morphological Among Chinese urban morphology researches, period is also subject to the availability of Conzenian Theory and Approach are faced information restrictions. with the lack of data and different culture 2. There is no direct relationship between backgrounds, it still has important guiding role Chinese urban fringe and city walls. in Chinese urban morphology research. While City walls are often the earliest elements when applied for cities with different social of ancient Chinese cities with a long period and cultural backgrounds, the use of Conzenian of stability. However, in the early stages of Approach has limitations and differences. urban development, the internal walls of the So we need to do the examination of its ekv{"ctg"qhvgp"pqv"Ýnngf"ykvj"vjg"eqpuvtwevkqpu" applicability and modify the existing theory which will retain more space for the according to the different object of the study. following development. At the same time, the When based on the discussion of Chinese urban characteristics of ancient Chinese city edge belt morphology evolution and empirical analysis and large land, institutional land are different of ancient Shangqiu city case, the researches from those of western city edge belt. Because have the following preliminary conclusions: the layout of large institutions land, including 1. The different temporal resolution exists ancestral temple, government and school has in the division of the morphological period. strong relationship with feng shui, they are not In the division of the Chinese morphological always placed in the edge area of the city. As period, there is often the phenomenon that the a result, the lands with the characteristic of longer the time from now, the longer the form the urban fringe in Chinese ancient city tend period is and the more blurred the boundary is. vq"dg"vjg"tgrtgugpvcvkqp"qh"c"urgekÝe"rgtkqf"qh" Two reasons have caused this phenomenon. administrative decrees and legislative system On the one hand, despite many dynasties have under the urban construction. changed, the urban form did not fundamentally 3. Administrative order plays an important change in the history of the development of role in the evolution of Chinese urban form. ancient city. Until the modern China, the social Because of the recognition of public power and economic environment began to frequently and the lack of individualism in Chinese replace, the city goes through unique urban cultural traditions, administrative orders form period. On the other hand, with the inevitably affect the development process of details of the literature and map data increasing Chinese cities. Administrative orders play an along the development of time gradually, only irresistible role in Chinese cities from the site in a very short time scale, there is enough selection, planning, construction and dressing

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261 24 th ISUF International Conference 27th-29th September 2017 VALENCIA processes. Checkerboard street pattern and A Sino-European comparisonR. Urban the land structure which doesnRt maximize Morphology 20(2):139-158. vjg" geqpqoke" dgpgÝvu" yqpÓv" gzkuv" wpfgt" vjg" Song, F. (2013) QStudy on the utilization mode Western private property protection system of Mount Lu cultural landscape process: and the operation of the market mechanism based on Kuling town as an exampleR. of the city. After the founding of new China, (Given on World Cultural Heritage Site in although the administrative order is not always East Asia -- Mount Lu Forum) different with the direction of the city in the Zhang, J. (2012) QA study on the form of free development, administrative orders of Guangzhou traditional urban blocks from city build, migration, and reconstruction are the perspective of Conzenian SchoolR. South still one of the most important factors in the China University of Technology, China. evolution of form of China Whitehand, J. W. R. and Gu, K. (2007) The process of the evolution of Chinese QUrban conservation in China: Historical morphological cities has different processes development, current practice and and results from the western cities. ChinaRs morphological approachR. Town Planning long history and varied cities also provide a Review 78(5):643-670. broad space for urban morphology research. The Compilation Committee of Shangqiu The study of the evolution of urban form in County. (1991) Annals of Shangqiu China will enrich both urban morphology County(SDX Joint Publishing Company, theories and methods. Shanghai). Chen, Y. Z. (1994) Annals of Shangqiu County(Zhongzhou Ancient Books Tghgtgpeg Publishing House, Zhengzhou). Chen, X. L. (1994) Annals of Guidefu Whitehand, J. W. R. and Gu, K. (2007) Prefectural City(Zhongzhou Ancient Books QExtending the compass of plan analysis: Publishing House, Zhengzhou). A Chinese explorationR.Urban Morphology Deng, H. and Fa, N. Z. (2016) QMorphogenetic 11(2):91-109. Analysis on Spatial Structure of the Shi, C. H. (2014) QAgent and Morphological Guidefu CityR. Scientia Geographica Sinica Process: the Urban Morphology Study of 36(7):1008-1016. South Gong and Drum Lane District in Shangqiu City Suiyang District Records Beijing after 1949R. Peking University, Compilation Committee. (2012) Annals China. of Shangqiu City Suiyang District: Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, 1986-2003(Zhongzhou Ancient Books Northumberland : A study in townplan Publishing House, Zhengzhou). analysis (Transactions & Papers (Institute of Tongji University. (2009) Group Planning British Geographers), London). of Ancient City of Shangqiu(Formal City Gu, K. (2001) QThe theory and method of urban Planning). morphology--exploring the comprehensive China Architectural Design Institute. (2016) and rational research frameworkR. City Conceptual Planning of Cultural Tourism Planning Review 25(12):36-41. Industrial Parks in Ancient City of Tian, Y. S., Gu, K. and Tao, W. (2010) QUrban Shangqiu(Formal City Planning). morphology research and urban historical Conzen, M. R. G. (2004) Thinking about protection planningR. City Planning Review urban form: papers on urban morphology, 34(4):21-26. 1932-1998(Peter Lang, Pieterlen and Bern). Whitehand, J. W. R., Gu, K. and Whitehand, S. Tongji University. (2009) Regulatory Detailed M. (2011) QFringe belts and socioeconomic Planning of Ancient City of Shangqiu(Formal change in ChinaR. Environment and Planning City Planning). B: Planning and Design 38(1):41-60. China Map Study Group. (1975) Chinese Whitehand, J. W. R., Conzen, M. P. and Gu, History Atlas(Sinomap Press, Beijing). K. (2016) QPlan analysis of historical cities: Tongji University. (2014) Constructive

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Detailed Planning of Guidefu City in Cultural Tourism Industrial Parks in Ancient City of Shangqiu(Formal City Planning).

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