First-Aid-Step-1-2017-Index.Pdf

Index

A Abscess, 451 Acetaminophen, 455 Achlorhydria Abacavir, 197, 199 Absence seizures, 487 vs aspirin for pediatric patients, 455 stomach cancer, 362 Abciximab, 118 drug therapy for, 514 free radical injury and, 210 VIPomas, 356 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa treatment, 661 hepatic necrosis from, 240 Achondroplasia, 435 inhibitors, 415 Absolute risk reduction (ARR), for osteoarthritis, 439 chromosome disorder, 60 thrombogenesis and, 393 248, 669 tension headaches, 488 endochondral ossification in, 434 Abdominal aorta, 348 Absorption disorders and anemia, 396 toxicity effects, 455 inheritance, 56 217 atherosclerosis in, 292, 668 AB toxin, 128 toxicity treatment for, 239 AChR (acetylcholine receptor), 561 bifurcation of, 629 Abuse Acetazolamide, 243, 575 Acid-base physiology, Acidemia, 561 Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 292 confidentiality exceptions, 255 glaucoma, 521 diuretic effect on, 576 Abdominal colic dependent personality disorder metabolic acidosis, 561 Acidic amino acids, 77 lead poisoning, 397 and, 535 in nephron physiology, 555 Acid maltase, 82 Abdominal distension intimate partner violence, 257 pseudotumor cerebri, 491 Acidosis, 561 duodenal atresia and, 344 Acalculia, 481 site of action, 574 contractility in, 273 Abdominal pain Acamprosate Acetoacetate metabolism, 86 hyperkalemia with, 560 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 375, 652 alcoholism, 541, 661 Acetone breath, 337 Acid phosphatase in neutrophils, 386 cilostazol/dipyridamole, 415 diarrhea, 240 Acetylation, 41 Acid reflux Clostridium difficile, 652 Acanthocytes, 394 chromatin, 32 esophageal pathology and, 360 diabetic ketoacidosis and, 337 Acanthocytosis, 66 posttranslation, 41 H blockers for, 381 ectopic pregnancy, 607 Acantholysis, 448 Acetylcholine (ACh) 2 proton pump inhibitors for, 381 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, pemphigus vulgaris and, 452 anticholinesterase effect Acid suppression therapy, 381 303, 655 Acanthosis, 448 on, 232 Acinetobacter spp 560 psoriasis, 449 change with disease, 465 hypercalcemia, nosocomial infections, 181 332 Acanthosis nigricans, 217, 453 in nervous system, 229 hyperparathyroidism, taxonomy, 121 acanthosis and, 448 opioid analgesics, 520 intussussception, 368 Acinetobacter baumannii stomach cancer, 362 pacemaker action potential irritable bowel syndrome, 366 highly resistant bacteria, 194 Acarbose, 341 and, 281 McBurney sign, 656 Acne, 449 diarrhea, 240 Acetylcholine (ACh) receptor Meckel diverticulum, 585 danazol, 622 Accessory (CN XI), 476 agonists, 520 pancreas divisum, 345 PCOS, 609 lesion in, 502 Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, 229 pancreatic cancer, 380 skin papules, 447 474 in cholinergic drugs, 231 panic disorder, 533 location in brain stem, tetracyclines for, 188 476 217 polyarteritis nodosa, 302 Accessory nerve (CN XII), Acetylcholine (AChR) receptor, Acoustic schwannomas, 652 porphyria, 403 lesion in, 502 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Acquired hydroceles, 618 Rovsing sign, 656 pathway for, 476 cholinesterase inhibitor Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 67 Abdominal wall defects, 344 ventral brain stem, 474 poisoning, 232 Acromegaly, 333 Abducens (CN VI), 476 Accessory pancreatic duct, 345, 353 malathion, 196 GH, 317 location in brain stem, 474 Accuracy vs precision, 249 neural tube defects and, 461 octreotide for, 382 ocular motility and, 510 Acebutolol, 237 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) somatostatin analogs for, 315 palsy of, 511 angina and, 305 inhibitors somatostatin for, 342 Abducens nerve (CN VI), 476 ACE inhibitors, 577 Alzheimer disease, 518 Acromion, 425 ocular motility, 510 acute coronary syndromes, 296 in cholinergic drugs, 231 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic palsy of, 511 C1 esterase inhibitor myasthenia gravis, 445 hormone (ACTH) pathway for, 476 deficiency, 103 naming convention for, 244 Actin ventral brain stem, 474 dilated cardiomyopathy, 297 toxicity treatment for, 239 cytoskeleton, 44 Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 429 dry cough, 242 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase muscular dystrophies, 57 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 429 heart failure, 298 fatty acid synthesis, 69 Actin filaments Abetalipoproteinemia, 89, 394 hypertension, 304 vitamin B7 and, 64 epithelial cells, 447 Abnormal passive abduction, 424 naming convention for, 244 Achalasia, 360 muscle contraction, 433 Abnormal passive adduction, 424 preload/afterload effects, 273 esophageal cancer and, 361 Acting out, 524 ABO blood classification, 390 teratogenicity, 582 Achilles reflex Actinic keratosis, 453 ABO hemolytic disease Acetaldehyde, 68 lumbosacral radiculopathy, 432 associations of, 664 (newborn), 390 Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 68 Achilles tendon xanthomas, 291, 652 squamous cell carcinoma, 454 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 712 INDEX

Actinomyces spp Acute pyelonephritis, 570 production of, 71, 74 Advance directives, 255 anaerobic organism, 123 labs/findings, 661 in TCA cycle, 73 Aedes mosquitoes Gram-positive algorithm, 130 renal papillary necrosis and, 572 in urea cycle, 78 yellow fever transmission, 164 Nocardia spp vs, 135 WBC casts in, 562 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Aerobic metabolism penicillin G/V for, 183 Acute renal failure, 571 synthase inhibitors, 74 ATP production, 71 Actinomyces israelii Acute respiratory distress syndrome Adenoviruses fed state, 87

labs/findings, 657 (ARDS), 642 characteristics of, 160 Vitamin B1 (thiamine), 62 oral infections, 182 acute pancreatitis, 380 conjunctivitis, 504 Aerobic organisms pigment production, 125 eclampsia and, 608 pneumonia, 645 culture requirements, 123 Action/willpower, 539 inhalational injury, 640 viral envelope, 159 Afferent arteriole, 550 Activated carriers, 71 Acute stress disorder, 534 watery diarrhea, 175 ANP/BNP effect on, 558 Activator proteins, 38 Acute transplant rejection, 115 Adherens junctions, 447 constriction of, 553 Active errors, 262 Acute tubular necrosis, 572 Adhesions, 369 dopamine effects, 559 Active immunity, 107 granular casts in, 562 Adipose lipolysis, 306 filtration, 553 Acute chest syndrome, 400 intrinsic renal failure with, 571 Adipose stores Afferent nerves, 285 Acute cholestatic hepatitis Acyclovir, 197 fasting/starvation states, 87 Aflatoxin as drug reaction, 240 Adalimumab, 118, 457 Adipose tissue as carcinogen, 219 macrolides, 189 for Crohn disease, 365 estrogen production, 595 hepatocellular carcinoma, 375 Acute coronary syndrome Adaptive immunity, 95 Adjustment disorder, 533 Aflatoxins, 149 ADP receptor inhibitors for, 415 Addison disease, 324 Adoption studies, 246 African sleeping sickness, 152 heparin for, 413 metabolic acidosis in, 561 ADP receptor inhibitors, 415 Afterload nitrates for, 305 presentation, 656 ADP ribosyltransferases, 128 auscultation and, 278 treatments for, 296 Additive drug interactions, 225 Adrenal adenomas cardiac output, 273 Acute cystitis, 562 Adductor longus muscle, 353 Cushing syndrome, 323 hydralazine, 304 Acute disseminated Adenine hyperaldosteronism, 324 in shock, 299 encephalomyelitis, 494 methylation of, 32 Adrenal carcinomas Agammaglobulinemia Acute dystonia, 233 Shiga/Shiga-like toxins and, 128 Cushing syndrome, 323 chromosome affected, 60 Acute gastritis, 362 Adenocarcinomas P-glycoprotein in, 220 Agars (bacterial culture), 123 Acute glomerulonephritis, 571 carcinogens causing, 219 Adrenal cortex, 312 Age-related macular Acute hemolytic transfusion esophagus, 361 embryologic derivatives, 581 degeneration, 506 reactions, 110 gallbladder, 379 progesterone production, 595 Aggregatibacter Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 160 gastrointestinal, 217 Adrenal hemorrhage, 652 actinomycetemcomitans, 299 Acute inflammation, 207 lungs, 647 Waterhouse-Friderichsen Aging changes, 259 Acute inflammatory demyelinating nomenclature for, 216 syndrome, 324 Agnosia, 529 polyradiculopathy, 493 nonbacterial thrombotic Adrenal hyperplasia Agonist potency and efficacy, 228 Acute intermittent porphyria, 403 endocarditis and, 217 Cushing syndrome, 323 Agoraphobia, 533 Acute interstitial nephritis, 572 pancreas, 353, 380 hyperaldosteronism and, 324 Agranulocytosis Acute lymphoblastic leukemia pectinate line and, 351 Adrenal insufficiency, 324 clozapine, 543 (ALL), 410 prostatic, 619 anovulation with, 609 as drug reaction, 241 associations with, 664 stomach, 362, 665 fludrocortisone for, 342 epilepsy drugs, 514

methotrexate for, 417 Adenohypophysis, 313 vitamin B5 deficiency, 63 sulfa drug allergies, 243 oncogenes and, 218 embryologic derivatives, 581 Adrenal medulla, 312 thionamides, 341 Acute mesenteric ischemia, 369 hypothalamus and, 466 innervation, 229 Agraphia, 481 presentation, 655 Adenomas neuroblastomas of, 325 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency Acute myelogenous leukemia bone, 437 pheochromocytomas in, 326 syndrome) (AML), 410 colorectal, 372 tumors, 668 bacillary angiomatosis, 450 chromosomal translocations, 412 nomenclature for, 216 Adrenal steroids, 318 brain abscess, 176 cytarabine for, 417 pituitary, 332 Adrenocortical adenomas, 665 Candida albicans, 149 myelodysplastic syndromes, 409 primary hyperparathyroidism, 331 Adrenocortical atrophy cryptococcal meningitis, 195 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) salivary gland, 359 Addison disease, 324 Cryptosporidium, 151 associations with, 664 thyroid, 330 exogeneous corticosteroids, 323 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 161 Acute pancreatitis, 380 Adenomatous colonic polyps, 370 Adrenocortical insufficiency diagnosis, 171 associations, 667 Adenomyosis (endometrial), 612 as drug reaction, 240 human herpesvirus 8, 161 DIC and, 665 Adenopathy presentation, 656 labs/findings, 660 hyperparathyroidism, 332 Kawasaki disease, 302 Adrenocorticotropic hormone marijuana for, 541 necrosis and, 205 Whipple disease, 656 (ACTH) mycobacteria, 136 Acute pericarditis, 300 Adenosine adrenal cortex regulation of, 312 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 Acute-phase proteins, 104 as antiarrhythmic drug, 310 adrenal insufficiency and, 324 primary central nervous system Acute-phase reactants, 102 cutaneous flushing, 239 in Cushing syndrome, 217, 323 lymphoma (PCL), 408 IL-6, 104 pacemaker action potential secretion of, 313 progressive multifocal Acute poststreptococcal and, 281 signaling pathways of, 322 leukoencephalopathy, 494 glomerulonephritis, 564 Adenosine deaminase deficiency, Adrenoleukodystrophy, 494 retinitis, 161 Acute promyelocytic leukemia 34, 113 Adrenoreceptors, 231 retroviruses, 163 all-trans retinoic acid for, 62 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adults timecouse (untreated), 172 treatment, 661 in electron transport chain, 74 common causes of death, 260 Toxoplasma gondii, 152 Acute pulmonary edema in glycogen regulation, 81 Adult T-cell leukemia, 219 AIDS retinitis, 161 opiod analgesics, 520 nephron physiology, 555 Adult T-cell lymphoma, 408 Air emboli, 637 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 713

Akathisia, 468, 489 sideroblastic anemia, 397 Allergic contact dermatitis, 449 a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Akinesia, 490 subdural hematomas, 483 Allergic reaction metabolic pathways, 70 Akinesia in Parkinson disease, 655 treatment, 661 blood transfusion, 110 TCA cycle, 73

ALA dehydratase in lead vitamin B1 deficiency, 62 Allergic rhinitis, 449 vitamin B1 and, 62 poisoning, 403 vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 Allergies, 108 a-methyldopa, 235 Alanine wet beriberi, 653 Allografts, 114 anemia and, 401 ammonia transport, 78 Alcohol-related disorders Allopurinol gestational hypertension, 608 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex readmissions with, 261 for gout, 440, 457 a-synuclein, 490 deficiency, 73 Alcohol use gout, 661 a-thalassemia, 396 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), essential tremor, 489 kidney stones, 567 chromosome association, 60 73, 373 gout and, 440 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 34 a toxin, 129, 134 Alar plate, 460 head and neck cancer, 636 rash with, 241 Alport syndrome, 565 Albendazole intoxication and withdrawal, 540 All-trans retinoic acid cataracts and, 505 cestodes, 156 loss of orientation, 528 acute promyelocytic leukemia, collagen deficiency in, 46 Albinism, 448 sexual dysfunction, 537 62, 661 inheritance of, 55 catecholamine synthesis, 79 sleep, 467 Alopecia presentation, 654 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome suicide and, 532 doxorubicin, 418 Alprazolam, 515 and, 113 teratogenic effects, 582 etoposide/teniposide, 419 ALT (alanine transaminase) locus heterogeneity, 53 Alcohol withdrawal minoxidil for, 623 hepatitis viruses, 168 ocular, 56 benzodiazepines, 528 syphilis, 143 toxic shock syndrome, 131 Albright hereditary drug therapy, 542 tinea capitis, 148 Alteplase, 391, 415 osteodystrophy, 331 hallucinations in, 529 vitamin A toxicity, 62 Alternative hypothesis, 251, 252 Albumin Aldesleukin, 117 vitamin B5 deficiency, 63 Altitude sickness, 635 acute-phase reactant, 102 Aldolase B, 76 vitamin B7 deficiency, 64 acetazolamide for, 575 calcium and, 319 Aldose reductase, 77 a-1,4-glucosidase Altruism, 525 as liver marker, 373 Aldosterone, 558 glycogen metabolism, 82 Aluminum hydroxide, 382 -antagonists 634 670 plasma volume and, 551 adrenal cortex secretion of, 312 a1 Alveolar gas equation, , benign prostatic hyperplasia, 661 626 Albuminuria Gitelman syndrome as cause, 556 Alveolar period (development), BPH treatment, 619 Alveolar PO , 634 glomerular filtration barrier, 551 kidney effects, 559 2 naming convention for, 244 Alveolar sacs, 628 Albuterol, 234 nephron physiology, 555 a -antitrypsin Alveolar ventilation, 630 asthma, 649 primary adrenal insufficiency, 324 1 elastin and, 48 Alveoli, 626 Alcohol dehydrogenase renal tubular acidosis, 562 a -antitrypsin deficiency, 375 pneumocytes, 627 ethanol metabolism, 68 SIADH, 334 1 emphysema, 638 Alzheimer disease, 490 Alcohol exposure signaling pathways for, 322 a -agonists, 235 amyloidosis in, 213 in utero, 290 syndrome of apparent 2 a -antagonists, 546 dementia with, 529 Alcoholic cirrhosis, 374 mineralocorticoid 2 a-adrenergic agonists, 648 Down syndome and, 59 cholelithiasis and, 379 excess, 556 a-agonists, 521 drug therapy for, 232, 518 zinc deficiency, 67 Aldosterone antagonists, 304 a-amanitin labs/findings, 660, 665 Alcoholic hallucinosis, 542 Aldosterone synthase, 318 RNA polymerase inhibition, 38 neurotransmitters for, 465 Alcoholic hepatitis, 374 Alemtuzumab, 118 a-amylase, 358 ventriculomegaly with, 492 Alcoholic liver disease, 374 Alendronate, 456 a-antagonists Amanita phalloides 541 306 Alcoholism, Alirocumab, for pheochromocytomas, 326 necrosis caused by, 240 anemia, 398 Aliskiren, 577 pheochromocytomas, 663 RNA polymerase inhibition, 38 in anemia taxonomy, 396 Alkalemia, 561 a-blockers, 236 Amantadine, 197, 517 cardiomyopathy, 297 diuretic effects, 576 Beers criteria, 238 Ambiguous genitalia cataracts and, 505 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 373, 436 for cocaine overdose, 540 46,XY DSD, 604 cirrhosis caused by, 372 bone disorder lab values, 437 a cells, 313 ovotesticular disorder of sex common organisms affecting, 175 hyperparathyroidism and, 332 glucagonomas in, 338 development, 603 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 Paget disease of bone, 436 glucagon production by, 315 placental aromatase deficiency, 604 delirium tremens, 542 in thyroid storm, 329 a-dystroglycan Amebiasis, 151 esophageal cancer, 361 as tumor marker, 220 muscular dystrophy, 57 Amenorrhea ethanol metabolism and, 68 Alkalosis, 561 a-fetoprotein anorexia nervosa, 537 folate deficiency, 398 bulimia nervosa, 537 anencephaly, 657 antiandrogens, 623 gastritis in, 362 hypokalemia with, 560 ataxia-telangiectasia, 113 cirrhosis, 372 hepatitis, 352 Alkaptonuria, 80 autosomal trisomies, 59 Cushing syndrome, 323 hypertension and, 290 tyrosine catabolism and, 79 in hepatocellular cystic fibrosis, 56 ketone bodies in, 86 ALK gene, 218 carcinoma, 375 ectopic pregnancy and, 607 Klebsiella in, 140 lung cancer, 647 neural tube defects, 461 menopause, 600 Korsakoff syndrome, 528 Alkylating agents, 418 spina bifida, 657 Müllerian agenesis, 589 liver serum markers in, 373 as carcinogens, 219 as tumor marker, 220 PCOS, 609 lung abscesses and, 646 in cell cycle, 416 yolk sac tumors, 618 pituitary prolactinomas, 315 magnesium levels in, 320 targets of, 416 a-galactosidase A Turner syndrome, 603 Mallory-Weiss syndrome in, 360 teratogenicity of, 582 Fabry disease, 84 Amide local anesthetics, 519 osteonecrosis in, 436 Allantois, 585 a-glucosidase inhibitors, 341 Amikacin, 183, 187 osteoporosis and, 435 Allelic heterogeneity, 53 a-hemolytic bacteria, 131 Amiloride, 576 pancreatitis, 240, 380 Allergic bronchopulmonary a-ketoglutarate for diabetes insipidus, 334 porphyria, 403 aspergillosis, 149 hyperammonemia and, 78 nephron physiology, 555 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 714 INDEX

Amine precursor uptake mechanism (diagram), 183 Anaplasma spp malaria, 153 decarboxylase (APUD), 325 prophylaxis, 194 anaplasmosis, 145 microcytic, hypochromic, 396 Amines Amphetamines, 234 transmission, 142, 144 multiple myeloma, 409 MAO inhibitors, 546 intoxication and withdrawal, 540 Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, 330 nonhemolytic, normocytic, 399 Amine whiff test, 144 narcolepsy treatment, 538 Anastrozole, 621 nonhomologous end joining, 37 Amino acids as noradrenergic drug, 231 reproductive hormones and, 620 normocytic, normochromic, 399 blood-brain barrier and, 466 norepinephrine and, 231 Anatomy NRTIs, 199 branched, 80 pulmonary arterial endocrinal, 312–313 penicillin G, V, 185 classification of, 77 hypertension, 643 gastrointestinal, 345–354 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 360 derivatives of, 79 as weak bases, 226 hematologic/oncologic, 386–389 pregnancy and, 598 genetic code for, 34 Amphotericin B, 194 musculoskeletal, 424–432 pure red cell aplasia, 217 in histones, 32 Candida albicans, 149, 661 neurological, 463–485 recombinant cytokines for, 117 ketogenic, 73 clinical use, 195 renal, 550 renal failure, 571 metabolism, 86 Naegleria fowleri, 152 reproductive, 591–594 ringed sideroblasts in, 395 purine and pyrimidine synthesis, 33 opportunistic fungal infections, 149 respiratory, 628–629 sideroblastic, 63 tRNA, 40 systemic mycoses, 147 Anatomy of heart, 264, 271 sirolimus, 116 urea cycle, 78 Ampicillin Ancylostoma spp spherocytes in, 395 Aminoaciduria Clostridium difficile, 134 diseases associated with, 157 sulfa drug allergies as cause, 243 normal pregnancy, 554 endometritis, 612 infection routes, 154 thionamides causing, 341 Aminoacyl-tRNA, 41 Listeria monocytogenes, 135 microcytic anemia, 157 trimethroprim, 190 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase, 40 mechanism and use, 184 transmission and treatment, 155 tropical sprue, 364

Aminocaproic acid mechanism (diagram), 183 Ancylostoma duodenale, 155 vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 for thrombolytic toxicity, 415 meningitis, 176 Androblastomas, 619 vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 Aminoglycosides, 187 prophylaxis, 194 Androgen-binding protein vitamin E deficiency, 66 acute tubular necrosis, 572 Ampulla of Vater, 353 Sertoli cell secretion, 594 Weil disease, 142 magnesium levels and, 320 Amygdaloid lesions, 481 Androgen insensitivity Wilson disease, 378 mechanism (diagram), 183 Amylase in pancreatitis, 380 syndrome, 604 Anemia of chronic disease, 399 pregnancy use, 201 Amylin analogs, 341 Androgen-receptor complex hepcidin in, 102 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139, 663 Amyloid angiopathy pharmacologic control, 620 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 teratogenicity, 582 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 483 Androgen receptor defect, 604 Anemic infarcts, 207 toxicity of, 242 Amyloidosis, 213, 566 Androgens, 600 Anencephaly, 461 Aminopenicillins carpal tunnel syndrome, 426 adrenal cortex secretion, 312 labs/findings, 657 mechanism and use, 184 chronic inflammation, 207 adrenal steroids and, 318 polyhydramnios and, 607 Amiodarone, 309 extraarticular manifestation, 439 PCOS and, 609 Anergy, 106 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 multiple myeloma, 409 Androstenedione, 318, 600 Anesthetics hypothyroidism, 240 serum amyloid A in, 102 pharmacologic control, 620 general principles, 518 hypothyroidism with, 328 amyloid precursor protein (APP), 490 Anemia, 396 inhaled, 519 photosensitivity, 241 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) amphotericin B, 195 intravenous, 519 pulmonary fibrosis, 242 riluzole for, 518 Ancylostoma, 157 local, 519 restrictive lung disease, 639 spinal cord lesions, 500 anorexia nervosa, 537 Aneuploidy, 603 Amitriptyline, 545 Anabolic steroids azathioprine, 116 Aneurysms, 486 migraine headaches, 488 hepatic adenomas and, 375 babesiosis, 153 atherosclerosis, 292 tension headaches, 488 Anaerobic metabolism blood oxygen content, 633 coarctation of aorta, 289 Amlodipine, 304 glycolysis, 71 blood transfusion therapy, 407 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and, 47 Ammonia pyruvate metabolism, 73 cephalosporins, 185 MI, 294 Ornithine transcarbamylase Anaerobic organisms chloramphenicol, 188 superior vena cava syndrome, 646 deficiency, 79 aspiration and, 175 cirrhosis, 372 vasculitides, 302 transport and intoxication, 78 clindamycin, 188 cold agglutinin disease, 655 Angelman syndrome Ammonium chloride Clostridia (with exotoxins), 134 colorectal cancer, 371 chromosome association, 60 for drug overdoses, 226 culture requirements, 123 cytarabine and, 417 imprinting, 54 Amnesia glycyclines, 188 dapsone, 190 Angina, 293 brain lesions, 481 Nocardia vs Actinomyces, 135 Diphyllobothrium latum, 156 aortic stenosis, 279 classification of, 528 metronidazole, 191 as drug reaction, 241 atherosclerosis, 292 clinical drug-induced, 515, 519 overgrowth in vagina, 144 epilepsy drugs, 514 calcium channel blockers electroconvulsive therapy, 528 pneumonia caused by, 175 Escherichia coli, 140 for, 304 Amnionitis, 135 Anal cancer ESR in, 212 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 415 Amniotic fluid abnormalities, 607 HIV and, 173 extrinsic hemolytic, 401 cocaine causing, 540 Amniotic fluid emboli, 637 oncogenic microbes and, 219 fibroid tumors, 612 drug therapy for, 305 Amniotic fluid embolism, 637 Anal fissures, 351 G6PD deficiency, 75 glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitors acute respiratory distress syndrome Anaphase, 42 hepatitis, 200 for, 415 as cause, 642 Anaphylaxis, 108 hookworms, 155 hydralazine causing, 304 Amoxapine, 545 blood transfusion, 110 intrinsic hemolytic, 400 nitrates for, 305 Amoxicillin complement and, 103 isoniazid, 193 presentation, 652 clinical use, 184 epinephrine for, 234 kwashiorkor, 67 ranolazine for, 305 Haemophilus influenzae, 138 IgA-containing products, 112 lab values, 402 Angina pectoris Helicobacter pylori, 142 shock with, 299 macrocytic, 398 β-blockers for, 237 Lyme disease, 142 Anaplasia, 214 macro-ovalocytes in, 394 Angiodysplasia, 369 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 715

Angioedema ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide Anticholinergic drugs for self, 97 ACE inhibitors, 577 (ANP) Beers criteria, 238 HLA I and II, 96 C1 esterase inhibitor Antacids, 382 toxicity treatment for, 239 llymphocyte recognition of, 94 deficiency, 103 metabolic alkalosis with, 561 Anticholinesterase drugs, 232 type and memory, 101 scombroid poisoning, 238 Anterior cerebral artery, 472 Anticipation (genetics), 52 vaccination, 107 Angiofibromas, 495 cavernous sinus, 512 Anticoagulant drugs, 391 variations in, 106 Angiogenesis cingulate herniation, 499 acute coronary syndromes, 296 Anti-gliadin antibodies, 657 bevacizumab and, 420 circle of Willis, 473 antiphospholipid syndrome, 443 Anti-glomerular basement membrane in cancer, 215 stroke, 484 atrial fibrillation, 284 antibodies, 657 wound healing and, 211 Anterior chamber (eye), 504 osteoporosis and, 435 Anti-HBc, 170 Angiokeratomas, 84 Anterior communicating artery warfarin as, 414 Anti-HBe, 170 Angiomatosis circle of Willis, 473 Anticoagulation Anti-HBs, 170 von Hippel-Lindau disease, saccular aneurysm, 486 coagulation cascade and, 392 Antihelminthic drugs, 196 495, 655 Anterior corticospinal tract, 478 Anticodon loop, 40 naming convention, 244 Angiomyolipomas, 495 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Anticonvulsant drugs Antihistamines Angiosarcomas, 375, 450 injury for fibromyalgia, 444 Beers criteria, 238 carcinogens causing, 219 anterior drawer sign in, 424 osteoporosis and, 435 for scombroid poisoning, 238 nomenclature for, 216 presentation, 652 Antidepressant drugs, 544 Antihistone antibodies, 657 Angiotensin II, 318, 558 “unhappy triad,” 425 Beers criteria, 238 lupus, 443 ACE inhibitor effects on, 577 Anterior drawer sign, 424, 652 for bulimia nervosa, 537 Antihypertensive drugs kidney effects, 559 Anterior hypothalamus, 466 for fibromyalgia, 444 hypertension in pregnancy, 608 nephron physiology, 555 Anterior inferior cerebellar long QT interval with, 283 sexual dysfunction, 537 signaling pathways for, 322 artery, 473, 484 torsades de pointes, 239 Anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies, 649 Angiotensin II receptor blockers, 577 Anterior perforated substance, 474 Anti-desmoglein antibodies, 657 Anti-IgG antibodies, 657 heart failure, 298 Anterior pituitary gland, 313 Anti-digoxin Fab fragments, 239 Anti-inflammatory drugs, 455 hypertension, 304 Anterior spinal artery for cardiac glycoside toxicity, 307 Antileukotrienes complete occlusion, 500 649 naming convention for, 244 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 317, for asthma, stroke, 484 Antimalarial drugs preload/afterload effects, 273 558 Anterior spinothalamic tract, 478 G6PD deficiency, 400 Angiotensinogen, 558 in diabetes insipidus, 334 Anterior superior Antimetabolites, 417 Angry patients, 256 hypothalamus synthesis, 466 pancreaticoduodenal in cell cycle, 416 Anhedonia, 531 kidney effects, 559 artery, 349 Antimicrobial drugs, 183–200 Anhidrosis nephron physiology, 555 Anterior white commissure, 478 naming conventions for, 244 Horner syndrome, 509, 655 pituitary gland and, 313 Anterograde amnesia, 528 pregnancy contraindications, 201 Pancoast tumor, 646 SIADH and, 334 benzodiazepines, 519 prophylaxis, 194 Anidulafungin, 194, 196 signaling pathways of, 322 brain lesions, 481 Antimitochrondrial antibodies, 657 Aniline dyes Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Anthracosis, 641 Antimuscarinic drugs transitional cell carcinoma antagonists, 342 restrictive disease, 639 Parkinson disease, 517 and, 569 Anti-dsDNA antibodies Anthracyclines, 239 toxicity treatment for, 239 Aniridia lupus, 443 Anthrax, 127, 128, 133 urgency incontinence, 569 WAGR complex, 569 Antiemetic drugs, 383 Anthrax toxin Antimuscarinic reaction, 242 386 283 Anisocytosis, Bacillus anthracis and, 133 long QT interval with, Antimycin A 541 Anitschkow cells, 300 Antiandrogens, 623 marijuana as, electron transport chain, 74 Ankylosing spondylitis, 442 Antianginal therapy, 305 torsades de pointes, 239 Antimycobacterial drugs, 192 HLA-B27 and, 96 Antiapoptotic molecule Anti-endomysial antibodies, 657 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic labs/findings, 657 oncogene product, 218 Antiepileptic drugs antibodies, 657 therapeutic antibodies for, 118 Antiarrhythmic drugs, 308–310 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 Anti-NMDA receptor TNF-a inhibitors for, 457 torsades de pointes, 239 rash from, 241 encephalitis, 217 Annular pancreas, 345 teratogenicity, 582 Anti-β2 glycoprotein antibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), 657 Anopheles mosquito, 153 antiphospholipid syndrome, 443 Antifungal drugs lupus, 443 Anopia Antibiotics mechanism and use, 194–196 Sjögren syndrome, 441 visual field defects, 511 acne treatment, 449 tinea versicolor, 148 Antioxidants Anorectal varices Candida albicans and, 149 Antigenic shift/drift, 165 free radical elimination by, 210 cirrhosis as cause, 372 Clostridium difficile with, 652 Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Antiparasitic drugs portal circulation, 350 Jarlsch-Herxheimer reaction, 143 B cells as, 388 naming convention for, 244 Anorexia nervosa, 537 long QT interval, 283 CD28, 106 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 443 anovulation with, 609 selective growth media, 122 dendritic cells as, 388 Antiphospholipid syndrome treatment, 661 torsades de pointes, 239 MHC I and II and, 96 autoantibodies, 111 Anorexia (symptom) Antibodies naive T-cell activation, 99 Antiplatelet antibodies, 657 amphetamines, 540 autoantibodies, 111 in spleen, 94 abciximab as, 118 hypothalamus and, 466 exo- and endotoxins, 127, 129 Antigens Antiplatelet drugs renal failure, 571 hepatitis viruses, 170 active immunity, 107 for acute coronary syndromes, 296 Anosmia structure and function, 100 antibody structure and Antiprogestin drugs, 622 zinc deficiency, 67 therapeutic, 118 function, 100 Antiprotozoan drugs, 196 ANOVA tests, 253 Anticardiolipin blood transfusion reactions, 110 Antipseudomonal drugs, 183 Anovulation antiphospholipid syndrome, 443 chronic mucocutaneous cephalosporins, 185 common causes, 609 Anti-centromere antibodies, 657 candidiasis, 112 fluoroquinolones, 191 endometrial hyperplasia, 612 scleroderma, 446 diversity of, 108 penicillins, 184 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 716 INDEX

Antipsychotic drugs, 543 Aortic insufficiency Appendages (appendages), 120 thyroid hormones and, 342 antimuscarinic reaction, 242 syphilitic heart disease, 300 Appendicitis, 366 treatment, 661 dopaminergic pathways, 468 Aorticopulmonary septum, 269 mittelschmerz vs, 596 Arsenic galactorrhea with, 315 embryologic derivatives, 581 Appetite regulation, 317 angiosarcomas, 375, 450 long QT interval with, 283 Aortic regurgitation “Apple core” lesion (X-ray), 371, 657 as carcinogen, 219 naming convention for, 244 diastolic murmur in, 278 Apraxia glycolysis and, 71 Parkinson-like syndrome, 242 heart murmurs with, 279 dementia and, 529 inhalational injury, 640 PCP overdose, 541 Marfan syndrome, 290 Aprepitant, 383 toxicity symptoms, 72 prolactin and, 316 presentation, 652 Aquaporin toxicity treatment for, 239 tardive dyskinesia, 242 pulse pressure in, 272 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Artemether, 196 torsades de pointes, 239 Aortic root dilation system, 558 Arterial oxygen saturation, 633 Tourette syndrome, 527, 542 heart murmur with, 279 Aqueous humor pathway, 505 Arterial PCO2, 630, 634 Anti-Smith antibodies aortic stenosis Arabinoglycan synthesis, 192 Arteries, anatomy of, 271 lupus, 443 presentation, 656 Arabinosyltransferase, 193 Arteriolosclerosis, 336 Antisocial personality disorder, 535 Aortic stenosis Arachidonic acid pathway, 455 Arteriosclerosis, 291 early-onset disorder, 527 ejection click and, 665 Arachnodactyly pulmonary hypertension, 643 Antithrombin heart murmurs, 279 Marfan syndrome, 652 Arteriovenous malformations coagulation cascade and, 392 macroangiopathic anemia, 401 Arachnoid (AVMs), 303 Antithrombin deficiency, 406 paradoxical splitting in, 277 CSF absorption, 473, 492 Arteritis Anti-topoisomerase antibodies, 657 presentation, 656 meninges, 465 headaches, 488 Antitoxins pulse pressure in, 272 meningioma, 496 Artesunate as passive immunity, 107 S4 heart sound and, 668 ventricular system, 474 malaria, 153, 196 Anti-transglutaminase antibodies, 657 systolic murmur in, 278 Arcuate artery, 550 Arthralgias Antitumor antibiotics, 418 Williams syndrome, 290 Arcuate fasciculus alkaptonuria, 80 Anti-U1 RNP antibodies, 443 Aortic valve aphasia and, 486 cocciciomycosis, 147 197 276 Antiviral therapy, cardiac cycle, diagram, 471 Henoch-Schönlein embryological development, 268 Anxiety Area postrema, 466 purpura, 303 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 540 sclerosis, 278 Arenaviruses hepatitis viruses, 168 delirium tremens, 542 Aortitis characteristics of, 163, 164 rubella, 165 drugs for relief of, 515 syphilis, 143, 180 Arginine serum sickness, 109 hypercalcemia and, 560 APC gene, 218 classification, 77 vitamin A toxicity, 62 hyperthyroidism and, 327 adenomatous colonic polyps cystinuria, 81 Arthritis, 439 LSD, 541 and, 370 derivatives of, 79 AA amyloidosis and, 213 MAO inhibitors for, 546 colorectal cancer and, 372 histones, 32 autoantibodies, 111 MDMA withdrawal, 541 familial adenomatous polyposis kidney stones and, 567 azathioprine for, 417 neurotransmitters, 465 and, 370 Arginosuccinate Campylobacter jejuni, 140 nicotine withdrawal, 540 “Ape hand” (median nerve urea cycle, 78 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 426 Anxiety disorder, 532 injury), 427, 429 Argyll Robertson pupils celecoxib for, 456 atypical antipsychotics for, 543 Apgar score, 599 presentation, 655 chlamydiae, 146, 180 Aorta Aphasia, 486 syphilis, 143, 180 Crohn disease, 365 aneurysm of, 292 dementia and, 529 tabes dorsalis, 500 138 176 180 coarctation of, 289, 290 MCA stroke, 484 gonorrhea, , , congenital heart disease, 288 Aphthous stomatitis Arhythmia immunosuppressants, 116 diaphragm, 629 Crohn disease, 365 atiral fibrillation, 665 inflammatory bowel disease, 96 dissection in, 293 Apixaban Aripiprazole, 543 LMN facial nerve palsy, 656 ECG and, 282 as anticoagulant, 391 Arm abduction, 425 lupus, 443 embryonic development, 268–269 factor Xa inhibitors, 415 Armadillos (disease vectors), 144 Lyme disease, 142 fetal circulation, 270 Aplasia cutis Aromatase, 600 Paget disease of bone, 652 gastrointestinal blood supply, 348 methimazole, 341 Aromatase inhibitors, 621 parvovirus, 160 horseshoe kidney and, 549 Aplasia cutis congenita breast cancer, 661 reactive arthritis, 442 retroperitoneal, 345 fetal methimazole exposure, 582 Aromatic amines septic, 441 in syphilitic heart disease, 300 Aplastic anemia, 399 as carcinogens, 219 Sjögren syndrome, 653 traumatic rupture of, 292 in anemia taxonomy, 396 Arrhythmia Staphylococcus aureus, 131 “tree bark” appearance of, 300 chloramphenicol, 188 amphotericin B, 195 Takayasu arteritis, 302 Aortic aneurysm, 292 as drug reaction, 241 amyloidosis and, 213 therapeutic antibodies, 118 associations, 664 Fanconi anemia, 656 associations of, 665 ulcerative colitis, 365 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 47 neutropenia with, 402 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Whipple disease, 656 hypertension, 290 thionamides, 341 diptheria, 135 Arthropathy Marfan syndrome, 290 Aplastic crisis hyperthyroidism, 327 hemochromatosis, 378 syphilitic heart disease, 300 hereditary spherocytosis, 400 hypokalemia and, 560 Arthus reaction, 109 Aortic arch derivatives, 586 sickle cell anemia, 400 local anesthetics causing, 519 Arylcyclohexylamines Aortic, coarctation Apolipoproteins, 89 macrolides, 189 intravenous anesthetics, 519 labs/findings, 660 Aponeurosis of external oblique McArdle disease, 83 Arylsulfatase A Aortic dissection, 293 muscle, 354 MI, 294 metachromatic associations with, 664 Apoptosis, 204 muscular dystrophy, 57 leukodystrophy, 84 hypertension, 290 corticosteroids, 402 shock caused by, 299 Asbestos Marfan syndrome, 652 evasion in cancer, 215 sleep apnea and, 642 carcinogenicity, 219 Marfan syndrome as cause, 290 malignant tumors, 216 stimulants and, 540 lung cancer and, 647 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 717

Asbestosis Asterixis, 489 diabetes mellitus and, 336 Atrioventricular valves characteristics, 641 cirrhosis, 372 familial dyslipidemias, 90 embryological development of, 268 restrictive disease, 639 hepatic encephalopathy, 374 homocystinuria as cause, 80 Atrophic gastritis Ascaris spp, 154 hyperammonemia, 78 sites of, 668 associations with, 665 Ascaris lumbricoides, 155 renal failure, 571 stable angina with, 293 gastrin in, 356 Ascending aorta Asthma, 638 transplant rejection, 115 Atrophy, 214 embryological development of, 268 albuterol for, 234 Athetosis, 481, 489 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 500 Ascending cholangitis, 379 β-blockers and, 237 ATM gene, 113 cerebral, 483 Ascending colon, 345 breast milk and, 599 Atomoxetine, 527, 661 motor neuron signs, 499, 501 Aschoff bodies, 300 cholinomimetic agents and, 232 Atonic seizures, 487 neurodegenerative disorders, 490 Ascites cromolyn sodium for, 387 Atopic dermatitis, 449 optic disc/nerve, 494, 506 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 375, 652 drug therapy, 649 Atopic reactions, 108 ventriculomegaly, 492 cirrhosis, 372 eczema and, 449 Atorvastatin, 306 Atropine, 233 hepatocellular carcinoma, 375 eosinophilia and, 387 Atovaquone antimuscarinic reaction, 242 Meigs syndrome, 610 epinephrine for, 234 babesiosis, 153 for β-blocker overdose, 309 spontaneous bacterial gastroesophageal reflux disease, 360 malaria, 153 cholinesterase inhibitor peritonitis, 373 immunosuppressants, 116 P. falciparum, 196 poisoning, 232 Asenapine, 543 muscarinic antagonists for, 233 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 toxicity treatment, 239 Aseptic meningitis omalizumab for, 118 ATPase, 378 Attention deficit disorder (ADD) mumps, 166 pulsus paradoxus in, 300 Atracurium, 520 amphetamines for, 234 picornaviruses, 163 salmeterol for, 234 Atria Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Asherman syndrome, 622 type I hypersensitivity, 108 cardiac tumors, 301 (ADHD), 527 Ashkenazi Jews Astigmatism, 504 embryological development drug therapy for, 542 disease incidence, 84 Astrocytes, 463 of, 268–269 smoking and, 582 Ash-leaf spots, 495 foot processes, 466 Atrial amyloidosis, 213 sympatholytic drugs for, 235 80 Aspartame, origin of, 460 Atrial fibrillation Tourette syndrome, 527 Aspartate Astrocytomas, 664 β-blockers for, 309 treatment, 661 urea cycle, 78 GFAP stain for, 44 calcium channel blockers for, 310 Attributable risk (AR), 248, 669 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 373 Ataxia cardiac glycosides for, 307 Atypical antidepressants, 546 hepatitis, 168 abetalipoproteinemia, 89 ECG tracing of, 284 Atypical antipsychotic drugs, 543 toxic shock syndrome, 131 amantadine toxicity, 517 embolic risk with, 665 bipolar disorder, 531, 661 Aspartic acid, 77 Angelman syndrome, 54 embolic stroke, 482 postpartum psychosis, 532 Aspart insulin, 340. See also Insulin ataxia-telangiectasia, 37 hypertension as cause, 290 schizophrenia, 530 Aspergillosis cerebellar hemisphere lesions, 481 jugular venous pulse in, 276 Atypical depression, 546 Aspergillus fumigatus, 149 cerebellar vermis lesions, 481 potassium channel blockers Atypical lymphocytes, 657 bronchiectasis, 639 epilepsy drugs, 514 for, 309 Atypical pneumonias echinocandins, 196 Friedreich, 501 sleep apnea, 642 chlamydiae, 146 Aspergillus spp hypnotics, 515 Atrial flutter macrolides, 189 as catalase-positive organism, 124 metachromatic leukodystrophy, β-blockers for, 309 typical organisms, 645 chronic granulomatous disease, 105 84, 494 ECG tracing of, 284 Auditory cortex immunodeficiency infections, 114 normal pressure 471 Aspergillus fumigatus, 149 hydrocephalus, 492 potassium channel blockers diagram, HIV-positive adults, 173 opsoclonus-myoclonus for, 309 thalamic relay, 468 Aspiration syndrome, 217 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), Auditory hallucinations, 529, 530 ARDS and, 642 peroxisome disease, 43 285, 558 Auditory physiology, 503 in utero “breathing,” 626 prion disease, 174 amyloidosis and, 213 Auer rods, 657 lung abscess, 646 psychoactive drug intoxication, 540 kidney effects, 559 in AML, 410 V˙/Q˙ mismatch, 634 Rett syndrome, 527 in SIADH, 334 Auramine-rhodamine stain, 122 Aspiration pneumonia streptomycin, 193 signaling pathways for, 322 Auscultation of heart, 278 alcoholics, 175 syphillis, 143 Atrial septa Auspitz sign, 449 clindamycin, 188 tabes dorsalis, 500 embryological development of, 268 Autism spectrum disorder, 527 Klebsiella, 140 trinucleotide repeat expansion Atrial septal defect (ASD), 289 double Y males and, 603 nosocomial infections, 181 disease, 58, 60 congenital rubella, 290 fragile X syndrome, 58 diastolic murmur in, 278 Autoantibodies, 111 Aspirin, 456 vitamin B12 deficiency, 500 acute coronary syndromes, 296 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 62, Down syndrome, 290 Autoclaves arachidonic acid pathway and, 455 481, 541 fetal alcohol syndrome, 290 disinfection/sterilization, 200 cyclooxygenase, 393 Ataxia-telangiectasia, 37, 113 Atrioventricular block spore-forming bacteria, 127 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 241 Atazanavin, 199 β-blockers as cause, 237 Autografts, 114 for ischemic stroke, 482 Atazanavir, 197 β-blockers in, 309 Autoimmune anemia, 396 Kawasaki disease, 302, 662 Atelectasis calcium channel blockers, 304, 310 Autoimmune diseases polycythemia vera, 411 intrapleural pressures, 631 ECG tracings, 284 acute pericarditis, 300 Reye syndrome and, 373 physical findings with, 643 Lyme disease, 142 collagen and, 46 uncoupling agent, 74 Atenolol, 237, 309 Atrioventricular canals, 269 preeclampsia and, 608 as weak acid, 226 Ateriolosclerosis, 291 Atrioventricular node self-antigen in, 97 zero-order elimination of, 226 Atherosclerosis, 292 conduction pathway, 282 Autoimmune gastritis, 362 Asplenia abdominal aortic aneurysms ECG and, 282 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Howell-Jolly bodies, 395 and, 292 Atrioventricular septal defect 108, 401 target cells, 395 aortic aneurysms, 664 (AVSD), 59 cephalosporins, 185 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 718 INDEX

Autoimmune hepatitis, 111 prophylaxis in HIV, 194 spore-forming, 127 Basal lamina, 46 Autoimmune hypothyroidism, 169 macrolides, 189 stains for, 122 Basal metabolic rate, 321 Autoimmune lymphoproliferative mechanism (diagram), 183 structures of, 120 Basal plate, 460 syndrome, 204 Mycobacterium avium- taxonomy, 121 Base excision repair, 37 Autoimmune membranous intracellulare, 136, 192 virulence factors, 124, 125 Basement membrane nephropathy, 111 Azoles, 195 zoonotic, 144 Alport syndrome and, 565 Autoimmune regulator (AIRE), 97 mechanism (diagram), 194 Bacterial capsules, 120 autoantibodies to, 111 Autonomic drugs, 229–238 opportunistic fungal infections, 149 Bacterial endocarditis, 299 barrel hoop, 94 naming conventions for, 244 vaginal infections, 177 daptomycin, 191 blood-brain barrier, 466 Autonomic insufficiency, 234 Azotemia presentation, 656 collagen in, 46 Autonomy (ethics), 253 acute interstitial nephritis, 572 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 filtration, 553 Autoregulation of blood flow, 286 nephritic syndrome and, 564 Streptococcus sanguinis, 132 glomerular filtration Autosomal dominant disorders Aztreonam, 183, 186 Bacterial meningitis, 664 barrier, 551 Brugada syndrome, 285 Bacterial peritonitis in glomerulus, 550 hyper-IgE syndrome, 112 B (spontaneous), 373 Basic amino acids, 77 Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE B7 protein Bacterial toxins Basilar artery syndrome naive T-cell activation, 99 effects of, 106 circle of Willis, 473 presentation, 655 B19 virus, 160 neutralization of, 101 herniation syndromes, 499 Autosomal dominant inheritance Babesia spp, 142, 153 Bacterial vaginosis stroke efects, 485 diseases, 56 anemia, 401 characteristics of, 154, 177 Basilar membrane (cochlea), 503 mode of, 55 Babesiosis, 153 Gardnerella vaginalis, 144 Basiliximab Autosomal dominant polycystic Babinski reflex, 258 Bacteroides spp immunosuppressant, 116 kidney disease motor neuron signs, 499 alcoholism, 175 targets of, 117 (ADPKD), 573 primitive reflexs, 480 anaerobic organism, 123 Basophilia, 387 chromosome association, 60 Bachmann bundle, 282 clindamycin, 188 Basophilic stippling, 394, 657 397 saccular aneurysms and, 486 Bacillary angiomatosis, 450 lung abscesses, 646 lead poisoning, 397 Autosomal recessive disorders animal transmission, 144 metronidazole, 191 sideroblastic anemia, Basophils, 387 adenosine deaminase HIV-positive adults, 173 nosocomial infections, 181 CML, 410 deficiency, 113 Bacilli, 121 taxonomy, 121 hypersensitivity reaction, 108 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 113 Gram stain identification of, 130 Bacteroides fragilis, 174 IgE antibody, 101 IL-12 receptor deficiency, 112 Bacillus spp “Bag of worms,” 618 BAX protein, 204 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 113 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 Baker cyst, 425 B-cell lymphomas, 668 severe combined taxonomy, 121 tibial nerve injury, 430 HIV-positive adults, 173 immunodeficiency, 113 Bacillus anthracis, 133 BAK protein, 204 oncogenes and, 218 Wilson disease, 378 capsule composition, 120 Balancing (quality measurement), 261 B cells, 388 Autosomal recessive inheritance exotoxin production, 128 “Bamboo spine” (X-ray), 442, 657 activation, 99, 101 diseases, 56 spore formation, 127 Band cells, 386 adaptive immunity, 95 mode of, 55 Bacillus cereus, 134 Barbiturates anergy, 106 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney food poisoning, 174, 665 intoxication and withdrawal, 540 cell surface proteins, 106 disease (ARPKD), 573 spore formation, 127 intravenous anesthetics, 519 class switching, 99 548 Bacitracin mechanism and use, 515 Potter sequence caused by, cytokines and, 104 130 244 Autosomal trisomies, 59 Gram-positive antibiotic test, naming convention for, disorders of, 112, 113 karyotyping for, 51 mechanism (diagram), 183 sleep alterations, 467 functions of, 97, 388 Autosplenectomy sensitivity to, 130, 132 Baroreceptors, 285 glucocorticoid effects, 116 associations with, 664 Bacitracin response, 657 Barr bodies, 32 immunodeficiency infections, 114 sickle cell anemia, 400 Back pain Barrett esophagus, 361 in lymph node, 92 Avascular necrosis, 436 G6PD deficiency and, 400 metaplasia and, 214 neoplasms, 408 scaphoid bone, 426 Baclofen Bartonella spp non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 407 sickle cell anemia, 400 mechanism and use, 520 animal transmission, 144 sirolimus effect, 116 Avoidant personality disorder, 535 multiple sclerosis, 493 endocarditis, 299 spleen, 94 Axillary lymph nodes, 93 Bacteremia taxonomy, 121 BCG vaccination, 136 breast cancer and, 616 brain abscesses, 176 Bartonella henselae BCG vaccine Axillary nerve, 427 cutaneous anthrax, 133 bacillary angiomatosis, 450 IL-12 receptor deficiency and, 112 Axonal injury, 465 daptomycin, 191 granulomatous diseases, 211 live attenuated, 107 Axonemal dynein, 45 Staphylococcus gallolyticus, 133 HIV-positive adults, 173 BCL-2 gene, 218 Azathioprine Streptococcus bovis, 133 Bartonella quintana, 157 Bcl-2 protein, 204 allopurinol and, 457 tuberculosis, 136 Bartter syndrome, 556 BCR-ABL gene, 218 antimetabolites, 417 Bacteria markers in, 560 Becker muscular dystrophy, 57 in cell cycle, 416 biofilm-producing, 125 Basal cell carcinomas, 454 presentation, 656 for Crohn disease, 365 encapsulated, 124 5-fluorouracil for, 417 Beck triad of cardiac tamponade, 300, immunosuppressant, 116 genetics, 126, 127 sunburn and, 453 654 pancreatitis caused by, 240 hemolytic, 131 Basal ganglia, 470 Beckwith-Wiedemann, 569 targets of, 117 highly resistant, 194 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 483 Bedwetting. See Nocturnal enuresis Azithromycin, 138 normal flora, 174 lesions in, 481 Beers criteria, 238 babesiosis, 153 pigment-producing, 125 microaneurysms, 486 Bell palsy, 502 chlamydiae, 146 special culture requirements, 123 movement disorders, 489 Lyme disease, 142, 182 gonococci, 138 special populations, 182 thalamic connections, 468 sarcoidosis and, 444 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 719

