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El Creixement De L'extrema Dreta a Europa

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El Creixement De L'extrema Dreta a Europa El crecimiento de la extrema derecha en Europa y los derechos de las mujeres Marzo 2020 1 ÍNDICE El crecimiento de la extrema derecha en Europa y los derechos de las mujeres Marzo 2020 1. Introducción 2. La extrema derecha a Europa i els derechos de les mujeres 2.1 Alemania 2.2 Italia 2.3 Francia 2.4 Grecia 2.5 Polonia 2.6 Hungría 2.7 España 2.8 Austria 2.9 Bélgica 2.10 Países Bajos 2.11 Finlandia 2.12 Bulgaria 2.13 Dinamarca 2.14 Eslovaquia 2.15 Suecia 2.16 Chipre 2.17 Letonia 2.18 Lituania 2.19 Eslovenia 2.20 Estonia 2.21 República Checa 3. ¿Cómo hacer frente a la extrema derecha? 4. Recomendaciones 2 1. Introducción El Decreto 28/2018, de 7 de junio, de reestructuración del Departamento de la Vicepresidencia y de Economía y Hacienda creó la Oficina de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. El 1 de octubre de 2018 el Govern nombró como director de la Oficina de Derechos Civiles y Políticos Adam Majó Garriga. El artículo 104, apartado g) del Decreto 43/2019, de 25 de febrero, establece que a la Oficina le corresponde velar por el cumplimiento e impulso de las medidas adoptadas en la Resolución del Parlamento Europeo 2018/2869 (RSP), de 25 de octubre, sobre el auge de la violencia neofascista en Europa, motivo por el cual deviene necesario informar de la situación actual, radiografiada bajo el nombre de El crecimiento de la extrema derecha en Europa y los derechos de les mujeres. Marzo 2020. El Parlamento de Catalunya ha instado al Govern a que la Oficina de Derechos Civiles y Políticos elabore un informe sobre el crecimiento de la extrema derecha en Europa y cómo este afecta a los derechos de les mujeres. Las fuentes utilizadas en este informe para radiografiar la realidad han tenido en cuenta que nunca existe una única manera de relatar los hechos, pero que los hechos son los que son. Por este motivo, hemos querido ser cuidadosos con las palabras que recogen los hechos, y con la objetividad necesaria para comprender la gravedad y transcendencia del fenómeno de crecimiento analizado y sus consecuencias. La extrema derecha en Europa es un fenómeno complejo que engloba a un amplio espectro de partidos ubicados a la derecha de los partidos conservadores clásicos, con una preocupación común peor la identidad que se expresa en términos de cultura esencial y cerrada. Este Informe analiza aquellos que son parlamentarios, y que en sus países respectivos han alcanzado una presencia institucional significativa. Ante el vértigo que producen los cambios sociales y la incerteza con la que las sociedades afrontan el futuro, estas fuerzas políticas proponen un imposible retorno a un pasado pretendidamente feliz, ofreciendo seguridad y protección a una parte de la ciudadanía, rechazando la inmigración y hablando de un Estado del bienestar solo para los considerados nacionales (provenientes de unas supuestas mismas tradiciones, rasgos culturales y valores) oponiéndolos al cosmopolitismo y al multiculturalismo. En todos ellos podemos ver factores comunes como la xenofobia y la islamofobia así como también actitudes contrarias a los derechos de las mujeres. CASTELLÀ1 indica que: “el nativismo y el etnopluralismo son dos de las características principales de la extrema derecha que explican su auge, más enfocado a explicaciones culturalistas que no económicas”. 1 Ver L’extrema dreta, un fenomen europeu; Castellà, Helena; Fundación Josep Irla; 2016. Informe 3 Como señala CHRISTOU2, del Centre de Análisis de la Derecha Radical (CARR), un término benigno y descriptivo, “familia” se ha convertido la primera frontera de les guerras sociales de la extrema derecha. En la Unión Europea, la integración de la “familia natural” choca con les políticas de incorporación de la perspectiva de género que los Estados miembros han estado implementando durante los últimos 25 años. Como señala STERKENBURG, del RAN CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE3, a les últimas 3 décadas la extrema derecha ha vivido muchos cambios: se ha movido del activismo offline al activismo online, ha abrazado la cultura del juego y de las redes sociales, y se ha producido un aumento en las actividades transfronterizas y las redes transnacionales. El Islam se ha convertido en el principal nuevo enemigo. El problema es que con este “chivo expiatorio” se llama a severas restricciones de los derechos civiles y políticos, de las libertades de específicos grupos étnicos i/o religiosos. Como indica WEISSKIRCHER4, algunas posibles causes del crecimiento de la extrema derecha a Europa son “múltiples”, citando en todo cas “el rechazo a la inmigración —particularmente a la musulmana—, la inseguridad económica y la desconfianza hacia las élites políticas, tanto a escala nacional como de la UE”. WODAK, investigadora del Centro de Análisis de la Derecha Radical (CARR), añade “la inmensa inseguridad provocada por una globalización feroz”, así como otras causas de larga duración, como el hecho de que “antiguos sentimientos xenófobos, racistas y antisemitas ahora se hayan disparado de nuevo”. Per ALONSO MÉNDEZ5, los 2 factores característicos de la extrema derecha europea son: 1) la oposición a la inmigración como eje central que articula lo demás; y 2) una apelación a la protección de la cultura y la identidad nacional que se ve amenazada ante un supuesto enemigo externo, la inmigración. Este Informe pretende analizar las dinámicas actuales para captar las consecuencias del crecimiento de la extrema derecha, en Europa, y como este crecimiento, sus discursos y sus políticas afectan a los derechos de las mujeres. 