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Jellyfish Catostylus Mosaicus (Rhizostomeae) in New South Wales, Australia

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Jellyfish Catostylus Mosaicus (Rhizostomeae) in New South Wales, Australia - MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 196: 143-155,2000 Published April 18 Mar Ecol Prog Ser l Geographic separation of stocks of the edible jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus (Rhizostomeae) in New South Wales, Australia K. A. Pitt*, M. J. Kingsford School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, A08 University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia ABSTRACT: The population structure of the commercially harvested jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) was investigated in estuaries and bays in New South Wales, Australia. Variations in abundance and recruitment were studied in 6 estuaries separated by distances ranglng from 75 to 800 km. Patterns of abundance differed greatly among estuaries and the rank abundance among estuaries changed on 5 out of the 6 times sampling occurred. Great variation in the timing of recruitment was also observed among estuaries. Variations in abundance and recruitment were as extreme among nearby estuaries as distant ones. Broad scale sampling and detailed time series of abundance over a period of 2.7 yr at 2 locations showed no consistent seasonal trend in abundance at 1 location, but there was some indication of seasonality at the second location. At Botany Bay, the abun- dance of medusae increased with distance into the estuary and on 19 out of the 30 times sampling occurred medusae were found at sites adjacent to where rivers enter the bay. Medusae were found to be strong swimmers and this may aid medusae in maintaining themselves in the upper-reaches of estu- aries, where advection from an estuary is least likely. Variability in patterns of abundance and recruit- ment suggested regulation by processes occurring at the scale of individual estuaries and, combined with their relatively strong swimming ability, supported a model of population retention within estuar- ies. Populations of C. mosaicus in individual estuaries and saline lakes in New South Wales should, therefore, be considered as separate stock units. KEY WORDS: Catostylus mosaicus . Scyphozoa . Population structure . Stock unit . Fishery . Abundance . Recruitment INTRODUCTION productively isolated from other conspecific popula- tions (Haddon & Willis 1995). The unit stock is the Species rarely exist as a single, homogeneous popu- basic unit of management for commercially harvested lation of individuals. Instead, species tend to consist of species. 'populations of populations' (Levins 1970) whose com- Population subdivision may be manifested in a vari- bined distributions determine the distribution of the ety of ways. For example, reproductive isolation and species as a whole. Populations may be Linked to one the influence of local conditions may result in genetic another by dispersal of propagules and by migration of (Hedgecock 1982, Beacham 1996, Hoskin 1997),mor- adults, or mixing may be minimal and populations may phological (Brewer 1991, Haddon & Willis 1995) and remain reproductively isolated units. Determining physiological (Bakhteyeva 1975) differences among population structure is vital to our understanding of conspecific populations (review in Ihssen et al. 1981). population dynamics and enables us to define the unit Ecological differences may also arise if populations are stock: a population of individuals that are mostly re- isolated from one another (Wade 1991), and ecological data may, therefore, be useful in determining the structure of populations (e.g. Casselman et al. 1981). Ecological evidence for population subdivision may be 0 Inter-Research 2000 Resale of full article not permitted 144 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 196: 143-155, 2000 direct, such as from tagging studies, or indirect, such less of whether medusae are dispersed from, or re- as examining the mobility of species at different stages tained in, estuaries. If this pattern were observed, it of the life history, or examining the degree of temporal would provide little information on the population synchronicity in patterns of abundance and recruit- structure of Catostylus mosaicus. ment at different spatial scales. Patterns of distribution within an estuary should also Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa, hzostomeae; Quoy provide clues to the likelihood of exchange among & Gaimard 1824) is a large jellyfish that is common in estuaries. If populations are retained within an individ- estuarine waters from 7 to 36" S along the northern and ual estuary (Model l),then to avoid advection, medu- eastern coasts of Australia (Southcott 1982). C. mo- sae would probably maintain themselves in the inner saicus forms dense aggregations in surface waters estuary and rarely be seen near the