Bell-shaped distribution, 251 glaucoma, 521 Bilateral adenopathy, 444 Bitot spots, 62 Bence Jones protein, 409 heart failure, 298 Bilateral renal agenesis Bivalirudin, 413 Bendazoles, 155 hydralazine and, 304 oligohydramnios and, 607 BK virus, 160 “the bends,” 436 hyperkalemia, 560 Potter sequence, 548 Black eschar, 133 Beneficence (ethics), 253 hypertension, 304 pulmonary hypoplasia and, 626 Blackflies (disease vectors), 155 Benign breast disease, 615 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 297 Bile, 358 Black liver, 665 Benign prostatic hyperplasia juxtaglomerular apparatus hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 377 Black lung disease, 641 (BPH), 619, 667 effects, 558 secretin effect on, 356 Bladder, 592 α-blockers for, 236 migraine headaches, 488 Bile acid resins, 306 bethanechol effect on, 232 hydronephrosis and, 568 naming convention for, 244 Bile acids BPH and, 619 postrenal azotemia, 571 overdose treatment, 309 lipid transport, 88 Brenner tumor, 610 tamsulosin for, 623 for pheochromocytomas, 326 reabsorption of, 306 development of, 585 treatment, 661 phobias, 533 Bile canaliculus, 352 estrophy, 591 Benign tumors, 216 for thyroid storm, 329 Bile duct, 353 female anatomyh, 606 Benzathine pencillin G, 194 toxicity treatment for, 239 Bile ductule, 352 lymphatic drainage, 591 Benzene β cells, 313 Bile salts, 358 placenta percreta, 606 aplastic anemia, 241, 399 diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, 337 in cholelithiasis, 379 spasm treatment, 233 myelodysplastic syndromes, 409 insulinomas of, 338 Biliary cirrhosis, 372, 376 transitional cell carcinoma, 569 Benzidine as carcinogen, 219 insulin secretion by, 314 cystic fibrosis, 56 urachus, 585 Benznidazole, 154 β-dystroglycan, 57 labs/findings, 657 Bladder cancer Benzoate, 78 β-galactosidase, 138 Biliary colic, 379 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 419 Benzocaine, 519 β-glucan, 196 Biliary structures, 353 hematuria, with, 562 methemoglobinemia, 632 β-glucoronidase, 386 Biliary tract disease, 378 hypercalcemia and, 217 Benzodiazepines, 515 β-hCG Clonorchis sinensis, 157 oncogenic microbes and, 219 addictive risk, 515 autosomal trisomies, 59 Biliary tract infections Schistosoma haematobium, alcohol withdrawal, 542, 661 as tumor marker, 220 Enterococci, 133 156, 157 anaesthetic adjuncts, 519 β-hemolysis, 129 Bilious vomiting, 367 Blast crisis in CML, 665 Beers criteria, 238 β-hemolytic bacteria, 131 Bilirubin, 359 Blastocyst implantation, 580 cocaine overdose, 540 β-hydroxybutyrate, 86 bile, 358 Blastomyces spp epilepsy, 514 β-interferon cholelithiasis, 379 amphotericin B, 195 generalized anxiety disorder, 533 multiple sclerosis, 493 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 377 itraconazole, 195 intoxication and β-lactam antibiotics, 183 liver marker, 373 Blastomycosis, 147 withdrawal, 540 β-lactamase inhibitors, 184 toxic shock syndrome, 131 Bleeding naming convention for, 244 β-lactams, 452 Bimatoprost, 521 adenomatous polyps, 370 panic disorder, 533 Betamethasone, 455 Bimodal distribution, 251 control of, 346 PCP overdose, 541 β-thalassemia, 397 Binge eating disorder, 537 direct factor Xa inhibitors, 415 phobias, 533 allelic heterogeneity, 53 Bioavailability, 225 direct thrombin inhibitors, 413 sleep, effect on, 467 chromosome association, 60 Biochemistry, 32–89 diverticulosis, 366 toxicity treatment for, 239 intron/exon splicing variants, 39 cellular, 42–48 essential thrombocythemia, 411 Benzoyl peroxide for acne, 449 Betaxolol, 237 genetics, 52–61 glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitors, 415 Benztropine, 233, 517 glaucoma, 521 laboratory techniques, 48–52 heparin, 413 Beriberi Bethanechol, 232 metabolism, 68–90 inflammatory bowel disease, 365 cardiomyopathy, 297 Bevacizumab, 118, 420 molecular, 32–41 peptic ulcer disease, 363

vitamin B1 deficiency, 62 Bezafibrate, 306 nutrition, 61–68 thrombolytics, 415 Berkson bias, 250 Bias and study errors, 250 Biofilm-producing bacteria, 125 variceal, 356 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Bicarbonate Biostatistics/epidemiology, 246–252 warfarin, 414 393, 405, 664 carbon dioxide transport, 635 Bipolar disorder, 530, 531 Bleomycin, 418 Berylliosis, 641 drug overdoses, 226 drug therapy for, 542, 543 in cell cycle, 416 granulomatous disease, 211 GI secretion, 357 lithium for, 544 pulmonary fibrosis, 242

β1-blockade, 273 pancreatic insufficiency, 364 postpartum psychosis, 532 targets of, 416 β2-agonists salicylate toxicity, 239 treatment, 661 Bleomycin toxicity, 422, 639 asthma, 649 TCA toxicity, 239 Birbeck granules, 660 Blepharospasm insulin and, 314 Biceps brachii muscle Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 412 dystonia, 489 naming convention for, 244 Erb palsy, 428 “Bird’s beak” sign (X-ray), 360 Blindness

β2-microglobulin Biceps tendon, 425 Birds (disease vectors), 144, 146 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 MHC I and II and, 96 Bicornuate uterus, 590 Bismuth, 382 conversion disorder, 536 β-amyloid protein (Alzheimer Bicuspid aortic valve Bisphosphonates, 456 giant cell arteritis, 302 disease), 213 aortic dissection and, 293 esophagitis with, 240 neonatal, 138 β-blockers, 237 coarctation of aorta and, 289 naming convention for, 244 Onchocerca volvulus, 155 acute coronary syndromes, 296 heart murmur with, 279 for osteoporosis, 435 temporal arteritis, 668 angina, 305 thoracic aortic aneurysms Bitemporal hemianopia, 511 Toxocara canis, 155 antiarrhythmic drugs, 309 and, 292 craniopharyngioma, 498 Blistering skin disorders, 452 aortic dissections, 293 Turner syndrome, 290, 603 hypopituitarism as cause, 335 Blood for cocaine overdose, 234, 540 Bifurcation external landmarks, 629 Nelson syndrome as cause, 332 chocolate-colored, 632 diabetes and, 237 Biguanide drugs, 340 optic chiasm compression, 486 coagulation and kinin dilated cardiomyopathy, 297 Bilaminar disc, 580 pituitary adenoma, 496 pathways, 391 essential tremor, 489 Bilateral acoustic schwannomas, 652 visual field defects, 511 embryologic derivatives, 581 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 720 INDEX

Blood (continued) pain, 652 Brachial plexus lesions, 428 Branching filamentous bacteria hCG detection in, 598 raised periosteum, 660 Brachiocephalic artery, 473 Gram stain identification, 130 metrorrhagia, 597 “soap bubble” (x-ray), 660 Bradycardia taxonomy, 121 oxygen content, 633 Bone formation, 434 amiodarone and, 309 Branching gram-positive rods/sulfur in placenta, 584 Bone fractures atropine for, 233 granules, 657 umbilical cord, 585 child abuse sign, 526 β-blockers and, 237, 309 BRCA1/BRCA2 genes, 218 urethral injury, 593 fat embol from, 637 cholinesterase inhibitor breast cancer and, 616 viscosity of, 634 Bone lesions poisoning, 232 ovarian neoplasms, 610 Blood-brain barrier adult T-cell lymphoma, 408 dopamine for, 234 Breast cancer, 616–617 anesthetics, 518 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 412 on ECG, 282 aromatase inhibitors for, 621 astrocytes, 463 multiple myeloma, 409 hypermagnesemia, 560 breastfeeding and, 599 function and mechanism, 466 Bone marrow suppression, 195 hypothyroidism, 327 hormonal contraception L-DOPA, 518 Bone marrow transplant RCA infarct, 271 contraindication, 622 Blood flow exercise response, 635 osteopetrosis, 435 reflex, 558 hypercalcemia and, 217 Blood groups, 390 severe combined sympatholytic drugs and, 235 incidence/mortality of, 216 Blood pH immunodeficiency, 113 Bradykinin key associations, 664 diuretic effects on, 576 Bones ACE inhibitors and, 577 oncogenes and, 218 Blood pressure collagen in, 46 breakdown of, 558 paclitaxel for, 419 a-blocker effect on, 236 cortisol effect on, 319 C1 esterase inhibitor paraneoplastic cerebellar angiotensin II effects, 558, 559 lytic/blastic metastases, 221 deficiency, 103 degeneration and, 217 antianginal therapy, 305 PTH effect on, 320 Bradykinin, 577 postmenopausal women, 661 antidiuretic hormone regulation renal osteodystrophy, 571 BRAF gene, 218 tamoxifen for, 421 of, 317 trastuzumab for, 421 T3 hormone and, 321 melanomas and, 454 cortisol effect on, 319 Bone tumors, 438 papillary thyroid carcinoma tumor suppressor genes and, 218 fenoldopam and, 304 “Boot-shaped” heart (X-ray), 657 and, 330 Breast disorders 560 615 renal disorders and, Borderline personality disorder, 535 vemurafenib and, 421 benign, 616 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone dissociative identity disorder, 528 Brain malignant, system, 558 Breastfeeding, 599 Bordetella spp, 121 blood flow autoregulation, 286 sympathomimetic effect on, 235 ovarian neoplasms and, 610 Bordetella pertussis, 139 choriocarcinoma and, 618 Blood-testis barrier, 466 Breast milk. See also Lactation culture requirements, 123 embryologic derivatives, 581 Blood transfusions, 407 IgA antibodies in, 101 exotoxin production, 128 embryology of, 460 reactions, 110 prolactin and, 316 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 glucose usage by, 314 Blood vessels Breast/ovarian cancer macrolides, 189 ischemia in, 206 collagen in, 46 incomplete penetrance, 52 vaccines, 139 metastasis to, 221 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 46 Breast/ovarian cancers Bordet-Gengou agar, 123 ring-enhancing lesions, 660 hereditary hemorrhagic BRCA1 mutation, 37 Borrelia spp, 142 T hormone and, 321 telangiectasia, 303 3 Breast pathology, 614 Giemsa stain, 122 Brain abscesses Bloody diarrhea, 175 Breast trauma, necrosis caused by, 205 taxonomy, 121 HIV-positive adults, 176 amebiasis, 151 Brenner tumors, 610 Borrelia burgdorferi Toxoplasma gondii, 152, 173 Campylobacter jejuni, 140, 144 Bretylium, 231 animal transmission, 144 Brain cysts, 157 Shigella, 141 Brief psychotic disorder, 530 153 205 ulcerative colitis, 365 coinfection with, Brain infarcts, Brimonidine, 521 Bloody stool, 351 facial nerve palsy, 182 Brain injury Brittle hair, 47 Blotting procedures, 49 Lyme disease, 142 gastritis with, 362 Broad-base budding, 147 Blown pupils, 511 tetracyclines, 188 hypopituitarism from, 335 Broad ligament, 592 CN III damage, 511 Borrelia recurrentis Brain lesions, 481 Broca area herniation syndromes, 499 animal transmission, 144 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), aphasia, 486 saccular aneurysms, 486 antigenic variation, 106 285, 558 diagram, 471 “Blue babies,” 288 vectors, 157 in SIADH, 334 MCA stroke, 484 Blueberry muffin rash Bortezomib, 420 signaling pathways for, 322 Bromocriptine, 517. See cytomegalovirus, 178 Bosentan, 648 Brain stem also Dopamine agonists rubella, 165, 178 Botulinum, 231 dorsal view, 475 prolactin and, 316 Toxoplasma gondii, 178 Botulinum toxin ventral view, 474 Bronchi, 628 “Blue kids,” 289 lysogenic transduction, 126 Brain tumors Bronchial carcinoid tumors, 647 Blue sclerae, 47 passive antibodies for, 107 adult primary, 496–497 Bronchiectasis osteogenesis imperfecta, 652 toxin effects, 128 associations with, 664 Aspergillus fumigatus, 149 BNP. See Brain natriuretic peptide Botulism biopsy findings, 660 cystic fibrosis, 56 (BNP) Clostridium botulinum, 134 childhood primary, 498 Kartagener syndrome, 45, 656 Body dysmorphic disorder, 533 exotoxin, 127 metastatic source, 221 Bronchioalveolar cell carcinomas, 647 Boerhaave syndrome, 360 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy nitrosureas for, 418 Bronchioles, 628 Bombesin, 325 (BSE), 174 Branched-chain ketoacid histamine receptors and, 230 Bone cancer, 437 Bowel smooth muscle dehydrogenase, 62 Bronchiolitis obliterans, 115 primary bone tumors, 438 activation, 232 Branchial apparatus, 586 Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing Bone crises, 84 Bowel stenosis, 366 Branchial arch derivatives, 587 pneumonia (BOOP), 645 Bone disorder lab values, 437 Bowen disease, 617 Branchial cleft derivatives, 586 Bronchitis Bone disorders Bowenoid papulosis, 617 Branchial pouch derivatives, 588 croup, 166 “brown” tumor, 657 Bowman capsule, 553 Branching enzyme (glycogen cystic fibrosis, 56 osteogenesis imperfecta, 47 Brachial artery, 432 metabolism), 82 Haemophilus influenzae, 138 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 721

Bronchoconstriction, 649 Bunyaviruses Calciferol (vitamin D), 559 Campylobacter spp Bronchodilation, 649 characteristics of, 163, 164 Calcification, 208 animal transmission, 144 sympathetic receptors and, 230 Bupivacaine, 519 Calcineurin, 116 bloody diarrhea, 175 Bronchogenic apical lung Buprenorphine Calcinosis, 446 reactive arthritis and, 442 tumor, 657 heroin addiction, 541 Calcitonin, 321 taxonomy, 121 Bronchogenic carcinomas morphine and, 228 medullary thyroid carcinoma Campylobacter jejuni, 140 asbestosis and, 641 opioid withdrawal, 540 production, 330 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 carcinogens causing, 219 Bupropion, 546 osteoporosis, 435 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Bronchogenic cysts, 626 major depressive disorder, 531 signaling pathways of, 322 Canagliflozin, 341 Bronchopneumonia, 645 mechanism, 544 tumor marker, 220 Canalicular lung development, 626 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 210 nicotine withdrawal, 540 Calcium Cancer neonatal respiratory distress seizures with, 242 in bone disorders, 437 bacteremia with, 660 syndrome as cause, 627 Burkholderia cepacia calcitonin and, 321 deaths from, 260 “Brown” bone tumor, 657 characteristics of, 124 in cardiac muscle, 280 common metastases, 221 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 501 cystic fibrosis, 175 in osteomalacia/rickets, 436 epidemiology of, 216 Horner syndrome, 509 immunodeficiency infections, 114 in Paget disease of bone, 436 ESR in, 212 Brucella spp taxonomy, 121 PTH and, 320 intron/exon splicing variants Gram-negative algorithm, 137 Burkitt lymphoma, 408 rhomboid crystals, 660 and, 39 intracellular organism, 124 chromosomal translocations Vitamin D and, 319 microRNAs and, 39 taxonomy, 121 and, 412 Calcium carbonate, 382 mortality of, 216 transmission, 144 EBV, 161 Calcium channel blockers, 304 neoplastic progression, 215 Brucellosis, 144 labs/findings, 660, 668 angina, 304 pneumoconioses, 641 Brugada syndrome, 283, 293 oncogenes and, 218 antiarrhythmic drugs, 310 splice site mutations as cause, 36 Bruising oncogenic microbes and, 219 contractility in, 273 Cancer drugs child abuse sign, 526 Burns cutaneous flushing, 239 cell cycle, 416 scurvy, 65 acute gastric ulcer, 664 gingival hyperplasia, 241 targets, 416 Brunner glands child abuse sign, 526 hypertension, 304 Cancer epidemiology, 216 duodenum, 347 inhalational injuries and, 640 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 297 Candesartan, 577 ulcers and, 363 shock with, 299 migraine headaches, 488 Candida spp Brushfield spots, 59 sunburn, 453 Raynaud phenomenon, 445 amphotericin B, 195 Bruton agammaglobulinemia, 56, 112 testosterone/methyltestosterone Calcium channels azoles, 195 Bruxism, 467 for, 623 ethosuximide effect on, 514 catalase-positive organism, 124 BTK gene, 112 Bursitis glucose and, 314 echinocandins, 196 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 375 prepatellar, 425 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic immunodeficiency labs/findings, 659 Burton line syndrome and, 217 infections, 114 portal hypertension, 372 lead poisoning, 397 myocardial action potential, 280 osteomyelitis, 176 presentation, 652 presentation, 652 opioid effect on, 520 tricuspid valve endocarditis Budesonide, 649 Buspirone, 544 pacemaker action potential, 281 and, 299 Buerger disease, 302 generalized anxiety disorder, 533 smooth muscle contraction, 434 vulvovaginitis, 177 associations with, 667 Busulfan, 418 Calcium homeostasis, 319 Candida albicans, 149 treatment, 661 pulmonary fibrosis and, 242 Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, 65 HIV-positive adults, 173 Buffalo hump, 323 Busulfan toxicity, 422 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition T cell dysfunction, 112 Bulbus cordis, 268 restrictive lung disease, 639 disease, 440 treatment, 661 Bulimia nervosa, 537 Butorphanol, 521 Calcium-sensing receptor Candidate identification number anovulation and, 609 Butterfly facial rash, 652 (CaSR), 342 (CIN), 5 drug therapy for, 542 Calf pseudohypertrophy, 652 Candidiasis Mallory-Weiss syndrome and, 360 C Caliciviruses Candida albicans, 149 SSRIs for, 545 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 103 characteristics of, 159, 163 chronic mucocutaneous, 112 treatment, 661 C3 deficiency, 103 California encephalitis, 163 cortisol and, 319 Bulk-forming laxatives, 383 C5a receptor, 386 Call-Exner bodies, 611 nystatin, 195 Bullae, 447 C5-C9 deficiencies, 103 Calluses (dermatology), 448 Cannibalism, 174 necrotizing fasciitis, 451 CA 15-3/CA27-29 (tumor cAMP (cyclic adenosine Capillary fluid exchange, 287, 670 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 452 markers), 220 monophosphate) Capillary supply (lymph node), 92 Bull neck, 128 CA 19-9 (tumor marker), 220 cilostazol/dipyridamole effect Capitate bone, 426 Bullous impetigo, 451 CA 125 levels, 610 on, 415 Capitation, 260 Bullous pemphigoid, 447, 452 CA 125 (tumor marker), 220 endocrine hormone Caplan syndrome, 641 autoantibody, 111 Cachexia, 221 messenger, 322 Capsid (viral), 158 type II hypersensitivity, 108 TNF-a and, 104 exotoxin effects, 128 Capsules (bacterial), 120 Bumetanide, 575 Café-au-lait spots fructose bisphosphatase-2 Captain’s wheel, 147 BUN (blood urea nitrogen) aplastic anemia and, 399 and, 72 Captopril, 577 intrinsic renal failure, 571 causes of, 652 glycogen regulation, 81 Caput medusae, 350 nephritic syndrome, 563 McCune-Albright syndrome, 53 heat-labile/heat-stable toxin Carbachol, 232 ornithine transcarbamylase neurofibromatosis, 495 effects, 128 glaucoma, 521 deficiency, 79 Caffeine intoxication and hyperparathyroidism, 332 Carbamazepine renal failure consequences, 571 withdrawal, 540 PTH effect on, 320 agranulocytosis, 241 BUN/creatinine ratio, 571 Cahill cycle, 78 Vibrio cholerae, 141 aplastic anemia, 241 Bundle of His, 282 Caisson disease, 637 CAMP factor, 133 bipolar disorder, 531, 661 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 722 INDEX

Carbamazepine (continued) Cardiac tamponade, 300 Carteolol, 521 CD5 protein, 410 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 aortic dissection and, 293 Cartilage CD20 protein, 106 epilepsy, 514 jugular venous pulse in, 276 collagen in, 46 in CLL, 410 SIADH and, 240 MI, 294, 296 fluoroquinolone damage to, 241 CD21 protein, 106 teratogenicity, 582 pulse pressure in, 272 Carvedilol, 237, 309 viral receptor, 162 tonic-clonic seizures, 663 shock, 299 Casal necklace, 63 CD25 protein trigeminal neuralgia, 664 Cardiac troponin I, 295 Caseating granulomas, 139 cell surface protein, 106 Carbamoyl phosphate, 78 Cardiac tumors, 301 Caseating necrosis, 205 regulatory T cells and, 98 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, 69 Cardinal ligament, 592 granulomatous diseases and, 211 CD28 protein, 106 Carbapenems Cardinal veins, 268 Case-control studies, 246 CD34 protein, 106 mechanism and use, 186 Cardiobacterium spp, 299 Caspases, 204 leukocyte extravasation and, 209 mechanism (diagram), 183 Cardiogenic shock Caspofungin CD40L protein, 106 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 MI, 294 Candida albicans, 149, 661 CD40 protein, 106 Carbidopa, 518 presentation/treatment, 299 echinocandins, 196 CDKN2A gene, 218 Carbohydrate absorption, 358 pulse pressure in, 272 mechanism (diagram), 194 CEA tumor marker, 371 Carbon dioxide Cardiomegaly Casts in urine, 562 Cefaclor, 185 transport of, 635 Pompe disease, 83 Catabolism Cefazolin Carbonic anhydrase, 635 Cardiomegaly with apical trophy, 658 amino acids, 78 mechanism and use, 185 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 562 Cardiomyopathy, 296 fatty acids, 43 prophylaxis, 194 Carbon monoxide (CO) auscultation changes with, 278 tyrosine, 79 Cefepime carboxyhemoglobin, 632 Chagas disease, 154 Catalase, 210 mechanism and use, 185 electron transport inhibition, 74 heart failure with, 298 Catalase-positive organisms, 124 mechanism (diagram), 183 inhalational injuries, 640 Kussmaul sign in, 301 Cataracts, 505 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 poisoning, 633 S4 heart sound and, 668 corticosteroid toxicity, 116 Cefotaxime, 185 toxicity treatment, 239 Starling curves, 274 diabetes mellitus and, 336 Cefoxitin Carbon tetrachloride sudden cardiac death, 293 galactosemia, 76 mechanism and use, 185 as carcinogen, 219 Cardiotoxicity muscular dystrophy, 57 mechanism (diagram), 183 free radical injury and, 210 doxorubicin, 418 rubella, 178 Ceftaroline Carboplatin, 419 drugs causing, 422 sorbitol, 77 mechanism and use, 185 toxicities of, 422 methylxanthines, 649 Catecholamines mechanism (diagram), 183 Carboxyhemoglobin, 632 trastuzumab, 421 adrenal medulla secretion, 312 MRSA, 194 Carboxylases, 69 Cardiovascular drugs amphetamines and, 234 Ceftazidime Carboxypeptidase, 358 naming conventions for, 244 contractility effects of, 273 mechanism and use, 185 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) reactions to, 239 ephedrine and, 234 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 (tumor marker), 220 Cardiovascular system, 268–310 pacemaker action potential Ceftriaxone Carcinogens, 219 anatomy, 271 and, 281 Chlamydia spp, 146 griseofulvin, 196 embryology, 268–270 pheochromocytoma effect Chlamydia trachomatis, 661 Carcinoid syndrome, 338 pathology, 288–303 on, 326 for gonococci, 138 bronchial carcinoid tumors, 647 pharmacology, 304–310 synthesis of, 79 for Haemophilus influenzae, 138 somatostatin for, 342 physiology, 272–287 Cat scratch disease, 144 mechanism and use, 185 treatment, 661 sclerosis of, 446 as granulomatous disease, 211 mechanism (diagram), 183 Carcinoid tumors Carditis Cats, (disease vectors) meningitis, 176 octreotide for, 382 Lyme disease, 142 Campylobacter jejuni, 140 meningococci, 138 stomach, 362 rheumatic fever, 132, 300 osteomyelitis, 176 prophylaxis, 194 Carcinoma in situ, 215 Streptococcus pyogenes, 132 Pasteurella multocida, 144, 182 typhoid fever, 141 Carcinomas Carfilzomib, 420 Tinea corporis, 148 Cefuroxime bone, 437 Carmustine, 418 Toxoplasma gondii, 152, 178 mechanism and use, 185 colorectal, 372 in cell cycle, 416 Cauda equina syndrome, 500 Celecoxib, 243, 456 invasive, 215 pulmonary fibrosis, 242 Caudal fold closure defects, 344 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 metastases of, 215, 221 Carnitine, 85 Caudal regression system, 582 Celiac artery nomenclature of, 216 Carnitine acyltransferase I, 69 Caudate mesenteric ischemia, 369 primary hyperparathyroidism, 331 Carotid artery basal ganglia (diagram), 470 structures supplied, 348 thyroid, 330 atherosclerosis in, 292, 668 Huntington disease, 490 Celiac disease, 364 Cardiac arrest bifurcation landmark, 629 Cause-and-effect diagram, 262 antibodies in, 657 hypermagnesemia, 560 embryonic development, 586 Cavernous hemangiomas, 375 autoantibodies with, 111 Cardiac cycle, 276 giant cell arteritis and, 302 Cavernous sinus, 512 biliary cirrhosis and, 378 Cardiac depression, 304 Carotid artery (internal) dural venous sinuses, 473 dermatitis herpetiformis, 452 Cardiac function curves, 275 cavernous sinus, 512 Cavernous sinus syndrome, 512 HLA genes and, 96 Cardiac glycosides, 307 circle of Willis, 473 CBSSA to USMLE score IgA deficiency, 112 Cardiac looping, 268 emboli from, 507 prediction, 14 Celiac lymph nodes, 93 Cardiac muscle innervation, 229 Carotid sinus, 285 CCR5 protein Celiac trunk, 348, 349 Cardiac output, 272 Carpal bones, 426 HIV and, 171 Cell cycle phases, 42 equation for, 669 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 426 maraviroc, 199 Cell envelope (bacterial), 120 exercise and, 635 lunate disclocation, 426 viral receptor, 162 Cell injury, 206 in pregnancy, 598 median nerve injury, 427 CD4 protein Cell lysis, 560 variables in, 273 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 viral receptor, 162 Cell membrane V˙/Q˙ mismatch and, 634 Car seats for children, 258 CD4+ T cells (HIV), 172 apoptosis and, 204 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 723

Cell surface proteins Cerebral infarct, 529 Charcot joints Childhood disorders, 527 association and functions, 106 Cerebral peduncle, 474 syphilis, 143 Child neglect, 526 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 113 Cerebral perfusion, 472 tabes dorsalis and, 500 Children T cells and, 97, 98 Cerebral perfusion pressure, 472 Charcot-Leyden crystals, 638 car seats for, 258 Cell trafficking, 43 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 494 developmental milestones, 258 42–48 466 Cellular biochemistry, blood-brain barrier and, Charcot triad, 379, 493 Chimeric monoclonal Ab, 244 Cellular inflammation, 207 circulation of, 465, 473, 491 Charging, tRNA, 40 Chipmunk facies, 397 Cellulitis, 451 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 113 Chi-square tests, 253 Pasteurella multocida, 144 hydrocephalus, 492 Cheilosis, 63 Chlamydia spp, 146 Streptococcus pyogenes, 132 multiple sclerosis, 493 Chelation atypical infections, 175 Cell walls neural tube defects, 461 hemochromatosis, 378 Giemsa stain, 122 bacterial, 120 neurodegenerative disorders, 491 iron poisoning, 404 intracellular organism, 124 Central canal of spinal cord, 478 origins, 460 lead poisoning, 397 macrolides, 189 Central clearing, 148 poliomyelitis, 501 Chemical tracheobronchitis, 640 pneumonia, 645 Central clearing (nuclei), 330 spinal cord, 478 Chemokines, 104 reactive arthritis, 442 Central diabetes insipidus, 334 ventricular system, 474 Chemoreceptors, 285 sulfonamides for, 190 Central nervous system (CNS), 229 yellowish tint, 661 Chemotherapy taxonomy, 121 anesthetic principles for, 518 Cerebrovascular disease AML and, 410 tetracyclines, 188 antiarrhythmic adverse effects, diabetes mellitus, 336 malignant bone tumors, 438 Chlamydia, 180 308, 309 Cereulide, 134 myelodysplastic syndromes, 409 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 depression, 515 Certolizumab, 118 neutropenia with, 402 eosiinophilia, 146 nitrosoureas effect on, 418 Ceruloplasmin ondansetron, 383 pelvic inflammatory disease, 181 origins of, 460 free radical elimination by, 210 pancreatic cancer, 380 pneumonia, 175 shock from injury, 299 Cervical cancer, 609 readmissions with, 261 treatment, 661 Central pontine myelinolysis. carcinogens causing, 219 Chemotoxicities, 422 UTIs, 570 608 See Osmotic demyelination epidemiology of, Cherry hemangiomas, 450 Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 146 epithelial histology, 592 syndrome Cherry-red macular spot pneumonia, 175 Central post-stroke pain HIV-positive adults, 173 diagnoses with, 652 Chlamydophila psittaci, 146 syndrome, 485 hydronephrosis from, 568 Cherry-red spot (macula), 507 transmission, 144 Central retinal artery occlusion, 507 oncogenic microbes and, 219 lysosomal storage disease, 84 Chloasma, 448 “cherry-red” macular spot, 652 papillomaviruses, 160 Chest pain Chloramphenicol, 188 Central sleep apnea, 642 Cervical dysplasia, 609 Dressler syndrome, 652 aplastic anemia and, 241, 399 Central sulcus, 471 Cervical lymphadenopathy, 652 on exertion, 652 gray baby syndrome, 241 Central tendency measures, 251 Cervical lymph nodes, 93 panic disorder, 533 mechanism (diagram), 183 Central tendon (diaphragm), 629 Cervical rib, 428 pneumothorax, 644 pregnancy, 201 Central vein, 206 Cervicitis pulmonary embolism, 637 protein synthesis inhibition, 187 Central vertigo, 503 sexually transmited infections, 180 Chest wall Chlordiazepoxide, 515 Centriacinar emphysema, 638 Cervix elastic properties, 631 alcohol withdrawal, 542 Centrilobular necrosis, 219 anatomy of, 592 Chest X-rays Chlorhexidine, 200 Centromer autoantibodies, 111 lymphatic drainage of, 591 aortic dissections on, 293 Chloride channels Cephalexin pathology of, 609 297 56 mechanism and use, 185 Cestodes, 156 balloon heart on, cystic fibrosis, Cephalosporins Cetirizine, 648 eggshell calcification, 641 Chloroquine, 196 disulfram-like reaction, 242 Cetuximab, 118, 420 lung abscesses, 646 malaria, 153 mechanism and use, 185 CFTR gene, 56 notched ribs on, 289 Chlorpheniramine, 648 mechanism (diagram), 183 chronic pancreatitis and, 380 Wegener granulomatosis on, 302 Chlorpromazine, 543 pseudomembranous colitis, 240 cGMP (cyclic guanosine Chiari malformations, 462 Chlorpropamide, 340 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 monophosphate) Chickenpox Chlorthalidone, 576 Cephazolin, 183 atrial natriuretic peptide rash, 179 Chocolate agar Ceramide, 84 and, 285 VZV, 160 Haemophilus influenzae, Ceramide trihexoside, 84 endocrine hormone Child abuse, 526 123, 138 Cerebellum, 469 messenger, 322 osteogenesis imperfecta and, 47 Chocolate-colored blood, 632 development of, 460 hydralazine and, 304 Childbirth Chocolate cysts, 610, 613 hemisphere lesions, 481 male sexual response, 593 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 375 Cholangiocarcinomas tonsils, 462 PDE-5 inhibitors, effect on, 623 contraction prevention, 595 Clonorchis sinensis, 156, 157 vermis lesions, 462, 481 smooth muscle contraction, 434 endometritis after, 612 hyperbilirubinemia, 376 Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, 474 Chagas disease, 154 Graves disease and, 329 oncogenic microbes and, 219 Cerebral arteries achalasia in, 360 low birth weight, 599 sclerosing cholangitis, 378 cavernous sinus, 512 cardiomyopathy in, 297 misoprostol induction, 382 Cholangitis, 379 cortical distribution, 472 labs/findings, 658 neonatal flora, 174 Cholecalciferol, 319. See Cerebral cortex Chancroids, 180 oxytocin, 599 also Vitamin D arterial distribution, 471 Chandelier sign, 181 oxytocin for induction of, 342 Cholecystectomy functional areas of, 471 Chaperone protein, 41 postpartum mood disturbances, 532 cholelithiasis, 379 Cerebral edema Charcoal yeast extract culture preterm, as common cause of porcelain gallbladder, 379 diabetic ketoacidosis and, 337 Legionella pneumophila, 123, death, 260 Cholecystitis, 379 hyperammonemia, 78 139 progesterone levels after, 595 Cholecystokinin (CCK) therapeutic hyperventilation, 472 Charcot-Bouchard Sheehan syndrome after, 335 functions, 356 Cerebral hemispheres, 460 microaneurysms, 483, 486 stress incontinence and, 569 secretory cell location, 357 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 724 INDEX

Cholelithiasis, 379 Chromaffin cells Chronic renal disease, 608 hepatocellular carcinomas, 375 acute pancreatitis, 380 Diagram, 312 Chronic renal failure, 331, 571 loop diuretics for, 575 bile ducts and, 353 embryologic derivatives, 581 hypherphosphatemia with, 332 non-alcoholic fatty liver biliary cirrhosis and, 378 pheochromocytomas, 326 Chronic respiratory disease, as disease, 374 Crohn disease, 365 Chromatin structure, 32 common cause of pleural effusion, 644 hyperbilirubinemia and, 376 Chromatolysis, 465 death, 260 portal hypertension, 372 octreotide and, 382 Chromogranin A, 647 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary Wilson disease, 378 somatostatinomas, 338 Chromosomal disorders, 60 hypertension, 643 Cisplatin, 419 Cholera toxin karyotyping for, 51 Chronic transplant rejection, 115 acute tubular necrosis, 572 lysogenic phage infection, 126 Chromosomal translocations, 412 Churg-Strauss syndrome, 303 in cell cycle, 416 mechanism, 128 Chronic adrenal insufficiency, 387 autoantibody with, 111 Fanconi syndrome, 556 Cholestasis serum markers, 373 Chronic gastritis, 362 as granulomatous disease, 211 targets of, 416 Cholesteatomas, 503 Chronic gout labs/findings, 657 toxicity of, 242, 422 Cholesterol treatment, 661 Chvostek sign, 560 Citalopram, 545 atherosclerosis, 292 Chronic granulomatous disease hypoparathyroidism, 331 Citrate synthase, 70 in bile, 358 (CGD), 211 Chylomicrons, 88, 89 Citrobacter spp cholelithiasis and, 379 Aspergillus fumigatus, 149 Chylothorax, 644 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 functions, 46 catalase-positive microbes, 182 Chymotrypsin, 358 lactose fermentation, 138 hyperlipidemia signs, 291 IFN-γ, 200 Cidofovir, 198 Citrulline, 78 lipid-lowering agents, 306 immunodeficiencies and, 113 Cigarette smoke (carcinogen), 219 c-KIT gene, 218 synthesis of, 69 recombinant cytokines for, 117 Ciguatoxin, 238 CKK hormone, 325 vitamin B3 effects, 63 respiratory burst in, 105 Cilastatin CK-MB, 293, 295 Cholesterol desmolase, 318 Chronic inflammation, 207 imipenem and, 186 Cladribine, 417 Cholesterol ester transfer protein Chronic ischemic heart seizures with, 242 in cell cycle, 416 (CETP), 88 disease, 293 Ciliary body, 504 for hairy cell leukemia, 410 Cholestyramine, 306 Chronic kidney disease Ciliary ganglia, 509 Clara cells, 627, 628 231 Choline, in anemia taxonomy, 396 Cilia structure, 45 Clarithromycin Cholinergic agonists, 244 erythropoietin in, 559 Ciliated cells, 628 Helicobacter pylori, 142 Cholinergic drugs, 231 focal segmental Cilostazol, 415 HIV prophylaxis, 194 Cholinergic effects, 307 glomerulosclerosis, 566 Cimetidine, 381 macrolides, 189 Cholinesterase inhibitors hypertension and, 290 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 mechanism (diagram), 183 diarrhea with, 240 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia gynecomastia, 615 Mycobacterium avium- poisoning from, 232 (CLL), 410 Cinacalcet, 342 intracellulare, 192 Cholinomimetic agents, age ranges, 664 Cinchonism pregnancy use, 201 232, 521 immunosuppressants, 116 antiarrhythmic causing, 308 Clasp knife spasticity, 499 Chondrocalcinosis, 440 lab findings, 661 neurologic drug reaction, 242 Classical conditioning, 524 Chondrocytes presentation, 655 Cingulate gyrus, 468 Class switching achondroplasia, 435 rituximab for, 420 Cingulate herniation, 499 CD40, 99 bone formation and, 434 therapeutic antibodies, 118 Ciprofloxacin thymus-dependent antigens, 101 osteoarthritis, 439 Chronic mesenteric ischemia, 369 for Crohn disease, 365 Clathrin, 43 Chondrosarcomas, 438 Chronic mucocutaneous cytochrome P-450 and, 243 Chordae rupture, 279 Claudication 112 191 292 Chorea candidiasis, fluoroquinolnes, atherosclerosis, brain lesions, 481 Chronic myelogenous leukemia mechanism (diagram), 183 Buerger disease, 302 Huntington disease, 490 (CML), 410 meningococci, 138 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 415 movement disorders, 489 age ranges, 664 Mycobacterium avium- giant cell arteritis, 302 Choriocarcinomas, 605 basophilia caused by, 387 intracellulare, 192 Clavulanate hCG in, 598 busulfan for, 418 prophylaxis, 194 Haemophilus influenzae, 138 hydatidform mole, 605 chromosomal translocations Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Clavulanic acid, 184 methotrexate for, 417 and, 412 Circadian rhythm Clawing of hand, 429 testicular tumors, 618 imatinib for, 420 hypothalamic control, 466 Klumpke palsy, 428 theca-lutein cysts and, 610 oncogenes and, 218 sleep physiology, 467 Clearance of drugs, 225 Choriod (ophthalmology) Philadelphia chromosome, 668 Circle of Willis, 473 Clear cell adenocarcinomas, 609 closure of, 506 Chronic myeloproliferative saccular aneurysms, 486 DES and, 621 Chorionic plate, 584 disorders, 411 Circulatory system Cleft lip, 588 Chorionic somatomammotropin, 598 Chronic obstructive pulmonary kidneys and, 550 Cleft palate, 588 Chorionic villi disease (COPD) Circulatory system (fetal), 270 22q11 deletion syndromes, 61 hydatidiform moles, 605 albuterol for, 234 Cirrhosis, 372 Patau syndrome, 59 placenta, 584 β-blockers and, 237 a1-antitrypsin deficiency, 375 Pierre Robin sequence, 587 Chorioretinitis cholinomimetic agents and, 232 alcoholic, 67, 374 teratogens for, 582 congenital toxoplasmosis, muscarinic antagonists for, 233 autoantibody with, 111 Clevidipine, 304 152, 178 salmeterol for, 234 cholelithiasis and, 379 for hypertensive emergency, 304 Choristomas, 216 Chronic pancreatitis, 380 cystic fibrosis, 56 Clindamycin Choroid (ophthalmology) pancreatic insufficiency esophageal varices and, 360 bacterial vaginosis, 144 inflammation, 506 from, 364 fructose intolerance, 76 Clostridium difficile and, 134 neovascularization, 506 Chronic placental insufficiency, 548 granulomatous disease, 211 endometritis, 612 normal eye, 504 Chronic pyelonephritis, 570 gynecomastia, 615 lung abscesses, 646 Choroid plexus (CNS), 474 labs/findings, 660 hemochromatosis, 378 mechanism and use, 188 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 725

mechanism (diagram), 183 Clotting factors, 66 Codominance, 52 Collagen metronidazole vs, 188 Clozapine, 543 Codons aging, 48 protein synthesis inhibition, 187 agranulocytosis with, 241 genetic code features, 34 decreased/faulty production, 47 pseudomembranous colitis Clubbing start and stop, 37 osteoblasts and, 434 with, 240 adenocarcinoma, 647 Cofactors in scar formation, 210 Clinical reflexes, 480 bronchiectasis, 639 apolipoproteins, 89 synthesis/structure, 46 Clinical trials, 246 Eisenmenger syndrome, 289 biotin, 64, 69 vitamin C, 65 Clinical vignette strategies, 21 Clubbing (nails) cobalamin, 65 in wound healing, 211 Clitoris cystic fibrosis, 56 copper, 47 Collagenase in neutrophils, 386 genital homologs, 590 Club cells, 627 Menkes disease, 47 Collapsing pressure (alveoli), 627 “Clock-face” chromatin, 389, 409 Clue cells, 660 pantothenic acid, 63 Collecting tubules Clofazimine bacterial vaginosis, 144, 177 phenylketonuria, 80 defects in, 556 Hansen disease, 137 Cluster A personality disorders, 535 precursors to organic, 61 diuretics and, 574 Mycobacterium leprae, 192 Cluster B personality disorders, 535 pyridoxine, 63 nephron physiology, 555 Clomiphene Cluster C personality disorders, 535 pyruvate dehydrogenase potassium-sparing diuretics estrogen receptor modulators, 621 Cluster headaches, 488, 516 complex, 72 and, 576 hot flashes with, 240 c-MYC gene, 218 riboflavin, 63 Colles fracture, 435 PCOS, 609 CNS lymphomas TCA cycle, 73 Colliculi, 475 reproductive hormones and, 620 HIV-positive adults, 173 thiamine, 70 Colon Clomipramine, 545 oncogenic microbes and, 219 vitamin K, 66 histology of, 347 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 533 CNS stimulants, 542 “Coffee bean” nuclei, 610 ischemia in, 206 Clonidine, 235 Coagulation, 66 Cognitive behavioral therapy Colon cancer Tourette syndrome, 527 Coagulation cascade, 392 (CBT), 527 5-fluorouracil for, 417 Cloning methods (laboratory Coagulation disorders, 404 acute stress disorder, 534 irinotecan/topotecan for, 419 technique), 51 hereditary thrombosis ADHD, 527, 661 labs/findings, 660 Clonorchis sinensis syndromes, 406 adjustment disorder, 533 metastases of, 221 diseases association, 157 platelet and coagulation, 406 for anxiety disorders, 532 oncogenes and, 218 as oncogenic microbe, 219 Coagulation pathways, 391 for atypical depression, 531 Staphylococcus gallolyticus trematodes, 156 Coagulative necrosis, 205 binge eating disorder, 537 and, 133 Clonus MI, 294 body dysmorphic disorder, 533 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 serotonin syndrome, 545 Coagulopathy conduct disorder, 527 Colonic ischemia, 369 Clopidogrel, 415 postpartum hemorrhage, 607 generalized anxiety disorder, 533 Colonic polyps, 370 acute coronary syndromes, 296 preeclampsia, 608 major depressive disorder, 531 Colorado tick fever, 163 for ischemic stroke, 482 Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, 641 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 533 Color blindness, 193 thrombogenesis and, 393 CoA production, 63, 68 oppositional defiant disorder, 527 Colorectal cancer, 371 Closed-angle glaucoma, 506 Coarctation of aorta, 289, 290 panic disorder, 533 adenomatous polyposis and, 370 pilocarpine for, 232 Turner syndrome, 603 phobias, 533 bevacizumab for, 420 Clostridium spp, 134 Cobblestone mucosa, 365 postpartum depression, 532 cetuximab for, 420 anaerobic organism, 123 Cocaine, 519 PTSD, 534 incidence/mortality in, 216 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 β-blockers and, 237 Cohort studies, 246 labs/findings, 657 taxonomy, 121 cardiomyopathy, 297 relative risk and, 248 Lynch syndrome, 37 Clostridium botulinum, 134 coronary vasospasm, 239 Coin lesion (X-ray), 647 molecular pathogenesis of, 372 exotoxin production, 128 intoxication and withdrawal, 540 Colchicine therapeutic antibodies, 118 food poisoning, 174 liver processing of, 352 acute gout attack, 661 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 spore formation, 127 as noradrenergic drug, 231 agranulocytosis, 241 Colovesical fistulas, 366 therapeutic uses, 134 placental abruption, 606 calcium pyrophosphate deposition Coltivirus, 163 Clostridium difficile, 134 pulmonary arterial disease, 440 Coma antibiotic use and, 134, 181 hypertension, 643 diarrhea with, 240 adrenoleukodystrophy, 494 metronidazole, 191 sympathomimetic action, 234 gout, 440, 457 benzodiazepine adverse effect, 515 nosocomial infection, 181 teratogenicity, 582 microtubules and, 44 hepatic encephalopathy, 374 presentation of, 652 Coccidioides spp myopathy with, 241 herniation syndromes, 499 proton pump inhibitors silver stain, 122 Cold agglutinin disease, 655 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia and, 381 treatment, 195 Cold agglutinins, 146 nonketotic syndrome, 338 spore formation, 127 Coccidioidomycosis, 147 Cold autoimmune hemolytic hyponatremia, 560 vancomycin, 186 erythema nodosum and, 453 anemia, 401 rabies, 167 watery diarrhea, 175 HIV-positive adults, 173 Colectomy reticular activating system, 481 Clostridium perfringens, 134 Coccobacilli, 137 adenomatous polyposis, 370 Reye syndrome, 373 clindamycin, 188 Coccus bacteria inflammatory bowel disease, 365 thyroid storm, 329 exotoxin production, 129 antibiotic tests, 130 Colesevelam, 306 Toxocara canis, 155 food poisoning, 174 Gram stain identification, 130 Colestipol, 306 Trypanosoma brucei, 152 spore-formation, 127 taxonomy, 121 Colistin B, 139 Combined pathway for traumatic open wound, 182 Cochlea Colitis coagulation, 391 watery diarrhea, 175 CN VIII, 476 Clostridium difficile, 134 Comedocarcinomas, 616 Clostridium tetani, 134 inner ear, 503 HIV-positive adults, 173 Comma-shaped rods, 137 exotoxin production, 128 presbycusis, 503 oral vancomycin, 186 Common bile duct, 346, 353 spore formation, 127 Codeine, 520 pseudomembranous, 127, 175, Common cold, 164 Clotrimazole, 194, 195 Codman triangle, 438, 660 184, 188 Common peroneal nerve, 430 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 726 INDEX

Common variable immunodeficiency Congenital solitary functioning Coombs test, 108, 401 giant cell arteritis, 302 (CVID), 112 kidney, 549 COPI/COPII, 43 hyperglycemia with, 240 Communicating hydrocephalus, 492 Congenital syphilis, 143 Copper deficiency, 397 hypopituitarism, 335 Competence (bacterial genetics), 126 Congenital toxoplasmosis, 152 Copper intrauterine device, 622 immunosuppression, 116 Competitive agonists, 228 Congo red stain, 213, 566 Copper toxicity, 239 lymphopenia with, 402 Competitive inhibitors, 224 Conivaptan Coprolalia, 527 microscopic polyangiitis, 302 Complement, 103 ADH antagonists, 334 Copy number variations (CNV), 50 minimal change disease, 566 activation inhibition, 131 SIADH, 342 Cord factor, 136 neutrophilia from, 402 binding of, 100 Conjoined tendon, 354 Cori cycle, 78 osteonecrosis, 436 C-reactive protein, 102 Conjugate vaccines, 124 Cori disease, 83 osteoporosis with, 241 disorders of, 103 Conjugation (bacterial genetics), 126 Corkscrew fibers, 498 pancreatitis with, 240 eculizumab, 118 Conjunctival infections Cornea, 504 polyarteritis nodosa, 302 endotoxin activation, 129 Kawasaki disease, 302 collagen in, 46 for polymyalgia rheumatica, 444 immunodeficiency infections, 114 Conjunctivitis, 504 Corneal arcus syndrome of apparent immunoglobulin isotypes, 101 adenoviridae, 160 familial hypercholesterolemia, 90 mineralocorticoid innate immunity, 95 chlamydia, 146, 180 hyperlipidemia, 291 excess, 556 splenic dysfunction, 94 gonococcal prophylaxis, 194 Corneal reflex, 477 Takayasu arteritis, 302 transplant rejection, 115 gonococci, 138 Corneal vascularization, 63 targets of, 117 Complement activation Haemophilus influenzae, 138 Corniculate cartilage, 587 thyroid storm, 329 pathways, 103 reactive arthritis, 442 Coronary aneurysms, 652 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 Complementation (viral), 158 rubeola, 166, 179, 182 Coronary arteries Corticotropin-releasing hormone Complex renal cysts, 573 urethritis and, 656 anatomy of, 271 (CRH), 315 Compliance (lungs), 631 Zika virus, 167 atherosclerosis in, 292 adrenal cortex regulation of, 312 Complications of pregnancy, Connective tissue diseases occlusion of, 271 cortisol regulation, 319 606–607 aortic dissection and, 293 Coronary artery Cushing syndrome and, 323 Comprehensive Basic Science pulmonary arterial atherosclerosis in, 668 signaling pathways of, 322 319 Examination (CBSE), 10 hypertension, 643 Coronary artery disease Cortisol, adrenal cortex secretion, 312 Comprehensive Basic Science Self- thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 292 atrial fibrillation and, 284 congenital adrenal hyperplasias Assessment (CBSSA), 11 Connective tissue drug reactions, 241 diabetes mellitus and, 336 and, 318 Computer-Based Test (CBT) Conn syndrome, 324 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in Cushing syndrome, 323 environment of, 3–4 Consent for, 306 primary adrenal insufficiency, 324 exam schedule for, 7–8 healthcare proxy, 257 hormonal contraception signaling pathways for, 322 structure of, 3 minors, 254, 256 contraindication, 622 Cortisone, 455 COMT inhibitors, 517 Consolidation (lung finding), 643 hypertension and, 290 Corynebacterium spp Conditioning (psychological), 524 Constipation, 520 menopause and, 600 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 Conduct disorder, 527 aluminum hydroxide as cause, 382 sudden cardiac death, 293 taxonomy, 121 early onset disorder, 535 anal fissures, 351 Coronary sinus Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 135 Conducting zone (respiratory calcium channel blockers, 304 anomalous pulmonary culture requirements for, 123 tree), 628 Hirschsprung disease, 367 return, 288 exotoxin production, 128 Conduction aphasia, 486 hypothyroidism, 327 development, 268 unvaccinated children, 182 503 366 Coronary steal syndrome, 293 Conductive hearing loss, irritable bowel syndrome, Cough, 520 382 239 Condylomata acuminata, 449 loperamide, Coronary vasospasm, ACE inhibitors, 242, 577 IFN-a for, 200 ondansetron, 383 Coronaviruses asthma, 638 sexual transmission, 180 ranolazine, 305 characteristics of, 163 chronic bronchitis, 638 Condylomata lata vincristine, 419 genomes of, 159 gastroesophageal reflux syphilis, 143, 180 Constrictive pericarditis Cor pulmonale, 298, 633, 668 disease, 360 Confidence intervals, 252 jugular venous pulse in, 276 obstructive lung disease, 638 guaifenesin, 648 Confidentiality, 255 Kussmaul sign, 301 pneumoconioses, 641 lung cancer, 647 Confluence of the sinuses, 473 Contact activation pathway for pulmonary hypertension, 643 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 Confounding bias, 250 coagulation, 391 right ventricular failure, 633 Councilman bodies Congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 318 Contact dermatitis, 109 Corpus albicans, 597 yellow fever, 164 Congenital heart disease, 288–290 Contemplation stage, 539 Corpus cavernosum Countertransference, 524 autosomal trisomies, 59 Continuous heart murmurs, 279 female homolog of, 590 Courvoisier sign defect associations, 290 Contraception lymphatic drainage of, 591 pancreatic cancer, 380 maternal phenylketonuria, 80 isotretinoin teratogenicity, 582 Corpus luteum, 597 Cowper gland, 593 pulmonary arterial methods for, 622 hCG and, 598 Cowpox, 160 hypertension, 643 parental consent for minors progesterone production, 595 Coxiella spp, 124 rubella, 178 and, 254 Corpus spongiosum, 590 Coxiella burnetii Turner syndrome, 656 Contractility in cardiac output, 273 Correct results, in statistical animal transmission, 144 Congenital hydroceles, 618 Contraction alkalosis, 56 hypothesis testing, 252 endocarditis caused by, 299 Congenital hypothyroidism, 328 Conversion disorder, 536 Correlation coefficient, 253 Q fever, 145 Congenital long QT syndrome, 283 Coombs hemolysis, 235 Corticosteroids spore formation, 127 Congenital lung malformations, 626 Coombs-positive hemolysis asthma, 649 Coxsackievirus Congenital nevus, 447 a-methyldopa, 235 cataracts, 505 acute pericarditis, 300 Congenital rubella anemia with, 241 CN VII paralysis, 502 picornavirus, 164 cardiac defect associations, 290 Coombs-positive hemolytic Crohn disease, 365 presentation, 163 heart murmur, 279 anemia, 401 Cushing syndrome, 323 type A rash, 179 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 727

