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Northumbria Research Link Northumbria Research Link Citation: Saleh, Suliman (2017) The role of public relations and public diplomacy in building Libyan relationships with Italy in the Gaddafi and post-Gaddafi era. Doctoral thesis, Northumbria University. This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/36290/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html The Role of Public Relations and Public Diplomacy in Building Libyan Relationships with Italy in the Gaddafi and Post-Gaddafi Era. Suliman Saleh PhD 2017 0 The Role of Public Relations and Public Diplomacy in Building Libyan Relationships with Italy in the Gaddafi and Post-Gaddafi Era. Suliman Saleh A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Northumbria at Newcastle for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Research Undertaken in the Faculty of Arts, Design & Social Sciences November 2017 1 ABSTRACT Relationships between Libya and Italy, both during and post Colonel Gaddafi’s rule, have witnessed many developments and changes, with the Italian colonialism of Libya from 1911 to 1942/1943 playing an important role in shaping those relationships. Thus, this thesis seeks to examine the roles of Public Relations (PR) and Public Diplomacy (PD) in building the Libyan-Italian relations. In order to explore those roles, the Grunig and Hunt’s (1984) Four PR Models, and the two International Models, have been applied. Furthermore, Relationship Management has been applied as a general theory of PR. For the purpose of this study, twenty Libyan and Italian diplomats, including Prime Ministers, Foreign Ministers and Ambassadors, were interviewed. Significant attention has been paid to the process of selecting the sample, where the method of purposive sampling has been selected as the most appropriate qualitative method for this study. Moreover, the thematic analysis technique has been applied in order to identify patterns and meaningful themes about the phenomenon under investigation. The results of this study reveal that PR and PD, as important communication tools, have played a significant role in building the Libyan-Italian relations. Furthermore, it has been made clear that the Libyan and Italian diplomats, had been aware of practising the original four models and the two international models. This study has also found evidence suggesting that these models could be applied to the field of PD. Furthermore, the two-way symmetrical model, the cultural interpreter model and the personal influence model are the most suitable models in building relationships between governments as they are considered to be the bridges that connect PR with PD in terms of theory and practice. Findings of this research have also shown that there are convergences between both fields, especially concerning their roles in building relationships; however, a difference between the fields does also exist. 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 9 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. 10 DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... 12 DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................... 14 1.1. Background of the Study .............................................................................................. 14 1.2. The Aims and objectives of the Study .......................................................................... 17 1.3. Study Justifications and Importance ............................................................................. 19 1.3.1. Why Italy is Chosen as A Case Study .................................................................... 21 1.3.2. Period of the Study ................................................................................................. 22 1.4. Structure of the Study ................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: The Libyan Context............................................................................................ 24 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 24 2.2. The Etymology and the Emergence of the State ........................................................... 25 2.3. The Language................................................................................................................ 26 2.4. The Religion.................................................................................................................. 27 2.5. Geographical Location and its Importance ................................................................... 28 2.6. Libya during the Period of Foreign Occupation 1000 BC- 1960 .................................. 29 2.6.1. Social Structure ...................................................................................................... 30 2.6.2. Economic Situation ................................................................................................ 30 2.6.2.1. Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 30 2.6.2.2. Crude Oil ......................................................................................................... 31 3 2.6.2.3. Trade ................................................................................................................ 31 2.6.2.4. Industry ............................................................................................................ 31 2.6.3. Cultural Situation ................................................................................................... 32 2.7. The Historical Development of Libya: (Neo-colonial era) ........................................... 32 2.7.1. Ancient Egypt ......................................................................................................... 32 2.7.2. Phoenician Colonisation ......................................................................................... 33 2.7.3 Greek Colonisation .................................................................................................. 33 2.7.4. Roman Colonisation ............................................................................................... 34 2.7.5. Arab Conquest ........................................................................................................ 34 2.7.6. Turkish Colonialism ............................................................................................... 35 2.7.7. Italian Colonialism ................................................................................................. 36 2.7.7.1. Italian Colonialism Stages ............................................................................... 36 2.7.7.2. War of National Resistance ............................................................................. 37 2.7.7.3. Italian Colonialism Goals ................................................................................ 38 2.7.8. The Monarchy Era .................................................................................................. 41 2.7.9. The Gaddafi Era ..................................................................................................... 42 2.7.10. The 17th February 2011 Revolution ..................................................................... 44 2.8. The Culture of Libya ..................................................................................................... 47 2.8.1. The Ethnic Origins of Libyan Society .................................................................... 49 2.8.2. The Role of Tribe in Libyan Society ...................................................................... 49 2.9. The Economy of Libya ................................................................................................. 51 2.10. Public Relations in Libya ...........................................................................................
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