2 Ver Turning family into a political weapon; Christou, Miranda; CARR; January 13, 2020. 3 Ver Far-right extremism. A practical introduction; Sterkenburg, Nikki; Ran Centre of Excellence. 4 Ver La extrema derecha que sufriremos 5 Ver El auge de la extrema derecha en la Unión Europea: la inmigración en el punto de mira; Alonso Méndez, Carla; UAB; TFG; Mayo, 2019 4 2. La extrema derecha en Europa y los derechos de les mujeres En su Informe Mundial 2020, al capítol dedicado a la Unión Europea, Human Rights Watch6 señala que “la intolerancia racista, el sentimiento y la violencia xenófoba, islamofóbica y antisemita, continuó prevaleciendo en toda la UE. Los musulmanes, incluidas les mujeres que usan el velo, continúan padeciendo una hostilidad e intolerancia generalizadas en los países de la UE”. ECO7, en la conferencia Il fascismo eterno, el 25 de abril de 1995, señalaba que: “el fascismo italiano fue el primer en crear una liturgia militar, un folklore e, incluso, una forma de vestir, con la que tuvo más éxito en el extranjero que Armani, Benetton o Versace. Solo en los años 30 aparecieron movimientos fascistas en Inglaterra, con Mosley, y en Letonia, Estonia, Lituania, Polonia, Hungría, Rumanía, Bulgaria, Grecia, Yugoslavia, España, Portugal, Noruega e incluso en América del Sur, por no hablar de Alemania”. ECO alertaba que el fascismo eterno “puede volver aún con las apariencias más inocentes. Nuestro deber es desenmascararlo y apuntar con el índice a cada una de sus nuevas formes, todos los días, en todos los rincones del mundo”, porque “libertad y liberación son una tarea que no acaba nunca, y nuestro lema debe ser: No olvidemos”. URBAN8 considera que “podemos afirmar que la categoría clásica del fascismo no nos sirve para definir los rebrotes autoritarios que estamos viviendo en la actualidad, pero entendemos que debemos partir del análisis de las experiencias fascistas para entender en parte el fenómeno nuevo de las derechas radicales”. MARTÍ i TUBAU9 apunta que: “los partidos de extrema derecha se han hecho fuertes en la mayoría de países de Europa y lejos de ser una coincidencia esporádica en el tiempo, es una tendencia que, en términos generales, no ha parado de crecer en la última década”. El ascenso de la extrema derecha en la Unión Europea coincide con momentos de crisis y de rechazo a la inmigración, y se traduce en una pérdida continua de derechos, bien porque los eliminan con su acción directa desde algunos gobiernos, bien porque influyen en la agenda política de partidos tradicionales. PALOP10 indica que: “la extrema derecha explota el miedo al extraño, al diferente, exalta la primacía de los nativos ante la invasión extranjera, y se presenta como la única opción política que defiende los intereses de los ciudadanos nacionales: es el vota francés del FN/AN; o los austríacos primero 6 Ver World report 2020 7 Ver Contra el fascismo; Eco, Umberto; Barcelona. Lumen. 2018 8 Ver La emergencia de Vox; Urbán, Miguel; Editorial Sylone en coedición con viento sur; Barcelona; 2019, pág. 23. 9 Ver L’extrema dreta a la Unió Europea: tendències electorals comparades; Martí i Tubadu, Daniel; 10 Ver Revolución feminista y políticas de lo común frente a la extrema derecha; María Eugenia R. Palop; Icaria; febrero de 2019; páginas 22-23 5 del FPÖ”. Por tanto, la extrema derecha ofrece “el elemento simbólico que lo aglutina todo: la esperanza de estabilidad y de seguridad que proporciona la nación, el Estado, la tradición o la reafirmación de una cultura propia”. PALOP indica también que: “la primacía nacional no solo se aplica al terreno laboral y económico, sino que se amplía al terreno cultural mediante la defensa de una comunidad de lengua, cultura y tradición, dejando siempre implícito el elemento racial. Si estas extremas derechas son tan racistas y xenófobas, como antifascistas y machistas, es justamente porque atacan todo lo que supuestamente divide la unidad de un mítico nosotros nacional”. MAYER11 explica que: “desde hace unos 20 años la derecha radical populista vive un auge electoral sin precedentes, con una orientación xenófoba, autoritaria y euroescéptica. A les elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 2014, tres de estos movimientos se situaban en la cabecera en sus respectivos países, el Partido por la Independencia del Reino Unido (UKIP), el Partido del Pueblo Danés (DF) y el entonces Frente Nacional francés (FN, ahora RN).
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