Coxsackievirus type B Croup, 166 Cyanide Cystine, 567 cardiomyopathy, 297 labs/findings, 660 electron transport chain, 74 Cystinosis, 556 C-peptide paramyxoviruses, 163, 165 Cyanide poisoning Cystinuria, 81 insulin and, 314 pulsus paradoxus in, 300 induced methemoglobinemia, 632 Cystitis in insulinomas, 338 CRP and ESR, 212 inhalation injury, 640 acute bacterial, 562, 570 Cranial nerves, 285, 476 Crust (skin), 447 nitroprusside, 304 squamous cell carcinoma risk, 569 branchial arch derivation, 587 Cryoprecipitate, 407 treatment for, 239 Cytarabine, 417 common lesions, 502 Crypt hyperplasia, 364 Cyanopia, 623 in cell cycle, 416 impingement of, 435 Cryptococcal meningitis, 195 Cyanosis Cytochrome C, 204 nerve and vessel pathways, 476 Cryptococcosis, 149 “blue babies,” 288 Cytochrome P-450 nuclei of, 475 Cryptococcus spp “blue kids,” 289 azoles, 195 reflexes of, 477 meningitis, 176 bronchitis, 638 barbiturates and, 515 Craniopharyngioma, 498 treatment, 195 Eisenmenger syndrome, 289 cimetidine and, 381 Craniopharyngiomas, 581 urease-positive, 124 esophageal atresia, 344 epilepsy drug effects on, 514 hypopituitarism with, 335 Cryptococcus neoformans, 149 methemoglobinemia, 632 griseofulvin, 196 Craniotabes, 436 HIV-positive adults, 173 patent ductus arteriosus, 289 interactions with, 243 C-reactive protein (CRP) stains for, 122 pulmonary hypertension, 643 macrolides, 189 acute-phase reactants, 102 Cryptogenic organizing tetralogy of Fallot as cause, 288 phenobarbital effect on, 514 innate immunity and, 95 pneumonia, 645 Cyclin-CDK complexes, 42 porphyria, 403 osteomyelitis, 176 Cryptorchidism, 617 Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), 42 rifamycins, 192 Creatine, 79 hypospadias, 591 Cyclins, 42 ritonavir, 199 Creatine kinase, 199 Sertoli cells and, 594 Cyclobenzaprine, 520 Cytokeratin Creatinine testicular tumors, 618 Cyclooxygenase cytoskeletal element, 44 ACE inhibitor effects, 577 Cryptosporidium spp, 151 aspirin effect on, 393 in epithelial cells, 447 acute renal failure, 571 HIV-positive adults, 173 Cyclooxygenase inhibition Cytokine receptor, 218 104 glomerular filtration rate hyper-IgM syndrome and, 113 irreversible, 456 Cytokines, 106 and, 552 watery diarrhea, 175 reversible, 455, 456 bacterial toxins, corticosteroids and, 116 nephritic syndrome, 563 Crypts of Lieberkühn, 347 selective, 456 Graves disease and, 329 proximal convoluted C-section deliveries Cyclophilin targets, 117 recombinant, 117 tubules, 557 neonatal flora, 174 Cyclophosphamide, 418 rejection reactions, 115 Creatinine clearance, 552 neonatal respiratory distress hemorrhagic cystitis with, 240 type IV hypersensitivity, 109 Cre-lox system, 52 syndrome, 627 microscopic polyangiitis, 302 Cytokinesis, 42 Cremasteric muscle and Cuneiform cartilage, 587 polyarteritis nodosa, 302 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) fascia, 354 Curling ulcers SIADH caused by, 334 AIDS retinitis, 161 Crepitus in necrotizing gastritis, 362 SIADH with, 240 cholecystitis and, 379 fasciitis, 451 Currant jelly sputum, 140, 182 toxicities of, 422 clinical significance, 161 CREST syndrome, 446 Klebsiella pneumonia, 655 transitional cell carcinoma esophagitis and, 360 biliary cirrhosis and, 378 “Currant jelly” stools, 368, 369 and, 569 HIV-positive adults, 173 Raynaud phenomenon, 445 Curschmann spirals, 638 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 hyper-IgM syndrome and, 113 CREST syndrome Cushing disease, 323 Cycloplegia immunodeficient patients, 114 111 233 autoantibodies, Cushing-like symptoms atropine, pneumonia, 645 233 Cretinism, 328, 582 protease inhibitors, 199 muscarinic antagonists for, retinitis and, 508 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 174, 491 Cushing reaction, 285 Cyclosporine ToRCHeS infection, 178 dementia, 529 Cushing syndrome, 323 gingival hyperplasia, 241 treatment, 198 “Crew cut” (skull X-ray), 397, 400 acanthosis nigricans and, 453 gout, 241 viral receptor, 162 CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing anovulation with, 609 immunosuppressant, 116 Cytoplasm hormone (CRH) corticosteroids, 116 targets of, 117 cell cycle phase, 42 Cribriform plate, 476 paraneoplastic syndrome, 217 Cyclothymic disorder, 530, 531 cytoskeletal elements, 44 Cricoid cartilage, 587 small cell lung cancer, 647 Cyproheptadine, 545 glycolysis, 72 Cricothyroid muscle, 587 Cushing ulcers Cyproterone, 620 HMP shunt, 75 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 60 gastritis, 362 Cystathionine, 63 metabolism in, 68 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 376, 377 Cutaneous anthrax, 133 Cystathionine synthase deficiency, 80 Cytoplasmic membrane presentation, 656 edema toxin, 128 Cysteine, 81 (bacterial), 120 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic Cutaneous flushing Cystic duct, 353 Cytoplasmic processing bodies fever, 163 carcinoid syndrome, 338 Cysticercosis, 156 (P-bodies), 38 Crohn disease, 365 drugs causing, 239 Cystic fibrosis, 56 Cytosine methylation, 32 azathioprine, 116 Cutaneous larva migrans, 155 Aspergillus fumigatus, 149 Cytoskeletal elements, 44 B12 deficiency, 398 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 154 bronchiectasis, 639 Cytosol, 433 cholelithiasis and, 379 Cutaneous mycoses, 148 chromosome association, 60 Cytotoxic T cells, 98 as granulomatous disease, 211 Cutaneous paraneoplastic common organisms, 175 cell surface proteins, 106 lesions in, 664 syndromes, 217 meconium ileus in, 369 MHC I and II, 96 natalizumab, 118 Cutis aplasia N-acetylcysteine, 648 Cytotrophoblasts, 584 spondyloarthritis and, 442 Patau syndrome, 59 pancreatic insufficiency, 364 choriocarcinomas and, 605 sulfasalazine for, 382 CXCR4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 D vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 viral receptor, 162 vitamin deficiencies and, 61 Crossover studies, 250 CXCR4/CCR5 protein Cystic hygromas, 450 D2 agonists, 543 Cross-sectional studies, 246 presence on cells, 106 Turner syndrome, 603 D2 antagonists, 543 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 728 INDEX

Daclizumab Deep venous thrombosis metachromatic leukodystrophy, Dermatitis immunosuppression, 116 (DVT), 636 84, 494 B-complex deficiency, 61 targets of, 117 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 415 neurodegenerative disorders, glucagonomas, 338 Dacrocytes, 394 embolic stroke and, 482 490–491 IPEX syndrome, 98 Dactinomycin, 418 glucagonomas and, 338 Pick disease, 660 type IV hypersensitivity RNA polymerase inhibition, 38 heparin for, 413 prion disease, 174 reaction, 109 targets of, 416 labs/findings, 659 splice site mutations, 36 vitamin B5 deficiency, 63 vitamin B deficiency, 64 Dactylitis tamoxifen/raloxifen and, 421 vitamin B3 deficiency, 63 7 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 442 Deer flies (disease vectors), 155 Demyelination/dysmyelination Dermatitis herpetiformis, 452 sickle cell anemia, 400 Defensins, 95 diseases of, 494 celiac disease and, 364 Dermatology, 430–439, 446–454 Dalfopristin Deferasirox vitamin B12 deficiency, 500 mechanism (diagram), 183 hemochromatosis, 378 Dendritic cells, 388 macroscopic terms, 447 VRE, 194 for iron poisoning, 239, 404 IL-10, 104 microscopic terms, 448 Dalteparin, 413 Deferiprone innate immunity, 95 Dermatomes Danazol, 622 hemochromatosis, 378 Langerhans cell histiocytosis landmarks, 480 endometriosis, 613 for iron poisoning, 239 and, 412 Dermatomyositis, 445 pseudotumor cerebri, 491 Deferoxamine T- and B-cell activation, 97, 98, 99 autoantibody with, 111 reproductive hormones and, 620 hemochromatosis, 378 Dengue, 163 Dermatophytes, 148 Dandy-Walker syndrome, 462 for iron poisoning, 239, 404 Denial, 524 Dermatophytoses, 195 Dantrolene, 519, 520, 543 Degenerate/redundant genetic Denosumab, 118 Dermis, 446 Dapagliflozin, 341 code, 34 for osteoporosis, 435 Dermoid cysts, 610 Dapsone, 190 Degmacytes, 394 De novo pyrimidine and purine Descending colon, 345 dermatitis herpetiformis, 452 G6PD deficiency, 75 synthesis, 33 Desert bumps, 147 Hansen disease, 137 in G6PD deficiency, 400 rate-determining enzyme, 69 Desflurane, 519 hemolysis in G6PD Dehydration Dense deposit disease, 565 Desipramine, 545 648 deficiency, 241 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Dental caries, 132 Desloratadine, 44 Mycobacterium leprae, 192 DM type 2, 341 Dental plaque Desmin, Desmoplakin, 447 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 filtration changes and, 553 normal flora, 174 Desmopressin Daptomycin, 191 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic viridans streptococci, 125 for hemophilia, 404 MRSA, 194 state, 338 Dentate line, 351 Desmopressin acetate Dark-field microscopy, 142 loop diuretics and, 575 Dentate nucleus, 469 central DI, 317, 342 Darunavir mannitol and, 575 Dentin DI treatment, 334 HIV therapy, 199 shock, 299 collagen in, 46 Desmosome, 447 mechanism (diagram), 197 Dehydrogenases, 69 osteogenesis imperfecta, 47 autoantibody to, 111 Datura, 233 Deiodinase, 321 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 47 Desvenlafaxine, 545 Daunorubicin, 418 Delavirdine Denys-Drash syndrome, 569 Detached retina, 507 dilated cardiomyopathy, 239 HIV therapy, 199 Dependent personality disorder, 535 Detemir insulin, 340. See also Insulin DCC gene, 218 mechanism (diagram), 197 Depersonalization/derealization Detrusor instability, 569 d-dimer lab, 636 Delirium, 528 disorder, 528 Developmental delays Deafness barbiturate withdrawal, 540 panic disorder, 533 renal failure and, 571 565 529 Alport syndrome, dementia, Depression Developmental milestones, 258 337 congenital long QT syndrome, 283 diabetic ketoacidosis, anorexia nervosa and, 537 Dexamethasone. See congenital syphilis, 143 PCP, 541 atypical antipsychotics for, 543 also Glucocorticoids rubella, 178 thyroid storm, 329 atypical features in, 531 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 syphilis, 178 Delirium tremens (DTs), 542 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 540 Cushing syndrom diagnosis, 323 Deamination alcohol withdrawal, 540, 541 dementia, 529 Dexlansoprazole, 381 base excision repair, 37 Δ cells dissociative identity disorder, 528 Dexrazoxane, 418 nucleotides, 33 endocrine pancreas, 313 drug therapy, 542 dilated cardiomyopathy Death somatostatinomas of, 338 electroconvulsive therapy, 532 prevention, 239 aortic dissection in, 293 somatostatin production, 356 glucagonomas, 338 Dextroamphetamine, 542 children, explaining to, 257 Delta virus, 163 hyperparathyroidism, 332 Dextrocardia, 268 common causes, 260 Delta wave sleep, 467 marijuana withdrawal, 541 Dextromethorphan, 520, 648 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Deltoid muscle MDMA withdrawal, 541 DHT, 604 nonketotic syndrome, 338 axillary nerve injury, 427 metoclopramide, 383 Diabetes insipidus, 334 sudden cardiac death, 293 Erb palsy, 428 mirtazapine for, 236 antidiuretic hormone in, 317 thyroid storm, 329 Delusional disorder, 530 neurotransmitters for, 465 demeclocycline and, 342 Debranching enzyme Delusions, 529 postpartum, 532 desmopressin acetate for, 342 Cori disease, 83 mesolimbic pathway, 468 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake drug reaction and, 240 glycogen metabolism, 82 schizophrenia, 530 inhibitors (SNRIs) for, 545 lithium, 544 Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), 103 Demeclocycline, 342. See sexual dysfunction caused by, 537 potassium-sparing diuretics for, 576 Deceleration injury, 292 also Tetracyclines SSRIs for, 545 thiazides for, 576 Decidua basalis, 584 diabetes insipidus and, 240, 334 stimulant withdrawal, 540 Diabetes mellitus, 336–337. See Decision-making capacity, 254 for SIADH, 334 suicide and, 532 also Hyperglycemia Decompression sickness, 637 Dementia, 529 Deprivation effects (infants), 526 acanthosis nigricans, 453 Deep brachial artery, 432 common brain lesions, 481 De Quervain thyroiditis, 328 atherosclerosis and, 292 Deep inguinal lymph nodes, 591 frontotemporal, 481 Dermacentor tick (disease atypical antipsychotics, 543 Deep inguinal ring, 354 HIV-positive adults, 173 vector), 144 beta-blockers and, 237 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 729

binge eating disorder, 537 Diaphoresis, 294 Diclofenac, 456 pharmacologic control of, 620 carpal tunnel syndrome, 426 acromegaly, 333 arachidonic acid pathway sexual determination, 589 cataracts and, 505 serotonin syndrome, 545 and, 455 Dihydroxyacetone-P, 76 chronic renal failure and, 571 Diaphragmatic hernias, 355 Dicloxacillin Dilated cardiomyopathy, 297, 298 CN III damage, 511 Diaphragm structures, 629 mechanism and use, 184 doxorubicin, 418 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Diaphysis, 438 mechanism (diagram), 183 as drug reaction, 239 diabetic retinopathy, 507 Diarrhea Dicrotic notch, 276 hemochromatosis, 378 drug therapy for, 340–341 amebiasis, 151 Dicyclomine, 233 muscular dystrophy, 57 endometrial cancer risk, 612 Bacillus cereus, 134 Didanosine wet beriberi, 62 Friedreich ataxia, 501 B-complex deficiency, 61 HIV therapy, 199 Diltiazem, 304, 310 fungal infections, 182 bismuth/sucralfate for, 382 mechanism (diagram), 197 Dimenhydrinate, 648 glaucoma and, 506 bronchial carcinoid tumor, 647 pancreatitis, 240 Dimercaprol glucagonomas, 338 Campylobacter jejuni, 140 Diencephalon, 460 for arsenic toxicity, 239 glucosuria in, 554 Celiac disease, 657 Diethylcarbamazine for lead poisoning, 239, 397 hemochromatosis, 378 cholera toxin, 128 antihelminthic, 196 for mercury poisoning, 239 hepatitis C, 169 cholinesterase inhibitor nematode infections, 155 Dinitrophenol, 74 hypertension and, 290, 304 poisoning, 232 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 621 Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, 627 Klebsiella, 140 clindamycin, 188 teratogenicity, 582 Diphenhydramine, 648 neonatal respiratory distress Clostridium difficile, 134, 652 vaginal tumors, 609 Diphenoxylate, 520 syndrome, 627 Cryptosporidium, 151 Differential media, 122 Diphtheria opportunistic infections, 149 as drug reaction, 240 Differentiation (tumor), 214 Corynebacterium diptheriae, 135 pancreatic cancer, 380 ezetimibe, 306 Diffuse cortical necrosis, 570 exotoxins, 126, 127, 128 polyhydramnios and, 607 giardiasis, 151 Diffuse glomerular disorders, 563 unvaccinated children, 182 preeclampsia and, 608 graft-versus-host disease, 115 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma vaccine for, 135 in pregnancy, 290 HIV-positive adults, 173 (DLBCL), 408, 410 Diphyllobothrium latum

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 hyperthyroidism and, 327 Diffuse proliferative B12 deficiency, 398 pyelonephritis and, 570 inflammatory bowel glomerulonephritis disease association, 157 readmissions with, 261 diseases, 365 (DPGN), 564, 661 presentation, 156

renal papillary necrosis and, 572 irritable bowel syndrome, 366 Diffuse scleroderma, 446 vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 sexual dysfunction, 537 lactase deficiency, 77 Diffuse stomach cancer, 362 Diplococci, 137 tacrolimus and, 116 lactose intolerance, 364 Diffuse systemic scleroderma, 657 Diplopia teratogenic potential, 582 leflunomide, 456 Diffusion-limited gas drug side effects, 514 type 1 vs type 2, 337 loperamide for, 382 exchange, 633 myasthenia gravis, 445 urinary tract infections, 177 magnesium deficiency from, 320 Digestion osmotic demyelination UTIs and, 570 magnesium hydroxide, 382 malabsorption syndromes, 364 syndrome, 492 Diabetes mellitus type 1, 337 malabsorption syndromes, 364 secretory products for, 357–359 pseudotumor cerebri, 491 autoantibody with, 111 metabolic acidosis from, 561 ulcerative colitis and, 365 vertigo with, 503 HLA subtypes with, 96 metoclopramide, 383 Digestive tract Dipyridamole, 415 treatments for, 340 misoprostol, 382 anatomy and histology, 347 for coronary steal syndrome, 293 Diabetes mellitus type 2, 337 opioids for, 520 ligaments of, 357 Direct Coombs test, 108 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia opioid withdrawal, 540 Digitalis Direct factor Xa inhibitors, 415 nonketotic syndrome, 338 organisms causing, 175 contractility effects, 273 Direct hernias, 354 treatments for, 340 pellagra, 63 hyperkalemia and, 560 Direct inguinal hernias, 355 Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, 566 rotavirus, 164 toxicity treatment for, 239 Direct thrombin inhibitors, 413 Diabetic ketoacidosis Salmonella, 141 Digitoxin, 45 Disc herniation, 432 black eschar, 652 SCID, 113 Digoxin, 307 Discounted fee-for-service, 260 ketone bodies, 86 serotonin syndrome, 545 antidote for, 118 Disease prevention, 259 metabolic acidosis, 561 Shigella, 141 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 297 Disease vectors Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 337 threadworms, 155 sodium-potassium pump Aedes mosquitoes, 164 DM type 1 and, 336 thyroid storm and, 329 inhibition, 45 Anopheles mosquito, 153 Diabetic nephropathy Vibrio cholerae, 141 therapeutic index value of, 228 armadillos, 144 ACE inhibitors for, 577 VIPomas, 356 Digoxin immune Fab, 118 birds, 144, 146 angiotensin II receptor blockers vitamin C toxicity, 65 Digoxin poisoning, 310 black flies, 155 for, 577 Whipple disease, 656 Dihydroergotamine, 488 cats, 144 Diabetic neuropathy, 545 Yersinia enterocolitica, 141 Dihydrofolate reductase, 33 dogs, 140, 144 Diabetic retinopathy, 507 Diastole Dihydrofolic acid, 190 fleas, 144, 145 Diagnosis errors, 262 cardiac cycle, 276 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase flies, 141, 144 Diagnostic maneuvers/signs coronary blood flow, 271 leflunomide effect on, 33, 456 horse flies, 155 Gower sign, 57 heart failure and, 298 Dihydropyridine calcium channel Ixodes ticks, 142 Diagnostic test evaluation, 247 heart murmurs of, 278, 279 blockers, 244 rodents, 163 Dialectical behavior therapy, 535 heart sounds of, 276, 278 Dihydropyridine receptor, 433 ticks, 142, 145 Dialysis-related amyloidosis, 213 increased heart rate and, 272 Dihydrorhodamine test, 113 zoonotic bacteria, 144 Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 398 Diastolic pressure, 272 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Disinfection/sterilization Diapedesis, 209 Diazepam, 515 finasteride, 623 methods, 200 Diaper rash alcohol withdrawal, 542 5a-reductase deficiency, 604 Disopyramide, 308 Candida albicans, 149 flumazenil and, 228 function, 600 Disorganized speech, 530 nystatin, 195 tetanus, 134 genital development, 590 Disorganized thought, 529 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 730 INDEX

Dispersion measures, 251 introns vs exons, 39 Down syndrome, 59 Ductus arteriosus, 270, 586 Displacement, 524 laddering in apoptosis, 204 ALL and AML in, 410 Ductus deferens Disseminated candidiasis, 149 methylation of, 32 cardiac defect association, 290 embryology, 589 Disseminated intravascular mutations in, 36 cataracts and, 505 ureter and, 550 coagulation (DIC), 406 repair of, 37 chromosome associated with, 60 Ductus venosus, 270 acute myelogenous leukemia, 410 replication of, 35 duodenal atresia and, 344 Duloxetine, 545 amniotic fluid emboli, 637 DNA ligase, 35 hCG in, 598 Duodenal atresia, 344 Ebola, 167 DNA polymerase inhibitors, 244 Hirschsprung disease and, 367 Down syndome, 59 endotoxins, 127, 129 DNA polymerases, 35 horseshoe kidney and, 549 Duodenal ulcers, 363 meningococci, 138 DNA topoisomerases, 35 presentation, 656 Duodenum microangiopathic anemia, 401 DNA viruses, 160 Doxazosin, 236 biliary structures and, 353 placental abruption, 606 characteristics, 159 Doxepin, 545 histology of, 347 schistocytes in, 395 genomes, 158 Doxorubicin, 418 location, 345 Waterhouse-Friderichsen replication, 159 cardiomyopathy from, 297 secretory cells, 357 syndrome, 324, 652 Dobutamine, 234 dilated cardiomyopathy, 239 Duplex collecting system, 549 Dissociation, 524 Docusate, 383 targets, 416 Dural venous sinuses, 473 Dissociative amnesia, 528 Dofetilide, 309 toxicities, 422 Duret hemorrhage, 499 Dissociative disorders, 528 Dogs (disease vectors), 140, 144, 148, Doxycycline Dwarfism, 333 Dissociative fugue, 528 156, 176, 182 chlamydiae, 146 achondroplasia, 435 Dissociative identity disorder, 528 Dominant inheritance, 55 Chlamydia trachomatis, 661 d-xylose test, 364 Distal convoluted tubules, 550 Dominant negative mutations, 52 gonococci, 138 Dynein, 44 defects in, 556 Dominant parietal cortex lesions, 481 lymphogranuloma venereum, 146 Dynein motors, 167 diuretics and, 574 Donepezil, 232 mechanism (diagram), 183 Dysarthria, 486 filtration, 553 for Alzheimer disease, 518 MRSA, 194 cerebellar vermis lesions, 481 nephron physiology, 555 Do not resuscitate order, 255 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 146 Friedreich ataxia as, 501 renal tubular acidosis of, 562 DOPA rickettsial/vector-borne disease, 145 osmotic demyelination Distal humerus, 432 tyrosine catabolism, 79 tetracyclines, 188 syndrome, 492 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) Dopamine, 234, 315 DPC4/SMAD4 gene, 218 Dyschezia, 613 joints, 429 agonists, 517 DPP-4 inhibitors, 341 Dysentery Distortions of hand, 429 atypical antipsychotic effects, 543 Dressler syndrome, 294, 296, 300 Entamoeba histolytica, 151, 175 Distribution, statistical, 251 basal ganglia, 470 presentation, 652 Escherichia coli, 140 Distributive shock, 299 bupropion effect, 546 DRESS syndrome, 514 Shigella spp, 128, 141, 175 Disulfiram changes with disease, 465 Drooling treatment, 233 Dysgerminomas, 611 alcoholism, 661 derivation of, 79 Drug/chemical toxicity, 210 Dysgeusia, 67 alcoholism treatment, 541 Huntington disease, 490 Drug clearance, 669 Dyslipidemia, 90 ethanol metabolism and, 68 kidney functions, 559 Drug-induced lupus, 111 β-blocker adverse effects, 309 Disulfiram-like reaction, 242 lactation and, 316 Drugs β-blockers, 237 Diuresis L-DOPA, 518 autonomic, 231 renal failure and, 571

atrial naturiuretic peptide, 285 MAO inhibition, 518 cholinomimetic agents, 232 vitamin B3 for, 63 for shock, 299 MAO inhibitor effects, 546 dosage calculations, 225 Dysmenorrhea Diuretics in noradrenergic drugs, 231 efficacy vs potency, 227 adenomyosis, 612 acute interstitial nephritis Parkinson disease, 517 elimination of, 226 copper IUD, 622 with, 572 pheochromocytoma errors in, 262 defined, 597 dilated cardiomyopathy, 297 secretion, 326 interactions, 225 endometriomas, 610 electrolyte changes, 576 receptors, 470 metabolism of, 226 endometriosis, 613

for glaucoma, 521 vitamin B6 and, 63 patient difficulty with, 256 Dysmetria in gout, 457 Dopamine agonists reactions to, 239–242 stroke and, 484 heart failure, 298 prolactin and, 316 therapeutic index, 228 vertigo and, 503 hypertension treatment, 304 prolactinomas, 332 toxic dose, 228 Dysmyelinating diseases, 494 magnesium levels and, 320 Dopamine antagonists, 316 toxicities, 239 Dyspareunia, 537 pancreatitis, 240 Dopamine receptors, 230 Drug trials, 246 endometriomas, 610 for SIADH, 334 Dopaminergic pathways, 468 Dry beriberi, 62 endometriosis, 613 site of action, 574 Doripenem Dry cough with ACE inhibitors, 242 Dyspepsia, 623 Diverticula, 366, 668 carbapenems, 186 Dry mouth Dysphagia Diverticulitis, 366 mechanism (diagram), 183 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic esophageal pathologies and, Diverticulosis, 366 Dornase alfa (DNAse), 56 syndrome, 445 360–361 Diverticulum, 366 Dorsal column of spinal cord, tricyclic antidepressants, 545 heart enlargement and, 271 Dizziness, 503 478, 479 Dry skin, 62 osmotic demyelination calcium channel blockers, 304 Dorsal interossei muscle, 429 Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 376, 377 syndrome, 492 cholesteatoma, 503 Dorsal motor nucleus, 477 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 57 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 396 drug side effects, 516, 518 Dorsal optic radiation, 511 frameshift mutation, 36 stroke effects, 484 nitrates, 305 Dorsal pancreatic bud, 345 inheritance, 56 Zenker diverticulum, 367 ranolazine, 305 Dosage calculations, 225 Ductal adenocarcinomas, 353 Dysplasia, 214, 215 DMPK gene, 57 Double-blinded studies, 246 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 616 Dyspnea DNA “Double bubble” sign (X-ray), 344 Ductal carcinomas aortic stenosis, 279 cloning methods, 51 Double stranded viruses, 159 malignant, 616 asthma, 638 free radical effect on, 210 Double Y males, 603 terminal lobular unit, 614 emphysema, 655 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 731

heart failure, 298 Eczematous dermatitis, 448 EHEC, 140 Embolic stroke, 482 hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 639 Edema Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 47 Emboliform nucleus, 469 hypertriphic cardiomyopathy, 297 acute poststreptococcal collagen deficiency in, 46 Embolism hypothyroidism and, 327 glomerulonephritis, 564 heart murmur with, 279 pulmonary, 561 late-onset, 638 Arthus reaction, 109 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 144 Embryogenesis sudden-onset, 637 calcium channel blockers as Ehrlichiosis genes involved in, 580 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 cause, 304 animal transmission, 144 intrinsic pathway and, 204 Dysthymia, 530, 531 capillary fluid exchange and, 287 rickettsial/vector-borne, 145 Embryology Dystonia cirrhosis, 372 Eikenella spp, 299 cardiovascular, 268–270 benztropine for, 233 danazol, 622 Eisenmenger syndrome, 289 derivatives of, 581 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 34 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Ejaculation erythropoiesis, 389 movement disorders, 489 endotoxins, 129 innervation of, 593 gastrointestinal, 344–345 nigrostriatal pathway and, 468 fludrocortisone, 342 sperm pathway in, 593 genital, 589 Dystrophic calcification, 208 glitazone/thiazolidinediones, 340 Ejaculatory ducts, 593 neurological, 460–462 Dystrophin gene, 57 glomerular filtration barrier embryology of, 589 renal, 548–549 Dysuria, 619 and, 551 Ejection fraction, 273, 669 reproductive, 580–591 cystitis, 177 heart failure as cause, 298 Ejection murmur, 656 respiratory, 626–627 urinary catheterization, 181 hyperammonia, 78 Elastase, 358 thyroid development, 312 UTIs causing, 570 immunosuppressants, 116 emphysema, 638 USMLE Step 1 preparation, 264 inhalational injury, 640 Elastic recoil, 631 Embryonal carcinomas, 618 E Kawasaki disease as cause, 302 Elastin, 48 Embryonic age calculation, 598 Eardrum, 503 kwashiorkor, 67 Elbow injuries, 426 Embryonic morphogenic, errors, 581 Early-onset Alzheimer disease, 59 loop diuretics for, 575 Electrocardiograms (ECGs), 282 Emollient laxatives, 383 Ear physiology, 503 nephrotic syndrome, 566, 655 acute pericarditis on, 300 Emotionally distraught patients, 256 Eastern equine encephalitis, 163 pepripheral, 298 cardiac tamponade on, 300 Empagliflozin, 341 Eating disorders, 537 periorbital, 155, 157, 327 MI diagnosis with, 295 Emphysema Eaton agar pitting, 298 tracings of, 284 a -antitrypsin deficiency, 375 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 146 1 pseudoepherine/ Electroconvulsive therapy, 532 compliance in, 631 special culture requirements, 123 phenylephrine, 648 major depressive disorder, 531 diffusion in, 633 Ebola virus, 163, 167 pulmonary, 110, 575 postpartum psychosis, 532 diffusion-limited gas exchange, 633 Ebstein anomaly, 269, 288 pulmonary hypertension, 633 Electroencephalogram (EEG) elastin in, 48 fetal lithium exposure, 582 Trichinella spiralis, 155, 157 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 491 presentation, 655 lithium, 544 trichinosis, 155 sleep stages, 467 Empty sella syndrome, 335 E-cadherin, 447 wet beriberi, 62 Electrolyte disturbances, 560 Emtricitabine in neoplastic progression, 215 Edema toxin, 128 Electron transport chain, 74 HIV-positive adults, 199 Echinocandins, 194, 196 Edinger-Westphal nuclei, 509 Electron transport inhibitors, 74 mechanism (diagram), 197 Echinococcus granulosus EDRF. See Endothelium-derived Elek test, 135 Enalapril, 577 cestodes, 156 relaxing factor (EDRF) Elementary bodies (chlamydiae), 146 Encapsulated bacteria, 124 disease association, 157 Edrophonium, 232, 520 Elephantiasis, 155 Encephalitis Echinocytes, 394 Edwards syndrome, 59 11β-hydroxylase, 318 anti-NMDA receptor, 217 Echothiophate, 521 505 11 -hydroxysteroid 149 Echovirus cataracts and, β Cryptococcus neoformans, 60 556 picornavirus, 163, 164 chromosome association, dehydrogenase, cytomegalovirus, 173 Eclampsia, 290, 608 hCG in, 598 11-deoxycorticosterone, 318 guanosine analogs, 197 benzodiazepines for, 515 horseshoe kidney and, 549 11-deoxycortisol, 318 herpesviruses, 160, 176 Ecthyma gangrenosum, 139 Efavirenz metyrapone and, 324 HIV-positive adults, 173 Ectocervix, 592 HIV-positive adults, 199 Elfin facies, 60 HSV identification, 162 Ectoderm mechanism (diagram), 197 Elimination of drugs, 226 Lassa fever, 163 branchial clefts, 586 Effective refractory period urine pH and, 226 neonatal, 178 derivatives of, 581 Class IA antiarrhythmic ELISA (enzyme-linked rubeola, 166 Ectoparasites, 157 effect, 308 immunosorbent assay), 51 small cell lung cancer, 647 Ectopic pregnancy, 607 Class IC antiarrhythmic HIV diagnosis, 171 togaviruses, 163 appendicitis vs, 366 effect, 308 Elliptocytes, 394 West Nile virus, 176 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 myocardial action potential, 280 Elliptocytosis, 394 Encephalopathy hCG in, 598 Effective renal plasma flow, 552, 670 Elongation of protein synthesis, 41 hepatic, 374 Kartagener syndrome, 45 Effects analysis for medical errors, 262 Eltrombopag, 117 hypertensive emergency, 290 methotrexate for, 417 Efferent/afferent nerves, 285 Emancipated minors, 254 lead poisoning, 397 salpingitis and, 181 Efferent arteriole, 550 EMB agar Lyme disease, 142 Eculizumab, 118 angiotensin II, 559 Escherichia coli, 177 mitochondrial, 55 for paroxysmal nocturnal ANP/BNP, 558 lactose-fermenting enterics, 138 prion disease, 174 hemoglobinuria, 400 constriction of, 553 special culture, 123 renal failure, 571 Eczema dopamine and, 559 Emboli Reye syndrome, 373 atopic dermatitis, 449 filtration, 553 atherosclerosis, 292 Wernicke, 62 hyper-IgE syndrome, 112, 655 Efficacy vs potency of drugs, 227 atrial fibrillation, 284 End-diastolic volume, 272 phenylketonuria, 80 EGF. See Epidermal growth factor atrial septal defect, 289 Endemic typhus, 144 skin scales in, 447 (EGF) bacterial endocarditis, 299 Endocannabinoids, 317 type I hypersensitivity, 108 EGFR gene, 647 patent foramen ovale, 268 Endocardial cushion, 268 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 113, 660 Ego defenses, 524, 525 pulmonary, 299 Endocardial fibroelastosis, 297 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 732 INDEX

Endocarditis Enflurane, 519 Ependymoma, 498 false-positive VDRL, 143 bacterial, 299 seizures with, 242 Ephedrine, 234 hairy leukoplakia and, 451 Candida albicans, 149 Enfuvirtide as noradrenergic drug, 231 head and neck cancer, 636 coarctation of aorta, 289 HIV-positive adults, 199 Epicanthal folds HIV-positive adults, 173 Coxiella burnetii, 145 mechanism (diagram), 197 cri-du-chat syndrome, 60 Hodgkin lymphoma, 407 daptomycin, 191 Enhancers (gene expression), 38 Down syndrome, 59 in immunodeficient patients, 114 enterococci, 133 Enoxacin, 191 Epidemics, 165 labs/findings, 657, 660 heart murmurs, 279 Enoxaparin, 413 Epidemic typhus, 144 oncogenesis of, 219 heroin addiction and, 541 deep venous thrombosis, 636 Epidemiology/biostatistics, 246–252 receptors for, 162 nonbacterial thrombotic, 217 Entacapone, 517 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) Eptifibatide, 415 prophylaxis, 194 Entamoeba histolytica signaling pathways for, 322 thrombogenesis and, 393 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 amebiasis, 151 in wound healing, 211 Erb palsy, 428 Streptococcus bovis, 133 bloody diarrhea, 175 Epidermis, 446 Erectile dysfunction, 537 viridans streptococci, 125, 132 metronidazole, 191 embryologic derivatives, 581 β-blockers and, 237, 309 Endocervix, 592 Enteritis Epidermophyton, 148 cimetidine, 381 Endochondrial ossification, 434 vitamin B5 deficiency, 63 Epididymis, 593 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Endocrinal drug reactions, 240 vitamin B7 deficiency, 64 embryology of, 589 syndrome, 445 Endocrinal paraneoplastic vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 Epididymitis, 180 PDE-5 inhibitors for, 623 syndromes, 217 Enterobacter spp Epidural hematomas, 483 Peyronie disease, 617 Endocrine hormone signaling lactose fermentation, 138 Epigastric veins, 350 sildenafil, 648 pathways, 322 nosocomial infection, 181 Epiglottitis Erection Endocrine pancreas cell types, 313 taxonomy, 121 Haemophilus influenzae, 138 autonomic innervation, 593 Endocrine system, 312–342 Enterobacter aerogenes, 185 labs/findings, 660 ischemic priapism, 617 anatomy, 312–313 Enterobius spp unvaccinated children, 182 Ergosterol synthesis, 194 embryology, 312 diseases association, 157 Epilepsy Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors, 244 514–515 pathology, 323–339 infection routes, 154 drug therapy, Ergot alkaloids, 239 155 529 pharmacology, 340–342 Enterobius vermicularis, gustatory hallucinations in, Eriotinib, 420 Enterochromaffin-like cells, 325 lung abscesses, 646 physiology, 314–322 Errors (medical), 262 Enterococci, 133 seizures, 487 Endoderm Ertapenem, 183, 186 penicillins for, 184 splice site mutations, 36 branchial pouch derivation, 586 Erysipelas, 451 vancomycin, 186 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 495 derivatives of, 581 Streptococcus pyogenes, 132 vancomycin-resistant (VRE), 133 Epileptic patients Endodermal tubules, 626 Erythema Enterococcus spp confidentiality exceptions, 255 Endometrial artery, 584 complicated hernias, 355 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 Epinephrine, 234. See Endometrial cancer, 612 Kawasaki disease, 302 UTIs, 177 also Catecholamines epidemiology of, 608 Erythema marginatum, 132, 300 Enterococcus faecalis, 133 adrenal medulla secretion, 312 estrogens and, 621 Erythema migrans, 142 Enterococcus faecium, 133 a-blockade of, 236 Lynch syndrome and, 371 Erythema multiforme, 452 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli for anaphylactic reaction, 110 PCOS and, 609 Erythema nodosum, 147, 444, 453 (EHEC), 128, 140, 175 for glaucoma, 521 progestins for, 622 inflammatory bowel disease, 365 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli glycogen regulation and, 81 tamoxifen and, 421 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 390 (EHEC) in nervous system, 229 218 108 tumor suppressor genes and, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 405 pheochromocytoma secretion, 326 type II hypersensitivity, 612 Endometrial hyperplasia, Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli tyrosine catabolism, 79 Erythrocytes, 386 follicular cysts, 610 (EIEC), 140, 175 unopposed secretion of, 336 blood types, 390 progesterone and, 595 casts in urine, 562 Enterokinase/enteropeptidase, 358 vitamin B6 and, 63 Endometrial vein, 584 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Epineurium, 465 Coombs test, 401 Endometriomas, 610 (ETEC), 128, 140, 175 Epiphyseal tumors, 438 DAF deficiency and, 103 Endometriosis, 613 Enterovirus meningitis, 176 Epiploic foramen of Winslow, 346 erythropoietin and, 559 danazol for, 622 Enveloped viruses, 158 Episcleritis glucose usage by, 314 endometriomas and, 610 Envelopes (viral), 159 inflammatory bowel disease, 365 hereditary spherocytosis, 400 ovarian neoplasms and, 610 env gene, 171 Epispadias, 591 macrophages and, 387 Endometritis, 612 Enzyme kinetics, 224 Epistaxis, 636 multiple myeloma, 409 pelvic inflammatory disease, 181 antagonists, 228 hereditary hemorrhagic myeloproliferative disorders, 411 Endometrium, 592 partial agonists, 228 telangiectasia, 303 pathologic forms of, 394–395 conditions of, 612 Enzymes Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 656 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Endoneurium, 465 rate-determining, 69 Epithelial cell junctions, 447 (ESR), 212 Endoplasmic reticulum, 42, 43 terminology for, 69 Epithelial cells osteomyelitis, 176 Endosomes, 43 Eosinopenias, 402 tumor nomenclature of, 216 subacute granulomatous Endothelial cells Eosinophilia, 387 Epithelial hyperplasia, 615 thyroiditis, 328 filtration and, 553 Aspergillus fumigatus, 149 Epithelial tumors, 44 Erythrocytosis, 386 glomerulus, 550 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 Epithelium, 347 oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation leukocyte extravasation and, 209 macrolides, 189 Eplerenone, 576 curve, 632 in wound healing, 211 Eosinophilic casts, 570 Epoietin alfa, 117 Erythromelalgia Endothelium-derived relaxing factor Eosinophilic esophagitis, 360 Epoprostenol essential thrombocythemia, 411 (EDRF), 322 Eosinophils, 387 pulmonary hypertension, 648 polycythemia vera, 411 Endotoxins, 127, 129 corticosteroid effects, 402 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 161 Erythromycin End-stage renal disease findings, 661 in esophagus, 360 aplastic anemia, 399 diarrhea, 240 End-systolic volume, 272 helminths, 154 Burkitt lymphoma, 408 macrolides, 189 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 733

mechanism (diagram), 183 Essential tremor, 489 ribosomes in, 41 F prophylaxis, 194 Esters as local anesthetics, 519 RNA processing, 38 Fab region of antibodies, 100 protein synthesis inhibition, 187 Estradiol, 620 Eustachian tubes Fabry disease, 84 reactions to, 240 Estriol embryonic derivation, 588 inheritance, 56 Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 617 Down syndrome, 59 Evolocumab, 306 Facial dysmorphism, 582 Erythropoiesis, 642 pharmacologic control, 620 Ewing sarcomas, 438 Facial nerve (CN VII), 476 Erythropoietin Estrogen, 595, 621 dactinomycin for, 418 brain stem location, 474 anemia of chronic disease, 399 androgen insensitivity labs/findings, 660 branchial arch derivative, 587 aplastic anemia, 399 syndrome, 604 Exanthem subitum, 161 lesions in, 502 470 high altitude, 635 benign breast tumors, 615 Excitatory pathway, pathway for, 476 434 259 polycythemia and, 217, 652 bone formation, Exclusive Provider Organization, in tongue, 463 breast cancer, 616 Executioner caspases, 204 polycythemia vera, 411 Facial nerve palsy, 502 contraception and, 622 Exemestane, 621 release of, 559 Lyme disease, 142 endometrial carcinoma, 612 Exenatide, 341 signaling pathways for, 322 Facies epiphyseal plate closure, 600 Exercise Escherichia coli, 140 abnormal, 61 in genital development, 590 blood flow autoregulation, 286 catalase-positive organism, 124 “chipmunk,” 397 Granulosa cell tumors, 611 cardiac output, 272 cephalosporins, 185 dysmorphism, 581 gynecomastia, 615 peripheral resistance, 275 culture requirements, 123 elfin, 60 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 respiratory response, 635 EMB agar, 138 epicanthal folds, 59, 60 lactation and, 599 syncope with, 297 encapsulation, 124 flat, 59 leiomyomata, 612 Tetralogy of Fallot, 288 galactosemia as cause, 76 moon, 323 menopause, 600 Exocrine glands, 229, 230 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 Factitious disorder, 536 menstrual cycle, 597 Exons vs introns, 39 immunodeficiency infections, 114 Factor IX concentrate, 404 osteoporosis, 435 Exophytic mass (colorectal lactose fermentation, 138 Factor VIII concentrate, 404 ovulation, 596 cancer), 371 meningitis, 176, 664 Factor V Leiden, 406 pregnancy, 598 Exotoxin A neonatal illness, 178 Factor V Leiden mutation, 392 premature ovarian failure, 609 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 128, 139 nosocomial infection, 181 Factor Xa progesterone and, 595 Streptococcus pyogenes, 129 penicillins for, 184 direct inhibitors of, 415 prolactin suppression of, 316 Exotoxins pneumonia, 175 heparin effect on, 413 signaling pathways for, 322 features of, 127 prostatitis, 619 391 thecoma, 610 organisms with, 128–129 Factor Xa inhibitors, splenic dysfunction and, 94 404 Turner syndrome, 603 Expectorants, 648 Factor XI concentrate, taxonomy, 121 Estrone, 620 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 630 Facultative intracellular type III secretion system, 125 Eszopiclone, 515 External hemorrhoids, 351 organisms, 124 urinary tract infections, 570, 668 Etanercept, 457 External iliac arteries, 348 FADH (flavin adenine UTIs, 177 lupus-like syndrome, 241 External iliac lymph nodes, 591 dinucleotide), 73 Escherichia coli O157:H7, 128, 140, Ethacrynic acid, 575 External inguinal ring, 355 Failure mode analysis, 262 174, 175 Ethambutol, 192, 193 External spermatic fascia, 354 Failure to thrive, 526 E-selectin, 209 Ethanol Extinction (conditioning), 524 galactosemia, 76 Esmolol, 237, 309 as carcinogen, 219 Extracellular fluid (ECF), 551 orotic aciduria, 398 Esomeprazole, 381 metabolism, 68 Extragonadal germ cell tumors, 618 SCID, 113 344 Esophageal atresia, zero-order elimination of, 226 Extraperitoneal tissue, 354 Falciform ligament, 346 Esophageal cancer, 361 Ethics, 253–256 Extravascular hemolysis, 399 Fallopian tubes achalasia and, 360 confidentiality, 255 Extrinsic hemolytic anemia, 401 anatomy, 592 Esophageal dysmotility consent, 254 Extrinsic pathway, 204 epithelial histology, 592 CREST syndrome, 446 core principles of, 253–255 coagulation, 391 fertilization, 598 Esophageal squamous cell directives, 255 warfarin and, 414 False-negative rate, 247 carcinomas, 360 error disclosure, 262 Exudate pleural effusion, 644 False-positive rate, 247 Esophageal strictures, 360 religious beliefs and, 257 Exudate vs transudate, 212 Falx cerebri, 499 Esophageal varices, 350, 360 situations in, 256–257 Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 492 Famciclovir, 197 Esophageal veins, 350 Ethinyl estradiol, 621, 622 Eye disorders Familial adenomatous Esophageal webs, 360, 396 Ethosuxamide, 514 AIDS retinitis, 161 polyposis, 370 Esophagitis, 360 Ethosuximide aniridia, 569 APC gene and, 372 bisphosphonates, 456 absence seizures, 661 episcleritis, 365 chromosome association, 60 as drug reaction, 240 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic red-green color blindness, 193 labs/findings, 660 HIV-positive adults, 173 (EDTA), 397 retinopathy, 196 Familial dyslipidemias, 90 Esophagus Ethylene glycol retinopathy of prematurity, 627 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 90 blood supply and innervation, 348 metabolic acidosis, 561 scleritis, 439 presentation, 652 diaphragm, 629 toxicity treatment, 239 uveitis, 365 Familial hypocalciuric histology of, 347 Etonogestrel, 622 Eyes hypercalcemia, 332 pathologies of, 360 Etoposide, 419 anatomy of, 504 Family discussions, 256 portosystemic anastomosis, 350 in cell cycle, 416 aqueous humor pathway, 505 Family therapy Essential amino acids, 77 targets of, 416 bilateral movement of, 513 separation anxiety, 527 Essential fructosuria, 76 Etoposide/teniposide, 35 cherry-red macular spot, 84 Famotidine, 381 Essential hypertension, 304 Euchromatin, 32 motility of, 510 Fanconi anemia, 399 Essential mixed Eukaryotes scleral arcus, 90 nonhomologous end joining cryoglobulinemia, 169 DNA replication, 35 Ezetimibe, 306 and, 37 Essential thrombocythemia, 411 functional gene organization, 38 diarrhea, 240 presentation, 656 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 734 INDEX

Fanconi syndrome, 556 Femoral triangle, 353 vasculitides, 302 Fingernails drug reaction and, 242 Femoral vein, 353 Waterhouse-Friderichsen glomus tumors under, 450 presentation, 655 Fenofibrate, 306 syndrome, 138 First-order elimination, 226 renal tubular acidosis, 562 Fenoldopam, 234, 304 Weil disease, 142 Fishbone diagram, 262 Wilson disease, 378 Fentanyl, 520 Fexofenadine, 648 Fishy smell, 144 Fascia Ferritin FGF. See Fibroblast growth factor Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 138, 181 collagen in, 46 acute-phase reactant, 102 FGF gene, 580 5-aminosalicylic drugs, 365, 382 Fasciculations, 499 anemia, 402 Fibrates, 306 5a-reductase Fastigial nucleus, 469 anemia of chronic disease, 399 hepatitis and, 240 inhibitors for BPH, 619 Fasting plasma glucose test, 336 iron deficiency anemia, 396 myopathy and, 241 deficiency, 589, 604 Fasting state, 72, 87 lab values in anemia, 402 Fibrinogen testosterone conversion, 600 Fast twitch muscle fibers, 433 sideroblastic anemia, 397 acute-phase reactant, 102 5a-reductase inhibitors Fat emboli, 637 Ferrochelatase, 403 in cryoprecipitate, 407 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 661 Fatigue Fertility ESR and, 212 5-fluorouracil, 417 adrenal insufficiency, 324 double Y males, 603 platelet plug formation, 393 in cell cycle, 416 adrenocortical insufficiency, 656 GnRH and, 315 receptor for, 386 photosensitivity, 241 heart failure and, 298 menstrual cycle, 597 thrombocytes, 386 pyrimidine synthesis, 33 hypothyroidism, 327 Fertilization, 596, 598 thrombogenesis, 393 targets of, 416 MI signs, 294 Fetal alcohol syndrome, Fibrinoid necrosis, 205 toxicities of, 422 Fat necrosis, 205, 615 290, 582, 583 Fibrinolysis, 392 5-HT Fat redistribution, 241 holoprosencephaly and, 461 Fibrinolytic system, 391 MAO inhibitor effect on, 546 Fat-soluble vitamins, 61 Fetal circulation, 270 Fibrinous pericarditis, 294 mechanism of, 544 Fatty acids Fetal death Fibroadenomas, 614, 615 opioid effects, 520 gluconeogenesis, 74 parvovirus, 160 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) serotonin syndrome, 545 metabolism of, 85 Fetal development, 580 signaling pathways for, 322 tramadol effect, 521 oxidation of, 68, 69 Fetal distress in wound healing, 211 trazodone effects, 546

Fatty acid synthase, 63 placental abruption, 606 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 5-HT1B/1D agonists Fatty acid synthesis vasa previa, 607 (FGFR3), 435 naming convention for, 244 metabolic site, 68 Fetal erythropoiesis, 389 Fibroblasts 5-HT agonists, 516 rate-determining enzyme, 69 Fetal hemorrhage, 582 cortisol and, 319 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) Fatty casts, 562 Fetal hypothyroidism, 328 Graves disease, 329 in carcinoid syndrome, 338 nephrotic syndrome, 566 Fetal lung maturity, 627 in wound healing, 211 neuroendocrine tumors, 325 Fatty liver Fetal-postnatal derivatives, 270 Fibrocystic breast disease, 615 Fixation, 525 nonalcoholic, 374 Fetal respiration, 626 Fibroid tumors, 612 Fixed splitting, 277 Reye syndrome, 373 Fetal tissue leuprolide for, 621 Flaccid paralysis Fatty liver disease collagen in, 46 Fibromas, 610 botulinum toxin, 128, 134 hepatocellular carcinoma and, 375 Fetor hepaticus, 372 nomenclature for, 216 LMN lesion, 501 labs/findings, 660 Fever Fibromuscular dysplasia, 290 motor neuron signs, 499 Fava beans and G6PD deficiency, 400 amphotericin B, 195 Fibromyalgia, 444 Flagellin, 95 Fc region of antibodies, 100 bacterial endocarditis, 299 Fibronectin Flagellum, 120 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion childhood rashes, 179 cryoprecipitate, 407 Flash cards for USMLE Step 1 reaction, 110 clindamycin, 188 thrombocytes, 386 exam, 13 Febrile pharyngitis, 160 complicated hernias, 355 Fibrosarcomas, 216 Flat affect, 468 Febuxostat endotoxins, 127 Fibrosis Flat facies, 59 gout, 440, 457, 661 epiglottitis, 182 diffusion-limited gas exchange, 633 Flavin nucleotides, 71 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 34 exotoxins, 129 silicosis, 641 Flaviviruses, 159, 163 Fecal elastase, 364 following MI, 652 Fibrous plaque in atherosclerosis, 292 Fleas (disease vectors), 144, 145 Fecalith obstruction, 366 genital herpes, 180 Fick principle, 272 Flecainide, 308 Fecal microbiota transplant, 134 high, 161, 164, 167, 179 Fidaxomicin, 134 Flexor digiti minimi muscle, 429 Fecal retention, 528 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, Fifth disease Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 429 Feces 143 B19 virus, 160 Flies (disease vectors), 141, 155 bilirubin excretion, 359 Legionnaires’ disease, 139 rash, 179 Floppy baby syndrome explosive expulsion of, 367 low-grade, 139, 167, 407 50S inhibitors, 187 botulinum toxin as cause, 128 Federation of State Medical Boards malaria, 153 Filgrastim, 117 Clostridium botulinum as (FSMB), 2 mononucleosis, 161 Filoviruses cause, 134 Fed state, 72, 87 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 characteristics of, 163 spinal cord lesions, 500 Felty syndrome, 439 pulmonary anthrax, 133 Ebola, 167 Flow cytometry, 50 Female genital embryology, 589 recurring, 152 negative-stranded, 164 Flow volume loops, 637 Female reproductive anatomy, 592 Rickettsia rickettsii, 145 Filtration, 553 Fluconazole Female reproductive epithelial Salmonella spp, 144 Filtration fraction, 670 Candida albicans, 661 histology, 592 Salmonella typhi, 141 glomerular dynamics, 553 mechanism and use, 195 Femoral artery, 353 seizures with, 161 Fimbria, 120, 592 mechanism (diagram), 194 Femoral hernias, 355 Tetralogy of Fallot, 288 Financial considerations in opportunistic fungal infections, 149 Femoral nerve, 353, 430 thyroid storm causing, 329 treatment, 257 systemic mycoses, 147 Femoral region, 353 toxic shock syndrome, 131 Finasteride, 623 Flucytosine, 195 Femoral ring, 353 Trichinella spiralis, 155 reproductive hormones Fludrocortisone, 342. See Femoral sheath, 353 tuberculosis, 136 and, 620 also Glucocorticoids © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 735

Fluid compartments, 551 Follicular lumen, 321 Frataxin, 501 G6PD deficiency, 400 Flumazenil Follicular lymphoma, 412 Free fatty acids in anemia taxonomy, 396 benzodiazepine overdose, 239, Follicular lymphomas, diabetic ketoacidosis and, 337 degmacytes in, 394 515, 540 204, 408, 668 fast/starvation states, 87 Heinz bodies in, 395 diazepam and, 228 chromosomal translocations lipid transport and, 88 GABA, 465 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 515 and, 412 Free nerve endings, 464 barbiturate effects, 515 Fluorescence in situ Follicular phase, 597 Free radical injury, 207, 210 basal ganglia and, 470 hybridization, 51 Follicular phase of menstrual Fresh frozen plasma, 407 benzodiazepine effect, 515 Fluorescent antibody stain, 122 cycle, 597 warfarin reversal, 664 changes with disease, 465 Fluoroquinolones, 35 Follicular thyroid carcinomas, 330 for warfarin toxicity, 239 derivation of, 79 mechanism and use, 191 Fomepizole “Fried egg” cells, 611 epilepsy drugs, 514 mechanism (diagram), 183 ethanol metabolism and, 68 Friedreich ataxia, 501 Huntington disease, 490

