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Issue 13 2nd Issue 2016 ISSN: 2242-440X nmiotc Maritime Interdiction Operations Journal TRAINING CENTRE TRAINING NATO MARITIME INTERDICTION OPERATIONAL MARITIME INTERDICTION NATO 1 NATO Maritime Interdiction Operational Training Centre 8th NMIOTC ANNUAL CONFERENCE The development of maritime security operations as the instrument to cope with the current security challenges and to counter the evolving threats at sea. 06 - 08 JUNE 2017 Attribution Statement For the paper titled “An Analysis of the Types, Threats and Security Measures of Offshore Drilling Facilities”, published in issue 10 (summer 2015, pages 6-12) of the NMIOTC Jour- nal, due and proper attribution is owed to a significant degree, to Dr Mikhail Kashubsky, Senior Lecturer to the Centre for Customs & Excise Studies, Charles Sturt University, Australia, and his valuable articles on “Protecting Offshore Oil and Gas Installations: Security Threats and Countervailing Mea- sures” (Part I & II), published originally in Journal of Energy Security on August and December 2013 respectively. The author as a well as the director and editors of the NMIOTC Journal would like to express their sincere apologies for the abovementioned lack of proper attribution to the important work of Dr Kashubsky . 2 C O N T E N T S nmiotc COMMANDANT'S EDITORIAL MARITIME INTERDICTION Editorial by Georgios Tsogkas OPERATIONS 04 Commodore GRC (N) JOURNAL Commadant NMIOTC ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SECURITY Director Commodore G. Tsogkas GRC (N) Chines Hybrid Warfare and its Implications for Maritime Security Commandant NMIOTC 06 by Dr Alessio Patalano Political Implications of Cyber Space on State Power Executive Director 15 by Elena (Helene) Mandalenakis Captain C. Campana ITA (N) Director of Training Support Considerations on the Mediterranean Migration Crisis 25 by Corrado Campana Captain ITA (N) Editor Lt Commander G. Tzevelekis GRC (N) Transformation Section OPERATIONAL ISSUES Layout Production Islamic State. A Maritime Threat to Europe? CPO E. Miskou GRC (N) 28 by Michael J. Edey and Journal Assistant Editor Lewis Batch LEGAL ISSUES Four Hubs of Maritime insecurity off Africa: 35 From Anti-Piracy to Anti-Crime? by Francois Vrey and Henri Fouche The views expressed in this issue reflect the opinions of the authors, and do not nec- essarily represent NMIOTC's or NATO’s official positions. HIGH VISIBILITY EVENTS All content is subject to Greek 48 VIP visitors to NMIOTC Copyright Legislation. Pictures used from the web are not subject to copyright restrictions. NMIOTC TRAINING You may send your comments to: [email protected] 53 Photos from NMIOTC Training Activities 3 NMIOTC Commandant’s Editorial Last summer at the Warsaw Summit, engage in operational training to pre- involved in both strategic directions, the heads of State and Governments pare the maritime forces prior to their in the broader effort to accomplish all took serious decision aiming at adapt- deployment, their evaluation as [NATO three core tasks and project stability ing the Alliance in a way to enable the Response Force (NRF) - Immediate as well. Allies collectively to be better prepared Response Force Maritime, IRF(M)], for the future in terms of the encoun- Standing Maritime Groups under their Emerging security challenges, such tering the existing threats and coping provisional talking and support ongo- as Critical Infrastructure Protection, with the emerging challenges. ing operations. Secondly to substan- Countering Proliferation of Weapons tially outreach to our partners by pro- of Mass destruction, C-IED in the Among the key decisions the following viding means and capabilities to train Maritime domain, illicit activities and have significant impact to the maritime them so to better prepare in achieving organized crime at sea, interdiction environment but to the geopolitical standardization and enhancing in- at range and cyber defense in the area of NMIOTC’s interest, expertise teroperability. maritime domain have been timely and its potential for improvement. identified and are tackled in a com- The importance of carefully balance prehensive manner by both NMIOTC’s Training being also the most demand- between East and South sets a seri- Education and Training and Transfor- ing Secretary General’s (SG’s) prior- ous burden at NMIOTC for a simple mation departments. Having said that ity shortfall area, in particular in the reason; it is laid at the Southeast side and referring to this journal, I wish to maritime operational environment, is of the Alliance’s footprint and its com- draw your attention to the fact that it considered thus it is used as such, mitment is to dedicate its capacity and presents articles focused on current the self power in two folds: Firstly to potential to