Country Presentation on

Bismillahir rahmanir rahim, course and my fellow course mates, assalamualaikum and good morning/afternoon. We all know that 5 Nigerian Naval officers are going to join us within a very short time. As this is the first time for us to work in peer with Nigerian people, so I have been privileged to apprise you about the country nigeria.

The aim of my presentation is to apprise you about Nigeria in brief.

The sequence by which I shall go through is flashed on the screen.

For the nature of introduction to our guest officers, I have pointed out some issues having focus on mutual communications. Overall I shall speak for a duration about 20 minutes. Let us start with the history of Nigeria.

Nigeria has got a very very old history dating back to 4000 BC. This country is rich in culture and heritages. It is an African nation and the touch of modern civilization has taken quite a bit of time to reach there. Nigerian ppl because of their complexion has long been undermined by the whit people and engaged in henious task. By the course of time, they have also come up in many ways. If we look into the history of Nigeria, the total period can be divided into some major fragment. Namely…..

Nigeria is a parliamentary democracy with an executive branch headed at the Federal level by a President and Vice-President, an independent Judiciary appointed by the President, the Senate and the House of Representatives, who both constitute the National Assembly and are elected by a popular vote. The State governments are headed by a Governor at the Executive level, a State Assembly and Local Governments led by Chairmen, All three state branches of government are elected by a popular vote.

There are four distinct systems of law in Nigeria:

English law which is derived from its colonial past with Britain;

Common law, a development of its post colonial independence;

Customary law which is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practice, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yorubaland secret societies and theÈkpè and Okónkò of Igboland and Ibibioland;

Sharia law, used only in the predominantly Muslim north of the country. It is an Islamic legal system which had been used long before the colonial administration in Nigeria but recently politicised and spearheaded in Zamfara in late 1999 and eleven other states followed suit. These states are Kano, Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe,Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe, and Kebbi.[45]

The country has a judicial branch, the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria

Nigeria is an active participant and a member of several international, regional, and sub-regional organizations. These include: the United Nations (UN), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), African Union (AU), ECOWAS, The Commonwealth of Nations and other organizations. Since joining the United Nations in 1960, Nigeria has consistently committed itself to the cause of peacekeeping. Today, Nigeria is a leading troop contributing country to international peacekeeping. Nigeria has more than 6,020 men keeping the peace outside its borders in Bosnia Herzegovina, Iraq, Kuwait, Western Sahara, Liberia, Sudan, Angola and Rwanda. Nigerian troops have also served in Somalia, Mozambique, Cambodia, The Congo, Chad, Lebanon, India and Pakistan (Kashmir).

The Nigerian Military are charged with protecting The Federal Republic of Nigeria, promoting Nigeria's global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts especially in West .

The Nigerian Military consist of an army, a and an air force.[2] The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country's history since independence. Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history. Its last period of rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of former dictator Sani Abacha in 1998, with his successor, Abdulsalam Abubakar, handing over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999.

On 1st May 1958, a colonial ordinance formally brought the Nigerian Naval Force under the Naval Disciplinary Act. This act essentially brought the officers and men of the Nigerian Naval Force under the disciplinary procedures and legal regimes applicable to the Royal Navy.

In July 1959, the Nigerian Naval Force was transformed into a full fledged Navy when Queen Elizabeth granted permission for the Force to use the title ‘Royal Nigerian Navy’. The title was changed to the ‘Nigerian Navy’ in 1963 after Nigeria became a republic. The constitutional task of the Navy was expanded in 1964 after the repeal of the 1958 Ordinance. The new law known as the Navy Act of 1964 for the first time tasked the Navy with the military responsibility of “naval defence of Nigeria.” Other tasks assigned the Navy by the 1964 Act were essentially coast guard duties namely: assisting in enforcement of Customs laws, making of hydrographic surveys and training of officers and men in naval duties.

These tasks were essentially routine functions of any Navy. Consequently, the naval leadership began to mount pressure on the political leadership to re-define the constitutional role of the Navy. In 1993, this pressure yielded the desired result and under a new law; the Armed Forces Decree 105 now known as the Armed Forces Act, was incorporated as part of the 1999 Constitution. The Navy was given expanded military and constabulary roles especially in the oil and gas sectors of the Nigerian maritime economy

The Western Naval Command

The Western Naval Command HQ is located at in Lagos. It covers the sea and coastal areas from the Nigeria/ border at Long 002o 49’ E to Long 006o E in from the Nigerian coastline to the limit of the nation’s EEZ. The Command has the following units under its jurisdiction:

Western Fleet at Apapa.

NNS BEECROFT, an operations base at Apapa.

NNS DELTA, an operations base at .

NNS LUGARD, an operations base at Lokoja. Naval Air Station, Ojo, Lagos.

Nigerian Navy Reference Hospital,Ojo, Lagos.

Fleet Support Group (West) at Apapa.