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 146 toxicity treatment with, 239 chromosome association, 60 vitamin B6 and, 63 pregnancy contraindication, 201 Fondaparinux, 391 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 297 GABA channels, 196 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Food allergies and eczema, 449 Frontal eye fields Gabapentin, 514

tendon/cartilage damage with, 241 Food poisoning cortical functions, 471 GABAB receptor agonists, 493 typhoid fever, 141 Bacillus cereus, 134 lesions in, 481 gag gene, 171 Fluoxetine, 545 causes of, 127, 174 Frontal lobe Gag reflex, 477 Fluphenazine, 543 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 lesions in, 481 Gait disturbance Tourette syndrome, 527, 542 toxic shock syndrome toxin, 129 stroke effects, 484 muscular dystrophy, 57 Flutamide, 623 Food toxins, 238 Frontotemporal dementia, 490, 492 Gait disturbances reproductive hormones and, 620 Foot drop Fructokinase, 76 Parkinson disease, 655 Fluticasone, 649 lead poisoning, 397 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 69 Galactocerebrosidase, 84 FMR1 gene, 58 Foramen cecum, 312 gluconeogenesis, 74 Krabbe disease, 494 Foam cells Foramen magnum, 476 in metabolic pathways, 70 Galactocerebroside, 84 in atherosclerosis, 292 Foramen of Magendie, 474 Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, 72 Galactokinase, 70 Niemann-Pick disease, 84 Foramen of Monro, 474 Fructose intolerance, 76 Galactokinase deficiency, 76 Focal glomerular disorders, 563 Foramen ovale Fructose metabolism cataracts and, 505 Focal hepatic necrosis, 240 atrial septal defect, 289 disorders, 76 Galactorrhea Focal necrotizing vasculitis, 302 embryology, 268 pathways, 70 antipsychotic drugs and, 315 Focal neurological deficits fetal circulation, 270 Fructosuria, 76 pituitary prolactinomas, 315 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia retained patency of, 288 FSH. See Follicle-stimulating tuberoinfundibular pathway, 468 nonketotic syndrome as Foramen ovale (skull), 476 hormone Galactose-1-phosphate, 70 cause, 338 Foramen primum, 268 FTA-ABS test, 143 Galactose-1-phosphate pituitary apoplexy, 335 Foramen rotundum, 476 Fumarate, 78 uridyltransferase, 76 Focal neurological defitics Foramen secundum, 268 Functional residual capacity Galactose metabolism pituitary adenoma, 332 Foramen spinosum, 476 (FRC), 630 diagram, 70 Focal segmental Foramina of Luschka, 474 chest wall and, 631 disorders of, 76 glomerulosclerosis, 566 Forebrain, 460 in flow volume loops, 637 Galactosemia, 76 Focal seizures, 487 Foregut Fundus, 592 cataracts and, 505 Folate antagonists, 582 blood supply/innervation Fungal infections Galantamine Folate synthesis of, 348 IL-12 receptor deficiency, 112 for Alzheimer disease, 518 inhibition/block, 183, 190 development of, 344 thymic aplasia, 112 Galant reflex, 480 Folic acid Formoterol, 649 Fungi Gallbladder antimicrobials and, 183 Fornix, 468 culture requirements, 123 biliary structures, 353 neural tube defects and, 461 Fornix (uterus), 592 immunocompromised blood supply and innervation in pregnancy, 64 46,XX/46,XY DSD, 604 patients, 175 of, 348 Follicles (lymph), 92 Fosamprenavir necrosis and, 205 regulatory substances, 356 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) HIV-positive adults, 199 opportunistic infections, 149 Gallbladder cancer clomiphene effect, 621 mechanism (diagram), 197 silver stain, 122 porcelain gallbladder and, 379 cryptorchidism, 617 Foscarnet, 198 topical infections, 195 sclerosing cholangitis and, 378 hCG and, 598, 618 Fosphenytoin, 514 Funny current, 281, 310 Gallstone ileus, 379 Kallmann syndrome, 604 Fossa ovalis, 270 Furosemide, 243, 575 Gallstones. See Cholelithiasis Klinefelter syndrome, 603 Fovea, 504 gout with, 241 γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) leuprolide, 621 cherry-red spot, 507 interstitial nephritis, 242 alcohol use, 540 menopause, 600 FOXP3 protein, 98 pancreatitis, 240 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), 373 ovulation/spermatogenesis and, 316 Fragile X syndrome, 58 Fusion inhibitors, 199 γ-interferon, 387 PCOS, 609 chromosome association, 60 Fusobacterium spp Ganciclovir, 198 pharmacologic control of, 620 dominant, inheritance of, 55 alcoholism, 175 agranulocytosis, 241 premature ovarian failure, 609 Frameshift mutations, 36 anaerobic metabolism, 123 Ganglioneuromatosis, 656 progesterone and, 595 muscular dystrophy and, 57 lung abscesses, 646 Gangrene secretion of, 313 Francisella spp Buerger disease, 302 signaling pathways of, 322 intracellular organism, 124 G diabetes mellitus, 336 spermatogenesis, 594 taxonomy, 121 G6PD Gangrenous necrosis, 205 Turner syndrome, 603 Francisella tularensis deficiency, 56, 75 Gap junctions, 447 Follicular conjunctivitis, 146 animal transmission, 144 HMP shunt and, 69 Gardener’s pupil, 233 Follicular cysts, 610 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 in respiratory burst, 105 Gardnerella spp, 121 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 736 INDEX

Gardnerella vaginalis, 144 Gastrointestinal system, 344–383 Geriatric patients β-blockers for, 237 labs/findings, 660 anatomy, 345–354 amyloidosis in, 213 carbachol for, 232 Gardner syndrome, 370 blood supply to, 348 atropine in, 233 diabetes mellitus and, 336 Gargoylism, 84 embryology, 344–345 Beers criteria in, 238 diagnosing, 232 Garlic breath, 72 innervation of, 348 changes in, 259 drug therapy for, 521 Gas gangrene pathology, 359–380 colonic ischemia and, 369 epinephrine for, 234 alpha toxin, 129 pharmacology, 381–383 common cause of death, 260 pilocarpine for, 232 Clostridium perfringens, physiology, 356–360 drug metabolism in, 226 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 495 127, 134, 175 regulatory substances, 356 lipofuscin in, 213 Glimepiride, 340 Gastrectomy, 398 secretory products, 357 Medicare for, 260 Glioblastoma multiforme, 496 Gastric acid, 357 Gastroschisis, 344 nosocomial infections, 181 associations, 664 histamine receptors and, 230 Gastrosplenic ligament, 346 osteoporosis, 435 labs/findings, 660 regulatory substances and, 356 Gaucher disease, 84 vascular skin tumors, 450 nitrosoureas for, 418 Gastric adenocarcinomas osteonecrosis, 436 volvulus in, 368 Glioblastomas, 44 acanthosis nigricans and, 453 Gaussian distribution, 251 Zenker diverticulum in, 367 Glipizide, 340 Helicobacter pylori, 142 G-CSF. See Granulocyte-colony Germinal centers of lymph nodes, 92 Glitazones, 340 Gastric arteries stimulating factor (G-CSF) Germinal center (spleen), 94 Global aphasia, 486 celiac trunk, 349 Gel electrophoresis, 48 Gerstmann syndrome, 481 Global payment, 260 intraligmental, 346 Gemfibrozil, 306 Gestational age calculation, 598 Globoid cells Gastric bypass surgery Gemifloxacin, 191 Gestational diabetes mellitus Krabbe disease, 84, 494 ghrelin and, 356 Gender dysphoria, 537 (GDM), 340 Globose nucleus, 469

vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 Gender identity, 258 Gestational hypertension, 608 Globus pallidus externus, 470 Gastric cancer, 362 Gene expression GFAP (glial fibrillary acid Glomerular diseases carcinogens causing, 219 modifications, 52 proteins), 44 nomenclature, 563 metastases of, 221 regulation, 38 astrocyte marker, 463 Glomerular filtration barrier, 551 oncogenes and, 218 Gene inheritance modes, 55 GH. See Growth hormone (GH) Glomerular filtration rate, oncogenic microbes and, 219 General anesthetic, 244 Ghon complex 552, 670 sign of Leser-Trélat and, 217 Generalized anxiety disorder tuberculosis, 136 ACE inhibitor effects, 577 trastuzumab for, 421 (GAD), 532, 533 Ghon focus, 136 ANP effect on, 559 Gastric obstruction, 363 buspirone, 544 Ghrelin, 317, 356 glomerular dynamics in, 553 Gastric sclerosis, 446 drug therapy for, 542 hunger and, 466 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 558 Gastric ulcers, 363 Selective serotonin reuptake GHRH. See Growth-hormone- prerenal azotemia, 571 NSAID toxicity, 456 inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 545 releasing hormone Glomerulonephritis Gastric vessels, 346 serotonin-norepinephrine Giant cell arteritis, 302 Alport syndrome, 565 Gastrin, 356, 357 reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Giant cell pneumonia, 166 azathioprine for, 116 signaling pathways for, 322 for, 545 Giant cells bacterial endocarditis, 299 somatostatinomas and, 338 Generalized seizures, 487 in chronic inflammation, 207 intrinsic renal failure, 571 Gastrinomas, 342 Genetics, 52–61 Giant cell tumors, 438 labs/findings, 657, 660, 661 Gastritis, 362 22q11 deletion syndromes, 61 Giant cell tumors of bone, 660 pharyngitis, 132 associations, 664 autosomal dominant diseases, 56 Giardia spp RBC casts in, 562 gastrin in, 356 autosomal recessive diseases, 56 watery diarrhea, 175 Streptococcus pyogenes,

H2 blockers for, 381 autosomal trisomies, 59 Giardia lamblia, 151 129, 132 Helicobacter pylori, 142 bacterial, 126, 127 Giardiasis, 151 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 proton pump inhibitors for, 381 chromosome disorders, 60 Giemsa stain, 122 Glomerulus stomach cancer and, 362 code features, 34 Borrelia, 142 anatomy of, 550 Gastrocolic ligament, 346 genetic terms, 52–53 chlamydiae, 146 dynamics of, 553 Gastroduodenal artery, 349 inheritance modes, 55 Gigantism, 317, 333 Glomus tumors, 450 Gastroenteritis muscular dystrophies, 57 Gilbert syndrome, 376, 377 Glossitis calciviruses, 163 trinucleotide repeat expansion Gingival blue line, 652 B-complex deficiency, 61 Listeria monocytogenes, 135 diseases, 58 Gingival hyperplasia megaloblastic anemia, 398 rotavirus, 164 viral, 158–159 calcium channel blockers, 304 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Salmonella spp, 141 X-linked recessive disorders, 56 cyclosporine, 116 360

Gastroepiploic arteries, 346, 349 Genetic shift/drift, 165 as drug reaction, 241 vitamin B3 deficiency, 63 Gastroesophageal reflux disease Genital herpes, 180 epilepsy drugs and, 514 vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 esophageal cancer and, 361 Genitalia Gingivostomatitis, 160 Glossopharyngeal nerve presentation, 360 ambiguous, 589, 603, 604 Gitelman syndrome, 556 blood flow regulation, 285 Gastrohepatic ligament, 346 embryology of, 589 markers in, 560 Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), Gastrointestinal bleeding estrogen and, 595 Glans penis, 593 476 hereditary hemorrhagic male/female homologs, 590 cancer of, 617 brain stem location, 474 telangiectasia, 303 Genital tubercles, 590 lymphatic drainage of, 591 branchial arch derivative, 587 iron poisoning, 404 Genital ulcers, 180 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, pathway for, 476 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, Genital warts, 180 393, 405 tongue, 463 656 Genitofemoral nerve, 430 Glargine insulin, 340. See also Glossoptosis, 587 Gastrointestinal drug reactions, 240 Genitourinary drug reactions, 242 Insulin GLP-1 analogs, 341 Gastrointestinal ligaments, 346 Genotyping microarrays, 50 Glaucoma, 506 Glucagon, 315 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors Gentamicin, 183, 187 acetazolamide for, 575 for β-blocker toxicity, 239, 309 (GISTs), 218 endometritis, 612 atropine, 233 DPP-4 inhibitor effect on, 341 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 737

fructose bisphosphatase-2, 72 Glulisine insulin, 340. See Glycyrrhetinic acid, 556 Gram-positive cocci antibiotic GLP-1 analog effect on, 341 also Insulin GNAQ gene, 495 tests, 130 glucagonomas and, 338 Glutamate GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing Gram-positive organisms glycogen regulation, 81 ammonia transport, 78 hormone (GnRH) cell wall structure, 120 insulin and, 314, 315 derivatives of, 79 Goblet cells, 347, 628 cephalosporins, 185 production of, 313 opioid effects, 520 Goiter, 327 examples, 121 signaling pathways of, 322 Glutamic acid, 77 maternal hypothyroidism lab algorithm, 130 somatostatin and, 356 Glutamic acid decarboxylase from, 328 vancomycin, 186 somatostatinomas and, 338 (GAD-65) maternal iodine deficiency, 582 Gram stain identification, 122 Glucagon-like peptide 1 autoantibodies, 111 in Riedel thyroiditis, 328 Granular casts, 562 (GLP-1), 314 Glutathione, 79 Golfer’s elbow, 426 acute tubular necrosis, 572 Glucagonomas, 338 acetaminophen and, 455 Golgi apparatus, 43 Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor MEN 1 syndrome, 339 in G6PD deficiency, 400 in plasma cells, 389 (G-CSF), 322 somatostatin for, 342 Glutathione peroxidase, 105 Gonadal drainage, 591 Granulocytes, 386 Glucocerebrosidase free radical elimination by, 210 Gonadal mosaicism, 53 morulae, 145 Gaucher disease, 84 Glutathione reductase, 105 Gonadotropin, 610 Granulocytopenia Glucocerebroside, 84 NADPH and, 71 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone trimethoprim, 190 Glucocorticoids Gluteus maximus muscle, 431 agonists, 612, 613, 620 Granuloma inguinale, 180 acute gout attack, 661 Gluteus minimus muscle, 431 antagonists, 620 Granulomas, 207 adrenal insufficiency, 324 GLUT transporters, 314 estrogen and, 595 macrophages and, 387 adrenal steroids and, 318 Glyburide, 340 hypothalamic-pituitary TNF-a and, 107 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 Glyceraldehyde, 76 hormones, 315 Granulomatosis infantiseptica calcium pyrophosphate deposition Glycerol, 76 Kallmann syndrome, 604 as granulomatous disease, 211 disease, 440 Glycine menopause, 600 Listeria monocytogenes, 135 Cushing syndrome diagnosis, 323 derivatives of, 79 menstrual cycle, 597 Granulomatous disease, 211 diabetes mellitus, 336 Glycocalyx, 120 ovulation, 596 Hansen disease, 211 fat redistribution with, 241 Glycogen, 82 prolactin and, 316 histoplasmosis, 211 gout, 440, 457 insulin and, 314 signaling pathways for, 322 hypervitaminosis D with, 437 myopathy, 241 periodic acid-Schiff stain, 122 spermatogenesis, 594 vitamin D toxicity in, 66 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 regulation of, 81 Gonoccal arthritis, 441 Granulosa cells, 595 thryoid hormones and, 321 Glycogenesis Gonococci, vs meningococci, 138 tumors of, 611, 612 Glucokinase diagram, 70 Gonorrhea Granzyme B hexokinase vs, 71 rate-determining enzyme for, 69 ceftriaxone, 185 cytotoxic T cells, 97, 98 metabolic pathways, 70 Glycogenolysis gonococci, 138 extrinsic pathway and, 204 Gluconeogenesis, 74 diagram, 70 prophylaxis, 194 Grapefruit juice and cytochrome cortisol and, 319 in insulin deficiency, 336 STI, 180 P-450, 243 diagram, 70 rate-determining enzyme for, 69 Goodpasture syndrome, 46, 564 Graves disease ethanol metabolism and, 68 thyroid hormones and, 321 autoantibody with, 111 autoantibody with, 111 in insulin deficiency, 336 Glycogen phosphorylase HLA-DR2, 96 goiter caused by, 327 metabolic site, 68 glycogen metabolism, 82 labs/findings, 657 HLA-DR3 and, 96 metformin effect on, 340 glycogenolysis, 69 restrictive lung disease, 639 hyperthyroidism, 329 pyruvate metabolism and, 73 Glycogen phosphorylase kinase, 81 type II hypersensitivity type II hypersensitivity, 108 rate-determining enzyme Glycogen storage diseases, 83 reactions, 108 Gray baby syndrome for, 69 Fanconi syndrome, 556 Good syndrome, 217 chloramphenicol, 188, 201 thyroid hormones and, 321 Glycogen synthase, 69 Gottron papules, 445 chloramphenicol and, 241 Glucose glycogen metabolism, 82 Gout, 440 Great cerebral vein of Galen, 473 ATP production, 71 glycogen regulation, 81 as drug reaction, 241 Greater sac, 346 blood-brain barrier and, 466 Glycolysis drug therapy for, 457 Greenstick fracture, 424 clearance, 554 arsenic and, 71 kidney stones and, 567 Grief, 532 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 diagram, 70 lab findings, 659, 660 Griseofulvin, 196 GH secretion and, 317 hexokinase/glucokinase in, 71 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 34 cytochrome P-450 interaction, 243 glycogen metabolism, 82 metabolic site, 68 loop diuretics and, 575 microtubules and, 44 insulin and, 314 metformin effect on, 340 presentation, 656 pregnancy contraindication, 201 metabolism of, 36 pyruvate metabolism and, 73 treatment, 661 Ground-glass appearance (X-ray), 173, Neisseria fermentation, 138 rate-determining enzyme for, 69 Von Gierke disease, 83 627 for porphyria, 403 regulation of, 72 Gower maneuver/sign, 57 Growth hormone (GH), 317, 342 transporters, 314 type 2 muscle fibers, 433 Gp41, 199 diabetes mellitus, 336 Glucose-6-phosphatase Glycopeptides G-protein-linked 2nd ghrelin and, 317 gluconeogenesis, 74 mechanism (diagram), 183 messengers, 230 for hypopituitarism, 335 HMP shunt, 75 Glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitors, Grafts, 114 insulin resistance and, 314, 317 Von Gierke disease, 83 415 Graft-versus-host disease, 115 Laron syndrome, 333 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic Glycoproteins type IV hypersensitivity, 109 secretion of, 313 peptide (GIP), 356 bacterial pilus/fimbria, 120 Gram-negative organisms signaling pathways for, 322 Glucosuria HIV, 171 cell wall structure, 120 somatostatin, 333 glucose clearance, 554 interferons, 200 cephalosporins, 185 thyroid hormones and, 321 in pregnancy, 554 Glycopyrrolate, 233 examples of, 121 Growth hormone (GH) SGLT-2 inhibitors, 341 Glycosylation, 41 lab algorithm, 137 deficiency, 342 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 738 INDEX

Growth-hormone-releasing hormone immunodeficient patients, 114 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 328 Heart GH and, 317 meningitis, 176 autoantibody with, 111 autonomic nervous system, 229 hypothalamo-pituitary rifamycins, 192 cholangitis association with, 378 autoregulation of, 286 hormones, 315 splenic dysfunction, 94 goiter causes, 327 electrocardiograms, 282 signaling pathways of, 322 transformation, 126 HLA subtypes with, 96 embryology, 268 Growth media properties, 122 unvaccinated children, 182 lymphoma association, 330 fetal development, 580 Growth signal in cancer, 215 vaccine, 138 Hassall corpuscles, 94 ischemia in, 206 GTPase, 218 Hair Hay fever morphogenesis of, 268–269 GTP (guanosine triphosphate), 73 Menkes disease, 47 HLA-DR2 and, 96 normal pressures in, 286 smooth muscle contraction, 434 vitamin C deficiency, 65 type I hypersensitivity, 108 sclerosis of, 446 Guaifenesin, 648 Hairy cell leukemia, 410 HbA1c test, 336 Heart auscultation, 278 Guanfacine, 235 cladribine for, 417 HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen), 170 Heart block, 271 Guanine synthesis, 200 IFN-a for, 200 HbC disease, 400 Heartburn, 360 Guanosine analogs Hairy leukoplakia, 451 anemia taxonomy, 396 Heart disease mechanism and use, 197 HIV-positive adults, 173 target cells in, 395 common cause of death, 260 Gubernaculum, 589, 591, 592 Half-life equation, 225, 669 HBeAg (hepatitis B extracellular congenital, 59, 288–289 Guessing during USMLE Step 1 Halitosis antigen), 170 Fabry disease, 84 exam, 21 Zenker diverticulum, 367 HbH disease, 396 ischemic, 293 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Hallucinations, 529 HBsAg (hepatitis B surface QT prolongation, 72 Campylobacter jejuni, 140 cocaine, 540 antigen), 170 Heart failure, 298 endoneurium in, 465 delirium, 528 hCG. See Human chorionic ACE inhibitors for, 577 presentation, 655 memantine, 518 gonadotropin (hCG) acromegaly, 333 restrictive lung disease, 639 mesolimbic pathway, 468 HCTZ. See Hydrochlorothiazide acute tubular necrosis with, 572 Schwann cells in, 464 pellagra, 63 (HCTZ) amiodarone, 309 Gummas postpartum psychosis, 532 HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 89 angiotensin II receptor 530 syphilis, 143, 180 schizophrenia, Headaches, 488 blockers, 577 529 545 236 Gustatory hallucinations, tricyclic antidepressants, α-blockers, aortic regurgitation as Guyon canal syndrome, 426 Hallucinogen intoxication and bupropion toxicity, 546 precursor, 279 Gynecologic tumor withdrawal, 541 caffeine withdrawal, 540 associations, 668 epidemiology, 608 Haloperidol, 543 Chiari I malformation, 462 atrial septal defect, 289 Gynecomastia, 615 delirium, 528 cilostazol/dipyridamole, 415 β-blockers, 309 antiandrogens for, 623 for Huntington disease, 518 cimetidine, 381 β-blockers for, 237 azoles, 195 torsades de pointes, 239 drug adverse effects, B-type natriuretic peptide in, 285 choriocarcinomas, 618 Halothane, 519 191, 195, 196, 200 calcium channel blockers, 310 cimetidine, 381 hepatic necrosis, 240 electroconvulsive therapy, 532 cardiac glycosides for, 307 cirrhosis, 372 Hamartin protein, 218 ethosuxamide, 514 chronic ischemic heart disease, 293 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 Hamartomas, 216 genital herpes, 180 contractility in, 273 Leydig cells, 619 tuberous sclerosis, 495 hydralazine, 304 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 potassium-sparing diuretics, 576 Hamartomatous colonic polyps, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 639 disopyramide, 308 SHBG and, 322 370 malaria, 153 dobutamine for, 234 spironolactone, 623 Hamate bone, 426 Mucor spp and Rhizopus spp, 149 234 tuberoinfundibular pathway, 468 Hammer toes, 501 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 146 dopamine for, 288 Gyrase, 183 Hand nitrates, 305 Ebstein anomaly, distortions of, 429 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 515 ejection fraction in, 273 H gonoccal arthritis triad, 441 ondansetron, 383 ESR in, 212 H blockers, 242, 648 “mechanic’s hand,” 445 PDE-5 inhibitors, 623 fludrocortisone and, 342 1 glitazone/thiazolidinediones, 340 H2 blockers, 381 muscles of, 429 pituitary adenomas and, 332 Haemophilus spp squamous cell carcinoma, 454 pituitary apoplexy, 335 hydralazine for, 304 endocarditis, 299 Hand-foot-mouth disease, 179 pseudotumor cerebri, 491 hypertension, 290 taxonomy, 121 Hand grip in auscultation, 278 ranolazine, 305 hypertension treatment in, 304 Haemophilus ducreyi Hand tremors, 327 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 145 hypertensive emergency and, 290 sexual transmission, 180 Hand-wringing, 527 sodium-channel blockers, 308 jugular venous pulse in, 276 Haemophilus influenzae, 138 Hansen disease, 137 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 656 loop diuretics for, 575 biofilm production, 125 animal transmission, 144 triptans for, 516 MI, 294 cephalosporins, 185 dapsone, 190 vasculitides, 302 pleural effusion, 644 chloramphenicol, 188 erythema nodosum, 453 Head and neck cancer, 636 potassium-sparing diuretics, 576 culture requirements, 123 as granulomatous disease, 211 cetuximab for, 118, 420 pulse pressure in, 272 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 Hantavirus, 163 Head trauma, 528 readmissions with, 261 influenza, 165 Happy puppet symptoms, 54 Healing, wound, 211 renal failure causing, 571 penicillins for, 184 Haptens Healthcare delivery, 259–262 shock caused by, 299 pneumonia, 175 acute interstitial nephritis, 572 Healthcare proxy, 257 sleep apnea causing, 642 postviral infection, 175 amiodarone as, 309 Health Maintenance systolic vs diastolic, 273 rhinosinusitis, 636 Haptoglobin, 399 Organization, 259 thiazides for, 576 vaccine, 176 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 669 Healthy worker effect, 250 ventricular septal defect, 289 Haemophilus influenzae type B Hardy-Weinberg population Hearing loss, 503 Heart murmurs, 279 chloramphenicol, 188 genetics, 53 cytomegalovirus, 178 aortic regurgitation, 652 encapsulation, 124 Hartnup disease, 63 osteogenesis imperfecta, 47 aortic stenosis, 656

IgA protease, 125 vitamin B3 deficiency, 63 Paget disease of bone, 436 auscultation of, 278 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 739

bacterial endocarditis, 299 Hematopoiesis, 409 cold agglutinin disease, 655 Heparin, 413 cardiomyopathies, 297 Hematopoietic stem cells, 106 direct Coombs-positive, 241 acute coronary syndromes, 296 patent ductus arteriosus, 289 Hematuria folate deficiency caused by, 398 for anticoagulation, 391 Heart rate, 235 bladder cancer, 569 G6PD deficiency, 75 in basophils, 387 Heart sounds, 276 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 655 in taxonomy, 396 in coagulation cascade, 392 associations, 668 hereditary hemorrhagic penicillin G, V, 183 deep venous thrombosis, 636 auscultation of, 278 telangiectasia, 303 pyruvate kinase deficiency as mast cells and, 387 cardiac cycle, 276 IgA nephropathy, 564 cause, 400 osteoporosis, 241 cardiac tamponade, 300, 654 kidney stones, 567 ribavirin, 200 thrombocytopenia, 241 splitting in, 277 nephritic syndrome, 564 spherocytes in, 395 toxicity treatment, 239 Heart transplant Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 656 sulfa drug allergies, 243 warfarin vs, 414 dilated cardiomyopathy, 297 protease inhibitors, 199 vitamin E deficiency, 66 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Heart valve development, 269 renal cell carcinoma, 568 Wilson disease, 378 (HIT), 413 Heat-labile toxin, 128 renal cyst disorders, 573 Hemolytic disease of the Hepatic adenomas, 375 Heat shock proteins, 41 renal oncocytomas, 568 newborn, 108 Hepatic arteries, 349, 352 Heat-stable toxin, 128 RPGN, 564 Hemolytic reactions and blood Hepatic ascites, 576 Heinz bodies, 75, 395, 400 Schistosoma haematobium, 157 types, 390 Hepatic cirrhosis, 644 Helicase, 35 UTIs, 177 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Hepatic ducts, 353 Helicobacter spp, 121 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 Escherichia coli, 140, 175 Hepatic encephalopathy, 374 Helicobacter pylori, 142 Wilms tumor, 569 exotoxins, 128 cirrhosis, 372 associations, 664 Heme platelet disorders, 405 Hepatic necrosis, 455 catalase-positive organism, 124 bilirubin and, 359 schistocytes in, 395 Hepatic steatosis, 374 disease associated with, 362 chloroquine, 196 Hemophilia, 404 Hepatic TG lipase, 88 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 for porphyria, 403 deficiencies causing, 391 Hepatitis metronidazole, 191 sideroblastic anemia and, 397 X-linked recessive disorder, 56 alcoholic, 374 541 as oncogenic microbe, 219 synthesis of, 68, 403 Hemoptysis alcoholism, 399 penicillins for, 184 vitamin B and, 63 Aspergillus fumigatus, 173 aplastic anemia and, 6 autoimmune, 111 silver stain, 122 Hemianopia, 511 bronchiectases, 639 cirrhosis, 372 urease-positive, 124 Hemiballismus, 489 choriocarcinomas, 605 as drug reaction, 240 urease-positive organism, 124 brain lesions and, 481 lung cancer, 647 heroin addiction and, 541 Heliotrope rash, 445 Hemicholinium, 231 tuberculosis, 136 hyperbilirubinemia, 376 HELLP syndrome, 608 Hemidesmosome, 447 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 Wilson disease, 378 schistocytes in, 395 autoantibody to, 111 Hemorrhage Hepatitis A (HAV) Helminthic infections Hemihyperplasia, 569 acute pancreatitis, 380 characteristics of, 168 eosinophils and, 387 Hemiparesis, 493 acute tubular necrosis, 572 picornavirus, 163, 164 Helminths saccular aneurysms, 486 AIDS retinitis, 161 serologic markers, 170 immune response to, 154 Hemispatial neglect syndrome, 481 baroreceptors and, 285 vaccine for, 107, 158 Helper T cells, 98 Hemochromatosis, 378 bevacizumab, 420 Hepatitis antigens, 170 cell surface proteins, 106 calcium pyrophosphate deposition delirium caused by, 528 Hepatitis B (HBV) cytokine secretion, 104 disease, 440 Ebola virus, 167 characteristics of, 168 211 297 483 in granulomatous diseases, cardiomyopathy from, intracranial, extrahepatic manifestations, 169 133 Hemagglutinin chromosome association, 60 pulmonary, hepatocellular carcinomas influenza viruses, 165 free radical injury and, 210 shock from, 299 and, 375 parainfluenza viruses, 166 hepatocellular carcinoma and, subarachnoid hemorrhage, IFN-a, 200 Hemangioblastomas, 496 375 483, 486 medical importance, 160 polycythemia and, 217 HLA-A3 and, 96 ulcers, 363 membranous nephropathy, 566 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 495, 655 Hemoglobin, 631 Weil disease, 142 MPGN and, 565 Hemangiomas, 216 carbon dioxide transport, 635 Hemorrhagic cystitis nosocomial infection, 181 Hemarthroses, 404 development of, 389 adenoviridae, 160 as oncogenic microbe, 219 Hemarthrosis, 65 kinetics of, 224 cyclophosphamide, 418 passive antibodies for, 107 Hematemesis, 360 modifications of, 632 drug reaction, 242 polyarteritis nodosa and, 302 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 656 Hemoglobin electrophoresis, 391 Hemorrhagic fever recombinant cytokines for, 117 Hematin, 123, 138 Hemoglobinuria bunyavirus, 163 serologic markers, 170 Hematochezia acute tubular necrosis and, 572 filovirus, 163 sexually transmitted infection, 180 colorectal cancer, 371 G6PD deficiency, 400 Hemorrhagic infarcts, 207 treatment, 661 diverticulosis, 366 intravascular hemolysis, 399 Hemorrhagic stroke, 483 Hepatitis C (HCV) intestinal disorders, 369 Hemolysis Hemorrhoids, 351 antigenic variation, 106 Meckel diverticulum, 585 alpha toxin as cause, 129 Hemosiderinuria, 399 characteristics of, 168 Hematocrit Clostridium perfringens as Hemostasis, 386 extrahepatic manifestations, 169 high altitude and, 635 cause, 134 Henderson-Hasselbalch flaviviruses, 163 polycythemia vera, 411 HELLP syndrome, 608 equation, 561, 670 hepatocellular carcinoma and, 375 Hematologic drug reactions, 241 sulfonamides as cause, 190 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 303 lichen planus, 453 Hematology/oncology, 386–423 Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 241 IgA nephropathy, 564 membranous nephropathy, 566 anatomy, 386–389 Hemolytic anemia, 399 presentation, 655 MPGN and, 565 pathology, 394–414 autoimmune, 108, 185 Hepadnaviruses as oncogenic microbe, 219 pharmacology, 413–421 babesiosis, 153 characteristics of, 159, 160 recombinant cytokines for, 117 physiology, 389–393 cephalosporins, 185 genome, 158 therapy for, 200 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 740 INDEX

Hepatitis D (HDV), 168 Hereditary angioedema, 622 High altitude respiratory cervical cancer and, 609 Hepatitis E (HEV), 168 Hereditary hemorrhagic response, 635 diagnosis, 171 hepevirus, 163 telangiectasia, 303 High-frequency recombination (Hfr) disease associations, 173 Hepatitis viruses, 168 Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 377 cells, 126 ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 492 aplastic anemia, 399 Hereditary spherocytosis, 400 Highly active antiretroviral therapy flow cytometry diagnosis, 50 serologic markers for, 170 in anemia taxonomy, 396 (HAART), 199 focal segmental Hepatocellular carcinomas, 375 spherocytes in, 395 Hilar adenopathy, 652 glomerulosclerosis, 566 Aspergillus fumigatus, 149 Hereditary thrombosis Hilar lymphadenopathy, 639 hairy leukoplakia, 451 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 375 syndromes, 406 Hilar lymph nodes, 93 heroin addiction and, 541 carcinogens causing, 219 Heritable amyloidosis, 213 silicosis, 641 Kaposi sarcoma, 161, 450 cirrhosis and, 372 Hermaphrodites, 604 Hilar nodes, 136 lymphopenia, 402 hemochromatosis, 378 Hernias, 355 Hindbrain, 460 meningitis, 176 non-alcoholic fatty liver site of, 354 Hindgut microglia in, 463 disease, 374 Herniation syndromes, 499 blood supply/innervation of, 348 non-Hodgkin lymphoma and, 407 oncogenic microbes, 219 Heroin development of, 344 PCR diagnosis, 48 polycythemia and, 217 addiction to, 541 Hip dislocation Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 Hepatocytes, 82 focal segmental nerve injury with, 431 primary central nervous system Hepatoduodenal ligament, 346 glomerulosclerosis, 566 Hip muscles, 431 lymphoma (PCL) Hepatomas, 375 intoxication and withdrawal, 540 Hippocampus and, 408 Hepatomegaly opioids for withdrawal, 520 lesions in, 481 prophylaxis for HIV patients, 194 amyloidosis and, 213 Herpes encephalitis, 48 limbic system, 468 pulmonary arterial Budd-Chiari syndrome, 375, 652 Herpes genitalis, 160 pyramidal cells, 206 hypertension, 643 galactosemia, 76 Herpes labialis, 160 Hippurate test, for Streptococcus retrovirus, 163 hepatocellular carcinoma, 375 Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), agalactiae, 133 rifamycins in, 192 peroxisomal disease, 43 160, 451 Hirschsprung disease, 367 STI, 180 pulmonary hypertension, 633 encephalitis, 668 Down syndome, 59 T cells and, 388 Reye syndrome, 373 STI, 180 Hirsutism therapy for, 197, 199 right heart failure, 298 Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), cyclosporine, 116 ToRCHeS infection, 178 Von Gierke disease, 83 160, 451 danazol, 622 untreated time course, 172 Hepatosplenomegaly STI, 180 epilepsy drugs and, 514 vaccination, 107 β-thalassemia and, 397 ToRCHeS infection, 178 menopause, 600 viral receptor, 162 biliary tract disease, 378 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) PCOS, 609 Western blot diagnosis, 49 graft-versus-host disease, 115 cidofovir, 198 SHBG and, 322 HIZ shrinkage in muscle hyperchylomicronemia, 90 erythema multiforme, 452 Hirudin, 413 contraction, 433 leishmaniasis, 154 foscarnet for, 198 Histaminase, 387 HLA genes, 96 lysosomal storage diseases, 84 guanosine analogs, 197 Histamine receptors, 230 associations, 656, 657 mononucleosis, 161 identification, 162 Histamines celiac disease and, 364 ToRCHeS infections, 178 meningitis caused by, 176 in basophils, 387 disease associations, 328 Hepatotoxicity retinitis, 508 cortisol effect on, 319 DM type 1 association, 337 amiodarone, 309 Herpesviruses, 160–162, 451 derivatives of, 79 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 442 bosentan, 648 clinical significance, 160 location of, 357 uveitis, 506 carbamazepine, 514 envelope, 159 mast cells and, 387 HMG-CoA reductase danazol, 622 Herpes zoster seafoor toxins, 238 cholesterol synthesis, 69 glitazone/thiazolidinediones, 340 dorsal root latency, 160 signaling pathways for, 322 metabolic pathways, 70

HMG-CoA reductase famciclovir, 197 vitamin B6 and, 63 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 306 inhibitors, 306 retinitis, 508 Histidine, 77 naming conventions, 244 inhaled anesthetics, 519 Herpetic whitlow, 160 derivatives of, 79 HMG-CoA synthase, 69 isoniazid, 193 Hesselbach triangle, 355 Histocompatibility complex I HMP shunt, 75 leflunomide, 456 Heterochromatin, 32 and II, 107 diagram, 70 methotrexate, 417 Heterodimer, 44 Histone acetylation, 32 metabolic site, 68 pyrazinamide, 193 Heterodisomy, 53 Histone methylation, 32 NADPH production, 71, 75 rifamycins, 192 Heterogeneous nuclear RNA Histones rate-determining enzyme, 69

terbinafine, 195 (hnRNA), 38 autoantibody, 111 Vitamin B1 deficiency, 62 thionamides, 341 Heteroplasmy, 53 Histoplasma spp Hoarseness valproic acid, 514 Heterozygosity loss, 52 treatment, 195 gastroesophageal reflux disease as zileuton, 649 Hexokinase Histoplasma capsulatum cause, 360 Hepcidin glucokinase vs, 71 HIV-positive adults, 173 heart enlargement, 271 acute-phase reactant, 102 metabolic pathways, 70 necrosis and, 205 lung cancer, 647 in anemia of chronic disease, 399 HFE gene Histoplasmosis, 147 Pancoast tumor, 646 Hepeviruses hemochromatosis and, 378 as granulomatous disease, 211 “Hobnail” liver in alcoholic characteristics, 163 HGPRT, 417 erythema nodosum, 453 cirrhosis, 374 genomes, 159 HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine as granulomatous disease, 211 Hodgkin lymphoma naked viruses, 159 phosphoribosyltransfer- Histrionic personality disorder, 535 bleomycin for, 418 HER-2, 616 ase), 34 HIV (human immunodeficiency non-Hodgkin vs, 407 “Herald patch” in pityriasis HHNS, 338 virus), 171 oncogenic microbes and, 219 rosea, 453 Hiatal hernias, 355 antigenic variation, 106 paraneoplastic cerebellar Herceptin(trastuzumab), 421 Hiccups, 489 aplastic anemia in, 399 degeneration and, 217 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 741

types of, 668 Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), 161 Hydronephrosis, 568 Hypercoagulability vinca alkaloids for, 419 Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), BPH, 619 hereditary syndromes, 406 Holoprosencephaly, 461 161, 173 horseshoe kidney, 549 pregnancy, 598 fetal alcohol syndrome, 583 Kaposi sarcoma, 450 kidney stones, 567 warfarin adverse effect, 414 Patau syndrome, 59 as oncogenic microbe, 219 Hydrophobia, 167 Hyperemesis gravidarum, 605

Sonic hedgehog gene and, 580 Humanized monoclonal Ab, 244 Hydrops fetalis Hyperemia Homan sign, 636 Humanized monoclonal a-thalassemia as cause, 396 pseudoepherine/ Homatropine, 233 antibodies, 107 parvovirus, 160 phenylephrine, 648 Homeobox genes, 580 Human papillomavirus 6 parvovirus B19, 178, 179 Hyperestrogenism, 610 Homer-Wright rosettes, 498 (HPV-6), 180 syphilis, 178 Hyperglycemia. See also Diabetes Homicide, as common cause of Human papillomavirus 11 Hydrosalpinx, 181 mellitus death, 260 (HPV-11), 180 Hydrothorax, 610 Cushing syndrome, 323 Homocysteine Human papillomavirus 16 Hydroxychloroquine diabetic ketoacidosis, 337

B12 deficiency, 398 (HPV-16), 636 lupus, 443 diabetic retinopathy, 507 folate deficiency, 398 Human papillomavirus (HPV) myopathy, 241 as drug reaction, 240

vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 cervical pathology, 609 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 glucagon and, 315 vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 HIV-positive adults, 173 Hydroxylases, 69 hyperkalemia, 560 Homocysteine methyltransferase as oncogenic microbe, 219 Hydroxylation, 41 immunosuppressants, 116 deficiency in, 80 penile cancer, 617 Hydroxyurea, 419 niacin causing, 306

vitamin B12 and, 65 tumor epidemiology, 608 in cell cycle, 416 pancreatic cell tumors, 338 Homocystinuria, 80 verrucae, 449 polycythemia vera, 411 protease inhibitors, 199 Homovanillic acid (HVA) warts, 160 pruine synthesis, 33 thiazides, 576

in neuroblastomas, 325 Human placental lactogen, 598 sickle cell anemia, 400 vitamin B3 toxicity, 63 tyrosine catabolism, 79 Humerus injury targets of, 416 Hypergranulosis, 448 Homunculus, 471 axillary nerve and, 427 Hyoid artery, 586 Hyper-IgE syndrome Hookworms, 155 median nerve injury, 427 Hyoscyamine, 233 presentation, 655 Hormone replacement therapy, 621 radial nerve and, 427 Hyperactivity, 327 Hyper-IgM syndrome, 113 endometrial hyperplasia, 612 Humor, 525 Hyperacute transplant rejection, 115 Hyperinsulinemia, 609 estrogens for, 621 Hunger, 466 Hyperaldosteronism, 324 Hyperkalemia, 560 for hypopituitarism, 335 Hunter syndrome, 56, 84 hypertension with, 290 aliskiren, 577 thrombotic complications, 241 Huntington disease, 529 metabolic alkalosis, 561 angiotensin II receptor Hormone-sensitive lipase, 88 basal ganglia lesions, 481 potassium-sparing diuretics blockers, 577 Hormones (reproductive), 620 neurodegenerative disorder, 490 for, 576 cardiac glycosides, 307 Horn cysts, 449 neurotransmitters for, 465 Hyperammonemia, 78 causes of, 560 Horner syndrome, 488, 509 treatment, 518 Hyperbilirubinemia diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 labs/findings, 657 ventromegaly, 492 cirrhosis as cause, 372 potassium-sparing diuretics, 576 lung cancer, 647 Hurler syndrome, 84 hereditary, 377 primary adrenal insufficiency, 324 Pancoast tumor, 646 Hürthle cells, 328 jaundice and, 376 renal failure, 571 presentation, 655 Hutchinson teeth, 143 Hypercalcemia, 560 SGLT2 inhibitors, 341 Horner-Wright rosettes, 325 Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, 291 acute pancreatitis caused by, 380 Hyperkalemic renal tubular Horse flies (disease vector), 155 Hyaline casts, 562 adult T-cell lymphoma, 408 acidosis, 562 Horseshoe kidney, 549 Hyaline membrane disease, 639 bisphosphonates for, 456 Hyperkeratosis, 448, 449 Turner syndrome, 656 Hydatid cysts, 157 calcium carbonate as cause, 382 Hyperlipidemia, 291 Hospice care, 260 Hydatidiform moles, 605 diabetes insipidus, 334 atherosclerosis and, 292 Hospital readmissions, causes hCG in, 598 granulomatous diseases and, 211 atypical antipsychotics, 543 of, 261 theca-lutein cysts and, 610 hyperparathyroidism, 332 glomerular filtration barrier Hot flashes Hydralazine, 304 loop diuretics for, 575 and, 551 as drug reaction, 240 gestational hypertension, lung cancer, 647 immunosuppressants, 116 menopause, 600 304, 608 paraneoplastic syndrome, 217 nephrotic syndrome, 566 “Hourglass stomach,” 355 heart failure, 298 PTH-independent, 331 thiazides, 576 Howell-Jolly bodies, 395, 657 lupus-like syndrome, 241 sarcoidosis and, 444 Hypermagnesemia, 560 postsplenectomy, 94 Hydrocephalus, 492 succinylcholine, 520 Hypernatremia, 560 Hu antigens, 217 childhood tumors, 498 teriparatide, 457 Hyperopia, 504 Human chorionic gonadotropin dementia, 529 thiazides as cause, 576 Hyperorality (hCG), 598 headaches with, 488 vitamin D toxicity, 66 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 481 choriocarcinomas, 605, 618 posterior fossa malformations, 462 Williams syndrome, 60 Hyperosmolar coma ectopic pregnancy, 607 risk for developing, 483 Hypercalciuria DM type 2, 336 embryonal carcinomas, 618 Toxoplasma gondii, 178 hyperparathyroidism, 332 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic hydatidiform moles, 605 toxoplasmosis, 152 thiazides for, 576 state, 338 pregnancy, 598 vertical gaze paralysis, 481 vitamin D toxicity, 66 Hyperosmolarity, 560 secretion of, 580 Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 576 Hypercapnia Hyperparathyroidism, 332 signaling pathways, 322 for diabetes insipidus, 334 contractility in, 273 associations, 668 Human factors design, 261 hyperglycemia, 240 Hypercholesterolemia, 90 calcium pyrophosphate deposition Human growth hormone. See Growth pancreatitis, 240 hypothyroidism, 327 disease, 440 hormone (GH) Hydrocortisone nephrotic syndrome, 655 cinacalcet for, 342 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), arachidonic acid pathway, 455 presentation, 652 lab findings, 657 161, 179 Hydrogen peroxide, 200 Hyperchylomicronemia, 90 lab values in, 437 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 742 INDEX

Hyperparathyroidism (continued) atrial fibrillation and, 284 Hypertriglyceridemia, 90 loss of orientation, 528 osteoporosis, 435 autosomal recessive polycystic acute pancreatitis caused by, 380 low birth weight and, 599 renal osteodystrophy and, 571 kidney disease, 573 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 297 meglitinides, 341 Hyperphagia β-blockers for, 237 Pompe disease, 83 neonatal, 582 depression with, 531 calcium channel blockers for, 304 systolic murmur in, 278 Reye syndrome as cause, 373 hypothalamus and, 466 Charcot-Bouchard Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 647 somatostatinomas, 338 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 481 microaneurysms, 486 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 345 sulfonylureas, 340 Prader-Willi syndrome, 54 Cushing syndrome, 323 Hypertrophic scars, 210 Von Gierke disease, 83 Hyperphosphatemia, 560 diabetes mellitus, 304 Hypertrophy, 214 Hypoglycemic drugs, 340–341 hyperparathyroidism endometrial cancer, 612 Hypertropic cardiomyopathy, 501 Hypogonadism (secondary), 332 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Hyperuricemia diagnosis of, 604 hypoparathyroidism, 331 heart failure, 304 as drug reaction, 241 estrogens for, 621 renal osteodystrophy and, 571 hydralazine for, 304 gout, 440 gynecomastia, 615 Hyperpigmentation hyperaldosteronism, 324 kidney stones and, 567 hemochromatosis as cause, 378 adrenocortical insufficiency, 656 immunosuppressants, 116 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 34 Kallmann syndrome, 604 bleomycin, 418 intraparenchymal niacin and, 306 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 busulfan, 418 hemorrhage, 483 pyrazinamide, 193 pituitary prolactinomas, 315 fludrocortisone, 342 leflunomide, 456 thiazides, 576 Prader-Willi syndrome, 54

hemochromatosis as cause, 378 local anesthetics, 519 vitamin B3 toxicity, 63 testosterone/ melasma, 448 loop diuretics for, 575 Hyperventilation methyltestosterone, 623 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome as MDMA, 541 emphysema, 655 zinc deficiency, 67 cause, 370 microangiopathic anemia, 401 metabolic acidosis, 561 Hypogonadotropic primary adrenal insufficiency, 324 minoxidil, 623 pregnancy, 598 hypogonadism, 604 Hyperplasia, 214, 215 nephritic syndrome and, 564 Hypervitaminosis D, 437 Hypokalemia, 560 adrenal, 323, 324 PCP, 541 Hypnagogic hallucinations, 529 antacids as cause, 382 parathyroid, 331, 332, 339 pheochromocytomas, 326 narcolepsy, 538 Bartter syndrome, 556 Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, 291 placental abruption, 606 Hypnopompic hallucinations, 529 causes of, 560 Hyperplastic polyps, 370 polyarteritis nodosa, 302 narcolepsy, 538 cystic fibrosis, 56 Hyperprolactinemia, 315, 496 preeclampsia, 608 Hypoalbuminemia on ECG, 282 anovulation, 609 in pregnancy, 235, 304 alcoholic cirrhosis as cause, 374 Gitelman syndrome, 556 calcium channel blockers as pregnancy, 608 nephrotic syndrome, 563, 566, 655 loop diuretics, 575 cause, 304 pseudoepherine/ Hypocalcemia, 319, 560 nephrogenic DI, 334 risperidone as cause, 543 phenylephrine, 648 22q11 deletion syndromes, 61 syndrome of apparent Hyperpyrexia renal cyst disorders, 573 acute pancreatitis as cause, 380 mineralocorticoid excess as tricyclic antidepressants, 545 renal failure, 571 cinacalcet causing, 342 cause, 556 Hyperreflexia sleep apnea, 642 DiGeorge syndrome, 588 VIPomas as cause, 356 serotonin syndrome, 545 syndrome of apparent hypermagnesemia and, 560 Hypomagnesemia, 560 Hyperresonance, 644 mineralocorticoid hyperparathyroidism, 332 Hypomania, 531 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, excess, 556 hypoparathyroidism, 331 Hypomanic episodes, 531 211, 639 thiazides for, 576 pseudohypoparathyroidism, 331 Hyponatremia, 560 Hypersensitivity reactions, 108–109 thoracic aortic aneurysms renal osteodystrophy, 571 cirrhosis as cause, 372 blood transfusions, 110 and, 292 thymic aplasia, 112 MDMA as cause, 541 C3 deficiency, 103 treatment for, 304 thyroidectomy, 330 osmotic demyelination cephalosporins, 185 tyramine, 236 Hypocalcemic tetany, 66 syndrome, 492 Graves disease, 329 tyramine ingestion, 546 Hypocholesterolemia as paraneoplastic syndrome, 217 helminths, 154 Hypertensive crisis hyperthyroidism, 327 thiazides, 576 IgE antibodies, 101 MAO inhibitors as cause, 546 Hypocitraturia, 567 Hypoparathyroidism, 331 to insulin, 340 phenoxybenzamine for, 236 Hypocretin, 538 Hypophosphatemia, 560 mast cells and, 387 Hypertensive emergency, 290, 304 Hypodermis, 446 aluminum hydroxide as cause, 382 organ transplants, 115 Hypertensive nephropathy, 290 Hypofibrinogenemia, 212 hyperparathyroidism, 332 penicillins, 183, 184 Hypertensive urgency, 290, 304 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 217 Hypophosphatemic rickets, 55 rheumatic fever, 300 Hyperthermia Hypoglossal canal, 476 Hypopituitarism, 335 sulfonamides, 190 atropine as cause, 233 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 476 pituitary adenomas, 332 Hypersexuality MDMA, 541 brain stem location, 474 Hypoproteinemia, 551 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 481 serotonin syndrome, 545 lesion in, 502 Hyporeflexia Hypersomnia, 531 Hyperthyroidism, 329, 610 location in brain stem, 474 LMN lesions, 501 Hypertension, 290 amiodarone and, 309 pathway, 476 magnesium hydroxide as cause, 382 ACE inhibitors for, 577 choriocarcinomas, 618 tongue, 463 Hypospadias, 591 acute poststreptococcal hCG, 598 Hypoglycemia Hyposplenia, 395 glomerulonephritis, 564 hydatidiform moles, 605 amylin analogs, 341 Hypotension alcohol withdrawal, 541 hypothyroidism vs, 327 carnitine deficiency, 85 acute tubular necrosis with, 572 aliskiren for, 577 mature cystic teratoma, 610 fructose intolerance, 76 adrenal insufficiency, 324 α-blockers for, 236 osteoporosis, 435 GH secretion in, 317 adrenocortical insufficiency, 656 angiotensin II receptor blockers pulse pressure in, 272 glucagon production with, 315 aliskiren, 577 for, 577 thionamides for, 341 gluconeogenesis and, 74 amphotericin B, 195 aortic dissection and, 293, 664 Hypertonia insulin as cause, 340 angiotensin II receptor atherosclerosis and, 292 serotonin syndrome, 545 insulinomas, 338 blockers, 577 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 743

cardiac tamponade, 300 renal, 632 IgA nephropathy, 564 Illness anxiety disorder, 536 cilostazol/dipyridamole, 415 vasoconstriction/vasodilation Henoch-Schönlein purpura Iloperidone, 543 endotoxins, 127 and, 286 and, 303 Iloprost, 648 ephedrine for, 234 Hypoxia inducible factor 1a, 218 IgA protease, 125 Imatinib, 420 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Hypoxic stroke, 482 IgD antibodies, 101 IMG registration timeframe, 6 hypermagnesemia, 560 Hysterectomy IgE antibodies, 101 Imipenem, 183, 186 local anesthetics, 519 adenomyosis, 612 ataxia-telangiectasia, 113 seizures with, 242 magnesium hydroxide as cardinal ligament in, 592 eczema, 449 Imipramine, 545 cause, 382 Hysteresis (lung and chest hyper-IgM syndrome, 113 Immature ego defenses, 525 metronidazole, 191 wall), 631 mast cells and, 387 Immature teratomas, 611 midodrine for, 234 Hysteria type I hypersensitivity, 108 Immune responses, 102–115 norepinephrine for, 234 respiratory alkalosis from, 561 IGF-1. See Insulin-like growth factor acute-phase reactants, 97 orthostatic, 324 1 (IGF-1) autoantibodies, 111 phenylephrine for, 234 I IgG antibodies, 101 cell surface proteins, 105 scombroid poisoning, 238 Iatanoprost, 521 anemia and, 401 complement, 103 SGLT2 and, 341 Ibandronate, 456 ataxia-telangiectasia, 113 cytokines, 104 sympatholytic drugs and, 235 Ibuprofen, 456 bullous pemphigoid, 452 hypersensitivity types, 110–111 Waterhouse-Friderichsen arachidonic acid pathway complement activation and, 103 immunodeficiencies, 112–114 syndrome, 652 and, 455 hepatitis A (HAV), 170 passive vs active, 107 Hypothalamic/pituitary hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 241 hyper-IgM syndrome, 113 respiratory burst, 105 drugs, 342 Ibutilide, 309 multiple myeloma production transfusion reactions, 110 Hypothalamic-pituitary ICAM-1 protein of, 409 Immune thrombocytopenia, 405 hormones, 315 in leukocyte extravasation, 209 multiple sclerosis, 493 Immune thrombocytopenic Hypothalamus, 466 viral receptor, 162 as passive immunity, 107 purpura, 108 ADH secretion, 317 I-cell disease, 43 pemphigus vulgaris, 452 hepatitis C, 169 467 sleep physiology, I cells, 356 in pregnancy, 390 Immunocompromised patients TRH and, 321 Icosahedral viruses, 159 in type III hypersensitivity acyclovir/famciclovir/ Hypothenar muscles, 429 Idealization, 525 reactions, 109 valacyclovir, 197 Klumpke palsy, 428 Identification, 525 IgM antibodies, 101 Candida albicans in, 149 Hypotheses (statistical), 251 Idiopathic intracranial anemia and, 401 common organisms affecting, 175 testing, 252 hypertension, 491 in biliary cirrhosis, 378 Cryptococcus neoformans, 149 Hypothyroidism, 328 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic complement activation and, 103 Cryptosporidium, 151 amiodarone and, 309 purpura (ITP) hepatitis A (HAV), 170 ecthyma gangrenosum, 139 anemia, 398 labs/findings, 657 hyper-IgM syndrome, 113 esophagitis in, 360 in anemia taxonomy, 396 rituximab for, 118, 420 in pregnancy, 390 fungal infections, 182 carpal tunnel syndrome type II hypersensitivity in sclerosing cholangitis, 378 Listeria monocytogens, 135 and, 426 reactions, 108 splenic dysfunction, 94 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 dementia, 529 IDL (intermediate-density IL-1 (Interleukin 1), 104 Immunodeficiency as drug reaction, 240 lipoprotein), 89 cachexia and, 221 infections in, 114 hormone replacement, 342 IFN- (Interferon- ), 105 129 syndromes, 112–113 hyperthyroidism vs, 327 a a endotoxins, 117 lithium, 544 clinical uses, IL-2 (Interleukin 2), 104 Immunodeficiency syndromes 97 Hypotonia natural killer cells, cyclosporine and, 116 flow cytometry diagnosis, 50 carnitine deficiency, 85 IFN-a (interferon-a) natural killer cells, effect on, 97 Immunoglobins Menkes disease, 47 clinical use, 200 sirolimus and, 116 for Kawasaki disease, 302 Prader-Willi syndrome, 54 hepatitis, 661 tacrolimus and, 116 Immunoglobulins Hypoventilation, 561 IFN-β (Interferon-β), 105 IL-2R (Interleukin 2 receptor), 116 adaptive immunity and, 95 Hypovolemia, 336 clinical uses, 117, 200 IL-3 (Interleukin 3), 104 breast milk and, 599 Hypovolemic shock, 299 natural killer cells, 97 IL-4 (Interleukin 4), 104 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 Hypoxanthine, 457 IFN-γ (Interferon-γ), 104, 112 helper T cells and, 98 isotypes of, 101 Hypoxanthine guanine cachexia and, 221 IL-5 (Interleukin 5), 104 Immunology, 92–118 phosphoribosyltransferase clinical uses, 117, 200 helper T cells and, 98 immune responses, 102–115 (HGPRT), 34 granulomatous diseases and, 211 IL-6 (Interleukin 6), 104 immunosuppressants, 116–118 Hypoxemia Graves disease and, 329 acute-phase reactants and, 102 lymphocytes, 95–101 alveolar gas equation, 634 helper T cells, 98 cachexia and, 221 lymphoid structures, 92–94 obstructive lung disease, 638 Ifosfamide, 418 endotoxins, 129 Immunomodulator signaling oxygen deprivation, 634 Fanconi syndrome, 556 IL-8 (Interleukin 8), 104 pathways, 322 pulmonary emboli, 637 hemorrhagic cystitis, 242 neutrophils and, 386 Immunophenotype assessment, 50 respiratory alkalosis and, 561 IgA antibodies, 101 IL-10 (Interleukin 10), 104 Immunosuppressants, 116 Hypoxia ataxia-telangiectasia, 113 helper T cells and, 98 for aplastic anemia, 399 apoptosis caused by, 204 breast milk, 599 IL-12 (Interleukin 12), 104 for lupus, 443 contractility in, 273 in celiac disease, 364 natural killer cells and, 97 for polymyositis/ erythropoietin and, 559 deficiency in, 112, 652 receptor deficiency, 112 dematomyositis, 445 hemoglobin modifications, 632 hyper-IgM syndrome, 113 IL-13 (Interleukin 13), 98 targets, 117 lung diseases, 643 multiple myeloma production Ileum, 347 Immunosuppression nocturnal, 642 of, 409 Ileus, 369 squamous cell carcinoma, 454 oxygen deprivation, 634 passive immunity, 107 gallstone, 379 vitamin A deficiency, 62 regions susceptible to, 206 Peyer patches and, 358 Iliohypogastric nerve, 430 vitamin C deficiency, 65 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 744 INDEX

