CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 24Th ISUF International
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24th ISUF International Conference 27th-29th September 2017 VALENCIA City and territory in the Globalization Age Conference proceedings An Analysis of the Applicability of Conzenian School in China: GzgornkÝgf"d{"Ujcpiskw ¥klkpi"Ujgp."Zktwk"Hgpi."Ujw{kpi"Ejgpi."[cpjwk"Ujk, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China *(corresponding author) E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Cduvtcev0 Urban morphology has been studied extensively in western countries, while the related researches had been carried out late in China and the researches on urban morphology evolution characteristics of China are rare. Scanty case studies like Pingyao showed that the characteristics of urban form and its evolutionary process of China was different from the western. This paper review the existing researches and take Shangqiu as a case city to study urban morphology evolution characteristics of Chinese cities, preliminary analyze ChinaRs special social and economic characteristics as well as its urban morphology process from the double fringe belts, plot and block patterns of Shangqiu. Through the research on the evolution of ShangqiuRs urban form, this paper aims to preliminary delimit the morphological period of Shangqiu, explore the evolution mechanism of Shangqiu, summarize evolutionary characteristics qh" Ejkpgug" ekvkgu" cpf" tgÞgev" wtdcp" oqtrjqnqikecn" crrtqcejgu" kp" yguvgtp" academic system. Keywords: Shangqiu, Urban Morphology, Chinese City, Evolutionary process Kpvtqfwevkqp development is affected by a large number of administrative and planning factors, so the With the theories and approaches of urban applicability of Conzenian approach, theory morphology established and developed based and terminology need more tests. on European cities, the major research force Based on the case study of Pingyao and of urban morphology is still in Europe so far. Zhishanmen carried out by J.W.R. Whitehand The Conzenian approach has good explanatory and some other research, Chinese cities are power for the morphological development different from the western cities mainly in of European cities, but its universality needs three aspects(Shi, 2014): further study for cities in different cultural Firstly, the development process of Chinese context. On the one hand, the degree of data cities is quite different from that of western perfection and the contribution to system ekvkgu." yjkej" ku" qdxkqwun{" tgÞgevgf" kp" vjg" kpvgitkv{"qh"Cnpykem"vqyp"ku"fkhÝewnv"vq"tgcej" different morphological periods of Chinese for other towns. Therefore, does Conzenian cities compared with western cities. Usually theory and approach still suitable for the cities the morphological periods include three, which are lack of historical documents and coinciding with the important time nodes in ocru"qt"fkhÝewnv"vq"kfgpvkh{"vjg"oqtrjqnqikecn" Ejkpgug"oqfgtp"jkuvqt{0""Vjg"Ýtuv"qpg"ku"vjg" features? On the other hand, for Chinese generalized feudal times before 1949 with cities with completely different political and xgt{"nqy"rtqfwevkxkv{"cpf"fgÝekgpv"fcvc0""Vjgp" cultural backgrounds(Whitehand, 2007), their is the typical socialism city transforming http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.5683 2017, Universitat Polit cnica de Val ncia 251 24 th ISUF International Conference 27th-29th September 2017 VALENCIA period(1949-1978). And the last is the period or public buildings become less valid since with great change of social economic system many Chinese cities are planned to be grids of reform and opening up after 1978. The and religious institutions are set according to rough delimitation of morphological periods etiquette. On the other hand, in the period of is related to the complicated and diverse socialist construction, many cities established urban landscape and limited by the lack of new centers outside the old one answering to literature or map sources of China. Due to the the need of development and the old city was preference of historical view and the gap in eventually incorporated into the new urban mapping technology, the literature of Chinese area with the development of metro, making cities rarely records the information about the old city as well as its fringe belt become the citiesR evolution, which is however required fringe belt of the current city as a whole. for morphological research. Therefore, for the urban form of earlier time, the large-scale town plans and other requirements for Conzenian Tgugctej"qp"Wtdcp"Oqtrjqnqi{"kp"Ejkpc approach cannot be met. Thus, detailed division of morphological period is hard to With the spread and development of conduct. morphology theory in China, studies on Secondly, Chinese cities are