entrance of the (Kingsford 1993) and is one of the most conspicuous estuary. Conversely, if medusae were dispersed out of pelagic animals in estuaries. Scyphozoan medusae the estuary, then medusae should sometimes be found typically have complex life histories that consist of a at, or outside the entrance to the estuary (Models 2 pelagic medusoid stage, a sexually produced larval and 3). stage, and a benthic polypoid phase (Arai 1996).Jelly- The objective of this study was to describe patterns fish form the basis of a major fishery in Asia (Omori of distribution, abundance, size frequency and move- 1981) and worldwide interest in these fisheries is ments of Catostylus mosaicus that would help to eluci- increasing. In 1995 a fishery for C. mosaicus was estab- date if linkages exist among estuarine populations. lished in New South Wales. As for any fishery, identifi- The specific aims were to: (1) Compare patterns of cation of stock units is crucial for their good manage- abundance at broad spatial scales and at multiple ment. times. This would determine whether patterns of abun- The coast of New South Wales is characterised by dance fluctuated synchronously among estuaries at estuaries, bays and semi-enclosed estuarine lakes. different spatial scales. (2) Describe patterns of abun- Catostylus mosaicus are generally observed in estuar- dance within an estuary and to examine relationships ine areas, rather than in open coastal waters. The pop- between distance into the estuary and abundance. If ulation structure of C. mosaicus will, therefore, largely medusae were only found in the inner reaches of estu- depend upon the degree of linkage among estuaries aries, then advection from an estuary was likely to be along the coast. Possible models which explain the rare. (3)Compare patterns of size frequency for medu- population structure of C. mosaicus include: (1) Com- sae at broad spatial scales and multiple times. This plete retention within a single estuary. Medusae, their would determine when recruitment occurred and propagules and the benthic phase are all retained whether it occurred synchronously among estuaries at within a single estuary, with minimal mixing among various spatial scales. (4) Estimate the swimming estuaries. (2) Local dispersal among nearby estuaries speeds of medusae of different sizes. If medusae of a on a scale of tens of kilometres. (3) Widespread disper- range of sizes were competent swimmers, then they sal along the coast, on scales of hundreds of kilome- may have been able to use swimming behaviour to tres, with estuaries being seeded by a common pool of retain themselves within an estuary. recruits. Each of the above models would result in different temporal and spatial patterns of recruitment and abun- MATERIALS AND METHODS dance. For example, complete asynchrony in the tim- ing of recruitment among estuaries and across a range Study areas. Six estuarine locations, encompassing of spatial scales would suggest that populations are not 6" of latitude, were selected along the New South Wales seeded by a common pool of recruits. This, combined coast. The 6 locations were: Lake Wooloweyah, Wallis with changes in the rank order of abundance among Lake, Port Stephens, Botany Bay, Lake Illawarra and both nearby and distant estuaries, would support Batemans Bay (Fig. 1).The physical characteristics of Model 1. Synchrony in recruitment and in changes of each location are listed in Table 1. Wallis Lake was abundance across small spatial scales, but asynchrony only included in the study from November 1996 and over large scales would suggest limited dispersal although data from this location were presented (Model 2), and complete synchrony in the timing of graphically they were not included in statistical analy- recruitment and in changes of abundance through ses. Locations were separated by a range of distances. time would suggest widespread dispersal (Model 3). Lake Wooloweyah and Batemans Bay were nearly An alternative model, however, may be that abun- 800 km apart, whereas 2 pairs of locations - Wallls dance and recruitment change in a predictable way Lake and Port Stephens, and Botany Bay and Lake with latitude and related environmental gradients (e.g. Illawarra - were separated by 75 to 85 km. Medusae water temperature). Such variation may occur regard- and scyphistomae are thought to be intolerant to Pitt & IOngsford: Geographic separation of Catostylus mosaicus stocks 145 p- speeds were relatively low and would have had a neg- ?---. (' ---- r--,L--!--7 ' 8 8. ligible impact on the length of the transects. Catostylus /=*a . Lake Wooloweyah J ; l mosaicus were easily observed to a depth of 1 m and in , NEWSOUTH 1 1 WALES l a study of the depth distribution of medusae at Lake ,- -I . ' Illawarra, Kingsford & Pitt (1998) demonstrated that 87 Wallis Lake .F ' , .- . NSW , Pan Slephemf .!." . ., to 100% of medusae occurred in the top 1 m of the t-. - <_L,-.-" -7
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