Impaired glucose tolerance. ESR in, 212 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 630 Interlobar artery, 550 See Insulin resistance IL-1 as cause, 104 Insulin, 314 Interlobular artery, 550 Impetigo, 447 pathology of, 204–213 anabolic effects of, 314 Intermediate filaments crusts with, 451 Inflammatory bowel disease deficiency in, 336 cytoskeletal element, 44 Streptococcus pyogenes, 132 (IBD), 365 diabetes treatment, 340 Internal auditory meatus, 476 sunburn and, 453 AA amyloidosis and, 213 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Internal capsule Implied consent, 254 azathioprine for, 417 for HHNS, 338 intraparenchymal Imprinting (genetics), 54 erythema nodosum, 453 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 72 hemorrhage, 483 Inactivated vaccines, 107 infliximab/adalimumab for, 457 GIP effect on, 356 stroke effects, 484 Incidence vs prevalence, 249 methotrexate for, 417 glucagon and, 315 Internal carotid artery Incomplete penetrance, 52 sclerosing cholangitis and, 378 glycogen regulation, 69, 81 cavernous sinus, 512 Incorrect results, in statistical spondyloarthritis, 442 hypokalemia from, 560 circle of Willis, 473 hypothesis testing, 252 therapeutic antibodies, 118 in pregnancy, 314 Internal hemorrhoids, 351 Incus bone, 503 Inflammatory breast cancer, 616 production of, 313 Internal iliac arteries, 348 Incus (ossicles) Inflammatory diseases secretion of, 314 Internal iliac artery, 270 branchial arch derivative, 587 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 signaling pathways for, 322 Internal iliac lymph nodes, 93, 591 India ink stain, 122 Inflammatory pseudopolyps, 370 somatostatin and, 356 Internal inguinal ring, 355 Indicator media, 122 Infliximab, 118, 457 somatostatinomas and, 338 Internal jugular vein, 473 Indinavir for Crohn disease, 365 sulfonylurea effect on, 340 Internal oblique muscle, 354 HIV therapy, 199 for ulcerative colitis, 365 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) Internal spermatic fascia, 354 mechanism (diagram), 197 ulcerative colitis, 664 acromegaly, 333 International Foundations of Indirect Coombs test, 108 Influenza, 165 Laron syndrome, 333 Medicine (IFOM), 12 Indirect inguinal hernias, 355 antigenic variation, 106 signaling pathways for, 322 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 513 Indomethacin, 456 orthomyxovirus, 163 Insulinomas multiple sclerosis, 655 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 pneumonia, 645 insulin and C-peptide in, 314 Interossei muscles, 429 334 428 for diabetes insipidus, Reye syndrome and, 373 MEN 1 syndrome, 339 Klumpke palsy, 440 427 gout, treatment/prevention, 197 pancreatic cell tumor, 338 ulnar nerve, for PDA closure, 270 Interpreting study results, 250 vaccine for, 107, 158 Insulin resistance Infarcts Intersex, 604 Informed consent, 254 acanthosis nigricans and, 453 atherosclerosis, 292 Interstitial fluid, 287 Infraspinatus muscle acromegaly, 333 red vs pale, 207 Interstitial lung disease, 439 Erb palsy, 428 cortisol, 319 regions susceptible to, 206 Interstitial nephritis rotator cuff, 425 Cushing syndrome, 323 Inferior colliculi, 475 as drug reaction, 242 Infundibulopelvic ligament, 592 DM type 2, 337 Inferior gluteal nerve, 431 NSAID toxicity, 456 Infundibulum, 474 GH, 314, 317 Inferior mesenteric artery, 348 penicillins, 184 Ingested seafood toxins, 238 glitazone/thiazolidinedione effect horseshoe kidney, 549 Interstitial pneumonia, 645 Inguinal canal, 354 on, 340 Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes, 93 Interstitium Inguinal hernia, 355, 591 metformin effect on, 340 Inferior mesenteric vein, 350 leukocyte extravasation and, 209 Inguinal ligament, 353, 354 PCOS, 609 Inferior oblique muscle, 510 Interventricular foramen, 269 Inguinal triangle, 355 Insurance Inferior phrenic arteries, 348 Interventricular septal rupture, 296 Inhalational general anesthetic, 244 disregarding in treatment, 257 Inferior rectal artery, 351 Intestinal obstruction Inhalational injury, 640 260 Inferior rectal vein, 350 Medicare/Medicaid as, hernias as cause, 355 519 Inferior rectus muscle, 510 Inhaled anesthetics, types of plans, 259 superior mesenteric artery Inferior sagittal sinus, 473 Inheritance modes, 55 Integrase inhibitors, 199 syndrome as cause, 348 Inferior vena cava, 345 Inhibin Integrins Intestinal stomach cancer, 362 diaphragm, 629 cryptorchidism, 617 epithelial cells, 447 Intestinal villi, 347 gonadal drainage and, 591 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 viral, receptor, 162 Intimate partner violence, 257 Infertility Sertoli cell secretion of, 594 Intellectual disabilities Intracellular fluid (ICF), 551 clomiphene, 621 Inhibin A WAGR complex, 569 Intracellular organisms, 124 cystic fibrosis, 56 autosomal trisomies, 59 Intellectual disability Intracellular receptors ectopic pregnancy, 607 Inhibitors of complement autism and, 527 endocrine hormone endometriosis, 613 activation, 103 fetal alcohol syndrome, 583 messengers, 322 impaired sperm mobility, 601 Inhibitory pathway, 470 Rett syndrome, 527 Intracranial hemorrhage, 483 Kallmann syndrome, 604 Initiation of protein synthesis, 41 Intellectualization, 525 eclampsia, 608 Kartagener syndrome, 45, 656 Innate immunity, 95 Intention tremor, 489 Intracranial pressure, 472 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 Inositol trisphosphate (IP3), 322 cerebellar lesions, 481 hydrocephalus, 492 leuprolide for, 621 Inotropes, 299 multiple sclerosis, 493 papilledema, 508 mumps, 166 Inotropy, 275 Intention tremors superior vena cava syndrome, 646 ovarian neoplasms, 610 Insomnia multiple sclerosis, 655 Intraductal papillomas, 614, 615 PCOS, 609 AChE inhibitors, 518 Interactions, drug, 225 Intraocular pressure, 506 salpingitis, 181 barbiturates for, 515 Intercostobrachial nerve, 427 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 483 septate uterus, 590 benzodiazepines, 515 Interferon-a Intrauterine device (IUD) varicoceles, 618 hyperthyroidism and, 327 myopathy, 241 copper, 622 Infiltrative cardiomyopathy, 297 marijuana withdrawal, 541 Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), 136 endometritis, 612 Infiltrative lymphohistiocytosis, 113 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 515 Interferons, 105 Intrauterine growth restriction Inflammation, 204–213 stimulants causing, 540 focal segmental (IUGR) acute-phase reactants, 102 Inspiration effect on auscultation, 278 glomerulosclerosis, 566 low birth weight, 599 characteristics of, 207 Inspiratory capacity (IC), 630 mechanism and use, 200 substance abuse, 582 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 745

Intravascular hemolysis, 399 Ischemic heart disease, 293 hepatocellular carcinoma as Keratinocytes Intravenous anesthetics, 519 Ischemic priapism, 617 cause, 375 sunburn, 453 Intraventricular hemorrhage Ischemic stroke, 482 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias as in wound healing, 211 low birth weight, 599 Ishikawa diagram, 262 cause, 377 Keratin pearls, 647 neonatal respiratory distress Islets of Langerhans, 313 leptospirosis, 142 Keratoacanthomas, 454 syndrome as cause, 627 Isocarboxazid, 546 painless, 656 Keratoconjunctivitis, 160 Intrinsic factor, 357 Isocitrate dehydrogenase pancreatic cancer as cause, 380 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 441 location of, 357 metabolic pathways, 70 ToRCHeS infections, 178 Keratomalacia, 62 Intrinsic hemolytic anemia, 400 rate determining enzyme, 69 yellow fever, 164 Kernicterus, 190, 201 Intrinsic pathway, 204 Isodisomy, 53 Jaw jerk reflex, 477 Kernohan notch, 499 for coagulation, 391 Isoflurane, 519 JC virus (John Cunningham virus) Ketamine, 519 coagulation defects of, 404 Isolation of affect, 525 HIV-positive adults, 173 Ketoconazole, 194, 195, 623 heparin and, 414 Isoleucine polyomaviruses, 160 cytochrome P-450, 243 Intrinsic renal failure, 571 classification of, 77 progressive multifocal gynecomastia, 615 Introns vs exons, 39 maple syrup urine disease and, 80 leukoencephalopathy PCOS, 609 Intrusive thoughts, 533 Isoniazid, 193 and, 494 reproductive hormones and, 620 Intussusception, 368 cytochrome P-450, 243 JC virus (John Cunningham Virus) Ketogenesis Meckel diverticulum as cause, 367 drug-induced SLE, 657 immunocompromised patients, 114 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 presentation, 655 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 241 Jejunum, 347 diagram of, 70 Inulin hepatitis, 240 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen insulin deficiency, 336 extracellular volume and, 551 lupus-like syndrome, 241 syndrome, 283 metabolic site, 68 glomerular filtration rate and, 552 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 192 Jimson weed, 233 rate-determining enzyme for, 69 in proximal convoluted seizures, 242 Jod-Basedow phenomenon, 329. See Ketone bodies, 86 tubules, 557 sideroblastic anemia, 397 also Wolff-Chaikoff effect Ketonemia, 336 Invariant chain, 96 Isoproterenol JONES criteria (rheumatic Ketonuria, 336 Invasive breast carcinomas, 616 norepinephrine vs, 235 fever), 132 Ketorolac, 456 Invasive carcinomas, 215 sympathomimetic action, 234 J point in ECG, 282 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 In vivo biofilm-producing Isosorbide dinitrate, 305 Jugular foramen, 473, 476 Kidney bacteria, 125 Isosorbide mononitrate, 305 Jugular venous distention (JVD), chronic graft nephropathy, 115 Involuntary treatment, 255 Isotretinoin 298, 646 transplant prophylaxis, 116 Iodine cystic acne, 62 Jugular venous pulse, 276 Kidney disease deficiency in, 327, 328 teratogenicity, 582 Justice (ethics), 253 anemia of chronic disease infection control, 200 Isovolumetric contraction, 276 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 506 and, 399 teratogenicity, 582 Isovolumetric relaxation, 276 Juvenile polyposis, 370 hypertension, 290 thionamide effect on, 341 Isuccinate dehydrogenase, 74 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 558 Kidney endocrine functions, 559 Iodophors, 200 Itraconazole filtration, 553 Kidneys IPEX syndrome, 98 azoles, 195 juxtaglomerular cells, 550 autoregulation of, 286 Ipratropium, 233, 649 mechanism (diagram), 194 renin secretion, 558 embryologic derivation, 581 Irinotecan, 419 Sporothrix schenckii, 150 Juxtaglomerular cells embryology of, 548 in cell cycle, 416 systemic mycoses, 147 tumors in, 324 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 345 targets of, 416 Ivabradine, 310 hormones acting on, 559 Irinotecan/topotecan, 35 IV drug use K ischemia in, 206 Iris, 504 common organisms, 175 Kallikrein sclerosis, 446 Iritis, 506 osteomyelitis, 176 C1 esterase inhibitor solitary functioning, 549 Iron Ivermectin, 196 deficiency, 103 Kidney stones, 567 absorption of, 358 IV phlebitis, 195 neutrophils and, 386 Crohn disease as cause, 365 anemia, 402 Ixodes ticks, 142, 144, 153 Kallmann syndrome, 604 electrolyte disturbances, 560 anemia of chronic disease, 399 Kaposi sarcoma, 450 hematuria with, 562 in hemochromatosis, 378 J AIDS and, 180 horseshoe kidney and, 549 lab values in anemia, 402 JAK2 gene, 218 bacillary angiomatosis vs, 450 hydronephrosis, 568 metabolic acidosis, 561 myeloproliferative disorders, 411 HHV-8, 161 hyperparathyroidism, 332 sideroblastic anemia, 397 Janeway lesions, 655 HIV-positive adults, 173 postrenal azotemia, 571 toxicity treatment, 239 bacterial endocarditis, 299 IFN-a for, 200 UTIs, 177 Iron deficiency anemia, 396 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 143 oncogenic microbes and, 219 Kiesselbach plexus, 636 in anemia taxonomy, 396 Jaundice, 376 recombinant cytokines for, 117 Killed vaccines, 158 colorectal cancer as cause, 371 ABO hemolytic disease of the Kartagener syndrome, 45, 268 Killian triangle, 367 fibroid tumors, 612 newborn, 390 infertility with, 601 Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules Plummer-Vinson syndrome as alcoholic cirrhosis as cause, 374 obstructive lung disease, 639 diabetes mellitus, 336 cause, 360 biliary tract disease as cause, 378 presentation, 656 diabetic glomerulo­ Iron poisoning, 404 cholangitis as cause, 379 Karyotyping, 51 nephropathy, 566 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 366 cirrhosis as cause, 372 Kawasaki disease, 302 Kinases, 69 antispasmodic drugs, 233 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 656 presentation, 652, 656 Kinesin, 44 Ischemia, 206, 634 as drug reaction, 240 Kayser-Fleischer rings Kingella spp, 299 atherosclerosis, 292 fructose intolerance, 76 Wilson disease as cause, 378 Kinin cascade, 391 Fanconi syndrome, 556 galactosemia, 76 K cells, 356 Kinin pathways, 391 necrosis and, 205 graft-versus-host disease, 115 Kegel exercises, 569 kinky hair, 47 Ischemic brain disease, 482 hepatitis B, 180 Keloid scars, 210 Kissing bug (disease vector), 154 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 746 INDEX

Klebsiella spp, 140 Lactase deficiency, 77 Lateral corticospinal tract, ntracellular organism, 124 alcoholism, 175 Lactation, 599. See also Breast milk 478, 479, 484 macrolides, 189 currant jelly sputum, 182 dopamine and, 316 Lateral epicondylitis, 426 nosocomial infection, 181 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 oxytocin for, 342 Lateral femoral circumflex artery, 436 pneumonia, 645 kidney stones, 567 progesterone and, 595 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 430 silver stain, 122 lactose fermentation, 138 prolactin and, 316 Lateral fold closure defects, 344 taxonomy, 121 nosocomial infections, 181 Sheehan syndrome and, 335 Lateral geniculate nucleus Legionella pneumophila, 139 pneumonia, 645 Lactational mastitis, 615 (LGN), 468 Legionnaires’ disease, 139 taxonomy, 121 Lactic acid dehydrogenase, 73 Lateral medullary syndrome, 484 Leiomyomas, 612 urease-positive, 124 Lactic acidosis Lateral pterygoid muscle, 587 nomenclature for, 216 urinary tract infections, 570 ethanol metabolism and, 68 Lateral rectus muscle, 510 polycythemia and, 217 Klebsiella pneumoniae exercise and, 635 Lateral spinothalamic tract, 478 Leiomyosarcomas, 216 cephalosporins, 185 MELAS syndrome, 55 Lateral thoracic artery, 432 Leishmania donovani, 154 encapsulation, 124 metabolic acidosis, 561 Lateral ventricles Leishmaniasis, 154, 196 herniation syndromes, 499 immunodeficient patients, 114 metformin, 340 Lens, 504 optic radiation, 511 presentation, 655 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex collagen in, 46 ventricular system, 474 splenic dysfunction, 94 deficiency, 73 infantile cataracts, 76 Laxatives, 383 UTIs caused by, 177 Lactiferous sinus, 614 subluxation of, 80 LDH in exudate vs transudate, 212 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 Lactobacillus spp Lenticulostriate artery, 484 LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 89 chromosome association, 60 normal flora, 174 Lentiform nucleus, 470 Leaden paralysis, 531 gynecomastia, 615 taxonomy, 121 Leonine facies, 137 testicular tumors, 618 Lead poisoning, 397, 403 Lepromatous Hansen disease, 137 Lactoferrin acute tubular necrosis, 572 Klumpke palsy, 428 in neutrophils, 386 Leptin, 317 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 481 in anemia taxonomy, 396 hypothalamus, 466 in respiratory burst, 105 basophilic stippling in, 394 Knee pain from “unhappy Lactose-fermenting enteric Leptospira spp 425 Fanconi syndrome, 556 144 triad,” organisms, 123, 138 animal transmission, Knees labs/findings, 657 spirochete, 142 Lactose intolerance, 364 652 common conditions of, 425 presentation, Leptospira interrogans, 142 Lactose metabolism, 36 sideroblastic anemia, 397 examination of, 424 Leptospirosis, 142, 144 Lactulose, 383 treatment, 239 Knock-out/Knock-in genes, 52 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 34 for hepatic encephalopathy, 374 Lead-time bias, 250 Koilocytes, 609 gout, 440 hyperammonemia, 78 Lecithinase, 129, 134 condylomata acuminata, 180 inheritance, 56 Ladd bands, 367 Lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase) Koilocytosis, 449 labs/findings, 660 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic activation of, 89 Koplik spots, 166, 179, 656 Leser-Trélat sign, 217, 449 syndrome, 445 function, 88 Korsakoff psychosis, 541 stomach cancer as cause, 362 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 217 lecithins Korsakoff syndrome, 528 Lesser sac, 346 small cell lung cancer, 647 lung maturity, 627 Krabbe disease, 84, 494 Lethal median dose, 228 Lamina propria, 347 Lecithins, 627 KRAS gene, 218 Letrozole, 621 Peyer patches in, 358 Lectin pathway (complement adenomatous colonic polyps Leucine in Whipple disease, 364 activation), 103 and, 370 classification of, 77 44 Ledipasvir, 200 colorectal cancer and, 372 Lamins, maple syrup urine disease Leflunomide, 439, 456 647 Lamivudine 80 lung cancer and, pyrimidine synthesis and, 33 and, Krukenberg tumor, 611 HIV therapy, 199 Leucovorin, 417 mechanism (diagram), 197 Left anterior descending artery Krukenberg tumors, 362 coronary circulation, 271 Leukemias, 410 K , 224 Lamotrigine allopurinol for, 457 m for epilepsy, 514 myocardial infarction and, 294 Kulchitsky cells, 325, 647 282 aplastic anemia and, 399 rash caused by, 241 Left anterior division, Kupffer cells, 352 Left bundle branch, 282 carcinogens causing, 219 Lancet-shaped diplococci, 132 Kuru, 174 Left bundle branch block, 277 cyclophosphamide for, 418 Landmark dermatomes, 480 Kussmaul respirations Left circumflex coronary artery, 271 cytarabine for, 417 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 412 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Left common iliac artery, 348 doxorubicin for, 418 Langerhans cells, 388 Kussmaul sign, 301 Left gastroepiploic artry, 349 etoposide/teniposide for, 419 Birbeck granules in, 660 Kwashiorkor, 67 Left hamianopia with macular lymphomas vs, 407 Language development, 258 Kyphoscoliosis, 501 sparing, 511 mucormycosis, 149 194 Kyphosis, 80 Lanosterol synthesis, Left heart disease, 643 nomenclature for, 216 Lansoprazole, 381 Left horn of sinus venosus, 268 vinca alkaloids for, 419 L Lanugo, 537 Left lower quadrantic hemiopia, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Labetalol, 237 Laplace law, 273, 627 511 113, 209 gestational hypertension, 608 Large cell carcinomas of lungs, 647 Left main coronary artery, 271 Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase hypertension in pregnancy, 304 Laron syndrome, 333 Left marginal artery, 271 (LAP), 386 hypertensive emergency, 304 Larva migrans, 155 Left posterior division, 282 Leukocyte esterase, 177, 570 Labia, 592 Larynx, 628 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve, 586 Leukocyte extravasation, 209 male homolog of, 590 Larynx muscles, 587 Left shift, 402 Leukocytes, 386 Labile cells, 42 Lassa fever encephalitis, 163 Left-to-right shunts, 289 basophilia in CML, 387 Laboratory techniques, 48–52 Latent errors, 262 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 436 extravasation of, 209 Lachman test, 424 Lateral cerebellar lesions, 469 Legionella spp leukemias, 410 Lac operons, 36 Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) atypical organism, 175 in urine, 177, 562, 570 Lacrimation reflex, 477 injury, 424 culture requirements, 123 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 169 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 747

Leukocytosis Limited scleroderma, 446 Liver Losartan, 577 Clostridium difficile, 652 Linagliptin, 341 blood supply and innervation Lou Gehrig disease, 500 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Lindane, 196 of, 348 Lovastatin, 306 nosocomial infections, 181 Linea alba, 354 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 346 Low birth weight, 599 Leukodystrophies, 464, 494 Linear ulcers, in esophagitis, 360 ischemia in, 206 Löwenstein-Jensen agar, 123 Leukopenia, 402 Linear viruses, 159 lipid transport and, 88 Lower esophageal sphincter cytarabine, 417 Lines of Zahn, 637, 660 as metastasis site, 221 achalasia and, 360 ganciclovir, 198 Lineweaver-Burk plot, 224 tissue architecture, 352 in Barrett esophagus, 361 immunosuppressants and, 116 Linezolid, 189 Liver disease Lower extremity nerves, 430 trimethroprim, 190 highly resistant organisms, 194 acanthocytes in, 394 Lower left quadrant (LLQ) Leukoplakia, 451 mechanism (diagram), 183 alcoholic, 374 pain, 366 Leukotriene receptor protein synthesis inhibition, 187 anemia, 398 Lower motor neuron (LMN) antagonists, 455 Linkage disequilibrium, 52 in anemia taxonomy, 396 lesions, 501, 502 Leukotrienes, 455 Lipase cystic fibrosis, 56 LPS endotoxin, 120, 127, 129, 140 echinocytes in, 394 basophils and, 387 as pancreatic secretions, 358 LTB4 (Leukotriene B4), 386, 455 cortisol effects, 319 in pancreatitis, 380 labs/findings, 660 Lumbar puncture, 478, 491 Leuprolide, 621 Lipid-lowering agents, 306 loading and maintenance dose Lumbosacral radiculopathy, 432 Levator veli palatin muscle, 587 Lipids in, 225 Lumbrical muscles, 429 Levetiracetam, 514 metabolism of, 70 target cells in, 395 Klumpke palsy and, 428 tonic-clonic seizures, 663 transport of, 88 Liver failure median and ulnar nerves, 427 Levodopa, 517, 518 viral structure, 158 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 375 Lumefantrine, 196 Levofloxacin Lipodystrophy movement disorder in, 489 Lunate bone, 426 fluroquinalones, 191 insulin and, 340 Wilson disease as cause, 378 Lung abscesses, 646 mechanism (diagram), 183 protease inhibitors, 199 Liver fluke Lung and chest wall expansion, 631 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 tesamorelin for, 315 hyperbilirubinemia caused Lung cancer, 647 376 Levomilnacipran, 545 Lipofuscin, 213 by, apical tumor, 657 as oncogenic microbe, 219 Levornorgestrel, 622 Lipoic acid, 72 asbestosis and, 641 Liver pathology serum markers, 373 Levothyroxine, 342. See also Thyroid Lipoid nephrosis, 566 carcinogens causing, 219 Liver tumors, 375 hormones Lipolysis cisplatin/carboplatin for, 419 Living wills, 255 Lewy bodies, 490 cortisol and, 319 eriotinib for, 420 Lleukoerythroblastic reaction, 402 Lewy body dementia, 490, 529 insulin and, 314 hypercalcemia and, 217 LMN facial nerve palsy Leydig cells in insulin deficiency, 336 incidence/mortality in, 216 presentation, 656 cryptorchidism, 617 niacin and, 306 metastases of, 221 Loading dose, 225, 669 endocrine function, 594 sympathetic receptors and, 230 neuromuscular paraneoplastic Loa loa, 154, 155 genital embryology, 589 thyroid hormones and, 321 syndromes and, 217 Lobar pneumonia, 643, 645 tumors, 619 Lipomas, 216 oncogenes and, 218 Lobular carcinomas, 614 LFA-1 antigens, 209 Lipoprotein lipase, 88 SIADH, 668 Local anesthetics, 519 LH. See Luteinizing hormone (LH) Lipoproteins, 89 topotecan for, 419 naming convention, 244 Libido Liposarcomas, 216 Lung diseases Locked-in syndrome 259 120 638 in geriatric patients, Lipoteichoic acid, basilar artery lesions, 485 obstructive, 205 testosterone and, 600 Liquefactive necrosis, osmotic demyelination restrictive, 639 Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 443 Liraglutide, 341 syndrome, 492 Lungs Lice Lisch nodules Lockjaw anatomical relationships, 629 disease vectors, 144, 145 neurofibromatosis, 495, 652 Clostridium tetani, 134 autoregulation of, 286 head/scalp, 157 Lisinopril, 577 tetanospasmin, 128 development of, 626 treatment, 196 Lispro insulin, 340. See also Insulin Locus heterogeneity, 53 physical findings, 643 Lichen planus, 169, 448, 453 Listeria spp Löffler medium, 123 sclerosis of, 446 presentation, 655 catalase-positive organism, 124 Löffler syndrome, 297 Lung volumes, 630 Liddle syndrome, 556 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 Lomustine, 418 Lupus, 443 markers in, 560 intracellular organism, 124 in cell cycle, 416 acute interstitial nephritis, 572 Lidocaine, 308, 519 meningitis, 176 Lone Star tick (disease vector), 144 anemia of chronic disease arrhythmia, 661 taxonomy, 121 Long QT syndrome and, 399 Life support Listeria monocytogenes, 135 ranolazine, 305 antiphospholipid syndrome, 443 withdrawal, 257 β-hemolysis, 131 sudden cardiac death, 293 autoimmune hemolytic anemia Li-Fraumeni syndrome granulomatous diseases, 211 Loop diuretics, 575 and, 401 osteosarcomas, 438 neonates, 178 for heart failure, 298 azathioprine for, 417 tumor suppressor genes in, 218 penicillins for, 184 metabolic alkalosis, 561 bacterial endocarditis, 299 Ligaments, gastrointestinal, 346 Lithium, 544 site of action, 574 DPGN, 564 Ligamentum arteriosum, 270 for bipolar disorder, 531, 661 toxicity of, 242 HLA subtypes, 96 Ligamentum teres hepatis, 270, diabetes insipidus and, 334, 240 Loop of Henle, 574 isoniazid, 193 346 hypothyroidism, 240, 328 Loperamide, 382, 520 lab/findings, 661 Ligamentum venosum, 270 prenatal exposure, 288, 290 Lopinavir lymphopenia, 402 Ligand receptors, 204 teratogenicity, 582 HIV therapy, 199 membranous nephropathy, 566 Light criteria, 212 therapeutic index value of, 228 mechanism (diagram), 197 microangiopathic anemia, 401 Likelihood ratio (LR), 247 Live attenuated vaccines, 107, Loratadine, 648 neutropenia, 402 Limbic system, 468 158 Lorazepam, 515 presentation, 652 Limit dextrin, 82 Livedo reticularis, 517 alcohol withdrawal, 542 Raynaud phenomenon, 445 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 748 INDEX

Lupus-like syndrome Lymphocytes, 95–100, 388 Macrolides, 189 Malassezia spp, 148 α-methyldopa, 235 breast milk and, 599 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 Malathion, 196 as drug reaction, 241 CLL/small cell lymphocytic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Male genital embryology, 589 hydralazine, 304 lymphoma, 410 and, 345 Male reproductive anatomy, 593 procainamide, 308 corticosteroid effect on, 402 Legionella pneumophila, 139 Male sexual response, 593 Lupus nephritis, 443 lymph nodes, 92 mechanism (diagram), 183 Maleylacetoacetic acid, 79 Lupus pernio, 444 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 408 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 146 Malignant hypertension Lurasidone, 543 spleen, 94 naming convention for, 244 microangiopathic anemia, 401 Luteal phase, 597 thymus, 94 protein synthesis iinhibition, 187 RBC casts in, 562 Luteal phase of menstrual Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus torsades de pointes, 239 Malignant hyperthermia, 519, 520 cycle, 597 (LCMV), 163 Macroorchidism, 58 Malignant melanomas Luteinizing hormone (LH) Lymphocytosis, 94 Macro-ovalocytes, 394 IFN-a for, 200 clomiphene effect, 621 Lymphogranuloma venereum, Macrophages, 387 recombinant cytokines, 117 contraception, 622 146, 180 alveolar, 628 Malignant mesotheliomas, 220 cryptorchidism, 617 Lymphohistiocytosis, 113 apoptosis and, 204 Malignant tumors, 216 estrogen/progesterone, 595 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 366 bilirubin and, 359 Malingering, 536 hCG and, 584, 618 Lymphoid structures, 92–93 binding of, 100 Malleus, 503 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 Lymphomas breast milk and, 599 Malleus (ossicles), 587 leuprolide, 621 allopurinol, 457 cell surface proteins, 106 Mallory bodies menopause, 600 associations, 668 in chronic inflammation, 207 in alcoholic hepatitis, 374 ovulation, 316, 596 carcinogens causing, 219 cytokine secretion, 104 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, PCOS, 609 celiac disease and, 364 endotoxin activation, 129 360, 656 pharmacologic control of, 620 cyclophosphamide for, 418 endotoxins/lipopolysaccharide, 106 Malnutrition, 67 premature ovarian failure, 609 cytarabine for, 417 innate immunity, 95 superior mesenteric artery secretion of, 313 doxorubicin for, 418 in lymph node, 92 syndrome and, 348 161 sex development disorders, 604 EBV and, lymphocyte interaction, 98 Malrotation, 367 419 294 signaling pathways of, 322 etoposide/teniposide for, in MI, Maltese cross appearance, 153 hypercalcemia and, 217 necrosis and, 205 spermatogenesis, 316, 594 “Maltese cross” sign, 562 leukemias vs, 407 pneumoconioses, 641 testosterone, 623 MALT lymphomas methotrexate for, 417 in spleen, 94 Turner syndrome, 603 Helicobacter pylori, 142 minimal change disease, 566 in wound healing, 211 Lyme disease, 142 oncogenic microbes and, 219 nomenclature for, 216 Macrosomia, 582 animal transmission, 144 Sjögren syndrome, 441 non-Hodgkin, 407, 408 Macula densa, 550 AV block in, 284 Mammary glands, 581 oncogenic microbes, 219 filtration and, 553 ceftriaxone, 185 Mammillary bodies, 468, 474, 481 of stomach, 362 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 558 Lymphadenopathy Korsakoff syndrome, 528 thyroiditis association with, 330 Macular cherry-red spot, 84, 507, 652 bilateral hilar, 639 Wernicke-Korsakoff Lymphopenias, 402 Macular degeneration, 506 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, syndrome, 541 ataxia-telangiectasia, 113 Macules, 447 128, 135 Mandibular process, 587 corticosteroid effect on, 402 Maculopapular rash follicular lymphoma, 408 Mango flies (disease vector), 155 Lynch syndrome, 371 graft-versus-host disease, 115 Kawasaki disease, 652 Manic episodes, 530 endometrial cancer, 612 rubeola, 166 180 575 Lymphogranuloma venereum, mismatch repair and, 37 syphilis, 143 Mannitol, mononucleosis, 161 ovarian neoplasms, 610 Magnesium extracellular volume and, 551 rubella, 165, 178, 179 Lysergic acid diethylamide antiarrhythmic treatment, 310 site of action, 574 serum sickness, 109 (LSD), 541 cardiac glycoside toxicity, 307 Mantle cell lymphoma, 408, 412 syphilis, 143, 180 Lysine proton pump inhibitor effect chromosomal translocations tinea capitis, 148 classification of, 77 on, 381 and, 412 Toxoplasma gondii, 178 in cystinuria, 81 PTH regulation, 320 Mantle zone Trypanosoma brucei, 152 kidney stones, 567 in renal disorders, 560 lymph nodes, 92 Lymphatic gonadal drainage, 591 for pyruvate dehydrogenase torsades de pointes and, 283 spleen, 94 Lymphatic pleural effusion, 644 complex deficiency, 73 Magnesium citrate, 383 MAO inhibitors, 546 Lymphatic regional drainage, 93 Lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase, 83 Magnesium hydroxide, 382, 383 atypical depression, 531 deep inguinal nodes, 591 Lysosomal storage diseases, 43, 84 Magnesium sulfate mechanism of, 544 external iliac nodes, 591 Lysozyme preeclampsia/eclampsia, 608 Parkinson disease, 517 gonadal drainage, 591 innate immunity, 95 Maintenance dose, 225, 669 phobias, 533 internal iliac nodes, 591 in neutrophils, 386 Maintenance stage, 539 selegiline/rasagiline, 518 malignant breast tumors, 616 LYST gene, 113 Major basic protein (MBP), 387 serotonin syndrome, 545 para-aortic lymph nodes., 591 Lysyl oxidase, 47 Major depressive disorder, 530, 531 tyramine and, 236 superficial inguinal nodes., 591 Lytic bone lesions tricyclic antidepressants, 545 Maple syrup urine diseae, 80 Lymphedema, 603, 656 adult T-cell lymphoma, 408 Major ducts (breast), 614 Marantic endocarditis, 217 Lymph nodes, 92 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 412 Malabsorption syndromes, 364, 365 Marasmus, 67 absent or scanty, 112 multiple myeloma and, 409 fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, 61 Maraviroc, 197, 199 T cell differentiation, 97 osteoporosis, 435 Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 163 TNM tumor staging, 216 M Malaria Marcus Gunn pupils, 509 tumor metasases, 221 MacConkey agar, 122, 123, 138 anemia in, 401 multiple sclerosis, 493 Lymphocyte-depleted Macroangiopathic anemia, 396, 401 artesunate for, 196 Marfanoid habitus lymphoma, 407 Macrocytic anemia, 396, 398 Plasmodium, 153 homocystinuria, 80 Lymphocyte-rich lymphoma, 407 Macroglossia, 569 quinidine/quinine for, 196 MEN 2B syndrome and, 339 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 749

Marfan syndrome Medial collateral ligament (MCL) trimethroprim, 190 Meningitis aortic aneurysms, 664 injury tropical sprue as cause, 364 ceftriaxone, 185

aortic dissection and, 293 abnormal passive abduction in, 424 Vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 chloramphenicol, 188 cardiac defect association, 290 in “unhappy triad,” 425 vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 coccidioidomycosis, 147 cataracts, 505 Medial epicondylitis, 426 Megestrol, 622 common causes, 176 chromosome association, 60 Medial femoral circumflex artery, 436 Meglitinides, 341 Cryptococcus neoformans, 149 elastin and, 48 Medial geniculate nucleus Meigs syndrome, 610 CSF findings in, 176 heart murmur with, 279 (MGN), 468 Meissner corpuscles, 464 fluconazole, 195 presentation, 652 Medial hypertrophy, 643 Melanocytes flucytosine, 195 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 292 Medial lemniscus, 484 embryologic derivatives, 581 Haemophilus influenzae, 138 Marginal zone lymphoma, 408 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 513 tumor nomenclature in, 216 headaches with, 488 Marijuana Medial medullary syndrome, 484 in vitiligo, 448 HIV-positive adults, 173 intoxication and withdrawal, 541 Medial meniscal tear, 425 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Listeria monocytogenes, 135 schizophrenia and, 530 Medial pterygoid muscle, 587 secretion of, 313 meningococci, 138 Masseter muscle, 587 Medial rectus muscle, 510 signaling pathways of, 322 mumps as cause, 166 Massive hepatic necrosis, 240 Medial umbilical ligament, 270, 354 Melanocytic nevus, 449 in neonates, 178 Mast cells, 387 Median, 251 Melanomas rifamycin prophylaxis, 192 IgE antibody and, 101 Median claw, 429 nomenclature for, 216 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 132 Mastectomy and winged Median nerve oncogenes and, 218 Streptococcus agalactiae, 133 scapula, 428 carpal tunnel syndrome, 426 of skin, 454 tuberculosis, 136 Mastication muscles, 477 injury to, 427 sunburn and, 453 unvaccinated children, 182 Mastitis, 614 Median umbilical ligament, tumor suppressor genes and, 218 Meningocele, 461 Mastoid air cells, 588 354, 550 Melarsoprol, 152, 196 Meningococcal prophylaxis, 194 Mastoiditis Mediastinal lymph nodes, 93 Melasma, 448 Meningococcal vaccine, 124 brain abscesses, 176 Mediastinitis, 133 MELAS syndrome, 55 Meningococcemia 127 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 Medical abortion Melatonin endotoxins, 138 Maternal diabetes ethical situations, 256 circadian rhythms and, 467 meningococci, Meningococci, 138 cardiac defect association, 290 methotrexate for, 417 derivation, 79 Meningoencephalitis Maternal-fetal placental barrier, 466 Medical errors, 262 Melena HSV-2, 178 Maternal PKU, 80 Medical power of attorney, 255 Meckel diverticulum, 585 Naegleria fowleri, 152 Mature cystic teratomas, 610 Medicare/Medicaid, 260 Meckel diverticulum as cause, West Nile virus, 163 Mature ego defenses, 525 Medication errors, 262 367 Meningomyelocele, 461 Maxillary artery, 586 Medium-chain acyl-CoA polyarteritis nodosa, 302 Meniscal tear, 424, 425 Maxillary process, 587 dehydrogenase Meloxicam, 456 Menkes disease, 46, 47 Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser deficiency, 85 Memantine, 518 Menometrorrhagia, 597 syndrome, 589 Medroxyprogesterone, 622 Membrane attack complex Menopause, 600 McArdle disease, 83 Medulla (MAC), 100 fibroid tumors in, 612 McBurney point, 366 lymph nodes, 92 complement and, 103 hormone replacement therapy, 621 McBurney sign, 656 thymus, 97 in type II hypersensitivity, 108 Menorrhagia, 597 McCune-Albright syndrome, 53, 652 Medulla (brain) Membranoproliferative adenomyosis, 612 424 460 McMurray test, brain stem, glomerulonephritis anemia with, 396 474 MDMA (ecstasy), 541 cranial nerves and nuclei, , (MPGN), 565 Menstrual cycle, 597 Mean, 251 475 DPGN and, 564 estrogens for, 621 Mean arterial pressure, 272, 472, 669 pyramids of, 474 hepatitis B and C, 169 Meperidine, 520 Measles, 166, 179 spinal tracts and, 479 Membranous glomerular Mepivacaine, 519 paramyxovirus, 163, 165, 166 strokes in, 484–485 disorders, 563 Mercury poisoning, 239 presentation, 656 Medullary carcinomas, 616 hepatitis B and C, 169 Merkel discs, 464 unvaccinated children, 182 Medullary cords (lymph nodes), 92 Membranous interventricular Merlin protein, 218 vaccine, 107, 158 Medullary cystic disease, 573 septum, 269 Meropenem, 183, 186 vitamin A for, 62 Medullary pyramids (renal), 550 Membranous nephropathy, 566, 660 MERS (Middle East respiratory Measurement bias, 250 Medullary thyroid carcinomas, Membranous ossification, 434 syndrome), 163 Measures of central tendency, 251 330, 339 Membranous ventricular Mesalamine, 365, 664 Measures of dispersion, 251 oncogenes and, 218 septum, 269 Mesangial cells, 550 Mebendazole, 196 Medulloblastoma, 664, 498 Memory loss filtration, 553 microtubules and, 44 Mefloquine, 153 anti-NMDA receptor juxtaglomerular apparatus, 558 “Mechanic’s hands” in Megacolon encephalitis, 217 Mesencephalon, 460 dermatomyositis, 445 Chagas disease, 154 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 62, Mesenchymal tumors Meckel diverticulum, 367, 585 in Hirschsprung disease, 367 481, 541 nomenclature of, 216 Meconium ileus, 369 Megakaryocytes in essential MEN1 gene, 218 vimentin stain for, 44 cystic fibrosis, 56 thrombocytemia, 411 Ménétrier disease, 362 Mesenteric arteries, 549 MECP2, 527 Megaloblastic anemia, 396, 398 Ménière disease Mesenteric ischemia, 369 Medial antebrachial cutaneous cytarabine, 417 vertigo with, 503 presentation, 655 nerve, 427 Diphyllobothrium latum, 156 Menin, 218 Mesenteric veins, 350 Medial brachial cutaneous as drug reaction, 241 Meninges, 465 Mesocortical pathway, 468 nerve, 427 epilepsy drugs, 514 Meningiomas, 496 Mesoderm, 460 Medial calcific sclerosis, 291 macro-ovalocytes in, 394 lab/findings, 660 branchial arches derivation, 586 Medial cerebellar lesions, 469 orotic aciduria, 398 Psammoma bodies in, 220 derivatives of, 581 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 750 INDEX

Mesolimbic pathway, 468 Metaphyseal tumors, 438 Methylmercury teratogenicity, 582 Microhematuria, 400 Mesonephric duct, 589 Metaplasia, 214 Methylphenidate Micromelia, 582 Mesonephros, 548 benign breast disease, 615 for ADHD, 527, 542, 661 Microphthalmia, 59 Mesosalpinx, 592 cervical, 592 CNS stimulant, 542 MicroRNAs, 39 Mesotheliomas, 641 esophagus, 361 Methylprednisone, 455 Microscopic polyangiitis, 302 carcinogens causing, 219 gastric, 362 Methyltestosterone, 623 labs/findings, 657 Psammoma bodies in, 220 Metastases, 221 Methylxanthines, 649 RPGN and, 564 Mesovarium, 592 of liver cancer, 375 Metoclopramide, 383 Microsporum, 148 Mestranol, 621 of lung cancer, 647 Parkinson-like syndrome, 242 Microtubule inhibitors, 419 Metabolic acidosis, 561 neoplastic progression in, 215 tardive dyskinesia, 242 in cell cycle, 416 adrenal insufficiency, 324 ovarian, 664 Metolazone, 576 Microtubules, 44 Fanconi syndrome, 556 Metastatic calcification, 208 Metoprolol, 237, 309 Midazolam, 515, 519 neonatal respiratory distress Metastatic melanomas Metronidazole, 191 Midbrain syndrome, 627 recombinant cytokines for, 117 bacterial vaginosis, 144 development, 460 renal failure, 571 vemurafenib for, 421 clindamycin vs, 188 lesions in, 481 symptoms of, 561 Metencephalon, 460 Clostridium difficile, 134 Middle cerebellar peduncle, 474 Metabolic alkalosis, 561 Metformin, 340 for Crohn disease, 365 Middle cerebral artery (MCA) acetazolamide for, 575 diarrhea caused by, 240 disulfiram-like reaction, 242 in circle of Willis, 473 causes of, 561 Methacholine, 232 Giardia lamblia, 151 cortical distribution, 472 Gitelman syndrome, 556 Methacholine challenge, 638, 649 Helicobacter pylori, 142 saccular aneurysms, 486 hyperaldosteronism, 324 Methadone, 520 mechanism (diagram), 183 stroke effects, 484 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis as heroin addiction, 541 Trichomonas vaginalis, 664 Middle meningeal artery cause, 345 intoxication and withdrawal, 540 vaginal infections, 177 epidural hematoma and, 483 loop diuretics, 575 for opioid withdrawal, 540 vaginitis, 154 Middle rectal vein, 350 syndrome of apparent Methamphetamine, 542 Metrorrhagia, 597 Midgut 324 mineralocorticoid Methanol toxicity, 239 Metyrapone, blood supply/innervation of, 348 231 excess, 556 Methemoglobin, 632 Metyrosine, development of, 344 Mevalonate synthesis, 306 thiazides, 576 toxicity treatment, 239 Midodrine, 234 Mexiletine, 308 Metabolic fuel use, 87 Methemoglobinemia, 632 Midshaft of humerus, 432 arrhythmia, 661 Metabolic syndrome local anesthetics and, 519 Mifepristone, 622 Meyer loop, 511 atypical antipsychotics, 543 Methicillin, 240 Miglitol, 341 MHC I and II, 96 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Methimazole, 321, 341. See Migraine headaches, 488 cell surface proteins, 106 and, 374 also Thionamides butorphanol for, 521 dendritic cells and, 388 Metabolism, 68–90 agranulocytosis, 241 hormonal contraception Micafungin, 194, 196 amino acid derivatives, 79 aplastic anemia, 241 contraindication, 622 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 224 amino acids, 77 teratogenicity, 582 TCAs as, prophylaxis, 545 Miconazole, 194, 195 apolipoproteins, 89 Methionine, 190 triptans for, 516 Microalbuminuria, 336 catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine classification of, 77 Migrating motor complexes Microangiopathic anemia, 401 catabolism, 79 start codons, 37 (MMC), 356 in anemia taxonomy, 396 disorders of, 76, 77, 80–81, 83, tRNA charging, 40 Migratory polyarthritis, 300 Microangiopathic hemolytic 84–85 90 417 258 , Methotrexate, anemia Milestones (developmental), of drugs, 226 in cell cycle, 416 hypertensive emergency and, 290 Miliary tuberculosis, 136 ethanol, 68 folate deficiency, 398 intravascular hemolysis in, 399 Milnacipran, 545 fatty acid, 85 hydatidiform moles, 605 Microarrays, 50 Milrinone, 305 fuel use, 87 megaloblastic anemia, 241 Microbiology, 120–200 Mineralocorticoids gluconeogenesis, 74 polymyositis/dematomyositis, 445 antimicrobials, 183–200 adrenal insufficiency, 324 glycogen and, 82 pulmonary fibrosis, 242 bacteriology, 120–130 adrenal steroids and, 318 lipoprotein functions, 89 pyrimidine synthesis and, 33 clinical bacteriology, 130–146 Mineral oil, 61 pathway summary, 70 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 mycology, 147–150 Minimal alveolar concentration, 518 pyruvate, 73 targets of, 416 parasitology, 151–157 Minimal change disease, 566 rate-determining enzymes, 69 teratogenicity, 582 systems, 174–182 Minocycline, 183, 188 sites of, 68 toxicities of, 422 virology, 158–173 Minors, consent for, 254 TCA cycle, 73 toxicity, 639 Microcephaly Minoxidil, 623 urea cycle, 78 vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 cri-du-chat syndrome, 60 Minute ventilation, 630 Metabolites, 544 as weak acid, 226 fetal alcohol syndrome, 583 Miosis Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Methoxyflurane, 519 maternal phenylketonuria, 80 cholinesterase inhibitor joints, 429 Methylation, 41 maternal X-ray exposure, 582 poisoning, 232 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Methylcellulose, 383 Patau syndrome, 59 Horner syndrome, 509, 655 84, 494 Methyldopa Microcytic anemia, 396 opioids, 520 Metalloproteinases, 211 Coombs-positive hemolytic Ancylostoma, 157 Pancoast tumor, 646 Metal storage diseases, 210 anemia, 241 key associations, 667 pupillary control, 509 Metanephric mesenchyme, 548 hypertension in pregnancy, 304 Microcytosis, 212 sympatholytic drugs, 235 Metanephrines Methylene blue, 239, 632 Microfilaments (cytoskeleton), 44 Mirtazapine, 236, 546 pheochromocytoma, 326 Methylmalonic acid Microglia, 460, 463 anorexia nervosa, 661 tyrosine catabolism, 79 vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 Micrognathia major depressive disorder, 531 Metanephros, 548 vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 Edwards syndrome, 59 mechanism of, 544 Metaphase, 42 Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, 65 Pierre Robin sequence, 587 Mismatch repair, 37 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 751

