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Globalisierung Und Lokalisierung Von Rapmusik Am Beispiel Amerikanischer Und Deutscher Raptexte

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Globalisierung Und Lokalisierung Von Rapmusik Am Beispiel Amerikanischer Und Deutscher Raptexte Globalisierung und Lokalisierung von Rapmusik am Beispiel amerikanischer und deutscher Raptexte Von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades einer DOKTORIN DER PHILOSOPHIE Dr. phil. genehmigte Dissertation von Solveig Lüdtke geb. am 21. August 1973 in Neubrandenburg 2006 Referentin/Referent: Prof. Peter Schlobinski Koreferentin/Koreferent: Prof. Jannis Androutsopoulos Tag der Promotion: 19.07.2006 Übersicht: Basierend auf der systematischen textuellen und diskursiven Analyse zahlreicher amerikanischer und deutscher Rapsongs, ist das Ziel dieser Untersuchung zu zeigen, wie sprachliche Merkmale wie semantische Felder, narrative Strukturen und Formen der Konversation in Raptexten verschiedener communities of practice eingesetzt werden. Selbst- und Fremdkategorisierungen, Erzählinhalt und -perspektive, Sprechakte wie boasting und dissing oder der Gebrauch von Vergleichen und Metaphern sind wesentliche Elemente der Performanz von Identitäten im Hiphop. Eng verbunden mit seinen kulturellen Ursprüngen sind die Arten, in denen die sozialen Erfahrungen und Ansichten weiblicher und männlicher Rapper kommuniziert werden. Die Analyse von Eigenschaften und Verwendungen des AAVE in amerikanischen und zu einem gewissen Grad in deutschen Raptexten bietet Einblicke in die sprachlichen Flüsse innerhalb von Raps globalisierter Kultur. Darüberhinaus illustriert die Benutzung von Merkmalen lokaler Dialekte und Migrantensprachen die verschiedenen Art und Weisen, in denen Rapkünstler ihre Position innerhalb unterschiedlicher communities of practice artikulieren. Während einerseits die kritische Wahrnehmung für die Zentralität von Sprache innerhalb der Politik von Identitätsformation und -performanz geschärft wird, ist die Untersuchung stereotyper Repräsentationen wie auch des transformativen Potentials der Sprachbenutzung in Raptexten ein fruchtbares Unterfangen in der Spracherziehung. Es erlaubt tiefere Einsichten in die Art des Gebrauchs sprachlicher Merkmale zur Kommunikation von Ideen innerhalb kultureller, ethnischer und Genderrahmen. Die Studie verdeutlicht Wege der Anpassung und Rekontextualisierung einer überwiegend medial importierten Kultur durch die Analyse sprachlicher und diskursiver Merkmale von Raptexten innerhalb verschiedener kultureller Settings. Auf diese Weise wird der Grad der Assimilation ‘linguistischen Kapitals’ von lokalen und globalen Ressourcen evident. abstract: Based on the systematic textual and discursive analysis of numerous American and German rap songs the aim of this study is to show how linguistic features such as semantic fields, narrative structures and forms of conversation function within rap music lyrics of different communities of practice. Categorizations of the self and the other, narrative content and perspective, speech acts like boasting and dissing or the use of similes and metaphors are crucial elements of performing identities in hip-hop. Closely linked with its cultural origins are the ways of communicating the social experiences and views of female and male rappers. The analysis of the use of features of AAVE in American and to some extend in German rap lyrics offers insights into the linguistic flows within rap’s globalized culture. Moreover, the use of features of local dialects and migrant languages illustrates the differing ways in which hip-hop artists articulate their position within different communities of practice. While gaining more critical awareness of the centrality of language within the politics of identity formation and performance, the examination of stereotypical representations as well as of the transformative potential of language use in rap lyrics is a fruitful undertaking in language education. It allows to gain more insight into ways of using linguistic features for the communication of ideas within cultural, ethnic and gender frameworks. The study amplifies ways of appropriation and recontextualization of a predominantly media-imported culture by analyzing linguistic and discursive features of rap lyrics within different cultural settings. By doing so, the degree of assimilating ‘linguistic capital’ from local and global resources becomes evident. Schlagwörter: Soziolinguistik - Sprache und Popularkultur - Rapmusik Key words: sociolinguistics - language and popular culture - rap music 1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Verzeichnis verwendeter Abkürzungen 5 Tabellenverzeichnis 5 1 Einleitung 6 2 Annäherung an das kulturelle Phänomen Rapmusik 8 2.1 Kulturelle Globalisierung 9 2.2 Globalisierung und Lokalisierung von Musik 15 2.2.1 Rezeption afroamerikanischer Musik und Sprache 19 2.2.2 Die Bedeutung des Lokalen