Lecture #1 New Offshoring of Jobs & Global Development
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Transnational Corporations Investment and Development
Volume 27 • 2020 • Number 2 TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 27 • 2020 • Number 2 TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva, 2020 ii TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS Volume 27, 2020, Number 2 © 2020, United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications 405 East 42nd Street New York New York 10017 United States of America Email: [email protected] Website: un.org/publications The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has been edited externally. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2020/2 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales no.: ETN272 ISBN: 978-92-1-1129946 eISBN: 978-92-1-0052887 ISSN: 1014-9562 eISSN: 2076-099X Editorial Board iii EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief James X. Zhan, UNCTAD Deputy Editors Richard Bolwijn, UNCTAD -
Globalization and Infectious Diseases: a Review of the Linkages
TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 SPECIAL TOPICS NO.3 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) The "Special Topics in Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research" series are peer-reviewed publications commissioned by the TDR Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research. For further information please contact: Dr Johannes Sommerfeld Manager Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research (SEB) UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Lance Saker,1 MSc MRCP Kelley Lee,1 MPA, MA, D.Phil. Barbara Cannito,1 MSc Anna Gilmore,2 MBBS, DTM&H, MSc, MFPHM Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,1 D.Phil. 1 Centre on Global Change and Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK 2 European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST) London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 2004 All rights reserved. The use of content from this health information product for all non-commercial education, training and information purposes is encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated. -
17.158 Political Economy of Western Europe
17.158 Political Economy of Western Europe Course Description Examines role of European states in postwar period of rapid economic growth and current crisis. Includes analysis of different state traditions ("etatist," liberal, authoritarian); government's role in decline of some economies and rise of others; why and where Keynesianism, indicative planning, and state enterprises were introduced; alternative conceptions of contemporary economic problems (new international division of labor? too few producers? oil shock?); and of policies to deal with them (industrial policy? monetarism? protectionism?). Requirements Students must do all the reading before attending the class. The course focuses on reading and discussion. The assignments are either 1. two short papers (12-15 pages each) or 2. a major research paper. Grading Grading is based mainly on the essays, with some consideration of class participation. The course focuses on reading and discussion. The assignments are either (1) two short papers (12-15 pages each) or (2) a major research paper. The short paper topics will be distributed Class #6 [due Class #8] & Class #10 [due Class #12]. 2 Class #1 Introduction Class #2 National Traditions of State and Economy: Britain Samuel Beer, British Politics in the Collectivist Age, (Knopf, 1965) chapters 1-3; Tony Cutler, Karel Williams, and John Williams, Keynes, Beveridge and Beyond, (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986), Introduction and chapter 1; Donald Winch, “Keynes, Keynsianism, and State Intervention,” and Margaret Weir, “Ideas and Politics: -
World Economy and Globalization
World economy and globalization Project „Joint Degree Study programme “Technology and Innovation Management“ No. VP1-2.2-ŠMM-07-K-02-087 Aim of the course unit is to (1/1): 1. Give insight on the process of globalisation, its characteristics as well as causes and effects on world economy; the role of corporations, NGOs, governments and multilateral institutions in shaping world economy; Aim of the course unit is to (1/2): 2. Build knowledge of students in the current state of world economies with focus on major economies of the world; the nature of world financial markets; economic implications in terms of national economic development and inequality; Aim of the course unit is to (1/3): 3. Develop skills of students in analysis of economic charaxteristics of globalization and increased trade flow; analysis of economic inequality impacts and effects. The main topics 1. Theories of globalization. Economic globalization 2. Globalization characteristics 3. Globalization – causes and effects on world economy 4. Government and the multinational corporations 5. Economic implications – development 6. Economic implications – inequality 7. Financial markets 8. Multilateral organizations 9. The Triad and the BRICs The introduction to the course The core essence of globalization is often misunderstood because the process of globalisation is confusing due to its multifaceted nature and oftentimes it is being confused with other processes and misinterpreted. Apart from the complexity of the process of globalization itself, it is important to point out that the word “globalization” entered a dictionary (of American English) in 1961 [by the reference of, which is only almost half a century ago. -