Misoprostol, 382 Morphine, 520 Müllerian inhibitory factor genital herpes, 180 diarrhea, 240 for acute coronary syndromes, 296 (MIF), 589 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 143 Missense mutations, 36 buprenorphine and, 228 Sertoli cell production, 594 Lyme disease, 142 Mites/louse treatment, 196 intoxication and withdrawal, 540 Multicystic dysplastic kidney, 549 meningitis, 182 Mitiglinide, 341 Morphogenesis of heart, 268–269 Multifactorial pulmonary Trichinella spiralis, 157 Mitochondria Morulae, 145 hypertension, 643 trichinosis, 155 high altitude and, 635 Mosaicism, 53 Multiorgan drug reactions, 242 Myasthenia gravis, 445 metabolism in, 68 Mosquitoes (disease vectors) Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN diagnosis of, 232 muscle fibers, 433 lymphatic filariasis, 155 syndromes), 339 neostigmine for, 232 Mitochondrial encephalopathy, 55 malaria, 153 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 338 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 217 Mitochondrial inheritance, 55 Zika virus, 167 Multiple myeloma, 409 pyridostigmine for, 232 Mitochondrial myopathies, 55 Motilin, 356 ESR in, 212 restrictive lung disease, 639 Mitosis, 42 Motion sickness, 233 Fanconi syndrome, 556 type II hypersensitivity, 108 griseofulvin, 196 Motor cortex, 484 lab/diagnostic findings, 660 MYCL1 gene, 218 Mitral regurgitation Motor neuron signs, 499 osteoporosis, 435 MYCN gene, 218 in MI, 294 Movement disorders, 489 as plasma cell cancer, 389 Mycobacterial cells, 192 murmurs caused by, 278, 279 Moxifloxacin, 191 Multiple sclerosis, 493 Mycobacterium spp, 136 S3 heart sound, 668 M phase, 42 heart murmur with, 279 granulomatous diseases, 211 tuberous sclerosis, 495 MPO-ANCA, 111 HLA-DR2 and, 96 intracellular organism, 124 Mitral stenosis M protein IFN-β for, 200 taxonomy, 121 left heart disease, 643 in multiple myeloma, 409 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 513 Mycobacterium avium- murmurs caused by, 278, 279 rheumatic fever and, 132 natalizumab for, 118 intracellulare, 136 Mitral valve as virulence factor, 125 oligodendroglia in, 464 HIV-positive adults, 173 in cardiac cycle, 276 mRNA presentation, 655 prophylaxis with HIV, 194 regurgitation in, 300 aminoglycosides, 187 recombinant cytokines for, 117 vertebral osteomyelitis, 176 Mitral valve prolapse, 279 hepatitis viruses, 168 as type IV hypersensitivity, 109 Mycobacterium leprae 144 fragile X syndrome, 58 pre-mRNA splicing, 39 Mumps, 166 animal transmission, diagnosis, 137 renal cyst disorders and, 573 processing, 38 acute pancreatitis caused by, 380 rifamycins/dapsone, 192 Mittelschmerz, 596 protease inhibitors, 199 paramyxovirus, 163, 165 Mycobacterium marinum, 136 Mivacurium, 520 stop codons, 37 vaccine for, 107 Mycobacterium pneumoniae, 123 Mixed cellularity lymphoma, 407 viral genome, 159 Munchausen syndrome, 536 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 136 Mixed connective tissue disease, 443 MRSA (methicillin-resistant Munchausen syndrome by proxy, 536 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 136 anti-U1 RNP antibodies and, 39 Staphylococcus aureus) Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) aerobic organism, 123 Raynaud phenomenon, 445 cephalosporins, 185 receptors, 229 culture requirements for, 123 Mixed transcortical aphasia, 486 highly resistant, 194 Muscarinic antagonists, 233, 649 osteomyelitis, 176 MMR vaccine, 158, 166 nosocomial infections, 131 multiple sclerosis, 493 therapeutic agents, 192, 193 Mobitz AV blocks, 284 oxazolidinones, 189 neuromuscular blocking, 520 Mycolic acid Modafinil, 538 vancomycin, 186 Parkinson disease, 517 isoniazid, 193 Mode, 251 MSH. See Melanocyte-stimulating Muscle fibers, 433 synthesis of, 192 Molecular biochemistry, 32–41 hormone (MSH) Muscle relaxants, 520 Mycology, 147–150 44 116 Molecular motor proteins, mTOR, Muscles Mycophenolate, 33 433 Molluscum contagiosum, 160, 451 Mucicarmine stain, 122 conduction to contraction, Mycophenolate mofetil, 116, 117 Mönckeberg sclerosis, 291 Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, 611 metabolism in, 82 Mycoplasma spp “Monday disease,” 305 Mucinous cystadenomas, 610 ragged red fibers in, 55 atypical organisms, 175 Monobactams, 186 Mucociliary escalator, 628 Muscle spasms macrolides, 189 mechanism (diagram), 183 Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 359 relaxants for, 520 pneumonia, 645 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Mucoid polysaccharide capsule, 139 Muscle tumors pneumonia caused by, 175 Monoclonal gammopathy of Mucopolysaccharides, 122 stain for, 44 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 146 undetermined significance Mucopolysaccharidoses, 84 Muscular dystrophies, 57 anemia and, 401 (MGUS), 409 Mucor spp frameshift mutation, 36, 57 erythema multiforme, 452 Monocytes, 386, 387 amphotericin B for, 195 presentation, 652, 656 tetracyclines, 188 innate immunity and, 95 opportunistic infection, 149 X-linked recessive disorder, 56 Mycoses morulae in, 145 presentation, 652 Muscularis externa, 347 cutaneous, 148 Mononucleosis Mucormycosis, 149 Muscularis mucosa, 347 granulomatous diseases, 211 anemia and, 401 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Muscular ventricular septum, 269 systemic, 147 Monospot test, 161 Mucosa, 347 Musculocutaneous nerve, 427 Mycosis fungoides, 408 Montelukast, 649 Mucosal bleeding Musculoskeletal drug reactions, 241 Mydriasis arachidonic acid pathway, 455 scurvy, 656 Musculoskeletal system a-agonists, 521 Mood disorders, 530 Mucositis anatomy, 424–432 G-protein-linked second readmissions with, 261 bleomycin, 418 pathology, 435–443 receptor, 230 Moon facies, 323 methotrexate, 417 pharmacology, 455–457 muscarinic antagonists for, 233 Moraxella spp Mucus, 230 Mutases, 69 pupillary control, 509 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 Mulberry molars, 143 Mutations in DNA, 36 saccular aneurysm, 486 taxonomy, 121 Müllerian duct Mutism, 536 Myelencephalon, 460 Moraxella catarrhalis agenesis, 589 Myalgias Myelin, 464 rhinosinusitis, 636 anomalies of, 590 Ebola virus, 167 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 409 Moro reflex, 258, 480 derivatives of, 589 fluoroquinolones, 191 sideroblastic anemia, 397 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 752 INDEX

Myelofibrosis, 411 Myotonic type 1 muscular Nateglinide, 341 fluoroquinolones, 191 dacrocytes in, 394 dystrophy, 57 National Board of Medical Examiners IgA protease, 125 Myeloperoxidase, 105 Myxedema (NBME), 2, 10 intracellular organism, 124 in neutrophils, 386 hypothyroidism, 327 Natriuresis, 558 taxonomy, 121 Myeloproliferative disorders, 411 thyroid hormones for, 342 Natural killer (NK) cells, 97 transformation in, 126 AML, 410 Myxomas, 301 cell surface proteins, 106 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 138 basophilia, 387 Myxomatous degeneration, 279 function of, 388 antigenic variation, 106 chronic, 411 innate immunity and, 95 culture requirements, 123 hydroxyurea for, 419 N Nausea Gram-negative algorithm, 137 Myelosuppression N-acetylcysteine, 648 adverse drug effects, 516 osteomyelitis, 176 alkylating agents, 418 for acetaminophen toxicity, 239 Alzheimer disease drugs, 518 pelvic inflammatory disease, 181 antimetabolites, 417 for cystic fibrosis, 56 anesthetics, 519 septic arthritis, 441 drugs causing, 422 N-acetylglucosaminyl-1- cardiac glycosides, 307 STI, 180 hydroxyurea, 419 phosphotransferase, 43 iron poisoning, 404 UTIs with, 570 irinotecan/topotecan, 419 NADH (nicotinamide adenine loperamide as cause, 382 Neisseria meningitidis Myenteric nerve plexus, 347 dinucleotide) MI as cause, 294 chloramphenicol, 188 Mylohyoid muscle, 587 electron transport chain, 74 migraine headaches, 488 culture requirements, 123 Myocardial action potential, 280 fructose metabolism, 76 octreotide as cause, 382 encapsulation, 124 Myocardial depression, 519 TCA cycle, 73 Parkinson disease drugs, 517 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 Myocardial infarction (MI), 293 Nadolol, 237 polio presentation, 501 immunodeficient patients, 114 β-blockers for, 237 NADPH (nicotinamide adenine ranolazine, 305 meningitis, 176 Class IB antiarrhythmics after, 308 dinucleotide phosphate) renal failure, 571 penicillin G/V for, 183 complications of, 295 ethanol metabolism, 68 vitamin A toxicity, 62 splenic dysfunction, 94 diabetes mellitus, 336 HMP shunt and, 75 vitamin C toxicity, 65 Waterhouse-Friderichsen diagnosis of, 295 respiratory burst and, 105 NE. See Norepinephrine (NE) syndrome, 324 on ECG, 282 universal electron acceptors, 71 Nebivolol, 237 Nelson syndrome, 332 evolution of, 294 Naegleria fowleri, 152 Necator spp Nematodes, 155 heart failure caused by, 298 Nafcillin disease associations, 157 infection routes, 154 heparin for, 413 characteristics of, 184 infection routes, 154 Neomycin homocystinuria, 80 mechanism (diagram), 183 Necator americanus, 155 aminoglycosides, 187 hypertensive emergency and, 290 Nails Neck and head cancer, 636 for hepatic encephalopathy, 374 shock caused by, 299 clubbing, 56 cetuximab for, 420 mechanism (diagram), 183 thrombolytics for, 415 glomus tumors under, 450 Necrosis, 205 Neonatal respiratory distress Myocardial oxygen demand, 273 splinter hemorrhages, 299 acute pancreatitis as cause, 380 syndrome (NRDS), 627 Myocarditis Naive T-cell activation, 99 Arthus reaction, 109 restrictive lung disease, 639 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 135 Naked viral genome infectivity, 159 benign tumors, 216 Neonates coxsackievirus, 163 Nalidixic acid, 183 calcification, 208 ABO hemolytic disease diptheria, 135 Naloxone carbon tetrachloride, 219 of, 390 picornaviruses, 163 dextromethorphan overdose, 648 caseating, 211 Apgar score, 599 Toxocara canis, 155 heroin addiction, 541 femoral head, 116, 436 Candida albicans in, 149 Myoclonic seizures, 487 for opioid toxicity, 239 fibrinoid, 439 Chlamydia trachomatis in, 146 Myoclonus, 489 opioid toxicity, 520, 540 glioblastoma multiforme, 496 coagulation cascade in, 392 Myofibroblasts, 211 Naltrexone hepatic, 455 conjunctivitis, 138, 146 Myoglobin alcoholism, 541, 661 ischemic brain disease, 482 deprivation effects, 526 in muscle fibers, 433 heroin addiction, 541 jaw, 456 esophageal atresia in, 344 oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation opioid toxicity, 520, 540 retinitis, 508 flora with C-section, 174 curve, 632 Naproxen, 456 saponification, 205 galactosemia in, 76 Myoglobinuria acute gout drugs, 457 scaphoid avascular, 426 gastroenteritis, 164 acute tubular necrosis, 572 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 skin, 452 gray baby syndrome in, 188 McArdle disease, 83 Narcissistic personality disorder, 535 transplant reaction, 115 hemolytic anemia in, 400 Myometrium, 592 Narcolepsy, 538 warfarin, 414 herpes in, 160 Myonecrosis, 134 amphetamines for, 234 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 369 HIV in, 171 Myopathy CNS stimulants for, 542 low birth weight, 599 hyperthermia in, 233 daptomycin, 191 hypnagogic hallucinations, 529 neonatal respiratory distress hypertrophic pyloric stenosis as drug reaction, 241 Nasal congestion, 648 syndrome and, 627 in, 345 interferons, 200 Nasal decongestion Necrotizing fasciitis, 132, 451 indirect inguinal hernia in, 355 lipid-lowering agents and, 306 ephedrine for, 234 Necrotizing glomerulonephritis, 302 jaundice in, 376 Myophosphorylase, 83 Nasal polyps Negative predictive value (NPV), kernicterus, 190, 201 Myopia, 504 cystic fibrosis, 56 247, 669 Listeria monocytogenes in, 135 retinal detachment, 507 Nasal septum perforation, 302 Negative reinforcement, 524 low birth weight, 599 Myosin Nasopharyngeal carcinomas Negative skew distribution, 251 meningitis in, 135, 178 smooth muscle contraction, 434 EBV and, 161 Negative-stranded viruses, 164 necrotizing enterocolitis striated muscle contraction, 433 oncogenic microbes and, 219 Neglect (child), 526 and, 369 Myosin-light-chain kinase Natalizumab, 118 Negri bodies, 167 Nikolsky sign, 451 (MLCK), 434 multiple sclerosis, 493 Neisseria spp, 138 obesity risk factors, 599 Myotonic dystrophy progressive multifocal C5-C9 deficiencies, 103 pneumonia in, 146 cataracts and, 505 leukoencephalopathy, 494 cephalosporins, 185 primitive reflexes in, 480 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 753

Rh hemolytic disease of, 390 Neuraminidase, 165, 166 Neurovascular pairing, 432 Nissl substance sickle cell anemia in, 400 Neuroblastomas, 325 Neutralization (antibody), 100 chromatolysis, 465 Streptococcus agalactiae in, 133 Homer-Wright rosettes, 658 Neutropenia neurons, 463 vitamin deficiencies, 66 labs/findings, 668 ganciclovir, 198 Nitazoxanide, 151 Neoplasia, 204–211 neurofilament stain for, 44 interferons, 200 Nitrates, 305 pathology of, 214–221 oncogenes and, 218 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 Nitric oxide, 356 progression of, 215 opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia Neutropenias, 402 derivation, 79 Neostigmine, 232, 520 syndrome, 217 ticlopidine, 415 free radical injury and, 210 Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome, 563 Neurocutaneous disorders, 495 Neutrophil chemotaxis Nitric oxide synthase, 434 Nephritic syndrome, Neurocysticercosis, 156 endotoxins and, 129 Nitrites 563, 564–565, 566 Neuroectoderm, 460 Neutrophils, 386 methemoglobin, 632 Nephritis, 575 astrocytes derived from, 463 chemotaxis, 103 urinary tract infections, 177 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 334 derivatives of, 580 CML, 410 Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction Nephrolithiasis, 569 pituitary gland, 313 corticosteroid effect on, 402 test, 113 calcium oxalate, 65 teratomas, 611 IL-8 and, 104 Nitrofurantoin Nephron physiology, 555 Neuroendocrine tumors, 325 inflammation and, 207 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 241 Nephropathy Neurofibromatosis, 495, 505 innate immunity and, 95 pulmonary fibrosis, 242 diabetes mellitus, 336 chromosome association, 60 in leukocyte adhesion Nitroglycerin, 305 hypertension and, 290 inheritance, 56 deficiency, 113 acute coronary syndromes, 296 membranous, 111, 660 variable expressivity, 52 megaloblastic anemia, 398 angina, 293 protease inhibitors, 199 Neurofibromatosis type 1 in MI, 294 Nitroprusside, 304 transplant rejection, 115 presentation, 652 necrosis and, 205 Nitrosamines Nephrotic syndrome, 563, 566 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 nonmegaloblastic anemia, 398 as carcinogens, 219 amyloidosis and, 213 Neurofibromatosis type 2 pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 409 stomach cancer and, 362 charge barrier in, 551 presentation, 652 wound healing, 211 Nitrosoureas, 418 ESR in, 212 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 Nevi, 216 Nitrous oxide, 519 fatty casts in, 562 Neurofilaments, 44 Nevirapine Nizatidine, 381 labs/findings, 660 Neurogenic ileus, 232 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 N-myc oncogene, 325 loop diuretics for, 575 Neurohumoral transmission, 229 HIV therapy, 199 Nocardia spp pleural effusion, 644 Neurohypophysis, 313 mechanism (diagram), 197 Actinomyces spp vs, 135 presentation, 655 hypothalamus and, 466 Nevus flammeus aerobe, 123 Nephrotoxicity Neuroleptic drugs, 537 presentation, 656 catalase-positive organism, 124 aminoglycosides, 187 Neuroleptic malignant Sturge-Weber syndrome, 495 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 amphotericin B, 195 syndrome, 520 NF1 gene, 495 immunodeficient patients, 114 cidofovir, 198 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome pheochromocytomas and, 326 necrosis and, 205 cisplatin/carboplatin, 419 (NMS), 543 NF1/NF2 genes, 218 sulfonamides for, 190 cladribine, 417 Neurologic drug reactions, 242 NF-κB, 116 taxonomy, 121 as drug reaction, 242 Neurology, 460–514 N-formylmethionine (fMet), 37 urease-positive, 124 drugs causing, 422 anatomy/physiology, 463–485 Niacin Nocturia, 619 immunosuppressants, 116 embryology, 460–462 cutaneous flushing, 239 Nocturnal enuresis, 317, 467 inhaled anesthetics, 519 ophthalmology, 504–511 gout, 241 Nodes of Ranvier, 464 streptomycin, 193 pathology, 481–488 hyperglycemia, 240 Nodular phlebitis, 302 sulfonamides, 190 pharmacology, 514–521 myopathy caused by, 241 Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin vancomycin, 186 Neuromuscular blocking tachyphylactic drug lymphoma, 668 Nerve blockade in local drugs, 520 interaction, 225 Nodular sclerosis lymphoma, 407 anesthetics, 519 Neuromuscular junction Nicardipine, 304 Noise-induced hearing loss, 503 Nerve fibers, 465 diseases, 445 Nicotinamides, 71 Nonadherent patients, 256 Nerves Neuromuscular paraneoplastic Nicotine intoxication and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 374 lower extremity, 430 syndromes, 217 withdrawal, 540 Nonbacterial thrombotic upper extremity, 427 Neuronal tumors, 44 Nicotinic acetylcholine endocarditis, 217 Nerve trunk, 465 Neurons, 463 receptors, 162, 229 Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 515 Net filtration pressure, 553 local anesthetics, 519 Niemann-Pick disease, 84, 652 Noncaseating granulomas Neural crest origins of, 460 Nifedipine, 304, 608 restrictive lung disease, 639 derivatives of, 581 Parkinson disease, 517 Nifurtimox, 154, 196 sarcoidosis, 444 Neural crest cells, 460, 464 Neuropathic pain, 485 Night sweats Noncommunicating neuroblastomas in, 325 Neuropathy Pott disease, 652 hydrocephalus, 492 Neural development, 460 amyloidosis and, 213 Night terrors, 467, 515 Noncompetitive agonists, 228 Neural fold, 460 diabetes mellitus, 336 Nigrostriatal pathway, 468 Noncompetitive inhibitors, 224 Neural plate, 460 Neurosyphilis, 143 Nikolsky sign, 451 Nondisjunction (meiosis), 59 Neural tube, 460 dementia, 529 pemphigus vulgaris, 452 Nondominant parietal cortex fetal development, 580 Neurotoxicity Nimodipine, 304, 483 lesions, 481 Neural tube defects, 461 cladribine, 417 Nipple Nonhemolytic anemia, 399 labs/findings, 657 immunosuppressants, 116 eczematous patches, 616 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 407, 408 maternal diabetes, 582 methylmercury exposure, 582 intraductal papilloma, 615 associations, 668 prevention, 64 methylxanthines, 649 lactational mastitis, 615 corticosteroids, 116 valproic acid, 514 vincristine, 419 rash on, 655 Hashimoto thyroiditis and, 328 vitamin deficiency, 668 Neurotransmitters, 465 Nissl bodies, 42 hepatitis C, 169 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 754 INDEX

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (continued) Normetanephrine, 79 Cushing syndrome, 323 Odds ratio, 669 HIV-positive adults, 173 Normocytic anemia, 396, 399 DM type 2 and, 337 Odds ratio (OR), 246, 248 Hodgkin lymphoma vs, 407 Norovirus empty sella syndrome and, 335 Odontoblasts, 581 oncogenes and, 218 medical improtance, 163 endometrial cancer, 612 Ofloxacin, 191 rituximab for, 118, 420 watery diarrhea, 175 esophageal cancer and, 361 Okazaki fragments, 35 vinca alkaloids for, 419 Northern blot, 49 focal segmental Olanzapine, 543 Nonhomologous end joining, 37 Nortriptyline, 545 glomerulosclerosis, 566 Olfactory bulb, 474 Nonmaleficence (ethics), 253 Nosocomial infections, 181, 262 hypertension risk factors, 290 Olfactory hallucinations, 529 Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic Ebola, 167 lateral femoral cutaneous Olfactory nerve (CN I), 476 anemia, 398 Klebsiella, 140 nerve, 430 brain stem location, 474 Nonnormal distributions, 251 pneumonias, 175 leptin gene mutation, 317 pathway for, 476 Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, 322 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 olanzapine, 543 Olfactory tract, 474 Non-REM sleep stages, 467 UTIs as, 177 osteoarthritis/rheumatoid Oligoclonal bands, 493 arthritis, 439 Non-response bias, 250 Notochord, 460 Oligodendrocytes, 464, 494 PCOS and, 609 Nonsense mutations, 36 postnatal derivative of, 270 Oligodendroglia, 460 Prader-Willi syndrome, 54 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Novobiocin Oligodendrogliomas, 496 renal cell carcinoma, 568 (NSAIDs), 456 Gram-positive antibiotic Oligohydramnios, 607 sleep apnea, 642 acute gout attack, 661 test, 130 Potter sequence, 548 stress incontinence and, 569 acute interstitial nephritis, 572 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 131 Oligomenorrhea, 597, 609 Obesity hypoventilation aplastic anemia, 241 NPH insulin, 340. See also Insulin Oligomycin, 74 Beers criteria, 238 NSE hormone, 325 syndrome, 642 Obligate intracellular organisms, 124 Oligospermia, 382 calcium pyrophosphate deposition Nuclear envelope, 43 Oliguria, 564 disease, 440 Nucleic acids Oblique fissure, 629 Observational studies, 246–253 Omalizumab, 118, 649 endometriosis, 613 pathogen-associated molecular Omental foramen, 346 363 95 errors in, 250 gastric ulcers caused by, pattern (PAMP), Omeprazole, 381 gastritis caused by, 362 194 Observer-expectancy bias, 250 synthesis of, Omphalocele, 344 gout, 440, 457 in viruses, 158 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 533 Omphalomesenteric cysts, 367 headaches, 488 Nucleosides, 33 antipsychotic drugs for, 543 Onchocerca volvulus, 154, 155 interstitial nephritis, 240, 242 Nucleotide excision repair, 37 atypical antipsychotics for, 543 Oncogenes, 218 loop diuretics and, 575 Nucleotides, 33 drug therapy for, 542 Oncogenic microbes, 219 lupus, 443 synthesis, 68 SSRIs for, 545 Ondansetron, 383 membranous nephropathy, 566 Nucleotide triphosphate, 48 Tourette syndrome and, 527 torsades de pointes, 239 osteoarthritis, 439 Nucleus ambiguus, 477 tricyclic antidepressants for, 545 1,25-(OH) D prostaglandin synthesis, 559 Nucleus cuneatus, 479 2 3 venlafaxine for, 545 kidney endocrine function, 559 renal papillary necrosis, 572 Nucleus pulposus Obsessive-compulsive personality renal osteodystrophy, 571 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 collagen in, 46 disorder, 535 Onychomycosis Non-ST-segment elevation MI fetal precursor, 270 Obstructive jaundice, 380 terbinafine, 195 diagnosis of, 295 Nucleus pulposus herniation, 478 Obstructive lung diseases, 638 tinea unguium, 148 STEMI vs, 293 Nucleus solitarius, 477 flow volume loops in, 637 Oogenesis, 596 treatment, 296 Null hypothesis, 251, 252 Obstructive shock, 299 Oophorectomy, 592 Noradrenergic drugs, 231 Number needed to harm Obstructive sleep apnea, 642 Open-angle glaucoma, 506 Norepinephrine (NE). See (NNH), 248, 669 pulse pressure in, 272 also Catecholamines Number needed to treat (NNT), carbachol for, 232 pulsus paradoxus in, 300 epinephrine for, 234 adrenal medulla secretion, 312 248, 669 Obturator nerve, 430 amphetamines and, 231 Nutmeg liver, 298, 375 pilocarpine for, 232 Occipital cortex, 485 Operant conditioning, 524 bupropion effect on, 546 Nutrition, 61–68 471 Occipital lobe, Ophthalmology, 504–511 changes with disease, 465 Nyctalopia, 62 Occipital sinus, 473 Ophthalmoplegia circadian rhythm, 467 Nystagmus Occult bleeding, 370 cavernous sinus syndrome, 512 direct sympathomimetic, 234 cerebellum, 469 Octreotide, 356, 382 common lesions with, 481 isoproterenol vs, 235 common lesions and, 481 acromegaly, 333 internuclear, 513 male sexual response, 593 Friedreich ataxia, 501 carcinoid syndrome, 338 multiple sclerosis, 493 MAO inhibitor effects, 546 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 513 for carcinoid syndrome, 661 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, in nervous system, 229 multiple sclerosis, 493, 655 GH excess, 317 62 541 opioid effect on, 520 PCP as cause, 541 glucagonomas, 338 , phenoxybenzamine and, 228 stroke and, 484 hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 342 Opioids, 520 pheochromocytoma vertigo and, 503 Ocular albinism, 56 Beers criteria, 238 secretion, 326 Nystatin, 195 Ocular hyperemia, 521 intoxication and withdrawal, 540 REM sleep and, 467 Candida albicans, 149, 661 Ocular motility, 510 intravenous anesthetics, 519 tramadol effects, 521 mechanism (diagram), 194 Ocular muscles, 510 pentazocine and, 521 tyrosine catabolism, 79 Oculomotor nerve (CN III), 476 sleep apnea, 642 O 239 vitamin B6 and, 63 brain stem location, 474 toxicity treatment, Norethindrone, 622 Obesity cavernous sinus, 512 Opponens digiti minimi muscle, 429 Norfloxacin, 191 acanthosis nigricans, 453 location in brain stem, 474 Opponens pollicis muscle, 429 Normal distribution, 251 amphetamines for, 234 ocular motility, 510 Opportunistic fungal infections, Normal pressure hydrocephalus, anovulation with, 609 palsy of, 483, 511 149–150 492 breast cancer risks, 616 pathway for, 476 Oppositional defiant disorder, 527 Normal splitting, 277 cholelithiasis and, 379 pupillary contraction, 509 Oprelvekin, 117 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 755

Opsoclonus-myoclonus Orlistat, 383 Osteomyelitis, 176 Ovarian cysts, 610 syndrome, 217, 325 diarrhea, 240 diagnostic findings, 660 Ovarian dysgenesis, 603 Opsonins, 103 Ornithine Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Ovarian ligament, 592 Opsonization, 94, 100, 103 cystinuria, 81 sickle cell anemia, 400 Ovarian teratomas, 217 Optic atrophy kidney stones and, 567 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 Ovarian tumors, 610–611 Krabbe disease, 494 urea cycle, 78 Osteonecrosis, 436 Ovaries Optic canal, 476 Ornithine transcarbamylase, 70 bisphosphonates causing, 456 anatomy of, 592 Optic chiasm, 474 Ornithine transcarbamylase Osteopenia, 436 descent of, 591 circle of Willis, 473 deficiency, 79 Osteopetrosis, 435, 437 embryologic derivation, 581 pupillary reaction, 509 inheritance, 56 Osteophytes, 439 epithelial histology, 592 Optic disc, 504 Orotic acid, 79 Osteoporosis, 435 estrogen production, 595 papilledema in, 508 Orotic aciduria, 398 bisphosphonates, 456 lymphatic drainage, 591 Optic gliomas in anemia taxonomy, 396 corticosteroids, 116 premature failure, 609 neurofibromatosis, 495, 652 “Orphan Annie eyes” nuclei, 330, Cushing syndrome, 323 Overactive bladder, 569 Optic nerve (CN II), 476 658 denosumab, 118 Overflow incontinence, 569 anatomy, 504 Orthomyxoviruses as drug reaction, 241 Oviducts, 589 embryologic derivation, 581 characteristics of, 163, 164 estrogen, 434 Ovotesticular disorder, 603 Marcus Gunn pupils, 509 influenza viruses, 165 Gaucher disease, 84 Ovulation, 596 optic tract, 474 segmented, 164 heparin, 413 anovulation causes, 609 pathway, 476 Orthopnea, 298 homocystinuria, 80 progesterone and, 595 Optic neuritis, 493 Orthostatic hypotension hormone replacement prolactin effect on, 316 Optic neuropathy, 193 adrenal insufficiency, 324 therapy, 621 Owl eye inclusions, 658 Optochin a-blockers, 236 lab values in, 437 Oxacillin Gram-positive antibiotic test, 130 phenoxybenzamine, 236 menopause, 600 characteristics of, 184 viridans streptococci, 132 SGLT2, 341 pituitary prolactinomas, 315 mechanism (diagram), 183 Oral advance directives, 255 Oseltamivir, 197 raloxifene for, 621, 421 Oxazepam, 515 Oral contraceptives (OCPs) Osler nodes, 655 teriparatide for, 457 Oxazolidinones, 189 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 bacterial endocarditis, 299 thiazides for, 576 Oxidative phosphorylation, 74 endometriosis, 613 Osmotic demyelination vertebral compression metabolic site, 68 hepatic adenomas and, 375 syndrome, 492 fractures, 668 poisons, 74 melasma and, 448 SIADH and, 334 Osteosarcomas, 438 Oxybutynin, 233 ovarian neoplasms, 610 Osmotic diarrhea, 364 nomenclature for, 216 Oxygen PCOS, 609 Osmotic diuresis tumor suppressor genes and, 218 in blood, 633 prolactin effects on, 316 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic Otitis externa, 139 for carbon monoxide reproductive hormones, 620 state, 338 Otitis media poisoning, 239 SHBG effects on, 322 insulin deficiency/ brain abscesses caused by, 176 carboxyhemoglobin, 632 Oral glucose tolerance test, 336 insensitivity, 336 Haemophilus influenzae, 125, 138 cluster headaches, 488 Oral hairy leukoplakia, 173 Osmotic laxatives, 383 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 412 deprivation, 634 Oral rehydration therapy, 141 Ossicles, 503 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 132 exercise and, 635 Oral thrush, 173 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, Wegener granulomatosis as hemoglobin, 631 Orange body fluids, 192 332, 434, 437, 657 cause, 302 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation Orchiectomy, 617 Osteoarthritis, 439 Otology, 503 curve, 632 Orchiopexy, 617 celecoxib for, 456 Ototoxicity Oxygen toxicity, 210 Orchitis, 166 presentation, 656 aminoglycosides, 187, 201 Oxytocin Orexigenic effect, 317 Osteoblasts, 434 aminoglycoside teratogenicity, 582 hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 342 Orexin, 538 bone formation, 434 cisplatin/carboplatin, 419 hypothalamus production, 466 Organ failure, in acute cortisol effect on, 319 as drug reaction, 242 lactation and, 599 pancreatitis, 380 Paget disease of bone, 436 ethacrynic acid, 575 pituitary gland and, 313 Organogenesis teriparatide effect on, 457 loop diuretics, 575 signaling pathways for, 322 errors in, 581 Osteochondromas, 438 vancomycin, 186 fetal development, 580 Osteoclasts, 434 Ouabain, 45 P teratogens, 582 bisphosphonate effects, 456 Outcome (quality measurement), 261 P-450, 193 Organomegaly, 569 bone formation, 434 Outer membrane, 120 Pacemaker action potential, 281 Organophosphates Paget disease of bone, 436 Outflow tract formation, 269 Pacinian corpuscles, 464 poisoning by, 232 Osteodystrophy, 382 Ovarian artery, 592 Paclitaxel, 419 toxicity treatment, 239 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 47 Ovarian cancer in cell cycle, 416 Organ transplants bisphosphonates, 456 breastfeeding and, 599 microtubules and, 44 azathioprine for, 417 collagen and, 46 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 419 targets of, 416 cytomegalovirus, 182 presentation, 652 epidemiology of, 608 Paget disease of bone, 436 hairy leukoplakia and, 451 Osteogenic sarcomas, 436 hypercalcemia and, 217 bisphosphonates, 456 kidneys, 550 Osteomalacia irinotecan/topotecan for, 419 lab values in, 437 WBC casts, 562 hypophosphatemia, 560 Lynch syndrome and, 371 osteosarcomas and, 438 Organum vasculosum of the vitamin D deficiency, 66, 319 oncogenes and, 218 presentation, 652 lamina terminalis Osteomalacia/rickets, 436 paclitaxel for, 419 woven bone in, 434 (OVLT), 466 lab values in, 437 Psammoma bodies in, 220 Paget disease of breast, 614, 616 Orientation, 528 Osteomas tumor suppressor genes and, 218 presentation, 655 Origin of replication, 35 nomenclature for, 216 Ovarian cycle, 597 Pain receptors, 464 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 756 INDEX

Palatine shelves, 588 Gaucher disease, 84 Paranoid personality disorder, 535 Pars planitis, 506 Pale infarct vs red infarct, 207 leishmaniasis, 154 Parasites Partial agonists, 228 Paliperidone, 543 osteopetrosis and, 435 eosinophilia with, 387 Partial pressure, 633 Palivizumab, 118 paroxysmal nocturnal Parasitology, 151–157 Partial seizures, 487 pneumonia prophylaxis, 165 hemoglobinuria, 400 Parasympathetic nervous system, 229 Parvovirus for RSV, 200 Pandemics, 165 male erection, 593 characteristics of, 160 Pallor in aplastic anemia, 399 Panic disorder, 532, 533 Parasympathetic receptors, 230 DNA viruses, 159 Palmar crease, 656 drug therapy for, 542 Parathyroid adenomas genome of, 158 Palmar erythema, 372 SSRIs for, 545 hyperparathyroidism caused by, 332 naked viruses, 159 Palmar interossei, muscle, 429 venlafaxine for, 545 MEN 1/MEN 2A syndromes, 339 Parvovirus B19 Palmar reflex, 480 Pansystolic murmur, 278 Parathyroid disease diagnosis, 331 aplastic anemia, 399 Panacinar emphysema, 638 P antigen, 165 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 320 hereditary spherocytosis, 400 p-ANCA, 111 Pantoprazole, 381 bone disorders, 437 hydrops fetalis, 178 sclerosing cholangitis and, 378 Papillary carcinomas, 216 bone formation, 434 rash, 179 Pancoast tumor, 646 Papillary muscle calcitonin and, 321 receptors, 165 Horner syndrome and, 509 blood supply to, 296 in hyperparathyroidism, 332 Passive aggression, 525 labs/findings, 657 rupture, 294, 296 kidney effects, 559 Passive immunity, 107 lung cancer, 647 Papillary thyroid carcinomas, 330 nephron physiology, 555 Pasteurella spp superior vena cava syndrome, 646 carcinogens causing, 219 osteomalacia/rickets, 436 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 thoracic outlet syndrome, 428 labs/findings, 660 Paget disease of bone, 436 taxonomy, 121 Pancreas Psammoma bodies in, 220 pseudohypoparathyroidism Pasteurella multocida biliary structures and, 353 Papilledema, 491, 508 and, 331 osteomyelitis, 176 blood supply and innervation hypertensive emergency and, 290 signaling pathways of, 322 transmission, 144, 182 of, 348 Papillomas, 216 thymic aplasia, 112 Patau syndrome, 59 embryology, 345 Papillomaviruses vitamin D and, 319, 320 cataracts, 505 160 Pancreas divisum, 345 characteristics of, Parathyroid tumors chromosome association, 60 345 DNA viruses, 159 presentation, 655, 656 Pancreatic buds, hCG in, 598 Pancreatic cancer, 380 genome, 158 Paraumbilical vein, 350 holoprosencephaly, 461 5-fluorouracil for, 417 PAPP-A Parental consent, 254 horseshoe kidney and, 549 adenocarcinomas, 380 autosomal trisomies, 59 Paresthesias Patches, 447 biliary cirrhosis and, 378 Pap smear, 609 panic disorder, 533 Patellar reflex carcinogens causing, 219 Papules, 447 vitamin B deficiency, 65 12 lumbosacral radiculopathy, 432 hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 376 Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), 552 Parietal cell Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) metastases of, 221 Para-aortic lymph nodes, 93, 591 autoantibody, 111 congenital rubella, 290 nonbacterial thrombotic Paracoccidioidomycosis, 147 Parietal lobe, 471 fetal alcohol syndrome, 290 endocarditis and, 217 Paracortex (lymph node), 92 Parietal peritoneum, 354 heart murmur with, 279 oncogenes and, 218 Paracrine, 559 Parinaud syndrome, 475, 481, 498 indomethacin for, 456 presentation, 655 Paradoxical splitting, 277 Parkinson disease, 490 mechanism and treatment, 289 Trousseau’s syndrome and, 217 Paraesophageal hernias, 355 basal ganglia lesions, 481 misoprostol for, 382 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 Parainfluenza benztropine for, 233 neonatal respiratory distress Pancreatic cells, 313. See also a cells; croup, 166 dopaminergic pathways, 468 syndrome and, 627 β cells; Δ cells paramyxovirus, 163, 165 drug therapy for, 517 Pancreatic ducts, 345, 353 Parakeratosis, 448 Lewy bodies, 490 Patent foramen ovale Pancreatic insufficiency, 364 Paralysis neurotransmitters for, 465 atrial septal defect vs, 289 chronic pancreatitis as cause, 380 conversion disorder, 536 nigrostriatal pathway and, 468 septal fusion failure, 268 Pancreatic lipase, 88 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 presentation, 655 Patent urachus, 585 Pancreatic secretions, 358 poliovirus, 182 proteasome and, 43 Pathogen-associated molecular Pancreatitis, 380 rabies, 167 resting tremor in, 489 patterns (PAMPs), 95 acute respiratory distress syndrome unvaccinated children, 182 Parkinsonism Pathogenic Escherichia coli as cause, 642 Paralytic ileus, 419 Wilson disease as cause, 378 (EPEC), 140 alcoholism, 541 Paramedian pontine reticular Parkinson-like syndrome, 242 Pathologic grief, 532 corticosteroids and, 240 formation lesions, 481 Parotid gland Pathology, 203–221 as drug reaction, 240 Paramesonephric duct, 589 embryologic derivation, 581 cardiovascular, 288–302 GLP-1 analogs and, 341 Paramyxoviruses, 165 enlargement of, 441 endocrine, 323–339 hyperchylomicronemia, 90 characteristics of, 163, 164 tumors in, 359 gastrointestinal, 359–380 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 croup, 166 Parotitis hematologic/oncologic, 394–414 hypertriglyceridemia, 90 measles, 166 bulimia nervosa, 537 inflammation, 204–213 mumps, 166 mumps, 166 mumps, 166 musculoskeletal/skin/connective necrosis and, 205 Paraneoplastic cerebellar Paroxetine, 545 tissue, 435–443 NRTIs, 199 degeneration, 217 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 298 neoplasia, 214–221 pancreas divisum as cause, 345 Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, 217 Paroxysmal nocturnal neurological, 481–488 pancreatic insufficiency caused Paraneoplastic syndromes, 217 hemoglobinuria, 400 psychiatric, 526–540 by, 364 lung cancer, 647 in anemia taxonomy, 396 renal, 562–573 valproic acid, 514 renal cell carcinoma and, 568 CD55 deficiency, 103 reproductive, 603–617 Pancuronium, 520 renal tumors, 668 eculizumab for, 118 respiratory, 636–646 Pancytopenia, 399 Paranoia flow cytometry diagnosis, 50 USMLE Step 1 preparation Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 113 amphetamines, 540 intravascular hemolysis in, 399 for, 265 cytarabine, 417 LSD as cause, 541 presentation, 655 Patient payment models, 260 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 757

Pavlovian conditioning (classical Penicillamine Pericarditis Persistent cervical sinus, 586 conditioning), 524 for copper toxicity, 239 acute, 300 Persistent depressive disorder, 531

PCO2, 630 for lead poisoning, 239 fibrinous, 294 Persistent fetal circulation, 599 PCP (phencyclidine) membranous nephropathy and, 566 jugular venous pulse in, 276 Persistent thyroglossal duct, 312 intoxication and withdrawal, 541 myopathy, 241 Kussmaul sign in, 301 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 269, 288 PCSK9 inhibitors, 306 for Wilson disease, 378 picornaviruses, 163 Personality, 534 PDE-3, 305 Penicillin postinfarction, 294 Personality disorder, 534 PDE-5 inhibitors, 619, 623 Actinomyces spp, 135 pulsus paradoxus in, 300 Personality disorders, 535–536 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 661 antipseudomonal, 184 renal failure, 571 Personality traits, 534 naming convention for, 244 Coombs-positive hemolytic rheumatoid arthritis, 439 Pertussis toxin, 128, 139 PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth anemia, 241 Pericardium, 271 Pes cavus factor (PDGF) mechanism (diagram), 183 Perinephric abscesses, 570 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 494 PDSA cycle, 261 penicillinase-resistant, 184 Perineurium, 465 Friedreich ataxia, 501 Pearson correlation coefficient penicillinase-sensitive, 184 Periodic acid-Schiff stain, 122 Petechiae (r), 253 prophylaxis, 194 glycogen storage diseases, 83 aplastic anemia as cause, 399 Peau d’orange, 616 rash, 241 Periorbital edema cirrhosis as cause, 372 Pectinate line, 351 for rheumatic fever, 300 nephrotic syndrome, 655 scurvy, 656 Pediatric patients Treponema pallidum, 664 Trichinella spiralis, 157 Petechial rash aspirin use for, avoiding, 373 Penicillinase-resistant Peripartum cardiomyopathy, 297 fat emboli as cause, 637 common causes of death, 260 penicillins, 184 Peripheral edema Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 216, 370 common fractures, 424 Penicillinase-sensitive calcium channel blockers, 304 Peyer patches, 347, 358 cystic fibrosis, 56 penicillins, 184 cirrhosis as cause, 372 IgA antibody production, 101 dactinomycin for, 418 Penicillin G, V, 183 left heart failure, 298 intussusception and, 368 disorders of, 527 meningococci, 138 nephrotic syndrome, 655 Salmonella/Shigella invasion, 141 hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 405 prophylaxis, 194 Peripheral nerves, 465 Peyronie disease, 617

intussusception in, 368 Penile cancer, 219 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 229 PGI2, 455 juvenile polyposis syndrome Penis embryologic derivation, 581 P-glycoprotein, 220 in, 370 congenital abnormalities, 591 origins of, 460 Phagocytes, 113 Munchausen syndrome by female homolog, 590 Peripheral neuropathy Phagocytosis, 125 proxy, 536 lymphatic drainage, 591 alcoholism, 541 Pharmacokinetics, 225 nephrotic syndrome in, 566 pathology of, 617 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 113 Pharmacology, 224–243 neuroblastomas in, 325 Pentamidine, 150 epilepsy drugs, 514 autonomic drugs, 229–238 precocious puberty in, 53, 318 Pentazocine, 520, 521 Fabry disease, 84 cardiovascular, 304–310 primary brain tumors, 498 Pentobarbital, 515 isoniazid, 193 endocrine, 340–342 rashes, 179 Pentostatin, 410 Krabbe disease, 84, 494 gastrointestinal, 381–383 rhabdomyomas in, 301 PEP carboxykinase, 70 NRTIs, 199 hematologic/oncologic, 413–421 scalded skin syndrome, 451 Pepsin, 357 oxazolidinones, 189 musculoskeletal/skin/connective sleep terror disorder in, 538 Pepsinogen sorbitol as cause, 77 tissue, 455–457 strawberry hemangiomas location of, 357 tricyclic antidepressants, 545 neurology, 514–521 in, 450 somatostatin and, 356 vincristine as cause, 422 pharmacodynamics, 226–228

tetracycline side effects, 188 Peptic ulcer disease, 363 vitamin B6 deficiency, 63 pharmacokinetics, 224–225 unvaccinated, 182 associations, 664 Peripheral resistance, 235 psychiatric, 542–546 Wilms tumors in, 569 cholinomimetic agents and, 232 Peripheral vascular disease, 292 renal, 574–577 Pegloticase, 457, 661 glycopyrrolate for, 233 Peripheral vertigo, 503 reproductive, 620–623

Pegvisomant, 333 H2 blockers for, 381 Periplasm, 120 respiratory, 648–649 Pellagra Helicobacter pylori, 142 Perirenal space, 345 toxicities and side effects, 239–242

vitamin B3 deficiency, 63 misoprostol for, 382 Peristalsis USMLE Step 1 preparation Pelvic inflammatory disease proton pump inhibitors for, 381 motilin receptor agonists and, 356 for, 265 (PID), 181 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 338 visible waves of, 345 Pharyngitis Actinomyces, 135 Peptidoglycan synthesis, 183 Peritoneum, 345 adenoviridae, 160 chlamydia, 146, 180 Peptostreptococcus spp hernias and, 355 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 135 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 alcoholism, 175 Peritonitis diptheria, 135 copper IUD, 622 lung abscessesy, 646 appendicitis, 366 mononucleosis, 161 ectopic pregnancy, 607 Perforation, caused by ulcers, 363 diverticulitis, 366 prophylaxis (rheumatic fever), 194 gonococci, 138 Perforin spontaneous bacterial, 373 Streptococcus pyogenes, 132 gonorrhea, 180 cytotoxic T cells and, 98 Peritubular capillaries, 553 unvaccinated children, 182 Pelvic pain extrinsic pathway and, 204 Perivascular rosettes, 498 Pharynx, 628 endometriomas, 610 natural killer cells and, 97 Permanent cells, 42 blood supply and innervation endometriosis, 613 Performance anxiety, 537 Permethrin, 157, 196 of, 348 Pelvis Perfusion, and ventilation, 634 Permissive drug interactions, 225 Phenacetin, 569 fracture and nerve injury, 430 Perfusion-limited gas exchange, 633 Pernicious anemia Phenelzine, 546 nerve injury with surgery, 430 Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath autoantibody with, 111 Phenobarbital, 515

Pemphigus vulgaris, 452 (PALS), 94 B12 deficiency caused by, 398 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 acantholysis and, 448 Pericardial cavity, 271 HLA-DR5 and, 96 epilepsy, 514 autoantibody with, 111 Pericardial effusion, 647 type IV hypersensitivity, 109 teratogenicity, 582

labs/findings, 657 Pericardial tamponade vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 as weak acid, 226 type II hypersensitivity, 108 labs/findings, 658 Peroxisome, 43 Phenotypic mixing, 158 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 758 INDEX

Phenoxybenzamine, 236. See Phototherapy for jaundice, 376 Pityrosporum spp, 148 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 also a-antagonists Phrenic nerve, 629 PKD genes dapsone, 190 norepinephrine and, 228 Phyllodes tumors, 614, 615 renal cyst disorders and, 573 HIV-positive adults, 173 for pheochromocytomas, 326 Physical abuse (child), 526 Placebo, 246 immunocompromised patients, 175 Phentolamine, 236 Physician-assisted suicide, 256 Placenta, 584 silver stain for, 122 Phenylalanine Physiologic dead space, 630, 670 estrogen production, 595 TMP-SMX, 190 classification of, 77 Physiologic neonatal maternal-fetal barrier, 466 Pneumocystis pneumonia tyrosine catabolism, 79 jaundice, 376 progesterone production, 595 HIV-positive adults, 173 Phenylbutyrate, 78 Physiology Placenta accreta/increta/ prophylaxis, 194 Phenylephrine, 234, 648 cardiovascular, 272–286 percreta, 606 Pneumocytes, 626, 627, 628 a-blockade of, 236 endocrine, 314–322 Placental abruption, 606 Pneumonia, 645 Phenylketones, 80 gastrointestinal, 356–360 cocaine use, 582 acute respiratory distress Phenylketonuria, 79, 80 hematolic/oncologic, 389–393 diffuse cortical necrosis syndrome, 642 Phenytoin neurological, 463–485 (renal), 570 adenoviridae, 160 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 renal, 551–562 preeclampsia, 608 chlamydiae, 146 drug-induced SLE, 657 reproductive, 595–602 Placental aromatase deficiency, coccidioidomycosis, 147 epilepsy, 514 respiratory, 630–635 604 common causes, 175 erythema multiforme, 452 USMLE Step 1 preparation Placental insufficiency compliance in, 631 folate deficiency caused by, 398 for, 264 oligohydramnios and, 607 Haemophilus influenzae, 138 gingival hyperplasia, 241 Physostigmine Potter sequence, 548 inhalational injury, 640 lupus-like syndrome, 241 anticholinergic toxicity preeclampsia, 608 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 655 megaloblastic anemia, 241 Placenta previa, 606 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 146 teratogenicity, 582 treatment, 239 anticholinesterase, 232 Plague, 144 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 tonic-clonic seizures, 663 Plantar reflex, 480 proton pump inhibitors and, 381 64 glaucoma, 521 vitamin B9 deficiency, Plaques (skin), 447 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 226 Pick bodies, 490, 660 zero-order elimination of, Plasma cells, 389 Q fever, 145 Pheochromocytomas, 326 Pick disease, 490 Plasma membrane readmissions with, 261 MEN 2A/MEN 2B and, 339 Pickwickian syndrome, 642 cell trafficking, 43 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 neurofibromatosis, 495 Picornaviruses, 164 sodium-potassium pump, 45 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 132 phenoxybenzamine for, 236 characteristics, 163 Plasma osmolality Streptococcus agalactiae, 133 polycythemia and, 217 genomes, 159 DI treatment, 334 VZV, 160 presentation, 652 naked viruses, 159 insulin deficiency/ Pneumonitis von Hippel-Lindau disease, 495 Pierre Robin sequence, 587 insensitivity, 336 as granulomatous disease, 211 Philadelphia chromosome, 668 Pigmented skin disorders, 448 Plasmapheresis, 493, 564 HIV-positive adults, 173 in myeloproliferative disorders, 411 Pigment-producing bacteria, 125 Plasma protein concentration, Pneumothorax, 643, 644 translocations of, 412 Pigment stones, 379 553 Podagra Phlebitis Pilocarpine, 232 Plasminogen, 392 gout, 440 IV amphotericin B, 195 glaucoma, 521 Plasmodium spp presentation, 656 Phlebotomy, 378 Pilocytic astrocytoma, 498 chloroquine, 196 Podocytes, 550 Phobias, 532, 533 Pilus, 120 Giemsa stain for, 122 in filtration, 553 Phocomelia, 582 Pimozide, 527, 542 Plasmodium falciparum, glomerular filtration barrier Phosphatases, 69 237 305 Pindolol, , 153, 196 and, 551 Phosphate in bone disorders, 437 475 Pineal gland, Plasmodium malariae, 153 nephrotic syndrome, 566 Phosphoenolpyruvate Pinealoma, 498 carboxykinase, 74 Plasmodium ovale, 153 Poikilocytosis, 386 Pinworms, 155 Plasmodium vivax, 153 Point of Service, 259 Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) Pioglitazone, 340 glycolysis and, 69 Platelet-activating factor, 386 pol gene, 171 Piperacillin metabolic pathways, 70 Platelet-derived growth factor Poliomyelitis, 500, 501 characteristics of, 184 Phospholipase A in wound healing, 211 restrictive lung disease, 639 2 mechanism (diagram), 183 autoantibody to, 111 signaling pathways for, 322 vaccine for, 107 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Phospholipids, 358 Platelet disorders, 405 Poliovirus, 501 Piroxicam, 456 Phosphorus in Paget disease of Platelet plug formation, 393 immunodeficient patients, 114 Pisiform bone, 426 bone, 436 Platysma muscle, 587 medical importance, 163 Pitting edema, 298 Phosphorylases, 69 Pleiotropy, 52 picornavirus, 164 332 496 Phosphorylation, 41 Pituitary adenomas, , Pleomorphic adenomas, 359 unvaccinated children, 182 Photophobia acromegaly and, 333 Pleomorphic bacteria, 121 Polyadenylation signal, 38 headaches, 488 GH and, 317 Pleural effusion, 644 Polyarteritis nodosa, 169, 302 leptospirosis, 142 goiter and, 327 lung cancer, 647 necrosis and, 205 rabies, 167 hypopituitarism, 335 mesothelioma, 641 Polyarthralgias Photosensitivity Pituitary apoplexy, 335 physical findings, 643 gonococcal arthritis, 441 demeclocycline causing, 342 Pituitary drugs, 342 Pleuritis, 439 rubella, 178 drugs causing, 241 Pituitary gland, 313 Plicae circulares, 347 Polyarthritis lupus, 443 Pituitary hormones, 244 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, rheumatic fever, 132 porphyria as cause, 403 Pituitary prolactinomas, 315 360, 396 rubella, 178 Photosensitivity (cutaneous) Pituitary tumors Pneumatosis intestinalis, 369 Polycystic ovarian syndrome simeprevir, 200 diabetes insipidus, 334 Pneumococcal vaccine, 124 (PCOS), 609 sulfonamides, 190 MEN 1 and, 339 Pneumoconioses, 639, 641 anovulation, 609 tetracyclines, 188 Pityriasis rosea, 453 Pneumocystis spp, 113 antiandrogens, 623 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 759

endometrial hyperplasia, 612 Schistosoma spp, 157 opioid effect, 520 folate deficiency caused by, 398 ovarian neoplasms, 610 serum markers for, 373 sulfonylurea effect on, 340 folic acid supplementation, 64 Polycythemia, 411 varices and, 350 Potassium chloride, 240 heparin in, 413 blood oxygen in, 633 Portal triad, 346, 352 Potassium iodide hypertension in, 608 bronchitis and, 638 Portal vein, 346, 352 Sporothrix schenckii, 150 hypertension treatment in, 235, 304 Eisenmenger syndrome, 289 in fetal circulation, 270 for thyroid storm, 329 hypothyroidism in, 328 ESR in, 212 Portal vein thrombosis, 372 Potassium-sparing diuretics, 574, 576 insulin in, 314 hepatocellular carcinoma as Portosystemic anastomoses, 350 Potency of drugs, vs efficacy, 227 Listeria monocytogenes in, 135 cause, 375 Port-wine stain of face, 495, 656 Pott disease, 176 lithium in, 288, 290 low birth weight, 599 Positive predictive value (PPV), 247, Potter sequence, 548, 581, 607 maternal phenylketonuria, 80 paraneoplastic syndrome, 216 249, 669 ARPKD, 573 melasma in, 448 presentation, 652 Positive reinforcement, 524 Potter syndrome, 626 normal urine changes in, 554 renal cell carcinoma, 568 Positive skew distribution, 251 Poxviruses ovarian neoplasms and, 610 Polycythemia vera, 411 Postcapillary venule (lymph node), 92 characteristics of, 160 parental consent and, 254 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 375 Posterior cerebral artery, DNA viruses, 159 prolactin and, 316 Polydactyly, 59 472, 473, 485 molluscum contagiosum, 451 propylthiouracil in, 341 Polydipsia, 336 Posterior chamber (eye), 504 PPAR-γ, 341 pyelonephritis and, 570 Polyenes, 194 Posterior circumflex artery, 432 PPAR-γ activators, 244 pyogenic granulomas and, 450 Polyethylene glycol, 383 Posterior communicating PPD test, 136 Rh factor in, 390 Polyhydramnios, 461, 607 artery, 473 Practice tests, 19 SHBG and, 322 esophageal atresia as cause, 344 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Prader-Willi syndrome stillbirth, 178 Polymenorrhea, 597 injury, 424 chromosome association, 60 Streptococcus agalactiae in, 133 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 48 Posterior descending artery ghrelin in, 317, 356 syphilis in, 143 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 444 (PDA), 271 imprinting, 54 termination of, 622 associations, 668 Posterior drawer sign, 424 Pralidoxime, 232 ToRCHeS infections, 178 ESR in, 212 Posterior fossa Pramlintide, 240, 341 Turner syndrome and, 603 giant cell arteritis and, 302 malformations, 462 Prasugrel, 393, 415 twinning in, 583 Polymyositis, 445 Posterior hypothalamus, 466 Pravastatin, 306 urinary tract infections, 177

