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The Osprey September 2019

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The Osprey September 2019 Restoring Rogue River Resiliency As climate change stresses salmon, benefits of Rogue dam removals stand out By Jim McCarthy he Rogue River, in Oregon, down, the dam removal and restoration news as well as detail. The report noted is one of the most produc - focus has shifted to tributary streams. that for five years following the re - tive salmon and steelhead At the same time, Rogue Basin commu - movals of Gold Ray and Savage Rapids rivers in the Pacific North - nities have joined together to increase dams, biologists surveyed the formerly west, with five runs of their capacity to get this important inundated salmon spawning habitat in Tsalmon and steelhead, plus lamprey and work done. In 2015, four watershed the two reservoir sites, and found that cutthroat trout. Yet, for over one hun - councils merged to create the Rogue “Chinook re-colonized the habitat im - dred years a series of dams on the River Watershed Council (RRWC), mediately, and large numbers of redds mainstem and spawning tributaries se - bringing more muscle and expertise to [salmon egg nests] were observed.” verely impacted Rogue Basin fish. deliver high quality restoration proj - ODFW also observed benefits for After persistant leadership over three ects in the Upper Rogue Basin. Among Rogue steelhead, stating, “With the ex - decades from WaterWatch of Oregon, other projects, in 2017 RRWC removed ception of 2015, returns of wild half Savage Rapids Dam, the City of Gold the Beeson-Robison diversion dam on pounders since 2013 have been in the Hill Diversion Dam, and Gold Ray Dam Wagner Creek, replacing it with a more top ten largest returns observed during were all removed in a three-year span fish friendly diversion to maintain the ODFW fish monitoring in the lower from 2008 to 2010, providing unim - Rogue (Huntley Park seining project). peded fish and boat passage on 157 The three largest counts of wild half miles of the mainstem Rogue from This year, the Rogue pounders are 2018, 2013 and 2017, William Jess Dam to the Pacific Ocean. which is encouraging for biologists and During that timespan, the U.S. Army River is projected to anglers, and coincides nicely with dam Corps of Engineers notched its partially removal.” completed Elk Creek Dam, freeing up have the biggest fall There is other good news. This year, access to important salmon, steelhead, the Rogue River was projected to have and cutthroat trout spawning areas on Chinook return of any the biggest fall Chinook salmon return Elk Creek. In 2015, WaterWatch and our river south of the on the Pacific Coast south of the Colum - partners removed Wimer Dam and bia River for the third year running. In Fielder Dam, providing unimpeded ac - Columbia for the third 2017, ODFW projected 246,900 fall Chi - cess to 70 miles of high quality habitat nook would return in the Rogue. In in Evans Creek, another important year running. 2018, the department projected a whop - salmon and steelhead spawning tribu - ping 462,800 would return to the Rogue tary. These two barriers had both been with the fall run. This year, 383,500 are ranked in the top ten on the Oregon De - anticipated. The Rogue has maintained partment of Fish and Wildlife’s gravity-fed irrigation system at the this welcome abundance even as statewide fish passage priority list. site. Watershed councils and other salmon populations in nearby rivers Depending on the barrier, fish pas - groups doing restoration in the basin have declined due in significant part to sage improvement may not always re - have also formed the Rogue Basin Part - drought and water management deci - sult in dam removal, although removal nership and developed an action plan to sions which discount or ignore the crit - is generally the most effective option. coordinate efforts, increase restoration ical value of healthy rivers facing In 2016, WaterWatch, in conjunction funding capacity, and increase the ef - increasing strain under climate change. with the Gold Hill Irrigation District, fectiveness of restoration efforts in the While initial evidence is promising, it completed a project to improve fish basin. will take a few generations of salmon passage at a diversion located between and steelhead going through their var - the old Gold Hill and Gold Ray dam Fish Response ied life cycles before some of the bene - sites. This diversion was the most fits are fully realized. Ocean conditions harmful remaining on the mainstem Since this unprecedented restoration and flow conditions can obscure the Rogue below the William Jess Dam and effort began, evidence — both scien - benefits of dam removals. What we do complemented the benefits of the main - tific and anecdotal — has begun to know is conditions for salmon and steel - stem dam removals. emerge about the benefits to the Rogue head in the