SFERA POLITICII • Numărul 134 2009 Alexandru Climescu

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SFERA POLITICII • Numărul 134 2009 Alexandru Climescu EDITORIAL John Gledhill DILEMELE GUVERNĂRII Sfera Adrian Spirchez Aurora Martin Marian Zulean ESEU Politicii Cecilia Tohăneanu REVISTĂ DE ŞTIINŢE POLITICE ŞI DE TEORIE POLITICĂ CRIZA EDITATĂ DE FUNDAŢIA SOCIETATEA CIVILĂ Gabriel Radu Sergiu Tămaş Nikolai Yotov SEMN DE ÎNTREBARE Interviu cu Dan Pavel ARHIVA Stelian Tănase POLITICĂ INTERNAŢIONALĂ Irina Zamfirescu Dan Pavel Gheorghe-Costinel Anuţa RECENZII Ioana Paverman SFERA POLITICII • Numărul 134 2009 Alexandru Climescu [Honore Daumier] NUMĂRUL 134 ANUL XVII Dilemele guvernării ISSN: 1221-6720 2009 Sfera Politicii este prima revistă EDITORIAL BOARD de ştiinţă şi teorie politică apărută în România, după căderea Călin Anastasiu comunismului. Revista apare fără Daniel Chirot întrerupere din 1992. Dennis Deletant Sfera Politicii a jucat şi joacă un rol important în difuzarea principalelor Anneli Ute Gabanyi teme de ştiinţă şi teorie politică Gail Kligman şi în constituirea şi dezvoltarea unei reflecţii politologice viabile Dan Pavel în peisajul ştiinţific şi cultural din Vladimir Tismăneanu România. G. M. Tamas Sfera Politicii pune la îndemâna cercetătorilor, a oamenilor politici şi a publicului, analize, comentarii DIRECTOR şi studii de specialitate, realizate pe baza paradigmelor teoretice şi Stelian Tănase metodologice ale ştiinţei şi teoriei politice actuale. REDACTOR ŞEF Sfera Politicii îşi face o misiune din contribuţia la consolidarea şi Romulus Brâncoveanu dezvoltarea societăţii democratice şi de piaţă în România. SECRETAR GENERAL DE REDACŢIE Sabin Drăgulin REDACŢIE Alexandru Radu Cecilia Tohăneanu Ana Bulai Daniel Buti Ioana Paverman Nicolae Drăguşin Revistă editată de: TEHNOREDACTOR Liviu Stoica Fundaţia Societatea Civilă [email protected] [email protected] Apare lunar http://www.sferapoliticii.ro Sfera Politicii NUMĂRUL 134, ANUL XVII, aprilie 2009 Editorial O maturitate imperfectă. Ce ne spun alegerile din noiembrie despre evoluţia democraţiei româneşti .......................................................................................................3 John Gledhill Dilemele guvernării Un nou guvern şi un nou împrumut de la FMI .................................................................9 Adrian Spirchez Criza italiană – primul test al guvernării coaliţiei ...........................................................16 Aurora Martin Reforma sistemului de securitate: de la CADA la CADI ..................................................22 Marian Zulean Eseu Ambivalenţa morală a „domniei legii”. Tensiunea potenţială între politică şi moralitate ......................................................................................................................28 Cecilia Tohăneanu Criza „Achiziţii” ale crizei mondiale: noi problematizări în filosofia politică........................ 32 Gabriel Radu Dimensiunea geoeconomică a crizei globale ..................................................................39 Sergiu Tămaş Starea actuală a crizei globale în Bulgaria ......................................................................47 Nikolai Yotov Semn de întrebare: Dan Pavel ..................................................................................51 Arhiva Arhivele Sfera Politicii - Comsomoliştii ............................................................................54 Stelian Tănase Politică internaţională NATO-Rusia: mai mult decât un Consiliu ....................................................................... 61 Irina Zamfirescu Politica internaţională între Obama 100 şi Obama 1000 ...............................................68 Dan Pavel „Bătrânul” şi... „curbele” Madonnei: dilemele strategice ale NATO la 60 de ani ....... 77 Gheorghe-Costinel Anuţa Recenzii Istoria văzută prin ochii mişcărilor colective .................................................................. 86 Ioana Paverman Francesco Alberoni, Leader e masse Un melting-pot francez? ..................................................................................................90 Alexandru Climescu Patrick Weil, Libertate, egalitate, discriminări Index de autori ...............................................................................................................95 Editorial O maturitate imperfectă ce ne spun alegerile din noiembrie despre evoluţia democraţiei româneşti JOHN GLEDHILL legerile din noiembrie nu au fost doar un test al ni- Avelului de sprijin popular de care se bucură elitele politice; au fost şi un indicator al procesului de maturi- The author thinks that the zare al democraţiei româneşti. Deşi November’s parliamentary campania, procesul electoral şi eforturi- elections were a test of whether le prelungite de construire a coaliţiei democracy in Romania has din luna decembrie