Polymyxin B, 139 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Praziquantel vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 Polymyxins, 194 circle of Willis, 473 antihelminthic therapy, 196 Pregnancy-induced hypertension, 608 Polyneuritis, 62 stroke effects, 484 tapeworms, 156 Pregnenolone, 318 Polyneuropathy, 403 Posterior pituitary gland, 313 trematodes, 156 Preload in cardiac output, 273 Polyomaviruses Posterior superior pancreaticduodenal Prazosin, 236 Premature ejaculation, 545 characteristics of, 160 arteries, 349 Precision vs accuracy, 249 Premature labor and delivery DNA viruses, 159 Posterior tibial artery, 432 Precocious puberty cryptorchidism and, 617 genome, 158 Posterior urethral valves, 549 adrenal steroids and, 318 low birth weight caused by, 599 naked viruses, 159 Posterior uveitis, 506 leuprolide, 621 murmur in prematurity, 279 Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Postoperative ileus, 232 McCune-Albright syndrome, neonatal respiratory distress 53, 652 Postpartum blues, 532 53, 652 syndrome and, 627 Polyposis syndromes, 370 Postpartum depression, 532 Precontemplation stage, 539 smoking, 582 Polyps (endometrial), 612 Postpartum hemorrhage, 607 Prednisolone Premature ovarian failure, 609 Polyuria Postpartum mood disturbances, 532 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder diabetes insipidus, 334 Postpartum psychosis, 532 for thyroid storm, 329 (PMDD), 545 diabetes mellitus, 336, 337 Postrenal azotemia, 571 Prednisone Premotor cortex, 471 Fanconi syndrome, 655 Posttranslational modifications, 41 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 Prepatellar bursitis, 425 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Post-traumatic stress disorder Preeclampsia, 608 Preprocollagen, 46 state, 338 (PTSD), 532, 534 hydatidiform moles, 605 Preproinsulin, 314 hyperparathyroidism, 332 dissociative identity disorder, 528 placental abruption, 606 Prepuce, 593 lithium as cause, 544 drug therapy for, 542 Preferred Provider Organization, 259 Prerenal azotemia, 571 Pompe disease, 83 prazosin for, 236 Prefrontal cortex, 471 Presbycusis, 259 Pons, 460, 474 SSRIs for, 545 Pregnancy, 598 Presbyopia, 504 Pontiac fever, 139 venlafaxine, 545 advanced maternal age, 59 Presenilin, 490 “Pope’s blessing” (median nerve Postural hypotension amniotic fluid abnormalities, 607 Pressors, 299 injury), 427, 429 midodrine for, 234 anemia caused by, 396 Pressure-volume loops, 276 Popliteal artery, 432 trazodone, 546 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 426 Pretectal nuclei, 509 atherosclerosis in, 292, 668 Postviral infections, 175 choriocarcinomas and, 605 Preterm birth Popliteal fossa, 432 Potassium complications of, 606–607 common cause of death, 260 Popliteal lymph nodes, 93 amphotericin B, 195 contraindicated antimicrobials, 201 Pretest probability, 247 Porcelain gallbladder, 379 in cardiac muscle, 280 diabetes in. See Gestational Prevalence Porphobilinogen deaminase, 403 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnostic test evaluation, 247 Porphyria, 403, 515 PTH and, 320 ESR in, 212 incidence vs, 249 Porphyria cutanea tarda, 403 shifts in, 560 estrogen in, 595 observational studies, 246 Porphyrin derivatives, 79 torsades de pointes and, 283 ethical situations, 256–257 relative risk, 248 Portal hypertension, 372 Potassium channel blockers, 309 fetal circulation, 270 Prevotella spp, 175 ARPKD, 573 Potassium channels fetal hemoglobin, 631 Priapism, 617 pulmonary arterial meglitinides and, 341 fetal respiration, 626 sickle cell anemia, 400 hypertension, 643 myocardial action potential, 280 fibroid tumors in, 612 trazodone and, 546 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 760 INDEX

Primaquine, 153 Projection, 525 Prosthetic heart valves, 401 dopamine secretion by, 559 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 241 Prokaryotes Protamine sulfate, 239, 413 glucose clearance and, 554 Primary adrenal insufficiency, 324 DNA replication in, 35 Protease inhibitors ischemia susceptibility, 206 Primary amyloidosis, 659 RNA polymerases in, 38 acute pancreatitis, 380 physiology of, 555 Primary biliary cirrhosis Prolactin, 316 fat redistribution, 241 relative concentrations in, 557 autoantibody with, 111 circadian rhythm, 467 HIV therapy, 199 renal cell carcinoma and, 568 as granulomatous disease, 211 lactation and, 599 hyperglycemia, 240 renal tubular acidosis of, 562 labs/findings, 657 pregnancy, 598 mechanism (diagram), 197 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) Primary central nervous system secretion of, 313, 315 naming convention for, 244 joints, 429 lymphoma (PCL), 408 signaling pathways for, 322 Proteases, 358 PRPP (glutamine-phosphoribosyl- Primary glomerular disease, 563 tuberoinfundibular pathway, 468 Proteasome, 43 pyrophosphate) amidotrans- Primary hemostasis, 393 Prolactinomas Protein A, 125 ferase, 69 Primary hyperaldosteronism, 324 dopamine agonists for, 316 Proteinases, 386 Pruritus hypertension with, 290 pituitary adenomas, 332 Protein C/S deficiency, 406 anal, 155 markers in, 560 Proliferative glomerular disorders, 563 Protein kinase A biliary tract disease, 378 Primary hyperparathyroidism, Prometaphase, 42 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 72 chloroquine, 196 331, 332 Promoters (gene expression), 38 glycogen regulation, 81 cutaneous mycoses, 148 Primary hypertension, 304 Promyelocytic leukemia, 62 Protein metabolism, 70 ectoparasites, 157 Primary hypogonadism, 604 Pronephros, 548 Protein phosphatase, 81 histamine receptors and, 230 Primary hypoparathyroidism, 331 Proopiomelanocortin, 313 Proteins Prussian blue stain, 641 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 378 Propafenone, 308 free radical effect on, 210 Psammoma bodies, 220 ulcerative colitis, 365 Propanolol, 329 Protein synthesis, 41, 183, 197 diseases with, 660 Primary spontaneous Proper hepatic artery, 346 insulin and, 314 mesotheliomas, 641 pneumothorax, 644 Prophase, 42 metaboilic site, 68 papillary thyroid carcinoma, 330 Primase, 35 Propionibacterium spp, 121 Protein synthesis inhibitors, 187, 244 serous cystadenocarcinomas, 611 Primidone, 489 Propionibacterium acnes, 449 Proteinuria PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 220 Primitive atrium, 268 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase ACE inhibitors for, 577 Pseudoappendicitis, 141 Primitive pulmonary vein, 268 metabolic pathways, 70 angiotensin II receptor Pseudocyst, 380

Primitive reflexes, 480 vitamin B7 and, 64 blockers, 577 Pseudoephedrine, 648 Primitive ventricle, 268 Propofol, 519 diabetes mellitus, 336 Pseudoglandular lung Pringle maneuver, 346 Propranolol, 237, 309 nephritic syndrome, 564 development, 626 PR interval, 284 essential tremor, 489 nephrotic syndrome, 563, 566, 655 Pseudogout, 440 Prinzmetal angina Proprioception preeclampsia, 608 labs/findings, 660 calcium channel blockers for, 304 Friedreich ataxia, 501 serum sickness, 109 Pseudohermaphrodites, 604 ischemic manifestations, 293 Propylthiouracil Proteolysis Pseudohyperaldosteronism propranolol adverse effects, 309 agranulocytosis, 241 cortisol and, 319 Cushing syndrome and, 323 Prions, 174 aplastic anemia, 241 in insulin deficiency, 336 Pseudohypoparathyroidism, 331 Privacy and confidentiality, 255 as inhibitor, 321 Proteus spp Pseudomembranous colitis Probenecid, 243 thionamides, 341 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 clindamycin, 188 cidofovir with, 198 for thyroid storm, 329 nosocomial infection, 181 Clostridium difficile, 134 for gout, 661 Prosencephalon, 460 taxonomy, 121 as drug reaction, 240 gout, 457 Prostacyclin, 455 urease-positive, 124 penicillins, 184 Procainamide, 308 Prostaglandin analogs, 244 Proteus mirabilis spore-forming bacteria, 127 lupus-like syndrome, 241 Prostaglandins cephalosporins, 185 vancomycin for, 186 Procaine, 519 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 kidney stones, 567 watery diarrhea, 175 Procarbazine, 242 aspirin effects, 456 penicillins for, 184 Pseudomembranous pharyngitis Procedure bias, 250 cortisol effect on, 319 urinary tract infections (UTIs), diptheria, 135 Process (quality measurement), 261 glaucoma, 521 177, 570 Pseudomonas spp Processus vaginalis, 591 kidney functions, 559 Prothrombin catalase-positive organism, 124 Procoagulation, 392 PDA and, 270 warfarin effect on, 414 ceftazidime, 185 Progesterone, 595 Prostate cancer Prothrombin gene mutation, 406 cystic fibrosis, 56, 175 granulosa cell tumors, 611 adenocarcinomas, 619 Protofilament, 44 fluoroquinolones, 191 lactation and, 599 estrogens for, 621 Proton pump inhibitors, 381 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 menstrual cycle, 597 incidence/mortality of, 216 acute interstitial nephritis, 572 as nosocomial infection, 175 ovulation, 596 leuprolide for, 621 Beers criteria, 238 osteomyelitis, 176 pregnancy, 598 metastases of, 221 gastrin and, 356 penicillins for, 184 signaling pathways for, 322 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 for Helicobacter pylori, 142 taxonomy, 121 Progestin, 622 Prostate gland, 593 naming convention for, 244 tricuspid valve endocarditis, 299 contraception, 622 female homolog of, 590 Protozoa type III secretion system, 125 endometriosis, 613 lymphatic drainage of, 591 CNS infections, 152 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Progressive multifocal Prostatic acid phosphatase GI infections, 151 aerobic organism, 123 leukoencephalopathy (PAP), 619 hematologic infections, 153 biofilm production, 125 (PML), 464, 494 Prostatitis, 619 miscellaneous, 154 encapsulated, 124 HIV-positive adults, 173 gonorrhea, 180 watery diarrhea, 175 exotoxin production, 128 polyomaviruses, 160 Prosthetic devices Proximal convoluted tubules immunodeficient patients, 114 rituximab, 420 osteomyelitis, 176 defects in, 556 multidrug-resistant, 194 Proguanil, 196 Staphyloccus epidermidis, 131 diuretics and, 574 nosocomial infection, 181 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 761

pigment production, 125, 139 precocious, 53, 318 Pulmonic valves, 268 Q pyocyanin of, 105 Tanner stages, 602 “Pulseless disease,” 302 Q fever splenic dysfunction and, 94 Public health sciences, 246–263 Pulse pressure, 272 rickettsial disease, 145 UTIs, 177 Pudendal nerve, 431 Pulsus paradoxus, 300 transmission, 144 Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 409 Pulmonary anthrax, 133 asthma, 638 QRS complex, 282 Pseudopseudohypoparathyroid- Pulmonary arterial hypertension croup, 166 QT interval ism, 331 (PAH), 643 Punched-out ulcers, 360 atypical antipsychotic Pseudotumor cerebri, 491 high altitude and, 635 Punishment, 524 effect on, 543 acetazolamide for, 575 Pulmonary artery, 586 Pupil Class IA antiarrhythmic effects, 308 504 vitamin A toxicity, 62 fetal circulation, 270 anatomy, congenital long QT 511 Pseudovirion, 158 Pulmonary artery stenosis, 290 CN III palsy, syndrome, 283 control, 477, 509 Psittacosis, 144 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure drug-induced long, 283 Pure red cell aplasia, 217 Psoriasis, 449 (PCWP), 286, 634 ECG, 282 Purines, 190 arthritis and, 442 Pulmonary circulation, 633 ondansetron effect on, 383 de novo synthesis, 33 cyclosporine, 116 Pulmonary edema in torsades de pointes, 283 salvage deficiencies, 34 etanercept for, 457 acute respiratory distress syndrome Quality measurements, 261 Purkinje cells hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis, 448 as cause, 642 Quantifying risk, 248 of cerebellum, 206, 469 infliximab/adalimumab for, 457 compliance in, 631 Quetiapine, 543 in paraneoplastic cerebellar methotrexate for, 417 consolidation in, 643 Quiescent cells, 42 degeneration, 217 skin lesions, 447 left heart failure, 298 Quinidine, 153, 196, 308 Purkinje fibers, 282 therapeutic antibodies, 118 loop diuretics for, 575 cinchonism, 242 Purpura Psoriatic arthritis, 442 LV failure, 296 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 aplastic anemia, 399 HLA-B27 and, 96 mannitol, 575 diarrhea, 240 cirrhosis, 372 leflunomide for, 456 nitrates for, 305 Quinine, 196 Pustular psoriasis, 447 psoriasis and, 449 opioids for, 520 Quinolone, 139, 183 Pustules, 447 Psychiatry, 524–546 renal failure, 571 Quinupristin, 183, 194 Putamen, 470 pathology, 526–540 Pulmonary embolism, 637 neurodegenerative disorders, 490 pharmacology, 542–546 deep venous thrombosis and, 636 R Pyelonephritis, 570 psychology, 524–525 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 415 Rabies, 167 kidney stones, 567 Psychoactive drug intoxication and heparin for, 413 active and passive immunity, 107 labs/findings, 660, 661 withdrawal, 540–541 obstructive shock, 299 163 urinary tract infections, 177 rhabdovirus, Psychology, 524–525 respiratory alkalosis, 561 158 WBC casts in, 562 vaccine, Psychosine, 494 tamoxifen/raloxifene and, 421 Pygmalion effect, 250 viral receptors, 162 Psychosis, 529 thrombolytics for, 415 Pyloric sphincter, 357 Radial nerve, 427 corticosteroids, 116 Pulmonary fibrosis Pyloromyotomy, 345 Radiation exposure diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 amiodarone and, 309 Pyoderma gangrenosum acute myelogenous leukemia drug therapy for, 543 bleomycin, 418 inflammatory bowel disease, 365 and, 410 LSD and, 541 busulfan, 418 Pyogenic granulomas, 450 aplastic anemia, 399 lupus, 443 compliance in, 631 Pyramidal cells, 206 apoptosis caused by, 204 PCP and, 541 diffusion in, 633 Pyramidal decussation, 474 as carcinogen, 219 532 242 postpartum, as drug reaction, Pyramidalis muscle, 354 free radical injury caused Psychotherapy methotrexate, 417 Pyrantel pamoate, 196 by, 210 anorexia/bulimia nervosa, 537 restrictive lung disease, 639 Pyrazinamide, 193 hypopituitarism, 335 anorexia nervosa, 661 Pulmonary hemorrhage, 133 gout, 241 myelodysplastic syndromes, 409 conduct disorder, 527 Pulmonary hypertension, 643 hepatitis, 240 Radiation therapy oppositional defiant disorder, cor pulmonale, 633 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 192 acute pericarditis and, 300 527 drug therapy, 648 Pyridostigmine, 232 angiosarcomas, 450 Psychotic disorders PDE-5 inhibitors for, 623 Pyridoxal phosphate, 63 lymphopenia, 402 readmissions with, 261 Schistosoma, 156 Pyrimethamine, 33, 196 for Nelson syndrome, 332 Psyllium, 383 sleep apnea, 642 Toxoplasma gondii, 663 neutropenia, 402 PTEN gene, 218 Pulmonary hypoplasia, 626 Pyrimidine dimers, 37 osteosarcomas, 438 Pterygoid muscles, 587 Potter sequence, 548 Pyrimidines, 33 pancreatic cancer, 380 PTH. See Parathyroid hormone Pulmonary Langerhans cell Pyrimidine synthesis, 456 papillary thyroid carcinoma PTH-independent histiocytosis, 639 Pyruvate carboxylase, 73, 74 risk, 330 hypercalcemia, 331 Pulmonary surfactant metabolic pathways, 70 readmissions with, 261 PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), 320 club cells, 627 Radon vitamin B7 and, 64 PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related compliance and, 631 Pyruvate dehydrogenase as carcinogen, 219 protein), 217 NRDS, 627 complex, 72 lung cancer, 647 Ptosis (eyelids) Pulmonary trunk, 268 deficiency, 73 Ragged red muscle fibers, 55 CN III damage, 511 Pulmonary vascular resistance metabolic pathways, 70 Rales, 298 Horner syndrome, 509, 655 (PVR), 634, 670 vitamin B1 and, 62 Raloxifene, 421, 621 myasthenia gravis, 445 chest wall and, 631 Pyruvate kinase, 70 Raltegravir, 197, 199 Pancoast tumor, 646 Pulmonic regurgitation, 278 Pyruvate kinase deficiency, 400 Ramipril, 577 Puberty Pulmonic stenosis in anemia taxonomy, 396 Ranibizumab, 118 GH secretion in, 317 carcinoid syndrome, 338 echinocytes in, 394 macular degeneration, 506 GnRH and, 315 systolic ejection murmur in, 278 Pyruvate metabolism, 73 Ranitidine, 381 Kallmann syndrome and, 604 wide splitting in, 277 Pyuria, 572 RANK-L, 320 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 762 INDEX

Ranolazine, 305 Hirschsprung disease, 367 hypercalcemia and, 217 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Rapid-eye movement (REM) ischemia susceptibility, 206 IFN-a for, 200 system, 558 sleep, 467 Rectus abdominis muscle, 354 metastases of, 221 Renin secreting tumors, 560 Rapidly progressive Recurrent branch of median recombinant cytokines, 117 Renshaw cells, 128, 134 glomerulonephritis nerve, 427 therapeutic antibodies, 118 Reoviruses (RPGN), 564 Recurrent laryngeal nerve, 586 von Hippel-Lindau disease, characteristics, 163 Rapid squatting on auscultation, 278 Recurrent laryngeal nerves, 586 495, 655 genome, 159 Rasagiline, 518 Red cell casts, 302 Renal clearance, 552, 670 naked viruses, 159 Rasburicase, 421, 567 Red-green color blindness, 193 Renal cortex, 550 segmented, 164 RAS gene, 330 Red infarct vs pale infarct, 207 hydronephrosis, 568 Repaglinide, 341 Rashes Red man syndrome, 186 Renal cyst disorders, 573 Reperfusion injury, 207, 294 butterfly, 652 Redox reactions Renal disease Reperfusion therapy, 296 carbapenems, 186 free radical injury and, 210 ESR in, 212 Replication fork, 35

childhood, 179 vitamin B2 and, 63 lupus, 443 Replication (viral), 159 cytomegalovirus, 178 Red pulp (spleen), 94 maintenance and loading dose Reportable diseases desquamating, 652 Red rashes of childhood, 179 in, 225 confidentiality exceptions, 255 fluoroquinolones, 191 Reduviid bug (disease vector), 154 Wilson disease, 378 Repression, 525 Kawasaki disease, 302 Reed-Sternberg cells, 407 Renal drug reactions, 242 Repressor proteins, 36 lupus, 443 Refeeding syndrome, 537 Renal failure Reproductive hormones, 620 macrolides, 189 Reflex bradycardia, 558 diabetes mellitus, 336 Reproductive system, 580–621 measles, 166 Reflexes Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli anatomy, 591–594 nipple/areola, 655 clinical, 480 (EHEC), 140 drug reactions in, 240 palms/soles, 655 cranial nerve, 477 Fabry disease, 84 embryology, 580–591 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins as motor neuron sign, 499 guanosine analogs, 197 pathology, 603–617 cause, 184 primitive, 480 labs/findings, 660 pharmacology, 620–623 rickettsial diseases, 145 Reflex tachycardia, 236 myoclonus in, 489 physiology, 595–602 rubella, 165, 178 Refractive errors (vision), 504 preeclampsia and, 608 Reptile (disease vectors), 144 simeprevir, 200 Refractory hypertension, 623 prolactin elimination in, 316 Rescheduling exam, 6 syphilis as cause, 143, 180 Refusing care, 257 tetracycline use in, 188 Reserpine unvaccinated children, 182 minors, 257 vitamin D deficiency, 319 Huntington disease, 518 Rathke pouch, 313, 498 Regadenoson, 293 Renal failure/disorders, 571 as noradrenergic drug, 231 Rationalization, 525 Regan-Lowe medium, 123 consequences of, 571 Parkinson-like syndrome, 242 Raynaud phenomenon, 445 Regional specification markers for, 560 Residual volume (RV), 630, 637 Buerger disease, 302 (brain), 460 NSAIDs, 559 Resistance equation, 670 calcium channel blockers for, 304 Registering for exam, 5–6 renal cyst disorders, 573 Resistance in vessels, 274 CREST syndrome, 446 Regression, 525 waxy casts in, 562 Respiratory acidosis, 561 presentation, 655 Regular insulin, 340. See also Renal hypoxia, 632 Respiratory alkalosis, 561 SLE, 652 Insulin Renal ischemia, 456 causes of, 561 Rb, 42 Regulation of gene expression, 38 Renal medulla, 550 high altitude, 635 Rb gene, 218 Regulatory T cells, 98 hydronephrosis, 568 pulmonary embolism, 637 Reabsorption rate, 554 cell surface proteins, 106 Renal oncocytomas, 568 Respiratory burst, 105 Reaction formation, 525 Regurgitation in GERD, 360 Renal osteodystrophy, 332, 571 free radical injury and, 210 Reactive arthritis, 442 Reheated rice syndrome, 134 Renal papillary necrosis, 572 Respiratory depression Campylobacter jejuni, 140 Reichert cartilage, 587 pyelonephritis and, 570 barbiturates, 515, 540 chlamydia, 146, 180 Reid index, 638 sickle cell anemia, 400 benzodiazepines, 514, 540 HLA-B27 and, 96 Reinke crystals, 619, 660 Renal pelvis, 550 epilepsy drugs, 514 presentation, 656 Relapse stage, 539 Renal plasma flow, 552 inhaled anesthetics, 519 Reactive attachment disorder, 526 Relapsing fever glomerular dynamics and, 553 opioids, 520 Reactive cellular changes, 214 animal transmission, 144 Renal toxicity tricyclic antidepressants, 545 Readmission recurrences, 261 lice, 157 gancyclovir, 198 Respiratory distress syndrome, 599 Reassortment (viral), 158, 165 Relative risk reduction (RRR), 248, Renal tubular acidosis, 562 Respiratory drug reactions, 242 Recall bias in studies, 250 669 Fanconi syndrome, 655 Respiratory rate (RR), 630 Receptor binding, 228 Relative risk (RR), 246, 248, 252, metabolic acidosis, 561 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Receptors (viral), 162 669 Renal tubules paramyxovirus, 163, 165 Receptor tyrosine kinase Reliability, 249 anatomy of, 550 pneumonia, 175, 645 hormone messenger, 322 Religious beliefs, 257 defects in, 556 prophylaxis, 118 as oncogene product, 218 REM sleep, 467 in nephron physiology, 555 ribavirin, 200 Recessive inheritance, 55 Renal artery, 348, 550 PTH and, 320 Respiratory system, 626–649 Recombinant cytokines, 117 horseshoe kidney, 549 Renal vascular smooth muscle, 230 anatomy, 628–629 Recombination (viral), 158 Renal blood flow, 550, 670 Renal vein, 550 embryology, 626–627 Recruiting study participants, 250 endocrine function and, 559 Renin, 558 pathology, 636–646 Rectal veins, 350 Renal cell carcinomas, 568 ACE inhibitor effect on, 577 pharmacology, 648–649 Rectum associations, 668 aliskiren effect on, 577 physiology, 630–635 anastomosis at, 350 bevacizumab for, 420 in hyperaldosteronism, 324 Respiratory tract infections blood supply and innervation, 348 carcinogens causing, 219 renal disorders and, 560 C3 deficiency, 103 familial adenomatous chromosome association, 60 sympathetic receptors and, 230 Respiratory tree, 628 polyposis, 370 horseshoe kidney and, 549 Renin-angiotensin, 312 Respiratory zone, 628 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 763

Resting tremor, 489, 655 Reverse transcriptase, 171 Rice-water diarrhea Ringed sideroblasts, 395 Restrictive cardiomyopathy, 297 Reverse transcriptase cholera toxin, 128 Ringworm amyloidosis and, 213 inhibitors, 197 organisms causing, 175 griseofulvin, 196 S4 heart sound and, 668 Reye syndrome, 373 Vibrio cholerae, 141 tinea corporis, 148 Restrictive lung diseases, 639 Reynolds pentad, 379 Richter transformation, 410 Risedronate, 456 flow volume loops, 637 Rhabdomyolysis Rickets, 436 Risk quantification, 248 sarcoidosis, 444 daptomycin, 191 Fanconi syndrome, 655 Risperidone, 530, 543 Reteplase, 391, 415 hyperkalemia with, 560 hypophosphatemia, 560 Ristocetin, 393 Rete testis, 593 Rhabdomyomas, 301 inheritance, 55 Risus sardonicus RET gene, 218 nomenclature for, 216 lab values in, 437 Clostridium tetani, 134 carcinoma risks with, 330 tuberous sclerosis, 495 vitamin D deficiency, 66, 319 tetanospasmin, 128 Hirschsprung disease, 367 Rhabdomyosarcomas Rickettsia spp Ritodrine, 622 pheochromocytomas, 326 dactinomycin for, 418 Giemsa stain for, 122 Ritonavir Reticular activating system, 481 desmin stain for, 44 intracellular organism, 124 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 Reticular fibrous framework nomenclature for, 216 taxonomy, 121 HIV therapy, 199 (spleen), 94 Rhabdoviruses tetracyclines, 188 mechanism (diagram), 197 Reticulate bodies, 146 characteristics, 163 Rickettsial diseases, 145 Rituximab, 118, 420, 494 Reticulin, 46 negative-stranded, 164 Rickettsia prowazekii, 145 Rivaroxaban, 415 Reticulocytes, 386 Rhagades, 143 transmission of, 144, 157 as anticoagulant, 391 in aplastic anemia, 399 Rh blood classification, 390 Rickettsia rickettsii, 145 deep venous thrombosis, 636 intravascular hemolysis, 399 Rheumatic fever, 300 animal transmission, 144 Rivastigmine, 232 Retina criteria for, 132 chloramphenicol, 188 Alzheimer disease, 518 chronic hyperglycemia, 507 heart murmur with, 279 Rickettsia typhi, 144, 145 River blindness, 155 degeneration of, 506 Streptococcus pyogenes, 132 Riedel thyroiditis, 328 RNA embryologic derivation of, 581 streptolysin O, 129 Rifabutin, 192 interference, 52 normal eye, 504 type II hypersensitivity, 108 Rifamixin, 78 processing (eukaryotes), 38 vascular occlusions, 507 Rheumatoid arthritis, 439 Rifampin, 192 RNA polymerases, 38 visual field defects, 511 AA amyloidosis and, 213 acute interstitial nephritis, 572 RNA viruses, 163 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 495 anemia of chronic disease, 399 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 genome, 159 Retinal artery, 504 autoantibody with, 111 Hansen disease, 137 replication, 159 Retinal detachment, 507 azathioprine for, 417 hepatitis, 240 Robertsonian translocation, 60 Retinal hemorrhage, 507 biliary cirrhosis, 378 mechanism (diagram), 183 Rocker-bottom feet child abuse sign, 526 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 426 Mycobacterium leprae, 192 autosomal trisomies, 59 hypertensive emergency, 290 celecoxib for, 456 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 192 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 145 Roth spots, 655 etanercept for, 457 as prophylaxis, 194 animal transmission, 144 Retinal vein, 504 HLA-DR4 and, 96 protease inhibitors and, 199 chloramphenicol, 188 Retinal vein occlusion, 507 immunosuppressants, 116 RNA polymerase inhibition, 38 presentation, 655 Retinitis, 506, 508 infliximab/adalimumab for, 457 Rifamycins, 192 Rocuronium, 520 cidofovir, 198 labs/findings, 657 Rifaximin, 374 Rod bacteria, 121 foscarnet, 198 leflunomide for, 456 Rift Valley fever, 163 Romaña sign, 154 HIV-positive adults, 173 methotrexate for, 417 Right anterior cardinal vein, 268 Romano-Ward syndrome, 283 Retinitis pigmentosa, 508 rituximab, 118 Right bundle branch, 282 Romberg sign, 143, 500 Retinoblastoma rituximab for, 420 Right bundle branch block, 277 Romiplostim, 117 chromosome association, 60 uveitis, 506 Right common cardinal vein, 268 Root cause analysis, 262 heterozygosity loss, 52 Rheumatoid factor, 111 Right coronary artery (RCA) Rooting reflex, 480 Retinoblastomas Rh hemolytic disease of the coronary circulation, 271 Rosacea, 449 osteosarcomas, 438 newborn, 390 infarct localization (ECG), 295 Rose gardener’s disease, 150 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 Rhinitis occlusions of, 294 Rosenthal fibers, 498 Retinoids, 449 phenylephrine for, 234 Right external iliac artery, 348 Roseola Retinopathy type I hypersensitivity, 108 Right gastroepiploic artery, 349 HHV-6/HHV-7, 161 Alport syndrome, 565 Rhinosinusitis, 636 Right horn of sinus venosus, 268 rash, 179 chloroquine, 196 Rhinovirus Right inferior phrenic artery, 348 Rosiglitazone, 340 diabetes mellitus, 336 picornavirus, 163, 164 Right internal iliac artery, 348 Rostral fold closure defects, 344 hypertension, 290 receptors for, 162 Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, 367 Rosuvastatin, 306 of prematurity, 210, 627 Rhizopus spp, 149 Right lymphatic duct, 93 Rotator cuff muscles, 425 sorbitol, 77 presentation, 652 Right marginal artery, 271 Rotavirus, 164 Retrognathia, 548 RhoGAM, 390 Right renal artery, 348 diarrhea, 163, 175 Retrograde amnesia, 528 Rhombencephalon, 460 Right-to-left shunts, 288 Rotenone, 74 Retroperitoneal fibrosis, 568 Rhomboid crystals, 660 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Roth spots, 299, 655 Retroperitoneal structures, 345 Ribavirin pain, 379 Rotor syndrome, 376, 377 Retrospective studies, 250 contraindicated in pregnancy, 201 Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 42 Retroviruses hepatitis, 661 high altitude, 635 Rouleaux formation, 409, 660 characteristics, 163 hepatitis C, 200 pulmonary hypertension, 643 Round ligament of uterus, 592 genomes, 159 purine synthesis, 33 Rigidity in Parkinson disease, 655 Rovsing sign, 366, 656 Rett syndrome, 527 Rib notching, 660 Riluzole, 518 Rubella, 165 X-linked dominant Ribose, 75 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 500 cardiac defect association, 290 inheritance, 55 Ribosomes, 42 Rimantadine, 197 cataracts, 505 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 764 INDEX

Rubella (continued) presentation, 652 Sclerae, 504 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic heart murmur with, 279 restrictive lung disease, 639 alkaptonuria, 80 state, 342 rash, 179 uveitis, 506 osteogenesis imperfecta, 47 imipenem/cilastatin, 242 ToRCHeS infection, 178 Sarcoma botryoides, 609 Scleritis, 439 lupus, 443 unvaccinated children, 182 Sarcomas Sclerodactyly, 446 medium-chain acyl-CoA Ruffini corpuscles, 464 metastases of, 221 Scleroderma, 446 dehydrogenase Russell sign, 537 methotrexate for, 417 autoantibody with, 111 deficiency, 85 Ryanodine receptor, 433 nomenclature of, 216 labs/findings, 657 meropenem, 186 vimentin stain, 44 Sclerodermal esophageal PCP, 541 S Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 433 dysmotility, 360 phenylketonuria, 80 Saber shins Sargramostim, 117 Sclerosing adenosis, 615 serotonin syndrome, 545 congenital syphilis, 143 SARS (sudden acute respiratory Sclerosing cholangitis, 376, 378 Taenia solium, 157 syphilis, 178 syndrome), 163 ulcerative colitis as cause, 365 tramadol and, 521 Sabin poliovirus vaccine, 158, 163 Sartorius muscle, 353 Scombroid poisoning, 238 tuberous sclerosis, 495 Saturday night palsy, 427 Scopolamine, 233 Sabouraud agar, 123, 149 vitamin B6 deficiency, 63 Saccular aneurysms, 486 Saxagliptin, 341 Scoring of USMLE Step 1 exam, Selection bias, 250 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 47 Scabies, 157, 196 7, 8–9 Selective estrogen receptor renal cyst disorders and, 573 Scalded skin syndrome Scorpion sting, pancreatitis caused modulators (SERMs), 421, Saccular lung development, 626 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 by, 380 435, 621 Sacrococcygeal teratomas, 618 toxic shock syndrome toxin, 129 Scotoma, 511 Selective IgA deficiency, 112 Saddle nose Scales (skin), 447 Scrotum, 593 Selective media, 122 congenital syphilis, 143 Scaphoid bone, 426 female homolog of, 590 Selective serotonin reuptake Laron syndrome, 333 Scar formation, 207, 210 lymphatic drainage of, 591 inhibitors (SSRIs) syphilis, 178 Scarlet fever masses in, 618 bulimia nervosa, 661 132 656 Safety culture, 261 presentation, , Scurvy diarrhea, 240 179 collagen synthesis and, 46 Salicylates rash caused by, naming convention for, 244 Streptococcus pyogenes, 132 presentation, 656 metabolic acidosis, 561 SIADH caused by, 240 S cells, 356 vitamin C deficiency, 65 respiratory alkalosis, 561 Selegiline, 517, 518, 546 Schiller-Duval bodies, 611 Seafood toxins, 238 toxicity treatment for, 239 Selenium sulfide, 148 Schilling test, 398 Seborrheic keratosis, 449 Salivary gland tumors, 359 Self-fulfilling prophecies, 250 Schistocytes, 395 Sebum, 449 Salivary stimulation, 232 Seminal vesicles, 589, 593 HELLP syndrome, 608 Secobarbital, 515 Salk polio vaccine, 158 Seminiferous tubules, 593, 594, 601 in intravascular hemolysis, 399 Secondary adrenal insufficiency, 324 Salmeterol, 234, 649 Seminomas, 618, 668 in microangiopathic anemia, 401 Secondary biliary cholangitis, 378 Salmonella spp Semustine, 418 Schistosoma spp, 156, 157 Secondary glomerular disease, 563 animal transmission, 144 Senna, 383 Schistosoma haematobium Secondary hyperaldosteronism, 324 bloody diarrhea, 175 Sensitivity (diagnostic tests), 247 disease association, 156, 157 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, encapsulated bacteria, 124 Sensitivity equation, 669 as oncogenic microbe, 219 331, 332 food poisoning, 174 Sensorineural hearing loss, 503 squamous cell carcinoma of Secondary spontaneous Gram-negative algorithm, 137 Sensory cortex, 484 bladder, 569 pneumothorax, 644 immunodeficient patients, 114 464 Schistosoma mansoni, 156 Secondary syphilis Sensory receptors, 124 intracellular organism, Schistosomiasis labs/findings, 655 Separation anxiety disorder, 527 osteomyelitis, 176 as granulomatous disease, 211 presentation, 656 Separation anxiety in infants, 258 penicillins for, 184 portal hypertension, 372 Second-wind phenomenon, 83 Sepsis reactive arthritiS, 442 pulmonary arterial Secretin acute tubular necrosis, 572 Shigella spp vs, 141 hypertension, 643 regulatory substances, 356 ARDS, 642 splenic dysfunction, 94 Schizoaffective disorder, 530 secretory cell location, 357 immunodeficient patients, 114 taxonomy, 121 Schizoid personality disorder, 535 somatostatinomas and, 338 lymphopenia with, 402 TMP-SMX for, 190 Schizophrenia, 530 Secretion rate calculation, 554 neutropenia with, 402 type III secretion system, 125 antipsychotics for, 543 Secretory vesicles, 43 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Salmonella typhi, 141 atypical antipsychotics for, 543 Segmental artery, 550 shock with, 299 Salpingitis drug therapy for, 542 Segmented viruses, 164 Streptococcus agalactiae as ectopic pregnancy and, 607 neurotransmitters for, 465 Seizures, 487 cause, 133 pelvic inflammatory disease, 181 readmissions with, 261 aluminum hydroxide, 382 Septate uterus, 590 Sampling bias, 250 Schizophreniform disorder, 530 amphetamines, 540 Septation of heart chambers, 268 Sandflies (disease vectors), 154 Schizotypal personality disorder, 535 Angelman syndrome, 54 Septic arthritis, 441 Sandfly fever, 163 Schüffner stippling, 153 barbiturates for, 515 gonococci, 138 Saponification, 205 Schwann cells, 464 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 540 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 Saprophyticus Guillain-Barré syndrome, 493 β-blockers, 237 Septicemia urease-positive, 124 origin of, 460 bupropion, 546 Listeria monocytogenes, 135 Saquinavir, 197, 199 Schwannomas, 464, 496, 664 cytomegalovirus, 178 readmissions with, 261 Sarcoidosis, 444 Sciatic nerve, 430 delirium tremens, 542 Waterhouse-Friderichsen acute interstitial nephritis, 572 SCID (severe combined as drug reaction, 242 syndrome, 324 cardiomyopathy with, 297 immunodeficiency electrolyte disturbances, 560 Septic shock erythema nodosum, 453 disease), 113 enflurane, 242 diffuse cortical necrosis (renal), 570 as granulomatous disease, 211 adenosine deaminase deficiency as hyperosmolar hyperglycemia macrophages and, 387 hypervitaminosis D, 437 cause, 34 nonketotic syndrome as norepinephrine for, 234 macrophages and, 387 lymphopenia caused by, 402 cause, 338 Septum primum, 268 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 765

Septum secundum, 268 PDE-5 inhibitors for, 623 missense mutation, 36 glycogen metabolism in, 82 Serine, 218 Peyronie disease and, 617 osteomyelitis, 176 in nervous system, 229 Seronegative spondyloarthritis, 442 sildenafil, 648 osteonecrosis and, 436 Skin Serosa, 347 tuberoinfundibular pathway, 468 priapism, 617 autoregulation of, 286 Serositis, 443 Sexually transmitted infections renal papillary necrosis, 572 collagen in, 46 Serotonin (STIs), 180 Sickle cells, 395 pigmentation, 52, 80 in carcinoid syndrome, 338 associations, 668 Sideroblastic anemia, 395, 397 vitamin D, 66 changes with disease, 465 parental consent with, 254 in anemia taxonomy, 396 wrinkles of aging, 48 derivatives of, 79 sexual dysfunction, 537 labs/findings, 657 Skin cancer, 454 vitamin B6 and, 63 Sézary syndrome, 408 lead poisoning, 397 albinism and, 448 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake SGLT-2 inhibitors, 341 vitamin B6 deficiency, 63 Lynch syndrome and, 371 inhibitors (SNRIs) Shagreen patches, 495 Sigmoid colon, 366, 668 sunburn and, 453 fibromyalgia, 444 “Shawl and face” rash, 445 Sigmoid sinus, 473 Skin (dermatology), 446–456 Serotonin syndrome, 516, 521, 545 SHBG. See Sex hormone-binding Signaling pathways blistering disorders, 452 dextromethorphan, 648 globulin (SHBG) endocrine hormones, 322 common disorders, 449 MAO inhibitors, 546 Sheehan syndrome, 335, 606 steroid hormones, 322 infections, 451 MDMA, 541 Sheep (disease vectors), 156 Signal recognition particle (SRP), 43 layers of, 446 oxazolidinones, 189 Shield chest, 603 Signet cell adenocarcinomas, 611 microscopic terms, 448 Serous cystadenocarcinomas, 610, 611 Shiga-like toxin, 128, 140 Signet ring cells, 362 morphology, 447 Serous cystadenomas, 610 Shiga toxin, 126, 128, 141 Sign of Leser-Trélat, 217 vascular tumors, 450 Serous papillary cystadenocarcinomas Shigella spp Sildenafil, 617, 623 Skin drug reactions, 241 of ovary, 220 bloody diarrhea, 175 pulmonary hypertension, 648 Skin flora, 174 Serrated colon polyps, 370 exotoxin production, 128 Silencers (gene expression), 38 Skin infections, 139 Serratia spp penicillinase-sensitive penicillins Silent mutations, 36 Skin lesions catalase-positive organism, 124 for, 184 Silicosis, 639, 641 café-au-lait spots, 53, 399, 495 137 442 Gram-negative algorithm, reactive arthritis, Silver stain, 122, 139 hyperextensibility, 47 114 vs Salmonella spp, 141 immunodeficient patients, Simeprevir, 200 inflammatory bowel disease, 365 lactose fermentation by, 138 taxonomy, 121 hepatitis, 661 kwashiorkor, 67 taxonomy, 121 TMP-SMX, 190 Simple pneumothorax, 643 scaling, 148 Serratia marcescens type III secretion system, 125 Simple renal cysts, 573 scaly, 43, 62 cephalosporins, 185 Shigella boydii, 141 Simvastatin, 306 telangiectasias, 303 pigment production, 125 Shigella dysenteriae, 141 Single nucleotide polymorphisms Skinner’s operant conditioning UTIs, 177 Shigella flexneri, 141 (SNPs), 50 quadrant, 524 Serratus anterior muscle, 428 Shigella sonnei, 141 Single-stranded binding proteins, 35 Skin ulcers, 154 Sertoli cells Shingles, 160 Sinusitis Skip lesions, 365, 664 secretions of, 594 Shock, 299 brain abscesses, 176 Slapped cheek rash, 179 sexual determination, 589 acute tubular necrosis, 572 C3 deficiency and, 103 Sleep tumors, 619 ARDS, 642 Kartagener syndrome, 45, 656 enuresis during, 342 Sertraline, 545 dopamine for, 234 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 ghrelin/leptin production, 317 Serum amyloid A, 102 Ebola, 167 Sinusoids (spleen), 94 GHRH production, 317 Serum lactate, 336 endotoxins, 127 268 642 Serum markers of liver pathology, 373 norepinephrine for, 234 Sinus venosus, Sleep apnea, Serum osmolarity placental abruption, 606 Sirolimus pulse pressure in, 272 antidiuretic hormone regulation pulmonary anthrax, 133 immunosuppressant, 116 pulsus paradoxus in, 300 of, 317 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome targets of, 117 Sleep disturbances hyperosmolar hyperglycemia and, 324 Sister Mary Joseph nodules, 362 apnea, 642 nonketotic syndrome, 338 Short gastric arteries, 349 Sitagliptin, 341 menopause as cause, 600 Serum sickness, 109 Shortness of breath, 533 Situs inversus, 45, 656 Sleep physiology, 467 Serum tumor markers, 220 SIADH, 334 6-mercaptopurine, 417 Sleep problems 17a-hydroxylase, 318 ADH antagonists for, 342 allopurinol and, 457 benzodiazepines, 467 Sevoflurane, 519 associations, 668 azathioprine, 116 benzodiazepines and, 540 Sex chromosome disorders, 603 carbamazepine, 240, 514 in cell cycle, 416 β-blockers, 237 Sex hormone-binding globulin cyclophosphamide, 240 purine synthesis, 33 delirium and, 528 (SHBG), 322 demeclocycline for, 342 targets of, 416 generalized anxiety Sex hormone disorders, 604 as drug reaction, 240 toxicities of, 422 disorder, 533 Sex hormones markers in, 560 for ulcerative colitis, 365 in geriatric patients, 259 adrenal cortex secretion, 312 small cell lung cancer, 647 ulcerative colitis, 664 major depressive disorder, 531 Sex pilus (bacterial genetics), 126 Sialyl-Lewisx, 209 6-thioguanine, 416 paroxysmal nocturnal Sex steroid replacement, 335 Sibling studies, 246 Sjögren syndrome, 441 dyspnea, 298 Sexual abuse, 528 Sickle cell anemia, 400 acute interstitial nephritis stimulant withdrawal, 540 Sexual abuse (child), 526 in anemia taxonomy, 396 with, 572 varenicline, 546 Sexual development stages, 602 ESR in, 212 autoantibody with, 111 Sleep terror disorder, 538 Sexual dysfunction, 537 sickle cells in, 395 biliary cirrhosis and, 378 Sleepwalking, 467, 515 β-blockers, 237 Sickle cell disease pilocarpine for, 232 Sliding hiatal hernias, 355 β-blockers and, 309 autosplenectomy, 664 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 Slipped capital femoral cimetidine, 381 chromosome association, 60 Skeletal muscles epiphysis, 436 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic focal segmental ACh receptors in, 229 Slow twitch muscle fibers, 433 syndrome, 445 glomerulosclerosis, 566 autoregulation of, 286 Small bowel disease, 358 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 766 INDEX

Small cell lung cancer, 647, 668 glucose and, 314 Spina bifida Squalene epoxidase, 194, 195 carcinogens causing, 219 local anesthetic effects, 519 Dandy-Walker syndrome, 462 Squamous cell carcinomas Lambert-Eaton myasthenic pacemaker action potential labs/findings, 657 actinic keratoses and, 664 syndrome, 445 and, 281 neural tube defect, 461 anus and cervix, 173 neuromuscular paraneoplastic permethrin, 196 Spina bifida cystica, 461 bladder, 156, 569 syndromes and, 217 Sodium oxybate, 538 Spina bifida occulta, 461 carcinogens causing, 219 topotecan for, 419 Sodium-potassium channels, 229 Spinal cord cervix, 609 Small intestine, 356 Sodium-potassium pump, 45 embryologic derivation, 581 cytokeratin stain, 44 Small lymphocytic lymphoma Sodium stibogluconate, 154, 196 lesions of, 500 esophagus, 360, 361, 665 (SLL), 410 Sofosbuvir, 200, 661 spinal nerves, 478 head and neck, 636 Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Solifenacin, 233 tracts of, 478, 479 hypercalcemia and, 217 (snRNPs), 39 Solitary functioning kidney, 549 Spinal tap, bloody/yellow, 657 lungs, 647 Smallpox, 160 Solitary nucleus of medulla, 285 Spinothalamic tract, 479 pectinate line and, 351 Smoke inhalation, 640 Somatic hypermutation, 97 Spiral bacteria, 121 penis, 617 Smoking Somatic mosiacism, 53 Spirochetes, 142 of skin, 454 abdominal aortic aneurysms Somatic symptom disorder, 536 Spironolactone, 576, 620, 623, 609 sunburn and, 453 and, 292 Somatosensory cortex, 471 for heart failure, 298 Squamous epithelium, 628 atherosclerosis and, 292 Somatostatin metabolic acidosis, 561 SRY gene, 589 Buerger disease and, 302, 661 glucagon and, 315 for PCOS, 609 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake bupropion for cessation, 546 hypothalamic/pituitary Splay (glucose clearance), 554 inhibitors), 545 carcinogenecity of, 219 drugs, 342 Spleen adjustment disorder, 533 cataracts, 505 hypothalamic-pituitary blood supply and innervation anxiety disorders, 532 cervical cancer and, 609 hormones, 315 of, 348 atypical depression, 531 colorectal cancer and, 371 production of, 313 diagram of, 94 binge eating disorder, 537 emphysema, 638, 655 regulatory substances, 356 embryology, 345 clinical use, 542 346 esophageal cancer and, 361 secretory cell locations, 357 in gastrointestinal anatomy, generalized anxiety disorder, 533 ischemia susceptibility, 206 head and neck cancer, 636 Somatostatinomas, 338 major depressive disorder, 531 thrombocytes in, 386 hormonal contraception, 622 Somatotropin. See Growth mechanism of, 544 Splenectomy, 400 Legionnaires’ disease, 139 hormone (GH) obsessive-compulsive disorder, 533 Splenic artery, 349 lung cancer, 647 Sonic hedgehog gene, 580 panic disorder, 533 Splenomegaly pancreatic cancer and, 380 Sonic hedgehog signaling phobias, 533 amyloidosis and, 213 placental abruption and, 606 pathway, 461 postpartum depression, 532 anemia, 153 renal cell carcinoma, 568 Sorbitol, 77 PTSD, 534 cirrhosis, 372 renal tumors, 668 Sorbitol dehydrogenase, 77 sexual dysfunction from, 537 hairy cell leukemia, 410 saccular aneurysms, 486 Sotalol, 309 Stable angina, 293 hereditary spherocytosis, 400 squamous cell carcinoma of Southern blot, 49 Stable cells, 42 histoplasmosis, 147 bladder, 569 Southwestern blot, 49 Stab wounds and winged malaria, 153 stomach cancer and, 362 Space of Disse, 352 scapula, 428 rheumatoid arthritis, 439 teratogenic effects, 582 Spaghetti and meatballs Staghorn calculi, 567 visceral leishmaniases, 154 569 appearance, 148 122 transitional cell carcinoma, Splenorenal ligament, 346 Stains (bacterial), 546 515 251 varenicline for cessation, Spasticity, Spliceosome, 39 Standard deviation, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 42 Spastic paralysis Splice site mutations, 36 Standard error of the mean, 251 Smooth muscle Clostridium tetani, 134 Splicing of pre-mRNA, 39 Stapedial artery, 586 autoantibody to, 111 tetanospasmin, 128 Splinter hemorrhages, 299, 656 Stapedius muscle, 587 contraction of, 434 Specificity equation, 247, 669 Splitting, 525 Stapes (middle ear), 503 glomus tumors, 450 Spermatic cord, 354 in borderline personality Stapes (ossicles), 587 nervous system and, 229 Spermatoceles, 618 disorder, 535 Staphylococcal scalded skin respiratory tree, 628 Spermatocytes, 594 Splitting of heart sounds, 277 syndrome, 451 tumor nomenclature in, 216 Spermatogenesis, 594, 601 Spondyloarthropathy, 213 Staphylococcus spp Smudge cells, 410 cryptorchidism and, 617 Spongiosis, 448 antibiotic tests for, 130 SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine prolactin effect on, 316 Spontaneous abortion catalase-positive organism, 124 reuptake inhibitors), 545 Spermatogonia, 594 antiphospholipid syndrome, 443 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 113 cliinical use, 542 Sphenomandibular ligament, 587 fibroid tumors, 612 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 generalized anxiety disorder, 533 Sphenoparietal sinus, 473 Listeria monocytogenes, 135 taxonomy, 121 major depressive disorder, 531 Spherical bacteria, 121 syphilis, 178 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 mechanism of, 544 Spherocytes, 395 Vitamin A excess, 582 bacterial endocarditis, 299 serotonin syndrome, 545 extravascular hemolysis, 399 warfarin, 582 β-hemolytic nature of, 131 Snuffles, 143 Sphincter of Oddi, 353, 356 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 373 brain abscesses, 176 Soap bubble on X-ray, 660 Sphingolipidoses, 84 Sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda, 169 cephalosporins, 185 Social anxiety disorder, 533 Sphingomyelin, 84 Spore-forming bacteria, 127 cystic fibrosis, 56, 175 drug therapy for, 542 Sphingomyelinase, 84 Spores, 120 dapsone, 191 SSRIs for, 545 Spider angiomas Sporothrix schenckii, 150 exotoxin production, 129 venlafaxine for, 545 ataxia-telangiectasia, 113 Sporotrichosis, 150 food poisoning, 174 Sodium channel blockers, 308 cirrhosis, 372 Sprue immunocompromised patients, 175 Sodium channels “Spike and dome” cells, 566 fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies influenza, 165 cystic fibrosis, 56 Spikes on basement and, 61 IV drug use, 175

epilepsy drug effects, 514 membrane, 660 vitamin B12 deficiency, 65 lung abscesses, 646 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 767

nosocomial infection, 175, 181 Steroids (exogeneus) IV drug use and, 175 Stylopharyngeus, 587 osteomyelitis and, 176 adrenal insufficiency, 324 meningitis, 176 Subacute cerebellar penicillins for, 184 CRH levels in, 315 penicillin G/V for, 183 degeneration, 647 pigment production, 125 Steroid synthesis, 68 pneumonia, 175, 645 Subacute combined degeneration, 65 pneumonia, 645 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, postviral infection, 175 Subacute endocarditis postviral infection, 175 190, 452, 514 splenic dysfunction, 94 enterococci, 133 prophylaxis for, 194 as drug reaction, 241 transformation in, 126 Staphylococcus gallolyticus, 133 septic arthritis, 441 sulfa drug allergies, 243 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Subacute granulomatous skin infections, 451 Stimulant laxatives, 383 strep), 132 thyroiditis, 328 T cell effects of, 106 Stimulants for ADHD, 527 acute poststreptococcal Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Staphylococcus epidermidis, 131 St. John’s wort, 243 glomerulonephritis, 564 (SSPE), 166 bacterial endocarditis, 299 St. Louis encephalitis, 163 bacitracin response, 657 Subacute thyroiditis, 211 Gram-positive testing, 130 Stomach β-hemolysis, 131 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 483, 488 in vivo biofilm production, 125 cholecystokinin effect on, 356 clindamycin, 188 labs/findings, 657, 661 normal flora, 174 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 346 exotoxin produced by, 129 nimodipine for, 304 nosocomial infection, 181 histology of, 347 Gram-positive testing, 130 presentation, 656 osteomyelitis, 176 sclerosis of, 446 M protein and, 125 Subarachnoid space, 478 urease-positive, 124 secretin effect on, 356 penicillin G/V for, 183 Subclavian arteries, 473, 586 vancomycin for, 186 “Stone” bone appearance, 435 rash, 179 Subcutaneous fat Staphylococcus gallolyticus, 133 Straight sinus, 473 skin infections, 451 erythema nodosum in, 453 Staphylococcus pneumoniae, 636 Stranger anxiety in infants, 258 T cell effects of, 106 skin layers, 446 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 132 Strategies Streptococcus sanguinis, 125 Subcutaneous nodules, 132 Gram-positive testing, 130 clinical vignette, 21 Streptogramins, 194 Subcutis, 446 kidney stones, 567 test-taking, 20–21 Streptokinase, 391, 415 Subdural hematomas, 483 urinary tract infections, 570, 668 Strawberry cervix, 154, 177, 180 Streptolysin O, 129 child abuse sign, 526 UTIs, 177 Strawberry hemangiomas, 450, 668 Streptomycin, 183, 187, 193 Subendocardium, 206 Starling curve, 274 Strawberry tongue Streptozocin, 418 Sublimation, 525 Starling forces, 287 causes of, 656 Streptrogramins, 183 Submucosa, 347 “Starry sky” appearance of B Kawasaki, 302 Stress incontinence, 569 Submucosal gland, 347 cells, 408 scarlet fever, 132 Striated muscle, 216 Submucosal polyps, 370 Start and stop codons, 37 Streak ovaries, 656 Striatum, 470, 484 Subscapularis muscle, 425 Starvation, 87 Streptococcus spp “String sign” (X-ray), 365 Substance abuse Statins antibiotic tests for, 130 Stroke, 484 adult T-cell lymphoma and, 408 for acute coronary syndromes, 296 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 113 ADP receptor inhibitors for, 415 Candida albicans, 149 hepatitis, 240 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 atrial fibrillation and, 284 delirium with, 528 myopathy, 241 septic arthritis, 441 central post-stroke pain dementia, 529 Statistical distribution, 251 taxonomy, 121 syndrome, 485 dissociative identity disorder Statistical hypotheses, 251, 252, 253 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 415 and, 528 Statistical tests, 253 strep), 133 direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 415 loss of orientation with, 528 Status epilepticus, 487 β-hemolytic nature of, 131 eclampsia, 608 parental consent, 254 treatment, 514, 515 encapsulated bacteria, 124 homocystinuria, 80 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Stavudine, 197, 199 Gram-positive testing, 130 hypertension, 290 stages of change in Steady state, 225 immunodeficient patients, 114 hypertensive emergency and, 290 overcoming, 539 Steatohepatitis, 372 meningitis, 176 sickle cell anemia, 400 suicide and, 532 Steatorrhea in neonates, 178 syphilis, 143 torsades de pointes in, 283 cystic fibrosis, 56 pneumonia, 175 thrombolytics for, 415 tricuspid valve endocarditis malabsorption syndromes as prophylaxis for, 194 vertigo, 503 and, 299 cause, 364 splenic dysfunction, 94 warfarin for, 414 Substance P, 520 octreotide as cause, 382 Streptococcus bovis, 133 Stroke volume, 273, 669 Substance P antagonist, 383 orlistat as cause, 383 bacterial endocarditis, 299 Strongyloides spp, 154 Substance use disorder, 538 somatostatinomas, 338 colon cancer, 660 Strongyloides stercoralis, 155 Substantia nigra Steeple sign (X-ray), 166, 660 colorectal cancer and, 371 ST segment, 282 Parkinson disease, 655 Stellate cells, 352 Streptococcus mitis, 132 ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) Substantia nigra pars compacta, 470 Stellate infiltration of ductal Streptococcus mutans diagnosis of, 293, 295 Subthalamic nucleus, 470 carcinoma, 616 biofilm production, 125 treatments for, 296 lesions in, 481 Stem cells in aplastic anemia, 399 dental caries, 132 Studies Subunit vaccines, 158 Stercobilin, 359 normal flora, 174 error types, 246 Succimer Steroid hormone signaling Streptococcus pneumoniae, 132 Studying for USMLE Step 1 exam heavy metal toxicity, 239 pathways, 322 a-hemolysis, 131 materials for, 18–19 lead poisoning, 397 Steroids bacterial meningitis, 664 in preclinical years, 13–14 Succinate dehydrogenase, 63 acute pancreatitis, 380 chloramphenicol, 188 timeline for, 14–17 Succinylcholine, 520 berylliosis, 641 cystic fibrosis, 175 Study materials, 18–19 Succinyl-CoA lupus, 443 encapsulated bacteria, 124 Study schedule, 14–18 gluconeogenesis, 74 multiple sclerosis, 493 Gram-positive testing, 130 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 495, 656 TCA cycle, 73 osteoporosis and, 435 IgA protease and, 125 Stylohyoid ligament, 587 Sucking reflex, 480 polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 445 immunodeficient patients, 114 Stylohyoid muscle, 587 Sucralfate, 382 sarcoidosis, 444 influenza, 165 Styloid process, 587 Sudan stain, 364 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 768 INDEX