History of Global Economy
HISTORY OF GLOBAL ECONOMY We begin our discussion of the history of the global economy with the following question. What has led to such strong differences across regions of the world? The quick and dirty answer is simply that the "West" developed first. Birth of Capitalism1 One can find examples of sustained economic growth throughout history, for example in the woolen industry in 13th century Flanders, and in 14th century Florence. Starting with the 11th century long distance trading flourished connecting thriving pockets of growth, between Venice and the Netherlands. However, by and large, living standards remained at subsistence levels for the majority of the world's population until the middle of the 18th century. Over the centuries as commerce grew, albeit slowly, the power of the vassals of the feudal system declined being replaced by merchants and incipient capitalists. Innovations in sailing led to long distance trading. The opportunities and challenges of sending a vessel abroad for years at a time brought about the institutions which facilitated the growth of the modern capitalist system. Institutions which spurred the growth of capitalism Principle of Private Property Joint Stock Companies Deposit Banking Insurance Formal Contracts International Financial Markets Craft Guilds Government Support of Opening Markets Merchant Associations At the same time burgeoning industrialization and urbanization further weakened the feudal economy changing both the political as well as the economic structure of Europe. The question remains why in the “west”? Some of the factors contributing to these changes were: 1) The Protestant Reformation - note that industrialization began in northern Europe. Protestant work ethic - fostered hard work, frugality, sobriety and efficiency, virtues which facilitated capitalism. -
Collective Action Problems in Monitoring Managers the Enron Case As a Systemic Problem
COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEMS IN MONITORING MANAGERS THE ENRON CASE AS A SYSTEMIC PROBLEM By Peter Gourevitch University of California, San Diego [email protected] At the core of the Enron disaster lies a problem of considerable conceptual interest and importance: the obstacles to collective action which arise when an agent (in this case the managers) is monitored by many principals (in this case the shareholders) rather than one principal (Lyne and Tierney, 2002). This occurs often in politics and other areas, and deserves some attention not only to understand the problems of corporate governance and the human suffering caused by the Enron failure but also to understand the type of problem more broadly (Shinn and Gourevitch, 2002). In the Enron case, stockholders were taken advantage of by managerial greed, reinforced by the collusion among “reputational intermediaries” who play an important part in the monitoring system. The Enron case also informs the lively discussions that compare corporate governance systems—the shareholder model of the US and the UK in contrast with the stakeholder model associated with Germany and other countries in continental Europe (Aguilera and Jackson, 2002; Dore, 2000; Lazonick, 2000; Berger and Dore, 1996; La Porta, et. al.2000.) The US model is said to protect the rights of external shareholders from the abuses that can be carried out by “inside owners,” or blockholders common in the stakeholder model. And it appears to do so. But the US model has a vulnerability which arises out of its virtues: the laws that protect external investors create fragmented ownership, which in turn creates a collective action problem: no one has an incentive to pay the transactions costs required to monitor the managers. -
The Relationship Between MNE Tax Haven Use and FDI Into Developing Economies Characterized by Capital Flight