provide training to those and future challenges to maritime se- 4 curity. In particular; Power” where she articulates political nally Mr Michael J Edey, and Mr Lewis implications of cyber space on state Batch from Dryad Maritime Limited, at In the lead article, Dr Alessio Patalano power and the interrelations with mari- their paper examine the current try to Senior Lecturer (Associate Profes- time power and cyber power. Captain answer whether the terrorist group has sor) at Department of War Studies, Corrado Campana ITA(N) at his article the intent and the capability to launch King’s College London, on his paper presents some considerations on the and carry out a successful attack on “A Paradigm Shift? Chinese Hybrid Mediterranean migration crisis. shipping transiting the Mediterranean. Warfare and its Implications for Mari- time Security” draws upon the cur- The remaining part of the Journal As a conclusion, taking this opportuni- rent security tensions in the East and deals with legal issues and the ISIS ty, I would like to announce with great South China Seas (or China Seas) to threat within maritime environment. pleasure, the 8th Annual NMIOTC investigate the tactical challenges and Professors Francois Vreÿ and Henri Conference which will be held at our the conceptual implications of Chinese Fouché from Security Institute for premises (Souda Bay – Crete) from hybrid warfare at sea. A different but Governance and Leadership in Africa 6th to 8th June 2017, with theme “The not separate aspect in maritime envi- (SIGLA) of Stellenbosch University, development of maritime security op- ronment is approached by Dr. Elena present arguments in their paper in erations as the instrument to cope with (Helene) Mandalenakis (University of order to accentuate the importance the current security challenges and to Peloponnese) on her paper “Political of maritime crimes other than piracy counter the evolving threats at sea”. Implications of Cyber Space on State off four African maritime regions. Fi- Georgios Tsogkas Commodore GRC (N) Commadant NMIOTC 5 MARITIME SECURITY A ‘Paradigm Shift’? Chinese Hybrid Warfare and its Implications for Maritime Security Dr Alessio Patalano Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) Department of War Studies, King’s College London [email protected] 1. Introduction is no longer uncontested. Russia and Chinese activities in the maritime do- China are developing a wide range of main, however, are remarkable be- As highlighted in A Design for Main- advanced capabilities to implement an cause they stretch far beyond peer taining Maritime Supremacy, for the anti-access area denial strategy within competition in high-end warfare, within first time in a quarter of a century the their immediate periphery, and to proj- the spectrum of what Ken Booth de- United States navy faces the return of ect national power and ambitions be- fined as a navy’s ‘military roles’. At peer competition. Today sea control yond these confines.1 sea, China is engaged in coercion 1 Admiral John M. Richardson, US Navy, A Design for Maintaining Maritime Supremacy (Washington, DC, 2016), 3. 6 MARITIME SECURITY and competition ‘below the tradition- metric war in which the quest for sea gional disputes, it has in some cases al thresholds of high-end conflict’.2 control is often contrasted by attempts broader strategic implications beyond Within this context, military planners of sea denial, and access strategies the realm of constabulary functions in Beijing have developed a range of are faced by anti-access responses.6 generally connected to maritime secu- capabilities that are ‘hybrid’ both in However, within the context of ‘con- rity. The control of key island features– composition and in the way they are stabulary roles’, the paper argues that especially in the South China Sea employed. They combine military, Chinese hybrid warfare is challenging – would in fact allow the Chinese mili- paramilitary and militia forces; they are our understanding of maritime securi- tary to project power across the China deployed to pursue national objectives ty. Indeed, the paper suggests that this Seas, de facto using the pursuit of by exploiting the grey areas of interna- challenges is bringing a paradigm shift maritime rights to potentially affect the tional law.3 in two significant ways. First, Chinese freedom of navigation and over flight This paper draws upon the current se- hybrid warfare seeks to exploit the along international sea-lanes linking curity tensions in the East and South grey areas and diverse interpretations East Asia to the rest of the word. China Seas (or China Seas) to inves- of the United Nations Convention on tigate the tactical challenges and the the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to legiti- 2. Maritime Security and Peer conceptual implications