Mozambique Spitting Cobra Naja Mossambica OTHER NAMES Mosambiekse Spoegkobra (A) M’Fezi (Z)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Mozambique Spitting Cobra Naja mossambica OTHER NAMES Mosambiekse spoegkobra (A) M’fezi (Z) Length: Adults average 1–1,2 m, rarely exceeding 1,5 m. Scale count: Dorsal scales are in 23–25 (rarely 21 or 27) rows at midbody, with 177–205 ventrals and 52–71 paired subcaudals. The anal shield is entire. There are 6 (rarely 7) upper labials with the 3rd (sometimes 3rd and 4th) entering the eye, and 9 (sometimes 8, 10 or 11) lower labials, as well as 2 preoculars (sometimes 1) and 3 (sometimes 2) postoculars. Temporals are variable. Colour: Above, slate grey to olive brown, with each scale dark-edged. Below, salmon pink or sometimes yellowish with black crossbars and blotches on the throat – sometimes forming a band across the ventral scales. Preferred habitat: The most common of the region’s cobras, found largely in moist savanna and lowland forest where it favours broken rocky country, hollow logs, termite mounds and animal holes, often close to permanent water. Habits: May bask near a retreat or forage on overcast days, otherwise it is more active at night. Juveniles, however, are quite active in the day. It is a retiring snake that seldom stands its ground. If cornered it may spread a hood, but will not hold the pose for long. Its main defence, other than going into hiding, is to eject or spit its venom. The fangs are specially modified for spitting: the venom canal openings at the tips are directed forwards and at right angles to the fangs, enabling the snake to eject its venom to a distance greater than 2 m. This snake does not always spread its hood before spitting and may only open its mouth slightly before doing so. It can spit effectively from a concealed position within a rock crevice. The venom supply is seemingly inexhaustible. If venom lands on the hair, face or arms it poses no threat, but in the eyes it causes an immediate burning sensation and should be washed out immediately with large quan-tities of water or any other bland liquid. Similar species: May be confused with other cobras, the Mole Snake (Pseudaspis cana) and the Rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus). Enemies: Preyed upon by snakes. Food and feeding: Preys on toads, small mammals, birds, lizards, insects and snakes, including the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans). May be found searching for food in poultry runs and in the vicinity of houses. Reproduction: Oviparous, laying 10–22 eggs (35 x 20 mm) in midsummer. Hatchlings measure 23–25 cm. Danger to man: A common snake with a potent venom. Accounts for many bites in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga. Venom: Predominantly cytotoxic, causing serious local tissue damage that often requires skin grafts. Only slight neurotoxic symptoms, such as drowsiness, may occur and fatalities are rare. The early administration of antivenom may reduce the extent of tissue damage. Information courtesy of A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa, written by Johan Marais and published by Random House Struik. For more information visit www.reptileventures.com .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Freshwater Fishes
WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE state oF BIODIVERSITY 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 Methods 17 Chapter 3 Freshwater fishes 18 Chapter 4 Amphibians 36 Chapter 5 Reptiles 55 Chapter 6 Mammals 75 Chapter 7 Avifauna 89 Chapter 8 Flora & Vegetation 112 Chapter 9 Land and Protected Areas 139 Chapter 10 Status of River Health 159 Cover page photographs by Andrew Turner (CapeNature), Roger Bills (SAIAB) & Wicus Leeuwner. ISBN 978-0-620-39289-1 SCIENTIFIC SERVICES 2 Western Cape Province State of Biodiversity 2007 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Andrew Turner [email protected] 1 “We live at a historic moment, a time in which the world’s biological diversity is being rapidly destroyed. The present geological period has more species than any other, yet the current rate of extinction of species is greater now than at any time in the past. Ecosystems and communities are being degraded and destroyed, and species are being driven to extinction. The species that persist are losing genetic variation as the number of individuals in populations shrinks, unique populations and subspecies are destroyed, and remaining populations become increasingly isolated from one another. The cause of this loss of biological diversity at all levels is the range of human activity that alters and destroys natural habitats to suit human needs.” (Primack, 2002). CapeNature launched its State of Biodiversity Programme (SoBP) to assess and monitor the state of biodiversity in the Western Cape in 1999. This programme delivered its first report in 2002 and these reports are updated every five years. The current report (2007) reports on the changes to the state of vertebrate biodiversity and land under conservation usage.