NNS WEY, a maintenance unit at Navy Town, Ojo.

Forward Operating Bases (FOB) IGBOKODA and ESCRAVOS in Ondo and Delta States respectively.

Nigerian Navy Secondary School, Abeokuta.

Nigerian Navy Hospital Warri.

Nigerian Navy Secondary School, Ojo.

[edit]The Eastern Naval Command

The Eastern Naval Command (ENC) is the second operations command of the NN and it covers the sea area from Long 006o E in Delta State to the Nigeria/ border at Long 008o 30’ E, and from the Nigerian coastline to the limit of the nation’s EEZ. The headquarters is at . The Command has the following units under its jurisdiction:

NNS VICTORY, an operations base at Calabar.

NNS PATHFINDER, an operations base at Harcourt.

NNS JUBILEE, an operations base at Ikot Abasi.

Eastern Fleet at Calabar.

FOBs BONNY,EGUWEMA and IBAKA in Rivers, Bayelsa and Akwa Ibom States respectively.

Fleet Support Group(East) at Calabar.

Navy Hospitals at Calabar and .

Nigerian Navy Secondary Schools at Calabar and Port Harcourt.

[edit]Naval Training Command (NAVTRAC)

The main functions of the Naval Training Command (NAVTRAC) are the coordination and harmonization of training doctrines and standards for all local training in the NN as evolved by the NHQ. The Command is headed by the FOC NAVTRAC, who is assisted by 9 PSOs namely: the CSO, the Command Technical Training Officer (CTTO), Command Logistic Training Officer (CLTO) and Command Medical Training Officer (CMTO). Others are the Command Academic Training Officer (CATO), CABO, CAO, CINTO and CPM. The units under NAVTRAC are:

Sea Training Unit at Victoria Island, Lagos. It is responsible for Basic Operations Sea Training, Safety Operations Sea Training, and Consolidated Operations Sea Training of all NN ships when assigned. It also conducts harbour and ship acceptance trials of vessels after major refits. NNS QUORRA at Apapa, which caters for various forms of seamen professional courses for officers and ratings.

Nigerian Navy Engineering College (NNEC) Sapele, which caters for the technical training of all NN technical personnel.

The Nigerian Navy Finance and Logistic School (NNFLS) at Owerrinta.

Nigerian Naval College ONURA and the Nigerian Navy Basic Training School (NNBTS), which are co- located at Onne, Port Harcourt. The 2 establishments conduct basic training for officers and ratings respectively.

There are other professional schools, which include; the Medical Staff Training School, Offa in , the NN School of Music at Otta and the Hydrographic School at Port Harcourt. Others are the Naval Provost and Regulating School, the Nigerian Navy Intelligence School and the Physical Training School all at Apapa, Lagos.

[edit]The Logistics Command

The Logistics Command is equally commanded by a FOC of Rear rank. The permanent HQ of the Command is at Oghara, Delta State though it’s presently operating from Sapele. However, the Nigerian Navy Order establishing the Logistics Command which is expected to stipulate the organization and responsibilities of the Command is still been awaited

[edit]The autonomous units

The autonomous units are those units, which require prudent management and high-level control that need not be duplicated or represented at the lower hierarchy. Though small in outfit, they report directly to the CNS. Prominent among the autonomous units is the Nigerian Naval Dockyard, located in Victoria Island, Lagos. Hitherto, third line maintenance was carried out either in a foreign dockyard or private ones in Nigeria, at very high cost. The Naval Dockyard in Lagos, which was commissioned on 27 August 1990, now takes care of this high level maintenance such as major overhaul of ships engines, additions and alterations, and modification of designs. The Naval Shipyard in Port Harcourt was also acquired in 1990 from Messrs Witt and Bush. Smaller ships of the NN and merchant ships are repaired there. The shipyard has built and delivered some tugboats and barges to some private organizations.

[edit]The NN Air Arm

The 101 Squadron was established in 1985, based at Navytown near Ojo and operated AgustaWestland Lynx helicopters for anti-submarine warfare and SAR operations from the Meko class . For quite some time, the Squadron operates Agusta 109 Helicopters from Warri Naval Base on anti-smuggling and oil protection duties.[2]

The (SBS) is a special operations unit of the Nigerian Navy. It is a male only outfit and was fashioned the Royal Navy Special Boat Service. The roles of the Special Boat Services are predominantly focused on, but not restricted to, littoral and riverine operations, including Reconnaissance and , Covert beach reconnaissance in advance of an amphibious assault, recovery or protection of ships and oil installations subject to hostile state or non-state action, Maritime Counter-Terrorism and offensive Action

Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi),[52] making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela,. It shares a 4,047 kilometres (2,515 mi) border with Benin (773 km), Niger (1497 km), Chad (87 km), Cameroon (1690 km), and has a coastline of at least 853 km

Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,524 to 2,032 mm) a year.[54] In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast.[55] This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as salt water swamp, also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest.[56][56]

Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue River valleys (which merge into each other and form a "y" shape).[55] To the southwest of the Niger there is "rugged" highland, and to the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains which forms the Mambilla Plateau,the highest Plateau in Nigeria.This plateau extends to the border with Cameroon, this montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands in Cameroon. The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity including the drill monkey which is only found in the wild in this area and across the border in Cameroon. It is widely believed that the areas surroundingCalabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has seen its forest more or less disappear to be replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests).