1 The relationship between MNE tax haven use and FDI into developing economies characterized by capital flight By Ali Ahmed, Chris Jones and Yama Temouri* The use of tax havens by multinationals is a pervasive activity in international business. However, we know little about the complementary relationship between tax haven use and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the developing world. Drawing on internalization theory, we develop a conceptual framework that explores this relationship and allows us to contribute to the literature on the determinants of tax haven use by developed-country multinationals. Using a large, firm-level data set, we test the model and find a strong positive association between tax haven use and FDI into countries characterized by low economic development and extreme levels of capital flight. This paper contributes to the literature by adding an important dimension to our understanding of the motives for which MNEs invest in tax havens and has important policy implications at both the domestic and the international level. Keywords: capital flight, economic development, institutions, tax havens, wealth extraction 1. Introduction Multinational enterprises (MNEs) from the developed world own different types of subsidiaries in increasingly complex networks across the globe. Some of the foreign host locations are characterized by light-touch regulation and secrecy, as well as low tax rates on financial capital. These so-called tax havens have received widespread media attention in recent years. In this paper, we explore the relationship between tax haven use and foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries, which are often characterized by weak institutions, market imperfections and a propensity for significant capital flight. -
Globalization: a Short History
CHAPTER 5 GLOBALIZATIONS )URGEN OSTERHAMMEL TI-IE revival of world history towards the end of the twentieth century was intimately connected with the rise of a new master concept in the social sciences: 'globalization.' Historians and social scientists responded to the same generational experience·---·the impression, shared by intellectuals and many other people round the world, that the interconnectedness of social life on the planet had arrived at a new level of intensity. The world seemed to be a 'smaller' place in the 1990s than it had been a quarter century before. The conclusions drawn from this insight in the various academic disciplines, however, diverged considerably. The early theorists of globalization in sociology, political science, and economics disdained a historical perspective. The new concept seemed ideally suited to grasp the characteristic features of contemporary society. It helped to pinpoint the very essence of present-day modernity. Historians, on their part, were less reluctant to envisage a new kind of conceptual partnership. An earlier meeting of world history and sociology had taken place under the auspices of 'world-system theory.' Since that theory came along with a good deal of formalisms and strong assumptions, few historians went so far as to embrace it wholeheartedly. The idiom of 'globalization,' by contrast, made fewer specific demands, left more room for individuality and innovation and seemed to avoid the dogmatic pitfalls that surrounded world-system theory. 'Globalization' looked like a godsend for world historians. It opened up a way towards the social science mainstream, provided elements of a fresh terminology to a field that had sutlcred for a long time from an excess of descriptive simplicity, and even spawned the emergence of a special and up""ttHlate variant of world history-'global history.' Yet this story sounds too good to be true. -
JSSE Journal of Social Science Education
Journal of Social Science JSSE Education The Beutelsbach Consensus Sibylle Reinhardt “...not simply say that they are all Nazis.” Controversy in Discussions of Current Topics in German Civics Classes David Jahr, Christopher Hempel, Marcus Heinz Teaching for Transformative Experiences in History: Experiencing Controversial History Ideas Marc D. Alongi, Benjamin C. Heddy, Gale M. Sinatra Argument, Counterargument, and Integration? Patterns of Argument Reappraisal in Controversial Classroom Discussions Dorothee Gronostay Teachers’ Stories of Engaging Students in Controversial Action Projects on the Island of Ireland Majella McSharry, Mella Cusack Globalization as Continuing Colonialism – Critical Global Citizenship Education in an Unequal World Pia Mikander Turkish Social Studies Teachers’ Thoughts About the Teaching of Controversial Issues Ahmet Copur, Muammer Demirel Human Rights Education in Israel: Four Types of Good Citizenship Ayman Kamel Agbaria, Revital Katz-Pade Report on the Present Trainer Training Course of the Pestalozzi Programme (Council of Europe) “Evaluation of Transversal Attitudes, Skills and Knowledge” (Module A) Bernt Gebauer Journal of Social Science Education Volume 15, Number 2, Summer 2016 ISSN 1618–5293 Masthead Editors: Reinhold Hedtke, Bielefeld University, Faculty of Sociology Ian Davies, Department of Educational Studies, University of York Andreas Fischer, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences Tilman Grammes, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Educational Science Isabel Menezes, -
Imperialism & the Globalisation of Production