[Show full text]
Addo Elephant National Park Reptiles Species List
Addo Elephant National Park Reptiles Species List Common Name Scientific Name Status Snakes Cape cobra Naja nivea Puffadder Bitis arietans Albany adder Bitis albanica very rare Night adder Causes rhombeatus Bergadder Bitis atropos Horned adder Bitis cornuta Boomslang Dispholidus typus Rinkhals Hemachatus hemachatus Herald/Red-lipped snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Olive house snake Lamprophis inornatus Night snake Lamprophis aurora Brown house snake Lamprophis fuliginosus fuliginosus Speckled house snake Homoroselaps lacteus Wolf snake Lycophidion capense Spotted harlequin snake Philothamnus semivariegatus Speckled bush snake Bitis atropos Green water snake Philothamnus hoplogaster Natal green watersnake Philothamnus natalensis occidentalis Shovel-nosed snake Prosymna sundevalli Mole snake Pseudapsis cana Slugeater Duberria lutrix lutrix Common eggeater Dasypeltis scabra scabra Dappled sandsnake Psammophis notosticus Crossmarked sandsnake Psammophis crucifer Black-bellied watersnake Lycodonomorphus laevissimus Common/Red-bellied watersnake Lycodonomorphus rufulus Tortoises/terrapins Angulate tortoise Chersina angulata Leopard tortoise Geochelone pardalis Green parrot-beaked tortoise Homopus areolatus Marsh/Helmeted terrapin Pelomedusa subrufa Tent tortoise Psammobates tentorius Lizards/geckoes/skinks Rock Monitor Lizard/Leguaan Varanus niloticus niloticus Water Monitor Lizard/Leguaan Varanus exanthematicus albigularis Tasman's Girdled Lizard Cordylus tasmani Cape Girdled Lizard Cordylus cordylus Southern Rock Agama Agama atra Burrowing
[Show full text]
Cobra Risk Assessment
Invasive animal risk assessment Biosecurity Queensland Agriculture Fisheries and Department of Cobra (all species) Steve Csurhes and Paul Fisher First published 2010 Updated 2016 Pest animal risk assessment © State of Queensland, 2016. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/au/deed.en" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Photo: Image from Wikimedia Commons (this image is reproduced under the terms of a GNU Free Documentation License) Invasive animal risk assessment: Cobra 2 Contents Summary 4 Introduction 5 Identity and taxonomy 5 Taxonomy 3 Description 5 Diet 5 Reproduction 6 Predators and diseases 6 Origin and distribution 7 Status in Australia and Queensland 8 Preferred habitat 9 History as a pest elsewhere 9 Uses 9 Pest potential in Queensland 10 Climate match 10 Habitat suitability 10 Broad natural geographic range 11 Generalist diet 11 Venom production 11 Disease 11 Numerical risk analysis 11 References 12 Attachment 1 13 Invasive animal risk assessment: Cobra 3 Summary The common name ‘cobra’ applies to 30 species in 7 genera within the family Elapidae, all of which can produce a hood when threatened. All cobra species are venomous. As a group, cobras have an extensive distribution over large parts of Africa, Asia, Malaysia and Indonesia.
[Show full text]
A Homoeopathic Drug Proving of Hemachatus Haemachatus with A
A homoeopathic drug proving of Hemachatus haemachatus with a subsequent comparison of this remedy to those remedies yielding the highest numerical value and total number of rubrics on repertorisation of the proving symptoms. By Jodi Cahill Mini-dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master‟s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Durban University of Technology I, Jodi Cahill do declare that this mini-dissertation is representative of my own work, both in conception and execution. _____________________ ____________________ Signature of Student Date of signature APPROVED FOR FINAL SUBMISSION _____________________ _____________________ Signature of Supervisor Date of signature Dr. Madhu Maharaj M. Tech: Hom. (T.N) _____________________ _____________________ Signature of Co- Supervisor Date of signature Dr. Ashley Ross M. Tech: Hom. (T.N), B. Mus (UCT) 1 To Niko My greatest fan. 2 Acknowledgements Dr Madhu Maharaj Thank you for your light and guidance. You have so humbly taught me to acknowledge the value in remaining a scholar of homoeopathy, and a scholar of life. It has been an honour to have been guided by you and I will forever hold your insight in high regard. Dr Ashley Ross Your deep understanding and passion for homoeopathy inspires me. I have been truly blessed by having such great teachers who are so open to sharing their knowledge. I can only pray that I may cross paths with such great teachers in my journeys to come. Thank you! My Parents Thank you for supporting me through my journey so far. It has been a tough one at times but we have grown together.