sunt departe de a fi matured to such an extent that fost perfecte, natura specifică a acelei the term ‘post-communist’ has lipse de perfecţiune sugerează că Ro- become a redundant, even mânia este acum o democraţie ajunsă la misleading, descriptor of maturitate. Alegerile ne arată, astfel, că Romania’s political system. His sistemul democratic românesc a evoluat argument is simple: the atât de mult încât atributul de „post-co- campaign, the electoral process, munist” a devenit redundant şi unul and the protracted efforts at care descrie insuficient natura sistemu- coalition-building in December lui politic din România de astăzi. were all far from perfect. Acest argument se bazează pe However, the particular nature of recunoaşterea faptului că toate demo- that imperfection suggests that craţiile sunt imperfecte. Totuşi, atât Romania is now a mature democraţiile care nu au ajuns la vârsta democracy – one that does not maturităţii cât şi cele mature sunt im- merit the title of ‘post- perfecte în moduri diferite. Democraţii- communist.’ le imature, de exemplu, au tendinţa de a se caracteriza prin sisteme slabe de partide politice, în care o pleiada de partide lipsite de experienţă şi cu resur- se insuficiente sunt în esenţă incapabile de a agrega şi de a articula interesele colective ale potenţialilor membri. Din contră , democraţiile mature se caracte- rizează adesea prin structuri partizane lipsite de flexibilitate, în care doar câte- va partide instituţionalizate îşi folosesc Keywords: resursele organizaţionale vaste pentru system, post-communism, civil society, a construi, mai degrabă decât pentru a advanced democracy Sfera Politicii 134 3 reflecta, interesele membrilor lor. Niciunul dintre cele două tipuri de aranjamente nu este optim şi ambele sisteme de partide ar beneficia de pe urma unei reforme. Cu toate acestea, natura neajunsurilor din fiecare sistem şi tipurile de reforme pe care aceste neajunsuri le necesită sunt diferite în sistemele democratice lipsite de matu- ritate şi, respectiv, în cele mature. Aspectul remarcabil este acela că simpla existenţă a imperfecţiunilor într-un proces electoral nu indică în mod necesar că un sistem electoral este nou sau neconsolidat. Din contră, prezenţa anumitor tipuri de imper- fecţiuni poate fi considerată drept un semn că o anumită democraţie a devenit pe deplin consolidată. Deci, dacă folosim alegerile din noiembrie drept măsură în eva- luarea maturităţii democraţiei romaneşti, atunci este nevoie să privim dincolo de simplul fapt că au existat probleme în recentul proces electoral şi, în schimb, să ana- lizăm ce tip de probleme au fost. Merită să ne concentrăm asupra a patru imperfec- ţiuni specifice care au apărut în timpul recentelor alegeri. Fiecare dintre acestea re- prezintă un adevărat eşec al sistemului electoral romanesc actual şi fiecare necesită o atenţie imediată. Totuşi, fiecare dintre aceste neajunsuri, de bine de rău, este ca- racteristica unei democraţii mature. O participare redusă la urne Prezenţa slabă la urne a electoratului a fost destul de criticată de către presă în ultimele săptămâni şi pe bună dreptate. Cu doar 7,5 milioane de voturi exprimate pe 30 noiembrie (aproximativ 40% din 18,5 milioane de cetăţeni cu drept de vot), este foarte dificil să argumentezi că rezultatele electorale reflectă voinţa colectivă a poporului român. Dacă considerăm faptul că rezultatele reflectă în mod direct sen- timentul popular, atunci veştile sunt destul de proaste pentru Emil Boc si guvernul său: mai puţin de 30% din electorat au sprijinit, de fapt, partidele care au constituit super coaliţia guvernamentală. Dintre numeroasele explicaţii formulate pentru a motiva prezenţa slabă la urne a electoratului, câteva s-au fundamentat pe ideea că aceasta ar fi o consecinţă a imaturităţii democraţiei romaneşti, o democraţie care îşi caută stabilitatea, care încă încearcă să stea pe propriile picioare. Dintre aceste argumente, cel mai convin- gător a fost acela că cetăţenii au stat departe de urne datorită confuziei induse de modificarea sistemului electoral. Dacă elitele politice nu pot ajunge la un acord asu- pra sistemului electoral, cetăţenii fiind departe de a înţelege detaliile tehnice ale procesului de transformare a voturilor lor în mandate parlamentare, atunci, în aces- te condiţii, este foarte posibil ca alegătorii să fi ales să stea acasă decât să fie parte a unui proces electoral rudimentar, incomplet dezvoltat. Deşi există o anumită logi- că în acest argument, putem formula o explicaţie plauzibila alternativă: participarea redusă la vot este un produs normal, deşi regretabil, al democraţiilor avansate, iar din moment ce România este astăzi o democraţie avansată, şi ea trebuie să facă faţă acestei maladii a maturităţii. Dar cum explicăm această tendinţă structurală a democraţiilor consolidate; o participare
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