Imperialism & the Globalisation of Production The Earth at Night— Reverse image of satellite photos* “Instead of the conservative motto, ‘a fair day’s wage for a fair day’s work!’ [...] the revolutionary watchword, ‘abolition of the wages * system!” PhD thesis John Smith, University of Sheffield, July 2010 *Karl Marx, 1865, Value, Price and Profit 1 Please contact the author with any comments, criticisms etc, at [email protected] Word Count footnotes Abstract 300 Chapter 1 18952 4635 Chapter 2 15054 3118 Chapter 3 16298 2874 Chapter 4 8747 1623 Chapter 5 11560 1352 Chapter 6 8042 1417 Chapter 7 12307 2347 Conclusion 4110 1326 Total 95370 18692 2 Contents Glossary 6 Figures and Tables 6 Acknowledgements 9 Abstract 11 Chapter 1— Globalisation and ‘New’ Imperialism 13 1.1 Neoliberal globalisation and the persistence of the North-South divide 14 Core concepts.....................................................................................................15 Theoretical development of concepts: Neoliberal globalisation—a new stage in capitalism's imperialist development.........................................................................................20 Thesis scope and research strategy ............................................................................25 1.2 Making exploitation invisible ...................................................................................29 Exploitation and super-exploitation...........................................................................31 What is the economists’ theoretical -
The Core of the Apple: Dark Value and Degrees of Monopoly in Global Commodity Chains
The Core of the Apple: Dark Value and Degrees of Monopoly in Global Commodity Chains Donald A. Clelland1 University of Tennessee (Emeritus) [email protected] Abstract The capitalist world-economy takes the form of an iceberg. The most studied part which appears above the surface is supported by a huge underlying structure that is out of sight. Unlike the iceberg, the world-economy is a dynamic system based on flows of value from the underside toward the top. These include drains of surplus (expropriated value) that take two forms: visible monetarized flows of bright value and hidden un(der)costed flows that carry dark value (the unrecorded value of cheap labor, labor reproduction and ecological externalities). Commodity chains are central mechanisms for these surplus drains in the world-economy. At each node of the chain, participants attempt to maximize their capture of bright value through wages, rent and profit. They do this by constructing differential degrees of monopoly (control of the markup between cost and sale price) and degrees of monopsony (control of markdowns of production costs). However, this process depends upon the transformation of dark value into bright value for capture. Via an examination of the Apple iPad commodity chain, I show how the bright value captured by Apple depends on the dark value extracted by its suppliers. Dark value is estimated by measurements of the value of under-payments for wage labor, reproductive labor and environmental damage in Asian countries, especially China. Surprisingly, most dark value embedded in the iPad is captured by final buyers (mostly in the core) as consumer surplus. -
Prosperity Undermined
Prosperity Undermined The Status Quo Trade Model’s 21-Year Record of Massive U.S. Trade Deficits, Job Loss and Wage Suppression www.tradewatch.org August 2015 Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch Published August 2015 by Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch Public Citizen is a national, nonprofit consumer advocacy organization that serves as the people's voice in the nation's capital. Since our founding in 1971, we have delved into an array of areas, but our work on each issue shares an overarching goal: To ensure that all citizens are represented in the halls of power. For four decades, we have proudly championed citizen interests before Congress, the executive branch agencies and the courts. We have successfully challenged the abusive practices of the pharmaceutical, nuclear and automobile industries, and many others. We are leading the charge against undemocratic trade agreements that advance the interests of mega- corporations at the expense of citizens worldwide. As the federal government wrestles with critical issues – fallout from the global economic crisis, health care reform, climate change and so much more – Public Citizen is needed now more than ever. We are the countervailing force to corporate power. We fight on behalf of all Americans – to make sure your government works for you. We have five policy groups: our Congress Watch division, the Energy Program, Global Trade Watch, the Health Research Group and our Litigation Group. Public Citizen is a nonprofit organization that does not participate in partisan political activities or endorse any candidates for elected office. We accept no government or corporate money – we rely solely on foundation grants, publication sales and support from our 300,000 members.