[Show full text]
Guideline for the Management of Snakebite Venom
GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITE VENOM Cytotoxic Neurotoxic Mixed cytotoxic and neurotoxic Haemotoxic Puff adder, Gaboon adder, spiting cobras Black and green mamba, Snake (Mozambique, black-necked, black, zebra), Rinkhals, berg adder, Peringuey’s adder, Boomslang, vine snake non-spitting cobras (snouted, Stiletto snakes (Bibron’s and Congo), desert mountain adder, garter snakes, (eastern and savanna) species Cape, forest, Anchieta’s) night adders, horned and many horned adders, shield-nose snake lowland swamp viper Dominant Painful progressive swelling (PPS) clinical Progressive weakness (PW) Bleeding may occur in puff adder bites Combined PPS and PW. Bleeding (B) presentation (thrombocytopenia) and Gaboon adder bites PPS occurs in non-spitting cobra bites of victim (consumption coagulopathy). * Suction or nil. Non-spitting cobras: pressure immobilisation or arterial tourniquet. Mambas: arterial tourniquet. Polyvalent antivenom * Suction or nil. * Suction or nil. First aid for the triad of perioral paraesthesia, excessive salivation * Suction or nil. or metallic taste and sweating OR difficulty in breathing. Artificial restpiration may be necessary. Take the patient to hospital or nearest medical help Intravenous fluids Supportive Oxygen by mask or ventilation. Blood or blood component Elevate bitten limb ** See cytotoxic and neurotoxic treatment Analgesia Protect the airway. therapy Antivenom may Puff adder, spitting cobras, Rinkhals Bloomslang be necessary for Gaboon adder All species threat to limb or life *** Antivenom type Polyvalent Polyvalent Polyvalent Boomslang monospecific Suggested dose by 50 ml: puff adder and spitting cobras 80 ml (40-200 ml) 50 ml 10-20 ml 200 ml: Gaboon viper Small doses may lead to a recurrence intravenous injection of symptoms Percentage bites antivenom < 10% 50-70% < 10% 80-100% indicated in * Suction is of minimal benefit but reassuring to the patient.
[Show full text]
Taxonomic Status of Cobras of the Genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae)
Zootaxa 2236: 26–36 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae) VAN WALLACH1, 4, WOLFGANG WÜSTER2 & DONALD G. BROADLEY3 1Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 3Biodiversity Foundation for Africa, P.O. Box FM 730, Famona, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. E-mail: [email protected] 4corresponding author Abstract The genus Naja Laurenti, 1768, is partitioned into four subgenera. The typical form is restricted to 11 Asian species. The name Uraeus Wagler, 1830, is revived for a group of four non-spitting cobras inhabiting savannas and open formations of Africa and Arabia, while Boulengerina Dollo, 1886, is applied to four non-spitting African species of forest cobras, including terrestrial, aquatic and semi-fossorial forms. A new subgenus is erected for seven species of African spitting cobras. We recommend the subgenus rank as a way of maximising the phylogenetic information content of classifications while retaining nomenclatural stability. Key words: Naja, Uraeus, Boulengerina, Afronaja subgen. nov., taxonomy, Africa, Asia Introduction The scientific nomenclature of life serves the key function of providing labels for the cataloguing of the Earth’s biodiversity and thus for information retrieval. In order to make a system of classification predictive, it is generally agreed that a classification should reflect the current state of knowledge about the evolutionary relationships within a group, which, in the case of a nested, hierarchical system of nomenclature, means recognizing only monophyletic groups as named taxa.
[Show full text]
Hemachatus Haemachatus
Hemachatus haemachatus The , also called rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus) the ringhals or ring-necked spitting cobra, is a species of venomous elapid found in parts of southern Africa. It is not a true cobra in that it does not belong to the genusNaja, but instead belongs to the monotypic genus Hemachatus. While rinkhals bear a great resemblance to true cobras they also possess some remarkable differences from these, resulting in their placement outside the genus Naja.[3] Scientific Classification Kingdom: Anamalia Description Phylum: Cordata Coloration varies throughout its distribution area, but a Class: Reptilia characteristic of the species is the belly is dark with one or two Order: Squamata light-coloured crossbands on the throat. Their average length is [3] Suborder: Serpentes 90–110 cm. Some individuals may have a mostly black body, Family: Viperidae while others are striped. Rinkhals scales are distinct from those Geunus Hemachatus of true cobras in that they are ridged and keel-like. Species: H.Heamachatus Scale Pattern [4] Scalation: Binomial Name [5] Hemachatus haemachatus • dorsal scales are keeled (Bonnaterre, 1790) • 17–19 rows of dorsal scales at midbody • 116–150 ventral scales • anal plate is entire Synonyms • 30–47 subcaudal scales, paired • 7 upper labial scales • Coluber haemachates • upper labials 3 and 4 entering the eye Bonnaterre, 1790 • 1 preocular (rarely up to 3) • Vipera haemachates • 3 postoculars - Latreille, 1802 • 8–9 lower labials • Sepedon haemachates - Merrem, 1820 • Naja haemachates Distribution - Schlegel, 1837 • Aspidelaps haemachates - Jan, 1863 A South African rinkhals with hood spread • Sepedon hæmachates - Boulenger, 1896 This species is found in the Southern Cape province of South Africa, northeast through the Free • Hemachatus haemachatus State, Lesotho, Transkei, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa, - Stejneger, 1936[1][2] Western Swaziland, Mpumalanga and parts of Gauteng, South Africa.