greatly different Chinese cities by Chinese and foreign scholars from western cities in terms of their driving have increased a lot in recent years, resulting forces of evolution. On the one hand, in both in a large number of research achievements, the feudal period and the period of socialist mainly empirical researches and literature construction after the founding of new China, review of the western theory. planning and administrative forces are the The scholars introducing Conzenian theory most important factors in urban development. to China mainly include Gu Kai, Tian Yinsheng On the other hand, China lacks effective and Song Feng. And the Conzenian empirical protection for private property rights. This researches on Chinese cites include JeremyRs makes the revolutionary planning, proposed series work on Pingyao, Peking University by Conzen(Conzen, 1960), more likely to research groupRs work on Lushan Mountain happen during the city construction under landscape, Zhang JianRs work on historical wpkÝgf"rncppkpi."tguwnvkpi"kp"vjg"rjgpqogpqp" blocks in Guangzhou, etc. The researches have that the evolution process of some Chinese made important contribution to the development cities is often faster and larger on scale than and application of Conzenian School in China, that of western cities that are based on private but because of the complexity of cross-cultural property rights and fair trade. morphological research, some also exposed Thirdly, the connotation of morphological defects made by Chinese and foreign scholars elements of Chinese cities is greatly different in the study of China urban morphology. For from those in western cities, for which the example, in Zhishanmen case study, due to the fringe belt is typical to annotate. In European fkhÝewnv{" qh" kpvgtewnvwtcn" wtdcp" oqtrjqnqi{" cities, fringe belt indicates a zonal region research and the lack of understanding of with distinctive morphological and functional ZhishanmenRs historical function and the features formed in urban fringes at certain operator of urban form evolution in socialism period(Conzen, 1960), often intuitionally China, the conclusion is not rigorous enough. related with the city wall. However, in In addition, in the case study of Pingyao, some ancient China, the city wall is usually built morphological terminology like fringe belt are Ýtuvn{" ceeqtfkpi" vq" vjg" rncppkpi." cpf" vjg" different in form with those in western cities. urban expansion from the kernel takes a Otherwise, because the common lack of detailed considerable period of time to reach the city historical materials and precise historical wall. In other words, the city wall does not maps, Conzenian approach is not completely necessarily indicate the fringe belt, at least the Ýv" kp" Ejkpgug" ekvkgu." vjwu" cogpfogpvu" cpf" inner fringe belt. At the meantime, the method development for current theory and approach of distinguishing fringe belt through big plots are needed for researches on Chinese cities. 2017, Universitat Polit cnica de Val ncia 252 City and territory in the Globalization Age Conference proceedings Hkiwtg"30" Vjg"ukvwcvkqp"qh"Ujcpiskw Vjg" V{rkecnkv{" cpf" Tgrtgugpvcvkxgpguu" qh" shaping special urban landscape in the ancient Ujcpiskw city area. Now, the preserved ancient city of The object of this study is the ancient city of Shangqiu is Guidefu city built in Ming Guidefu in Shangqiu. Shangqiu, the history of Dynasty(1368-1644) of 1510. More than 500 which can be dated back to the Xia(about 21 years of city development provides a good century B.C.-16 century B.C.) and Shang(about case for the study of China urban form. Firstly, 16 century B.C.-11 century B.C.) Dynasties of the morphological structure, fringe belt and more than 2000 years, and then becoming the Ýzcvkqp"nkpg"qh"Iwkfghw"ekv{"ctg"hwnn{"tgugtxgf0"" capital of Shang Dynasty, plays an important Secondly, Shangqiu, with double Ovelvet role in the early regime of China. This gloveP walls, is of a good representative in korqtvcpv"tqng"dgpgÝvu"htqo"vjg"Þcv"cpf"hgtvkng" the Central Plains and one of the few ancient land and the bred of the Yellow River, long- cities whose walls and gates are completely termly being the city of best construction, most preserved in China. Both inside and outside concentrated population and most developed the city have retained the traces of social and economy, as well as a hotly contested spot for economic changes in the material space since military. This advantage enhanced after the Ming dynasty. Thirdly, after 1949, because Grand Canal was excavated in Sui(581-618) of the great changes of social system and and Tang(618-907) Dynasties and connected administration, Shangqiu experienced the the North and the South via Shangqiu. Its process of separation and transfer of the city development reach another peak