Rogue Basin have greatly These success created momentum for Basin. For example, the Oregon Depart - improved because of dam removal. additional barrier removal and other ment of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) re - Good years will be better and bad years river restoration projects in the basin. cently released a summary of early will not be as bad because of these im - Because the larger fish barriers on the observations of fish response to Rogue portant river restoration projects. mainstem Rogue River have come dam removals, which contained good Continued on next page 18 The Osprey Continued from previous page mainstem Rogue like the ocean, and use Reduction in Mortality and Injury spawning tributaries the way sea-runs There is now greater resiliency in the use coastal streams. Cutthroat trout are Dams injure and kill fish. Adults mi - system, and one of Oregon’s most spec - not good jumpers and have trouble nav - grating upstream can jump out of fish tacular rivers is now healthier, and has igating fish ladders. The mainstem ladders, where they are stranded and a better chance of maintaining salmon dams isolated cutthroat populations. die. Adults jumping against the face of and steelhead runs into an uncertain fu - Tributary dams such as Elk Creek, dams are injured or killed, and adults ture. Fielder, and Wimer blocked access to and juvenile fish spilling over the tops cutthroat spawning habitat. of dams also suffer injury and mortal - Unimpeded Fish Passage/Elimination of Delays Dams have multiple impacts on fish and river systems. One of the most sig - nificant impacts is as a barrier imped - ing fish passage. 2008 to 2010 were big years for upper Rogue migratory fish. The removal of Savage Rapids, Gold Hill, and Gold Ray dams — alongside the notching of Elk Creek Dam — turned migration bottlenecks into free - ways. The three mainstem Rogue dams impeded passage of significant portions of the basin’s five runs of salmon and steelhead, Pacific lamprey, and cut - throat trout to over 500 miles of up - stream habitat, including 50 miles of the mainstem. Spring Chinook salmon were particularly hard hit, having to navigate the three mainstem dams to get to their upstream spawning areas. Anglers are also reporting fish in the The Rogue River flows free at the site of the Savage Rapids Dam shortly after it upper river earlier than in the past, and was removed in 2009. The dam was considered to be the biggest fish killer on the that the fish are strong and in good Rogue River system. Photo by Jim Yuskavitch shape. Eliminating the delays in adult upstream migration allows the fish to access their upper basin spawning For example, in 1992 the U.S. Army ity. Predators concentrate below and areas in better condition and with more Corps of Engineers began trapping mi - above dams because fish are more energy reserves for spawning effort. grating salmon and steelhead below available and vulnerable prey at these Having more early and healthy fish in - what was then half-built Elk Creek Dam sites. Juvenile fish are much more sus - creases the likelihood that fish can take and hauling them to upstream spawning ceptible to predation in the slow moving advantage of optimal flow conditions to habitat. Technicians also hauled what water created by reservoirs upstream move into tributary spawning areas, cutthroat they caught in the trap. That of the dams. At Savage Rapids Dam, and have more energy to access habitat first winter, only nine cutthroat were there were high juvenile losses because higher up in the system. For example, trapped. Three years later, the numbers of entrainment through and impinge - in the wake of the 2015 removals of two grew to 68, and by winter of 2001-02 ment at the inadequate fish screens on dams on Evans Creek, ODFW biologists crews captured and hauled triple-digit the irrigation canals and pump turbine observed fall Chinook spawning in the numbers of cutthroat to spawning system. These sources of injury and high quality habitat of tributary West grounds. Since the Elk Creek Dam mortality are entirely eliminated by Fork Evans Creek for the first time on notching in 2008, cutthroat trout have dam removal. record. This all translates into in - unimpeded access to their historic creased spawning success, and ulti - spawning areas. The removal of the Reclaimed Habitat and Water Quality mately more fish. Evans Creek dams should similarly Improvements Besides impeding fish passage for up - benefit the cutthroat in that system. stream migrating adult salmon, dams The combination of dam removals and The reservoir behind Savage Rapids can completely block upstream access protective fishing regulations has Dam inundated approximately 3.5 miles for juvenile fish and cutthroat trout. Ju - sparked a resurgence of cutthroat trout of prime fall Chinook habitat. The venile fish must be able to move up and on the Rogue.
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