[Show full text]
MPUMALANGA Mpumalanga Has Seventy Five Different Types of Snakes
DANGEROUS SNAKES OF MPUMALANGA Mpumalanga has seventy five different types of snakes. Thirty six species are not venomous, while eleven can inflict rather painful bites. VERY DANGEROUS Seven species are considered potentially deadly. DANGEROUS Has caused Painful bite, but does human fatalities not require antivenom VERY VERY VERY DANGEROUS DANGEROUS DANGEROUS DANGEROUS Black Mamba Black Mamba Rinkhals Bibron’s Stiletto Snake (Dendroaspis polylepis) (Dendroaspis polylepis) (Hemachatus haemachatus) (Atractaspis bibronii) Photo Warren Dick VERY VERY VERY VERY DANGEROUS DANGEROUS DANGEROUS DANGEROUS Common Boomslang - male Common Boomslang - female Common Boomslang - juvenile Southern Twig Snake (Dispholidus typus viridis) (Dispholidus typus viridis) Photo André Coetzer (Dispholidus typus viridis) (Thelotornis capensis capensis) VERY VERY VERY VERY DANGEROUS DANGEROUS DANGEROUS DANGEROUS Snouted Cobra Snouted Cobra - banded phase Mozambique Spitting Cobra Mozambique Spitting Cobra (Naja annulifera) (Naja annulifera) (Naja mossambica) (Naja mossambica) Photo Martin Smit DANGEROUS VERY VERY DANGEROUS DANGEROUS DANGEROUS Berg Adder Rhombic Night Adder Puff Adder Puff Adder (Bitis atropos) Photo Peter Webb (Causus rhombeatus) (Bitis arietans arietans) (Bitis arietans arietans) © Johan Marais African Snakebite Institute Snakebite African © Johan Marais JOHAN MARAIS is the author of various books on reptiles including the best-seller A Complete Guide to Snakes of Southern Africa. He is a popular public speaker and offers a variety of courses including Snake Awareness, Scorpion Awareness EMERGENCY PROTOCOL and Venomous Snake Handling. Johan is accredited by the International Society of Zoological Sciences (ISZS) and is a IN THE EVENT OF A SNAKE BITE Field Guides Association of Southern Africa (FGASA) and DO NOT ww Travel Doctor-approved service provider. His courses are 1 Keep the victim calm, immobilized and ..
[Show full text]
1455189355674.Pdf
THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN Cover by: Peter Bradley LEGAL PAGE: Every effort has been made not to make use of proprietary or copyrighted materi- al. Any mention of actual commercial products in this book does not constitute an endorsement. www.trolllord.com www.chenaultandgraypublishing.com Email:[email protected] Printed in U.S.A © 2013 Chenault & Gray Publishing, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Storyteller’s Thesaurus Trademark of Cheanult & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Chenault & Gray Publishing, Troll Lord Games logos are Trademark of Chenault & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS 1 FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR 1 JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN 1 INTRODUCTION 8 WHAT MAKES THIS BOOK DIFFERENT 8 THE STORYTeller’s RESPONSIBILITY: RESEARCH 9 WHAT THIS BOOK DOES NOT CONTAIN 9 A WHISPER OF ENCOURAGEMENT 10 CHAPTER 1: CHARACTER BUILDING 11 GENDER 11 AGE 11 PHYSICAL AttRIBUTES 11 SIZE AND BODY TYPE 11 FACIAL FEATURES 12 HAIR 13 SPECIES 13 PERSONALITY 14 PHOBIAS 15 OCCUPATIONS 17 ADVENTURERS 17 CIVILIANS 18 ORGANIZATIONS 21 CHAPTER 2: CLOTHING 22 STYLES OF DRESS 22 CLOTHING PIECES 22 CLOTHING CONSTRUCTION 24 CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE AND PROPERTY 25 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND ELEMENTS 25 BUILDING MATERIALS 26 PROPERTY TYPES 26 SPECIALTY ANATOMY 29 CHAPTER 4: FURNISHINGS 30 CHAPTER 5: EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 ADVENTurer’S GEAR 31 GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 2 THE STORYTeller’s Thesaurus KITCHEN EQUIPMENT 35 LINENS 36 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
[Show full text]
Snouted Cobra Naja Annulifera OTHER NAMES Previously Known As the Egyptian Cobra Wipneuskobra (A) Bosveldkapel (A)