Sudden cardiac death, 293 Superior oblique muscle, 510 Syphilis, 143 Tanner stages (sexual cocaine use, 540 Superior ophthalmic vein, 473 as granulomatous disease, 211 development), 602 Sudden death Superior orbital fissure, 476 presentation, 655, 656 Tarasoff decision, 255 cor pulmonale, 643 Superior rectal artery, 351 prophylaxis for, 194 Tardive dyskinesia pulmonary embolism, 637 Superior rectal vein, 350 STI, 180 as drug reaction, 242 sleep apnea, 642 Superior rectus muscle, 510 tabes dorsalis, 500 metoclopramide adverse effect, Sudden infant death syndome Superior sagittal sinus, 473 testing for, 143 383 (SIDS), 599 Superior sulcus tumors, 646 thoracic aortic aneurysms nigrostriatal pathway, 468 Suicidal patients, 256 Superior vena cava and, 292 Target cells, 94, 395 confidentiality exceptions and, 255 embryological development ToRCHeS infection, 178 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 430 elderly, 259 of, 268 Syphilitic heart disease, 300 TATA box, 38 Suicide in fetal circulation, 270 Syringomyelia, 462 Tau proteins, 660 bipolar disorder and, 531 Superior vena cava syndrome, 646 Horner syndrome, 509 Taxonomy (bacterial), 121 borderline personality disorder lung cancer, 647 spinal cord lesions, 500 Tay-Sachs disease and, 535 Pancoast tumor, 646 Systemic mycoses, 147 frameshift mutation, 36 deaths from, 260 Superoxide dismutase, 105 Systemic primary carnitine lysosomal storage disease, 84 major depressive disorder and, 531 free radical elimination by, 210 deficiency, 85 presentation, 652 physician-assisted, 256 Suppression, 525 Systole Tazobactam, 184 risk factors for, 532 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 466 cardiac cycle, 276 TBG. See Thyroid-binding globulin schizophrenia and, 530 sleep physiology and, 467 heart murmurs of, 278, 279 TCA cycle, 73 Sulbactam, 184 Suprarenal arteries, 348 heart sounds of, 278 diagram, 70 Sulfadiazine, 190 Suprascapular nerve, 425 Systolic ejection, 276 hyperammonemia, 78 mechanism, 183 Supraspinatus muscle, 425, 428 Systolic murmur, 297 metabolic site, 68 Toxoplasma gondii, 152, 663 Supratentorial mass, 499 Systolic pressure, 272 pyruvate metabolism, 73 Sulfa drugs, 243 Supraventricular tachycardia rate-determining enzyme for, 69 acute pancreatitis, 380 adenosine for diagnosing, 310 T T cells, 388 452 237 309 99 erythema multiforme, β-blockers for, , Tabes dorsalis activation, G6PD deficiency from, 400 calcium channel blockers for, 310 adaptive immunity, 95 spinal cord lesions, 500 lupus-like syndrome, 241 Suramin, 196 anergy, 106 syphilis, 143, 180 megaloblastic, 241 Surface F protein, 165 cell surface proteins, 106 Tachyarrhythmia rash, 241 Surfactant, 631 corticosteroid effects, 116 isoproterenol for evaluating, 234 Sulfamethoxazole, 183, 190 Surgical neck of humerus, 432 cytokine secretion, 104 thyroid storm, 329 Sulfapyridine, 382 Surgical procedures cytotoxic, 98 Tachycardia Sulfasalazine, 243, 382, 439 readmissions with, 261 differentiation of, 97 alcohol withdrawal, 541 Sulfatides, 136, 494 Surrogate decision-maker, 255 disorders of, 112, 113 amphetamines, 540 Sulfisoxazole, 183, 190 Swan-Ganz catheter, 286 functions, 97 cause and prevention, 304, 305 Sulfonamides, 190 Swarming, 177 helper, 98 delirium tremens, 542 acute interstitial nephritis, 572 Sweat glands leflunomide effects, 456 MDMA as cause, 541 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 embryologic derivation, 581 lymph nodes, 92 metronidazole, 191 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 241 nervous system and, 229 major functions of, 97 PCP, 541 hypothyroidism, 240 pilocarpine effects, 232 neoplasms, 408 phenoxybenzamine, 236 mechanism, 183 Swiss cheese model, 262 regulatory, 98 637 Nocardia spp, 135 Sydenham chorea, 132, 300 pulmonary embolism, sirolimus effect, 116 photosensitivity, 241 Sylvian fissure, 471 stimulants and, 540 spleen, 94 pregnancy contraindication, 201 Sympathetic nervous system, 229 thyroid hormones, 342 thymus, 94 trimethroprim, 190 male sexual response, 593 tricyclic antidepressants, 545 untreated HIV, 172 Wolff-Parkinson-White vitamin B9 deficiency, 64 Sympathetic receptors, 230 Tearing stimulation, 232 Sulfonylureas, 340 Sympatholytic drugs, 235 syndrome, 283 Teenagers disulfiram-like reaction, 242 Sympathomimetic drugs, 234 Tachyphylactic drug interactions, 225 common causes of death, 260 insulin and, 314 Symphysis pubis, 593 Tachypnea Teeth Sulfur granules, 125, 135 Symptom duration, 534 asthma, 638 congenital syphilis, 143 Sumatriptan, 516 Syncope pulmonary embolism, 637 demeclocycline and, 342 cluster headaches, 488 during exercise, 297 Tacrine, 518 dental caries, 132 coronary vasospasm, 239 pulsus parvus et tardus, 279 Tacrolimus dentinogenesis imperfecta, 47 Sunburn, 453 Synctiotrophoblasts hyperglycemia, 240 discoloration, 188, 201, 241, 582 Superficial inguinal lymph nodes, 93 β-hCG and, 220 immunosuppression, 116 enamel erosion (bulimia Superficial inguinal nodes, 591 Syncytiotrophoblasts, 584, 598 targets of, 117 nervosa), 537 Superficial inguinal ring, 354 choriocarcinomas and, 605 Tactile hallucinations, 529 Gardner syndrome, 370 Superior cerebellar artery, 473 hCG secretion by, 598 cocaine, 540 osteogenesis imperfecta, 47 Superior colliculi, 475 Syndrome of apparent Tadalafil, 623 retained primary, 112 Superior gluteal nerve, 431 mineralocorticoid excess Taenia solium, 156, 157 Sjögren syndrome and, 441 Superior mesenteric artery, 348 (SAME), 556 Takayasu arteritis, 211, 302 Telangiectasias Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) Syndrome of inappropriate Talcosis, 211 ataxia-telangiectasia, 37 syndrome, 348 antidiuretic hormone Tamoxifen, 421, 621 autosomal dominant disease, 303 Superior mesenteric lymph secretion. See SIADH for breast cancer, 662 basal cell carcinomas, 454 nodes, 93 Synergistic drug interactions, 225 hot flashes, 240 CREST syndrome, 446 Superior mesenteric vein, 350 Syngeneic grafts, 114 Tamsulosin, 236, 619, 623 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 656 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 769

Telencephalon, 460 Tesamorelin, 315 TGF-β thrombolytics and, 415 Tellurite agar, 123 Testes, 593 regulatory T cells, 98 transfusion of, 399, 407 Telomerase, 35 descent of, 591 in wound healing, 211 Thrombocytopenia, 386 Telophase, 42 embryologic derivation, 581 Thalamus, 460, 468 blood transfusion therapy for, 407 Temazepam, 515 lymphatic drainage of, 591 neuropathic pain, 485 cirrhosis, 372 Temperature receptors, 464 progesterone production, 595 Thalassemia, 396 Class IA antiarrhythmics, 308 Temperature regulation, 466 Testicular atrophy in anemia taxonomy, 396 cytarabine, 417 Temporal arteritis alcoholism, 541 target cells in, 395 as drug reaction, 241 associations, 668 cirrhosis, 372 Thalidomide, 582 Escherichia coli, 140 ESR in, 212 muscular dystrophy, 57 Thayer-Martin agar, 122, 123 ganciclovir, 198 as granulomatous disease, 211 Testicular cancer Theca interna cells, 595 glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitors as polymyalgia rheumatica, 444 bleomycin for, 418 Theca-lutein cysts, 605, 610 cause, 415 Temporalis muscle, 587 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 419 Thecomas, 610 heparin adverse effects, 413 Temporal lobe, 471, 484 Testicular/ovarian arteries, 348 Thenar muscles, 428, 429 immunosuppressants, 116 Temporal lobe encephalitis, 160 Testicular tumors, 618 Theophylline, 649 oxazolidinones, 189 Tendinopathy (rotator cuff), 425 germ cell, 619 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 protease inhibitors, 199 Tendinous xanthomas, 291 non-germ cell, 619 therapeutic index value of, 228 recombinant cytokines, 117 familial hypercholesterolemia, 90 Testing agencies, 22 Therapeutic antibodies, 118 sulfa drug allergies, 243 Tendonitis Testis-determining factor, 589 Therapeutic index, 228 ToRCHeS infections, 178 as drug reaction, 241 Testosterone, 600, 623 Therapeutic privilege, 254 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 113 fluoroquinolones, 191 androgen insensitivity Thermogenin, 74 Thrombocytosis, 94 Tendons syndrome, 604 Thiazide diuretics Thromboembolic event collagen in, 46 cryptorchidism, 617 heart failure, 298 atrial fibrillation, 284 Tenecteplase, 391, 415 Klinefelter syndrome, 603 hypertension, 304 Thrombogenesis, 393 Teniposide, 419 Leydig cell secretion, 594 Thiazides, 576 Thrombolytic drugs, 391, 415 416 in cell cycle, pharmacologic control, 620 gout, 241 Thrombomodulin Tennis elbow, 426 Sertoli cells, 594 site of action, 574 in thrombogenesis, 393 Tenofovir SHBG effect on, 322 Thiazolidinediones, 340 Thrombophlebitis Fanconi syndrome, 556 signaling pathways for, 322 Thick ascending loop of Henle pancreatic cancer, 380 HIV therapy, 199 spermatogenesis, 594 Bartter syndrome and, 556 vancomycin, 186 mechanism (diagram), 197 Testosterone-secreting tumors, 604 ethacrynic acid effect on, 575 Thrombopoietin receptor Tenosynovitis, 441 Testosterone synthesis, 195 loop diuretics effect on, 575 agonists, 117 Tension headaches, 488 Test-taking strategy, 20–21 nephron physiology, 555 Thrombopoietin signaling Tension pneumothorax, 643, 644 Tetanospasmin, 128, 134 Thin descending loop of pathways, 322 Tensor fascia latae muscle, 431 Tetanus Henle, 555 Thrombosis Tensor tympani muscle, 587 exotoxins, 127 Thionamides, 341 celecoxib, 456 Tensor veli palatini muscle, 587 spore-forming bacteria, 127 Thiopental, 515, 519 essential thrombocythemia, 411 Tentorium cerebelli, 499 vaccine, 134 Thioridazine, 543 homocystinuria, 80 Teratogens, 582 Tetanus toxin, 107, 134 Thirst Thrombotic complications, 241 ACE inhibitors as, 577 Tetany 466 Thrombotic endocarditis, 665 aminoglycosides, 187 hypothalamus and, 560 482 angiotensin II receptor blockers hypocalcemia, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Thrombotic stroke, 66 as, 577 hypocalcemic, system and, 558 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic carbamazepine as, 514 hypoparathyroidism, 331 30S inhibitors, 187 purpura (TTP), 395, 405 griseofulvin, 196, 201 thymic aplasia, 112 Thoracentesis, 644 Thromboxane, 455 leflunomide, 456 Tetrabenazine Thoracic aortic aneurysm, 290, 292 Thrush lithium as, 544 for Huntington disease, 518 Thoracic duct, 93 Candida albicans, 149 methimazole as, 341 Tourette syndrome, 527, 542 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 428 hairy leukoplakia vs, 451 PTU in pregnancy, 341 Tetracaine, 519 Threadworms, 155 HIV-positive adults, 173 ribavirin, 200, 201 Tetracyclines, 188 Threonine, 77 nystatin, 195 vitamin A, 62 esophagitis, 240 Threonine kinase, 218 SCID, 113 warfarin as, 414 Fanconi syndrome, 242, 556 Thrombi Thumbprint sign (X-ray), 138 Teratomas, 618 mechanism (diagram), 183 atherosclerosis, 292 Thumb sign (X-ray), 660 Terazosin, 236, 619 photosensitivity, 241 mural, 296 Thymic aplasia, 112, 588 Terbinafine, 194, 195 protein synthesis post-MI, 294 chromosome association, 60 Terbutaline, 622 inhibition, 187 Thrombin, 413 hypoparathyroidism, 331 Teres minor, 425 pseudotumor cerebri and, 491 Thrombocytes lymphopenia with, 402 Teriparatide, 435, 457 teratogenicity, 201, 582 liver markers, 373 22q11 deletion syndromes, 61 Terminal bronchioles, 626 tooth discoloration, 241 in wound healing, 211 Thymic cortex Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase Tetrahydrofolic acid, 64, 190 Thrombocytes (platelets), 386 T cell selection in, 97 (TdT), 100 Tetralogy of Fallot, 288 aggregation inhibition, 415 Thymic hyperplasia, 445 Termination of protein synthesis, 41 22q11 syndromes, 290 chronic myeloproliferative Thymic shadow, 113 Tertiary adrenal insufficiency, 324 cyanosis caused by, 665 disorders, 411 Thymidine, 190 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 332 fetal alcohol syndrome, 290 disorders, 405 Thymidine kinase, 197 Tertiary syphilis lab findings in, 657 heparin adverse effects, 413 Thymidylate, 33 aortic aneurysms, 664 outflow tract formation, 269 leukemias, 410 Thymomas as granulomatous disease, 211 thymic aplasia, 112 mixed coagulation disorders, 406 Good syndrome and, 217 presentation, 655, 656 Tetrodotoxin, 238 platelet plug formation, 393 myasthenia gravis, 217, 445 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 770 INDEX

Thymus, 94 Tinea corporis, 148 Total lung capacity (TLC), 630 Transketolase benign neoplasm, 94 Tinea cruris, 148 flow volume loops, 637 metabolic pathways, 70

fetal development, 312 Tinea pedis, 148 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 379 vitamin B1 and, 62 T cell differentiation, 97 Tinea unguium, 148 Total peripheral resistance, 272, 275 Transpeptidases, 183 T cell origination in, 388 Tinea versicolor, 148 Tourette syndrome, 527 Transplants Thymus-dependent antigens, 101 Tinel sign, 427 antipsychotics for, 543 immunosuppressants in, 116 Thymus-independent antigens, Tinnitus atypical antipsychotics for, 543 rejection, 115 101 streptomycin, 193 drug therapy for, 542 Transposition, 127 Thyroglobulin Tiotropium, 233 obsessive-compulsive disorder Transposition of great vessels, 288 function of, 321 Tirofiban, 393, 415 and, 533 cyanosis with, 665 Thyroglobulin autoantibodies, 111 Tissue factor activation, 129 sympatholytic drugs for, 235 embryologic development, 269 Thyroglossal duct cyst, 312 Tissue factor pathway, 391 Toxic dose, 228 maternal diabetes ande, 290 Thyroid adenomas, 327, 330 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 452 Transsexualism, 537 Thyroid cancer, 330 for ischemic stroke, 482 Toxicities, 239 Transtentorial herniation, 499 associations, 668 TMP-SMX, 190 Toxic multinodular goiter, 329 Transthyretin gene, 213 carcinogens causing, 219 hyperkalemic renal tubular Toxic shock-like syndrome, 132 Transudate pleural effusion, 644 goiter, 327 acidosis, 562 Toxic shock syndrome, 129 Transudate vs exudate, 212 metastases of, 221 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 150 exotoxin A, 129 Transversalis fascia, 345, 354 Psammoma bodies in, 220 prophylaxis, 194 presentation, 131 Transverse sinus, 473 Thyroid cartilage, 587 UTI prophylaxis, 664 Staphylococcus aureus, 131 Transversion (mutation), 36 Thyroid cysts, 327 TNF-a, 104 Toxic shock syndrome toxin, 129 Transversus abdominis muscle, 354 Thyroid development, 312 endotoxins and, 129 Toxocara spp, 154 Transvestism, 537 Thyroidectomy, 330 extrinsic pathway and, 204 Toxocara canis, 155 Tr antigens, 217 Thyroid hormones, 321 in granulomatous diseases, 211 Toxoplasma spp, 176 Tranylcypromine, 546 signaling pathways for, 322 Graves disease and, 329 Toxoplasma gondii, 152 Trapezium bone, 426 in toxic multinodular goiter, 329 TNF-a inhibitors, 439, 457 HIV-positive adults, 173 Trapezoid bone, 426 Thyroiditis, 211 TNF (tumor necrosis factor), 221 labs/findings, 660 TRAP stain, 410 Thyroidization of kidney, 570 TNM tumor staging, 216 ToRCHeS infection, 178 Trastuzumab, 118, 421 Thyroid lymphomas, 330 Tobramycin, 183, 187 treatment, 663 toxicities of, 422 Thyroid peroxidase Togaviruses Toxoplasmosis, 152 Trastuzumab (Herceptin), 421 thionamide effect on, 341 characteristics of, 163 PCL vs, 408 Trauma thyroid hormones and, 321 genomes of, 159 prophylaxis, 190, 194 DIC and, 665 Thyroid-regulating hormone (TRH) rubella as, 165 pyrimethamine, 196 pneumothorax, 644 signaling pathways for, 322 Tolbutamide, 340 TP53 gene, 218 Traumatic aortic rupture, 292 thyroid hormones and, 321 Tolcapone, 517 Trabecula Traumatic pneumothorax, 644 Thyroid replacement therapy, 435 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 95 lymph node, 92 Travelers’ diarrhea, 140 Thyroid-stimulating hormone Tolterodine, 233 spleen, 94 Trazodone, 546 Graves disease and, 329 Tolvaptan, 334, 342 Trabecular outflow, 505 mechanism of, 544 hyperthyroidism, 327 Tongue development, 463 Trachea priapism, 617 hypothyroidism, 327 Tonic-clonic seizures, 487 bifurcation of, 629 Treacher Collins syndrome, 587 secretion of, 313 drug therapy for, 514 fetal development, 312 Trematodes, 156 signaling pathways of, 322 treatment, 663 respiratory tree, 628 Tremor Thyroid storm, 329 Tonic seizures, 487 Tracheoesophageal anomalies, 344 immunosuppressants, 116 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Tonsils Tracheoesophageal fistula, 344 resting, 489, 655 (TRH), 315, 316 agammaglobulinemia, 112 Tramadol, 521 Trench fever, 157 Thyroxine, 335 immune system organ, 92 seizures, 242 Trendelenburg sign, 431 Thyroxine-binding globulin Tophi in gout, 656 Transcortical aphasia, 486 Treponema spp, 142 (TBG), 321 Topiramate Transcription factor, 218 Treponema pallidum Tiagabine, 514 epilepsy, 514 Transduction, 126 granulomatous diseases caused TIBC migraine headaches, 488 Transference, 524 by, 211 anemia of chronic disease, 399 pseudotumor cerebri, 491 Transferrin penicillin G/V for, 183 lab values in anemia, 402 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 416 acute-phase reactant, 102 STI, 180 Tibial nerve, 430 Topoisomerases, 191 free radical elimination by, 210 syphilis, 143 Ticagrelor, 415 Topotecan, 416, 419 lab values in anemia, 402 treatment, 664 Ticarcillin, 183 ToRCHeS infections, 165, 178 Transformation, 126 TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing characteristics of, 184 cataracts, 505 Transfusion reaction, 108 hormone Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 139 Torsades de pointes, 283 Transient arthritis, 142 Triamcinolone, 455 Ticks (disease vectors), Class IA antiarrhythmics, 308 Transient ischemic attacks Triamterene, 555, 576 144, 145, 153 as drug reaction, 239 (TIAs), 415, 482 Triazolam, 515 Ticlopidine, 393, 415 hypomagnesemia, 560 Transitional cell carcinomas, 219, Trichinella spp, 154 Tics (Tourette syndrome), 527 ibutilide, 309 569 Trichinella spiralis, 155, 157 Tidal volume (TV), 630 magnesium for, 310 Transition metals and free radical Trichinosis, 155 Tigecycline, 188, 194 sotalol, 309 injuries, 210 Trichomonas spp Tight junctions, 447, 466 Torsemide, 575 Transition (mutation), 36 vaginitis, 177 Timolol, 237, 309, 521 Torus fracture, 424 Transjugular intrahepatic Trichomonas vaginalis, 154, 180 Tinea, 148, 196 Total anomalous pulmonary venous portosystemic shunt Trichomoniasis, 180 Tinea capitis, 148 return (TAPVR), 288 (TIPS), 350 Trichophyton spp, 148 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 771

Tricuspid atresia, 269, 288 Troponin C, 433 Tunica albuginea, 593, 617 Tyrosinemia, 556 Tricuspid insufficiency, 276 Troponins, 293, 295 Tunica muscularis externa, 347 Tyrosine phosphorylation, 314 Tricuspid regurgitation Trousseau sign, 331, 560 Tunica serosa, 347 Tzanck test, 162 carcinoid syndrome as cause, 338 Trousseau syndrome Tunica submucosa, 347 Ebstein anomaly and, 288 pancreatic cancer, 380 Tunica vaginalis, 591 U heart murmurs with, 279 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 217 Turcot syndrome, 370 Ubiquitination, 41 pansystolic murmur in, 278 True-negative rate, 247 Turner syndrome, 603 UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, 82 Tricuspid stenosis, 278 True-positive rate, 247 cardiac defect association, 290 UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase, 359 Tricuspid valve endocarditis, 299 Truncal ataxia, 469 coarctation of aorta and, 289 Ulcerative colitis, 365 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 545 Truncus arteriosus cystic hygromas, 450 spondyloarthritis, 442 antimuscarinic reaction, 242 22q11 syndromes, 290 GH for, 342 sulfasalazine for, 382 fibromyalgia, 444 cyanosis with, 665 horseshoe kidney, 549 treatment, 664 generalized anxiety disorder, 533 embryologic development, 268 presentation, 656 Ulcers mechanism of, 544 thymic aplasia, 112 T wave, in ECG, 282 bismuth/sucralfate for, 382 naming convention for, 244 Trypanosoma brucei, 152, 196 21-hydroxylase, 318 complications of, 363 as noradrenergic drug, 231 Trypanosoma cruzi, 154 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 665 Helicobacter pylori, 142 serotonin syndrome with, 545 achalasia and, 360 22q11 deletion syndromes, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 338 torsades de pointes, 239 nifurtimox for, 196 61, 290 Ulipristal, 622 toxicity treatment for, 239 Trypanosome stain, 122 Twin concordance studies, 246 Ulnar claw, 427, 429 as weak bases, 226 Trypsin, 358 Twinning, 583 Ulnar nerve, 426, 427 Trientine, 378 Trypsinogen, 358 2-naphthylamine, 219 Ulnar nerve injury, 426

Trifluoperazine, 543 Tryptase, 387 TXA2 Umbilical artery, 270, 584, 585 Trigeminal nerve (CN V), 476 Tryptophan, 77, 79 aspirin effects, 456 Umbilical cord, 585 brain stem location, 474 TSC1/TSC2 genes, 218 thrombogenesis, 393 Umbilical cord separation delay, 113 branchial arch derivative, 587 Tsetse flies (disease vectors), 152 Type 1 muscle fibers, 433 Umbilical vein, 584, 585 lesion in, 502 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating Type 2 muscle fibers, 433 blood in, 270 migraine headaches and, 488 hormone (TSH) Type I errors in hypothesis postnatal derivative of, 270 neuralgia, 488 TSH receptor autoantibody, 111 testing, 252 Umbilicus, 350 pathway for, 476 t-tests, 253 Type I hypersensitivity, 108 UMP synthase, 398 tongue, 463 T-tubule membrane, 433 helminths, 154 Unambiguous genetic code, 34 Trigeminal neuralgia, 488 Tubal ligation, 610 IgE antibodies and, 101 Uncal herniation, 499 treatment, 664 Tuberculoid Hansen disease, 137 Type I hypersensitivity reactions Uncinate process, 345 Triglycerides Tuberculosis, 136 mast cells and, 387 Unconjugated chylothorax, 644 Addison disease, 324 Type II errors in hypothesis hyperbilirubinemia, 376 dietary, 88 corticosteroids and, 319 testing, 252 Uncoupling agents, 74 hepatosteatosis, 68 erythema nodosum, 453 Type II hypersensitivity, 108 Uncus, 499 hypertriglyceridemia, 90 as granulomatous disease, 211 blood transfusions, 110 Undifferentiated thyroid insulin and, 314 isoniazid, 193 helminths, 154 carcinomas, 330 Von Gierke disease, 83 macrophages and, 387 organ transplants, 115 Undulant fever, 144 Trigone, 550 necrosis and, 205 Type II hypersensitivity reactions “Unhappy triad”(knee injuries), 425 Triiodothyronine, 342. See silicosis, 641 rheumatic fever, 300 Unilateral renal agenesis, 549 also Thyroid hormones V˙/Q˙ mismatch, 634 Type III hypersensitivity, 109 Uniparental disomy, 53 Trimethoprim Tuberin protein, 218 C3 deficiency and, 103 Universal electron acceptors, 71 folate deficiency with, 398 Tuberoinfundibular pathway, 468 organ transplants, 115 Universal genetic code, 34 pyrimidine synthesis and, 33 Tuberous sclerosis, 495 Type III hypersensitivity reactions Unnecessary procedure requests, teratogenicity, 582 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 acute poststreptococcal 256–257 Trimethroprim, 183, 190 Tubocurarine, 520 glomerulonephritis, 564 Unstable angina, 293, 296 Trimming (protein synthesis), 41 Tubular necrosis, 571 Type III secretion system, 125 Untreated HIV infection Trinucleotide repeat expansion Tubulointerstitial inflammation Type IV hypersensitivity, 109 timecourse, 172 diseases, 58 WBC casts in, 562 graft-versus-host disease, 115 Unvaccinated children, 182 Triose kinase, 76 Tularemia, 144 Type IV hypersensitivity reactions Upper extremity nerves, 427 Triple-blinded studies, 246 Tumor grade vs stage, 216 contact dermatitis, 449 Upper motor neuron (UMN) Triptans, 516 Tumor lysis syndrome, 421 Typhoid fever, 141 lesions, 502 angina and, 293 gout, 440 Typhus, 145 Babinski response, 656 for migraine headaches, 488 hyperkalemia, 560 transmission of, 144, 157 Upper respiratory infections (URIs) Triquetrum bone, 426 labs/findings, 660 Tyramine, 236 asthma trigger, 638 tRNA, 40 Tumor markers Tyrosinase, 448 rhinosinusitis, 636 Trochlea, 510 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 410 Tyrosine Urachal cysts, 585 Trochlear nerve (CN IV), 476 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 380 derivatives of, 79 Urachus, 270, 585 brain stem location, 474 serum, 220 as noradrenergic drug, 231 Uracil, 33 cavernous sinus, 512 Tumors Tyrosine catabolism, 79 Urea, 79 ocular motility, 510 benign vs malignant, 216 Tyrosine kinase Urea cycle, 78 palsy of, 511 grade vs stage, 216 endocrine hormone diagram, 70 pathway for, 476 nomenclature of, 216 messenger, 322 metabolic site, 68 Tropheryma whipplei, 122, 364 TNM staging system, 216 glycogen regulation, 81 ornithine transcarbamylase Tropical sprue, 364 Tumor suppressor genes, 218 insulin and, 314 deficiency and, 79 Tropicamide, 233 Tumor suppressors, 42 as oncogene product, 218 rate-determining enzyme for, 69 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 772 INDEX

Ureaplasma spp Urine pH and drug elimination, 226 Salmonella typhi, 141 Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) urease-positive, 124 Urobilin, 359 tetanus, 134 in neuroblastomas, 325 Urease, 177 Urobilinogen viral, 158 tyrosine catabolism, 79 Urease-positive organisms, 124 extravascular hemolysis, 399 Vagal nuclei, 477 Vanishing bile duct syndrome, 115 Uremia intravascular hemolysis, 399 Vagina Vardenafil, 623 acute pericarditis, 300 Urogenital fold, 590 anatomy of, 592 Varenicline, 540, 546 ARDS, 642 Urogenital sinus, 548 drainage of, 591 Variable expressivity, 52 metabolic acidosis, 561 Uroporphyrinogen epithelial histology of, 592 Variance, 251 renal failure, 571 decarboxylase, 403 genital embryology, 589 Variant angina, 293 Ureter, 550, 589, 592, 593 Urosepsis, 570 Vaginal atrophy Variceal bleeding, 237 constriction of, 553 Urticaria, 447, 449 hormone replacement Varicella zoster virus (VZV), course of, 550 ethosuxamide, 514 therapy, 621 160, 447, 451 embryology, 548 scombroid poisoning, 238 menopause, 600 guanosine analogs, 197 horseshoe kidney, 549 serum sickness, 109 Vaginal bleeding immunodeficient patients, 114 obstruction of, 568 sulfa drug allergies, 243 cervical cancer, 609 meningitis, 176 transitional cell carcinoma in, 569 as type I hypersensitivity, 108 endometrial disease, 612 rash, 179 Y-shaped bifid, 549 USMLE Step 1 exam endometriosis, 613 Reye syndrome, 373 Ureteral orifice, 550 check-in process, 7 granulosa cell tumors, 611 vaccine, 107 Ureteric bud, 549 clinical vignette strategies, 21 hydatidiform moles, 605 Varices Ureteropelvic junction content areas covered in, 3 thecomas, 610 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 375 obstruction, 549 failing, 22–23 Vaginal candidiasis portal-systemic anastomoses, 350 Urethra goal-setting for, 12 nystatin, 195 Varicocelectomy, 618 BPH, 619 leaving exam early, 7 Vaginal clear cell Varicoceles, 594, 618 injury to, 593 overview of, 2 adenocarcinomas, 582 Vasa previa, 607 Urethral orifice, 550 passing rates for, 10 Vaginal infections, 177 Vasa vasorum Urethritis practice exams for, 10, 19–20 Vaginal tumors, 609 syphilis, 143 chlamydia, 146, 180 registering for, 5–6 Vaginismus, 537 Vascular dementia, 491 Chlamydia trachomatis, 146 rescheduling, 6 Vaginitis Vascular function curves, 275 gonorrhea, 180 score notifications for, 7 treatment, 661 Vascular inflammation, 207 reactive arthritis, 442, 656 scoring of, 8–9 Trichomonas spp, 154, 177 Vascular tumors of skin, 450 Urge incontinence, 569 studying for, 13–17 trichomoniasis, 180 Vasculitides, 302–303 drug therapy for, 233 testing agencies, 22 Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) Vasculitis Uric acid testing locations, 6 baroreceptors/chemoreceptors intraparenchymal gout, 457 test-taking strategies, 20–21 and, 285 hemorrhage, 483 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 34 time budgeting during, 7–8 cardiac glycoside effects, 307 methotrexate for, 417 Von Gierke disease, 83 types of questions on, 8 structures innervated, 357 Vas deferens, 550, 589, 593 Urinary incontinence, 569 Uterine artery, 550, 592 Vagus nerve (CN X), 476 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide drug therapy for, 233 Uteropelvic junction, 548 brain stem location, 474 (VIP), 356 ephedrine for, 234 Uterus as branchial arch derivative, 587 Vasoconstriction, 558 hydrocephalus, 492 anomalies of, 590 lesions of, 502 Vasoconstrictors, 519 multiple sclerosis, 493 collagen in, 46 pathway for, 476 Vasodilation Urinary retention epithelial histology, 592 tongue, 463 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 415 atropine, 233 genital embryology, 589 Valacyclovir, 197 sympathetic receptors, 230 bethanechol for, 232 zygote implantation, 598 Validity, 249 Vasodilators delirium, 528 Uterus didelphys, 590 Valine afterload effects, 273 neostigmine for, 232 Uveitis, 506 classification of, 77 aortic dissections, 293 tricyclic antidepressants, 545 inflammatory bowel disease, 365 maple syrup urine disease, 80 atrial natriuretic peptide as, 285 Urinary tract infections (UTIs), sarcoidosis, 444, 652 sickle cell disease, 36 coronary steal syndrome, 293 177, 570 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 442 Valproate nitrates as, 305 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, 194 Uveoscleral outflow, 505 migraine headaches, 488 Vasogenic edema, 466 BPH, 619 U wave in ECG, 282 teratogenicity, 582 Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic duplex collecting system and, 549 tonic-clonic seizures, 663 hormone (ADH) enterococci as cause, 133 V Valproic acid Vasopressin receptors, 230 Klebsiella as cause, 140 Vaccination bipolar disorder, 531, 661 V(D)J recombination, 95 organisms causing, 177 B- and T-cell disorders, 113 epilepsy, 514 VDRL false positives, 143 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, 139 B-cell disorders, 112 hepatic necrosis, 240 Vecuronium, 520

pyelonephritis, 570 splenectomy and, 94 pancreatitis, 240 Veganism and B12 deficiency, 398 Staphylococcus saprophyticus as thymus-independent antigens, 101 Valsalva maneuver, 278 VEGF (vascular endothelial growth cause, 132 Vaccines, 107 Valsartan, 577 factor), 211 sulfa drug allergies, 243 Bordetella pertussis, 139 Valvular dysfunction, 299 Velocardiofacial syndrome, 61 sulfonamides for, 190 diphtheria, 135 Vancomycin, 186 Vemurafenib, 421, 454 TMP-SMX for, 190 encapsulated bacteria, 124 Clostridium difficile, 134 Venlafaxine, 545 Urine Haemophilus influenzae, 138, cutaneous flushing, 239 clinical use, 542 bilirubin and, 359 176 functioning of, 183 panic disorder, 533 casts in, 562 live attenuated, 158 meningitis, 176 phobias, 533 concentration of, 555 rabies, 167 MRSA, 194 PTSD, 534 diuretic effects on, 576 rotavirus, 164 toxicity of, 242 Venodilators, 273 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX INDEX 773

Venous gonadal drainage, 591 Vibrio spp, 121 Vitamin A (retinol), 61, 62 methemoglobinemia, 632 Venous return, 275 Vibrio cholerae, 141 free radical elimination by, 210 methemoglobin toxicity, 239 Venous sinus thrombosis, 473 exotoxin production, 128 pseudotumor cerebri, 491 solubility of, 61 Venous thromboembolism, 414 Gram-negative algorithm, 137 teratogenicity, 582 Vitamin D, 319. See Venous thrombosis, 400 watery diarrhea, 175 Vitamin B1 deficiency also Cholecalciferol heparin for, 413 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 174 brain lesions and, 481 functions, 66 paroxysmal nocturnal Vibrio vulnificus, 174 Korsakoff syndrome, 528 osteoporosis prophylaxis, 435 hemoglobinuria, 400 Vigabatrin, 514 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 541 PTH and, 320 Ventilation, 630 Vimentin, 44 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) signaling pathways for, 322 high altitude, 635 Vinblastine, 419 functions of, 62, 70 solubility of, 61 perfusion and, 634 in cell cycle, 416 maple syrup urine disease, 80 Vitamin D deficiency, 319, 331 Ventral lateral (VL) nucleus, 468 microtubules and, 44 pyruvate dehydrogenase hyperparathyroidism, 437 Ventral pancreatic bud, 345 Vinca alkaloids, 416 complex, 72 osteomalacia/rickets, 436 Ventral posterolateral (VPL) Vincristine, 419 solubility of, 61 Vitamin deficiencies, 668 nucleus, 468 in cell cycle, 416 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Vitamin E Ventral posteromedial (VPM) microtubules and, 44 functions, 63 free radical elimination by, 210 nucleus, 468 toxicities of, 422 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex functions, 66 Ventricles Vinyl chloride and, 72 solubility of, 61 embryology, 268 angiosarcomas, 375, 450 solubility of, 61 Vitamin K morphogenesis of, 269 as carcinogen, 219 Vitamin B3 (niacin) coagulation cascade, 392 Ventricular aneurysm VIPomas derivatives of, 79 functions, 66 pseudoaneurysm, 296 MEN 1 syndrome, 339 functions, 63 solubility of, 61 true, 294 octreotide for, 382 lipid-lowering agent, 306 warfarin reversal, 664 Ventricular arrhythmia, 294 regulatory substances, 356 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex for warfarin toxicity, 239, 414 Ventricular fibrillation Viral encephalitis, 668 and, 72 Vitamin K deficiency, 392, 404 284 ECG tracing, Viral envelopes, 159 solubility of, 61 cephalosporins, 185 torsades de pointes, 283 vitamin B and, 63 Virchow nodes, 362 6 Vitamin/mineral absorption, 358 Ventricular free wall rupture, 296 Vitamin B (pantothenic acid) Virchow triad, 636 5 Vitamins, 61–67 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), functions, 63 Viridans streptococci, 132 fat-soluble, 61 289, 665 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex a-hemolysis, 131 water-soluble, 61 congenital rubella, 290 and, 72 bacterial endocarditis, 299 Vitelline duct/fistula, 585 cri-du-chat syndrome, 60 solubility of, 61 biofilm production, 125 Vitiligo, 448 Down syndrome, 290 Vitamin B deficiency, 397 brain abscesses, 176 6 Vitreous body fetal alcohol syndrome, 290 isoniazid, 193 Gram-positive algorithm, 130 collagen in, 46 heart murmurs, 279 Vitamin B (pyridoxine) normal flora, 174 6 Vitreous chamber, 504 outflow tract formation, 269 functions, 63 Virilization, 318 VLDL (very low-density pansystolic murmur in, 278 solubility of, 61 Virology, 158–173 lipoprotein), 89 Ventricular system, 474 Vitamin B (biotin) Virulence factors 7 Volume of distribution, 225, 669 Ventriculomegaly, 530 activated carriers, 71 bacterial, 125 Volvulus, 368 Ventromedial, hypothalamus, 466 functions, 64 Bordetella pertussis, 139 malrotation, 367 Verapamil, 304, 305, 310, 488 functions of, 69 Escherichia coli, 140 367 Vermal cortex lesions, 469 pyruvate metabolism, 73, 74 Meckel diverticulum, 141 Verrucae, 449 Salmonella/Shigella, solubility of, 61 vomiting Staphylococcus aureus, 131 GLP-1 analogs, 341 Vertebrae Vitamin B9 deficiency, 398 diaphragm, 629 Viruses in anemia taxonomy, 396 Vomiting Vertebral artery, 473 diarrhea caused by, 175 neutrophils in, 386 annular pancreas, 345 enveloped, 158 biliary colic, 379 Vertebral compression fractures, 435, Vitamin B9 (folate) 668 genetics, 158 absorption of, 358 bilious, 344, 367 Vertebral disc herniation, 478 immunocompromised deficiency, 668 chemotherapy-induced, 383 Vertigo, 503 patients, 175 functions, 64 diabetic ketoacidosis, 337 Meniere disease as cause, 653 negative-stranded, 164 solubility of, 61 Ebola virus, 167 pneumonia, 175 food poisoning, 134 streptomycin, 193 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Vesamicol, 231 receptors for, 162 absorption of, 358 fructose intolerance, 76 Vesicles, 447 replication of, 159 functions, 65 glycylcyclines, 188 Vesicourachal diverticulum, 585 segmented, 164 solubility of, 61 Histoplasma capsulatum, 173 Vesicoureteral reflux, 549 structure of, 158 veganism, 65 hyperammonemia, 78 vaccines for, 158 iron poisoning, 404 hydronephrosis, 568 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 398 pyelonephritis, 570 Visceral larva migrans, 155 in anemia taxonomy, 396 Legionella spp, 181 Vesicular trafficking proteins, 43 Visceral leishmaniasis, 154 dementia caused by, 529 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 360 Vestibular bulbs, 590 Viscosity, 274 Diphyllobothrium latum, 156, 157 maple syrup urine disease, 80 Vestibular schwannomas, 496 Vision loss neutrophils in, 386 metabolic alkalosis from, 561 Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN glaucoma, 506 spinal cord lesions in, 500 metoclopramide for, 383 78 294 VIII), 476 hyperammonemia, Vitamin B6 MI and, acoustic neuromas, 464 retinal disease, 507–508 isoniazid, 193 ondansetron for, 383 brain stem location, 474 Visual cortex, 471, 485 sideroblastic anemia, 397 posttussive, 139 pathway for, 476 Visual field defects, 511 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) pyloric stenosis, 345 VHL gene, 218 Visual hallucinations, 529 free radical elimination by, 210 Reye syndrome, 373 pheochromocytomas and, 326 Vital capacity (VC), 630 functions, 65 Salmonella spp, 144 © 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 774 INDEX

Vomiting (continued) Watershed zones, 206, 472 Western equine encephalitis, 163 Xanthogranulomatous threadworms, 155 Water-soluble vitamins, 61 West Nile virus, 163, 176 pyelonephritis, 570 toxic shock syndrome, 131 Waxy casts, 562, 661 Wet beriberi, 62 Xanthomas trichinosis, 155 Weakness, 499 Wharton jelly, 585 familial dyslipidemias, 90 vitamin C toxicity, 65 Wegener granulomatosis, 302 Wheals, 447 hyperlipidemia and, 291 Von Gierke disease, 83 autoantibody with, 111 Wheezing Xanthoma striatum palmare, 90 gout, 440 as granulomatous disease, 211 asthma, 638 Xenografts, 114 Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 495 labs/findings, 657, 659 bronchial carcinoid tumor, 647 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 37 chromosome association, 60 restrictive lung disease, 639 lung cancer, 647 Xerosis cutis, 62 presentation, 655 RPGN and, 564 Whipple disease, 364 Xerostomia, 232, 441 renal cell carcinoma and, 568 Weight gain periodic acid-Schiff stain for, 122 X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 112 tumor suppressor genes and, 218 atypical antipsychotics, 543 presentation, 656 X-linked dominant inheritance, 55 Von Willebrand disease, 393, 406 Cushing syndrome, 323 Whipple procedure X-linked recessive disorders Voriconazole, 194, 195 danazol, 622 for pancreatic cancer, 380 agammaglobulinemia, 112 V˙/Q˙ mismatch, 634, 637 duodenal ulcers, 363 White pulp (spleen), 94 hyper-IgM syndrome, 113 V˙/Q˙ ratio, 635 glitazone/thiazolidinediones, 340 Whooping cough IL-2R gamma chain defect, 113 VRE (vancomycin-resistant hypothyroidism, 327 Bordetella pertussis, 139 NADPH osidase defect, 113 enterococci) major depressive disorder, 531 pertussis toxin, 128 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 113 daptomycin, 191 mirtazapine, 546 Wickham striae, 453 X-linked recessive inheritance, 55 enterococci, 133 sulfonylureas, 340 Wide splitting, 277 X-ray teratogenicity, 582 highly resistant, 194 valproic acid, 514 Williams syndrome oxazolidinones, 189 Weight loss cardiac defect association, 290 Y Vmax, 224 adrenal insufficiency, 324 chromosome association, 60 Yellow cerebrospinal fluid, 661 Vulnerable child syndrome, 526 anorexia nervosa, 537 Wilms tumor, 569 Yellow fever, 163, 164 Vulvar lymphatic drainage, 591 Celiac disease, 657 chromosome association, 60 liver anatomy and, 352 Vulvovaginitis, 149, 177 cholelithiasis and, 379 dactinomycin for, 418 vaccine, 107 vWF chronic mesenteric neuroblastomas vs, 325 Yersinia spp receptor for, 386 ischemia, 369 tumor suppressor genes Gram-negative algorithm, 137 in thrombocytes, 386 colorectal cancer, 371 and, 218 reactive arthritis, 442 in thrombogenesis, 393 diabetes mellitus, 336 Wilson disease, 378 taxonomy, 121 esophageal cancer, 361 chromosome association, 60 Yersinia enterocolitica, 141, 175 W gastric ulcers, 363 Fanconi syndrome, 556 Yersinia pestis WAGR complex, 569 Histoplasma capsulatum, 173 free radical injury and, 210 animal transmission, 144 “Waiter’s tip” (Erb palsy), 428 hyperthyroidism, 327 Winged scapula, 428 intracellular organism, 124 Waiver to informed consent, 254 major depressive disorder, 531 Winters formula, 561, 670 Yo antigens, 217 Waiving right to confidentiality, 255 malabsorption syndromes, 364 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 113 Yolk sac tumors, 611, 618 Waldenström macroglobulinemia metformin, 340 labs/findings, 660 multiple myeloma vs, 409 Mycobacterium avium- X-linked recessive disorder, 56 Z Walking milestone, 258 intracellulare, 173 Wnt-7 gene, 580 Zafirlukast, 649 Walking pneumonia, 146 orlistat for, 383 Wobble, 34, 36 arachidonic acid pathway, 455 Wallenberg syndrome, 484 pancreatic cancer, 380 Wolff-Chaikoff effect, 321, 328. Zaleplon, 515 Wallerian, 465 for PCOS, 609 See also Jod-Basedow Zanamivir, 197 Wallerian degeneration (neurons), 463 polyarteritis nodosa, 302 phenomenon Zenker diverticulum, 367, 665 Wall tension, 273 polymyalgia rheumatica, 444 Wolffian duct, 589 Zero-order elimination, 226 Warfarin, 414 pseudotumor cerebri Wolff-Parkinson-White Zidovudine adverse effects of, 406 treatment, 491 syndrome, 283 HIV therapy, 199 coagulation cascade, 392 renal cell carcinoma, 568 Wound healing mechanism (diagram), 197 cytochrome P-450 and, 243 sleep apnea, 642 phases of, 211 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 122 for DVT, 636 stomach cancer, 362 scar/keloid formation, 210 Zika virus, 167 griseofulvin and, 196 for stress incontinence, 569 Woven bone, 434 Zileuton, 455, 649 heparin vs, 414 tuberculosis, 136 Wright-Giemsa stain, 386 Zinc, 67 PT measurement, 404 Whipple disease, 656 Wright stain, 142 Wilson disease, 378 reversal of, 664 Weil disease, 142 Wrinkles of aging, 48 Ziprasidone, 543 teratogenicity, 582 Well-patient care, 258–259 Wrist bones, 426 Zoledronic acid, 456 therapeutic index value of, 228 Wenckebach AV block, 284 Wrist drop, 427 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 338 toxicity treatment, 239, 407 Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, 500 lead poisoning, 397 duodenal ulcers, 363 vitamin K antagonist, 66 Wernicke aphasia, 486 Written advance directives, 255 gastrin in, 356 Warm autoimmune hemolytic Wernicke area, 471 WT1/WT2 genes, 218 MEN 1 syndrome, 339 anemia, 401 stroke effects, 484 Wuchereria bancrofti, 154, 155 proton pump inhibitors for, 381 Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells, 166 Wernicke encephalopathy, Zolpidem, 515 Warthin tumors, 359 62, 541 X Zona fasciculata, 312, 319 WAS gene, 113 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Xanthine, 457 Zona glomerulosa, 312 Waterhouse-Friderichsen 481, 541 Xanthine oxidase, 457 Zona reticularis, 312 syndrome, 324 vitamin B1 deficiency, 62 Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 440, 661 Zonular fibers, 504 meningococci, 138 Western blot, 49 Xanthochromia, 661 Zoonotic bacteria, 144 presentation, 652 HIV diagnosis, 171 Xanthochromic spinal tap, 483 Zymogens, 358

© 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 INDEX 775

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© 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 776

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© 2017 First Aid for the USMLE Step 1