in Rapmusik 21 2.2.3 Globalisierung amerikanischer Rapmusik und Lokalisierung in Deutschland 24 2.3 Zusammenfassung 30 3 Zur sprachmusikalischen Gattungsverortung von Rap 30 3.1 Rap als Erscheinung der Postmoderne 31 3.2 Rap als Phänomen sekundärer Mündlichkeit 34 3.3 Der Einfluss afroamerikanischer Sprechstile 38 3.4 Diskurs und Sprachideologie von Rap 41 3.5 Rap und die Inszenierung von Genderidentitäten 45 3.6 Sprachliche Analyse von Musiktexten 47 3.7 Genrekonstruktion und Gattungsmerkmale 50 3.8 Zusammenfassung 53 4 Analytische Vorgehensweise 53 4.1 Textauswahl und Zusammenstellung 54 4.2 Themenstränge und -verteilung 58 4.3 Framework rapsprachlicher Analyse 61 4.3.1 Prosodie und Reim 63 4.3.2 Variationslinguistische Verortung 66 4.3.3 Wortschatzanalyse 70 4.3.4 Metaphernanalyse 75 4.3.5 Genre- und Rollencharakteristika 80 4.3.6 Soziale Kategorisierungen 86 4.3.7 Diskursstrategien und formelhaftes Sprechen 90 4.3.8 Aspekte von Gender 94 4.4 Exemplarische Veranschaulichung 99 5 Poetische Gattungsmerkmale 101 5.1 Formen des Reims 101 5.2 Flow und Intonation 107 2 6 Variationslinguistische Verortung 113 6.1 Lautlicher und grammatischer Einfluss von AAVE 114 6.2 Lexikalischer Einfluss von AAVE 124 6.3 Einflüsse anderer Varietäten im amerikanischen Rap 129 6.4 Lautlicher und grammatischer Einfluss von Substandard in deutschen Texten 130 6.5 Lexikalischer Einfluss deutschen Substandards 133 6.6 Einflüsse anderer Sprachen 136 6.7 Zusammenfassung 140 7 Wortschatz und semantische Felder 141 7.1 Sprache und Musik 141 7.2 Waffen, Kampf und Militär 144 7.3 Reichtum und Luxus 152 7.4 Drogenhandel und -konsum 156 7.5 Liebe und Sexualität 158 7.6 Mythologie und Religion 164 7.7 Zusammenfassung 168 8 Metaphern 169 8.1 Lebensphilosophie und Rapideologie 170 8.2 Metaphern zu Rap 178 8.2.1 Wut-, Sex-, Spiel- und Drogenmetaphorik u.a. 178 8.2.2 Waffen-, Kampf- und Kriegsmetaphorik u.a. 186 8.3 Metaphern zu Liebe und Sexualität 194 8.4 Zusammenfassung 203 9 Genrerollenausprägung 206 9.1 MC und Unterhalter/in 206 9.2 Pimp, Mack und Mack Diva 208 9.3 Gangsta, Gangstress und Gangsterpaar 215 9.4 Unabhängige Frau, Fly Girl, Sista und Queen 223 9.5 Biographische Rolle, Erfolg und Szenemitgliedschaft 228 9.6 Zusammenfassung 232 10 Soziale Kategorisierungen 233 10.1 Ethnizität 235 10.2 Defizität 240 10.3 Sexualität 241 10.3.1 Homosexualität 242 10.3.2 Heterosexualität 245 10.4 Zusammenfassung 262 11 Diskursstrategien 263 11.1 Aktionalität und Lokalisierung im Rap 264 3 11.2 Diskurspartikeln, Grußformeln und Partizipation 268 11.3 Akronyme und Ausbuchstabieren 274 11.4 Kulturelle Referenzen 276 11.5 Verbale afroamerikanische Kulturtraditionen 277 11.5.1 Signifying, Sounding und Playing the Dozens 282 11.5.2 Rapping 288 11.6 Andere Diskurstraditionen 293 11.7 Zusammenfassung 294 12 Gendervariation von Sprechweisen 295 12.1 Komplimente, Entschuldigungen und Beleidungen 297 12.2 Direktiven und Bitten 302 12.3 Rhetorische Fragen, Tag questions und Hedges 305 12.4 Herabsetzen von Sprechen 307 12.5 Unterbrechen und Zum-Schweigen-Bringen 310 12.6 Zusammenfassung 313 13 Resümee: Rap als transkulturelles Phänomen 314 13.1 Globale Prägung und lokale Inkorporation 314 13.2 Rap als postmoderne Kunst und orale Erzählkultur 319 13.3 Genre- und Genderkonstruktion in Raptexten 321 14 Ausblick 326 Anhang I: Verzeichnis amerikanischer und deutscher Texte 327 Tabellenübersicht zur amerikanischen Rapauswahl (US) 327 Tabellenübersicht zur deutschen Rapauswahl (DE) 329 Anhang II: Vorkommen von Sprechakten verschiedener Aktionalität und Lokalisierung 332 Anhang III: Rituelle Beleidigungen im Rap 333 Literaturverzeichnis 334 4 Verzeichnis verwendeter Abkürzungen AAVE African American Vernacular English ADJ Adjektiv am. amerikanisch DE deutsche Textsammlung (s. Anhang I) dt. deutsch eigtl. eigentlich fem. feminin jmd. jemand mask. maskulin N Nomen OALD Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary PRO Pronomen SAE Standard American English sb. somebody so. someone sog. sogenannt sth. something ugs. umgangssprachlich US amerikanische Textsammlung (s. Anhang I) V Verb WVE White Vernacular English Tabellenverzeichnis 1) Übersicht über Narrativsstruktur und Darstellungsform in Folk, Realismus, Moderne und Postmoderne (Abercrombie et al. 1992/In: Longhurst 1995: 144). 33 2) Klassifizierung von Sprechstilen nach Abrahams (1974: 251). 40 3) Übersicht über vorkommende Themen und ihre Verteilung nach Gender 58 4) Verteilung von Charakterdeskriptionen bei Rappern und Rapperinnen (M-Männer; F- Frauen; G-Gemischte Besetzungen) 59 5) Verteilung von Gewaltschilderungen nach Themen und Gender (M-Männer; F-Frauen; G- Gemischte Besetzungen) 60 6) Merkmale speech- und percussion-effusiven Stils nach Krims (2003: 52f.) 109 7) Distinktive Merkmale des AAVE Vokalsystems (Thomas and Bailey 1998: 93) 114 8) Merkmale der Konsonantbehandlung im AAVE (Bailey and Thomas 1998: 93f.) 115 9) Charakteristika
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