Snouted Cobra Naja annulifera OTHER NAMES Previously known as the Egyptian Cobra Wipneuskobra (A) Bosveldkapel (A) Length: Adults average 1,2–1,8 m but may reach, or exceed, 2,5 m. Scale count: Midbody scales are in 19 rows (rarely 21) with 175–203 ventrals. There are 51–65 paired subcaudals and the anal shield is entire. There are 7 (sometimes 8) upper labials that do not enter the eye, and 8 or 9 (rarely 10) lower labials, as well as 1 preocular (sometimes 2) and 2 (sometimes 1 or 3) postoculars. Temporals are variable, 1 + 2 or 1 + 3. Colour: Above, yellowish to greyish brown, dark brown or blue-black. Below, yellow with darker mottles. A banded phase occurs throughout the range and is blue-black with 7–11 yellow to yellow- brown crossbars, the lighter bands being half the width of the darker bands. The latter colour phase is more common in males. Below, yellow mottled with black. A darker throat band is present and is usually more conspicuous in juveniles. Preferred habitat: Arid and moist savanna; common in lowveld and bushveld areas. Habits: One of Africa’s largest cobras, it often occupies a permanent home in a termite mound where it will reside for years if not disturbed. It is active at night, foraging for food from dusk onwards, often venturing into poultry runs. It likes to bask in the morning sun, usually near its retreat into which it will withdraw if disturbed. It is not an aggressive snake, but will assume a formidable posture if cornered.
[Show full text]
Defining the Need for Surgical Intervention Following a Snakebite Still Relies Heavily on Clinical Assessment: the Experience in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0. RESEARCH Defining the need for surgical intervention following a snakebite still relies heavily on clinical assessment: The experience in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa J P Pattinson,1,2 MB ChB; V Y Kong,1,2 MB ChB, MSc, PhD, MRCS (Ed), FRSPH; J L Bruce,2 FCS (SA); G V Oosthuizen,2 FCS (SA); W Bekker,2 FCS (SA); G L Laing,2 FCS (SA); D Wood,3 MB ChB, PhD; P Brysiewicz,4 PhD; D L Clarke,5,6 FCS (SA), PhD 1 Department of Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 2 General Surgery, Pietermaritzburg Hospital Complex, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 4 School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 5 Department of Surgery, Grey’s Hospital and College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 6 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Corresponding author: J P Pattinson ([email protected]) Background. This audit of snakebites was undertaken to document our experience with snakebite in the western part of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province, South Africa (SA). Objective. To document our experience with snakebite in the western part of KZN, and to interrogate the data on patients who required some form of surgical intervention.
[Show full text]
Herp-Bulletin-September-2020.Pdf
2 ASIHA Herp Bulletin Issue 1 - September 2020 MEET THE TEAM African Snakebite Institute Herpetological Association Ashley Kemp Chairperson [email protected] Become a member! Send an email to [email protected] Johan Marais to join the ASIHA. Vice Chairperson This will give you access to the [email protected] ASIHA Herp Bulletin a month before its public release. We can also assist members with keeping permits of reptiles in South Africa. Bianca Theron Treasurer [email protected] ASIHA Herp Bulletin Luke Kemp Editor and Designer [email protected] Rob Deans Submissions Assistant Editor We welcome editorial and photographic submissions to the newletter. If you have any interesting articles about African reptiles or amphibians, please Courtney Hundermark send the article to Assistant Editor [email protected] Background - dorsal view of the Geometric Tortoise (Psammobates geometricus) Issue 1 - September 2020 ASIHA Herp Bulletin 3 WELCOME predation records that were posted on of the HAA, please consider joining the Facebook page Predation Records – immediately. It is inexpensive and in Reptiles and Frogs (Sub-Saharan Africa) addition to the publications, the HAA over a four-year period. I would hate to also hosts a herpetological conference try and look up 1,900 predation reports every second year. For details please in the published literature! A variety of email the secretary, Dr. Melissa Petford interesting reptile and frog observations at [email protected]. ver the past ten years we regularly appear on various Facebook The ASIHA Herp Bulletin will Ohave been doing a lot of pages, attract some comments but happily accept any interesting field education about snakes and are then easily lost.
[Show full text]