Everything in between the far south and the far north, is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and rainfall is between 20 and 60 inches (508 and 1,524 mm) per year.[54] The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees and the most common across the country: Sudan savannah, similar but with "shorter grasses and shorter trees; and Sahel savannah, comprised patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.[56] In the Sahel region, rain is less than 20 inches (508 mm) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching.[54] In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon

Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub- divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government.

Nigeria is classified as a mixed economy emerging market, and has already reached middle income status according to the Worldbank, with its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the Nigerian Stock Exchange), which is the second largest in Africa. Nigeria is ranked 31st in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) as of 2011. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the U.S. of any country worldwide. Nigeria is currently the 50th-largest export market for U.S. goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the U.S. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor

Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. (The country joined OPEC in 1971). Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy, accounting for 40% of GDP and 80% of Government earnings. However, agitation for better resource control in the Niger Delta, its main oil producing region, has led to disruptions in oil production and currently prevents the country from exporting at 100% capacity.[68]

Nigeria has one of the fastest growing telecommunications markets in the world, major emerging market operators (like MTN, Etisalat, Zain and Globacom) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country.[69] The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure tospace based communications. Nigeria has a space satellite which is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja.

The country has a highly developed financial services sector, with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, private equity funds and investment banks.[70]

Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include natural gas, coal, bauxite, tantalite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone,niobium, lead and zinc.[71] Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy.

Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria.[72] At one time, Nigeria was the world's largest exporter of groundnuts,cocoa, and palm oil and a significant producer of coconuts, citrus fruits, maize, pearl millet, cassava, yams and sugar cane. About 60% of Nigerians work in the agricultural sector, and Nigeria has vast areas of underutilized arable land.[73]

It also has a manufacturing industry which includes leather and textiles (centred Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, and Lagos), car manufacturing (for the French car manufacturer Peugeotas well as for the English truck manufacturer Bedford, now a subsidiary of General Motors), t-shirts, plastics and processed food.

Nigeria has six cities with a population of over 1 million people (from largest to smallest: Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Kaduna, Port Harcourt, and Benin City). Lagos is the largest city in sub- Saharan Africa, with a population of over 8 million in its urban area alone.

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 18% of the continent's total population,

According to the United Nations, Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world. Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of the world's total population increase from 2005–2050.

Presently, Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world, and even conservative estimates conclude that more than 20% of the world's black population lives in Nigeria. the birth rate is significantly higher than the death rate, at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000 people respectively.

Health, health care, and general living conditions in Nigeria are poor. Life expectancy is 47 years (average male/female). infant mortality is 97.1 deaths per 1000 live births.\HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations. In 2003, the HIV prevalence rate among 20 to 29 year-olds was 5.6%.

Nigeria suffers from periodic outbreaks of cholera, malaria, and sleeping sickness. It is the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio.

Education is in a state of neglect. Education is provided free by the government, but the attendance rate for secondary education is only 29% (32% for males, 27% for females). The education system has been described as "dysfunctional" largely because of decaying institutional infrastructure. 68% of the population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%)

According to a 2003 report, 50.4% of Nigeria's population are Muslims, 48.2% are Christians and 1.4% adhere to other religions

The majority of Nigerian Muslims are Sunni, but a significant Shia and Sufi minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria) and a small minority of Ahmadiyya. Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy.[101] Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution

Other minority religious and spiritual groups in Nigeria include Hinduism,[103] Judaism, The Bahá’í Faith, and Chrislam (a syncretic faith melding elements of Christianity and Islam).[104] Further, Nigeria has become an African hub for the Grail Movement[citation needed] and theHare Krishnas,[105] and the largest temple of the Eckankar religion is in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, with a total capacity of 10,000

Association football is Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the Super Eagles, has made the World Cup on four occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, and most recently in 2010. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980 and 1994, and also hosted the Junior World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina).

According to the official May 2010 FIFA World Rankings, Nigeria was the second top-ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world. Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field.[111] Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions.

Nigeria's human rights record remains poor and government officials at all levels continue to commit serious abuses.[112]

According to the U.S. Department of State,[112] the most significant human rights problems are: extrajudicial killings and use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention center conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labor; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labor, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion; restrictions on freedom of assembly, movement, press, speech and religion; infringement of privacy rights; and the abridgement of the right of citizens to change the government.

Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offenses such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality, infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms