Research Article DEVELOPMENT of COMPOSITE FLOUR BREAD and ITS EFFECT on PHYSICAL, SENSORY and NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
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International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 57, 2016, pp.-3110-3114. Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217 Research Article DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE FLOUR BREAD AND ITS EFFECT ON PHYSICAL, SENSORY AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS DHANIMSETTI SANKARARAO1*, KOTHAKOTA ANJINEYULU2, RANASALVA N.2, BODHANKAR H. B.3 AND CHAVAN P. D.3 1Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Krishinagar, Parbhani, 431402, Maharashtra 2Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thavanur, Kerala, 679473 3College of Food Technology, Naigaon, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Krishinagar, Parbhani, 431402, Maharashtra *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Received: September 01, 2016; Revised: November 12, 2016; Accepted: November 13, 2016; Published: November 24, 2016 Abstract- The composite flour bread would be a healthy alternative for wheat flour bread. This study was conducted with a view of producing fortified wheat flour bread to increase the nutritive value of wheat flour bread. The soya bean, ragi and flax seed flour were composited with different fortification levels. The whole wheat flour was fortified with 15, 20 and 30% with equal ratios of all the three flours. The fortified bread was evaluated for its nutritional, sensory, physical characteristics with control bread prepared from wheat flour. The bread characteristics like loaf expansion, specific volume, crust colour and crumb firmness showed bread fortified with 15% composite flour was comparable with control bread. The sensory analysis again revealed that bread fortified with 15% of soya bean, ragi and flax seed flour was as good as control bread. Keywords- Fortified bread, Soyabean, Flax seed, Ragiflour. Citation: Dhanimsetti Sankararao, et al., (2016) Development of Composite Flour Bread and its Effect on Physical, Sensory and Nutritional Characteristics. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 57, pp.-3110-3114. Copyright: Copyright©2016 Dhanimsetti Sankararao, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Academic Editor / Reviewer: Introduction increased shelf life. Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking dough of flour and water and often Finger millet (Eleusinecoracana) also known, as ‘ragi’ is popular millet in India, additional ingredients. Bread being a FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Good), need consumed without dehulling. It is the principal food grain of the rural population to have consumer acceptability for better marketing. Scientifically Bread is “soft belonging to low-income groups in the Southern region. At present finger millet is and, like many other foodstuffs, is comprised, at a macroscopic level, of two usually used for preparation of flour, pudding, porridge and roti [4,5]. Ragi is phases- a fluid (air) and a solid (cell wall material)” [1,2].The commonly used flour considered to be ideal food for diabetic individuals due to its low sugar content for the bread preparation is wheat flour due to its high gluten content which makes and slow release of glucose/sugar in the body [6,7]. Ragi products are consumed the bread to expand and gives good acceptable texture for bread. An increased in various states of the southern region. It is used to make flat breads (named consumer demand for healthy bread has led to considerable efforts to develop bhakari), dosa and rotis. Ragi grain is malted too and mixed with milk, water or breads that combine health benefits with good sensory properties. Fortified food yogurt and used at breakfast time. The sprouted ragi is used to make baby food. It the term given to those food with enriched nutrition than in commonly available. is also useful for elderly people as it is easy to digest. It contains high fiber, Fortification of bread with other healthy flour increases the nutritive value also proteins, calcium, B complex vitamins and also vitamin E. It is rich in minerals and consumer acceptability. The common white bread contains only wheat so people helps in lowering cholesterol [3] getting only one specific nutrient, grains are a part of human diet for about 10,000 Flaxseed (Linumusitatissiumum) also known as linseed, is thought to be one of years. Grains are the most important food source of Indian population, due to this the world’s oldest cultivated crops with evidence of cultivation dating back carbohydrate consumption constitutes approx. 60-70% of total food intake. thousands of years. Typically, flaxseed contains 42 to 46 percent fat, 28 percent Varieties of grains are available in India, and different grains form staple diets of dietary fiber, 21 percent protein, 4 percent ash, and 6 percent carbohydrates. people in different part of the country. Whole grains are now recognized as an Flaxseed fat has a very healthy fatty-acid profile, with low levels of saturated fat, important source of fiber and other nutrients like trace minerals and vitamins [3]. moderate levels of monounsaturated fat and high concentrations of Soybeans have been widely recognized for their health benefits for some time, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). while other functional foods such as flaxseed have only more recently come under Fortified foods come into the spot light for this reason. Consumption patterns of investigation for their potential health benefits. Soybeans contain 30 to 45% Indians change as new health information about certain foods becomes available. protein with a good source of all indispensable amino acids .The protein content of Fortified foods have a positive effect on health when consumed on a regular basis soybean is about 2 times of other pulses, 4 times of wheat, 6 times of rice grain, 4 as part of a varied diet.The present study was therefore undertaken with the times of egg and 12 times of milk. Soybean has 3% lecithin, which is helpful for intention to formulate and develop functional bread with soy flour, flaxseed flour, brain development.The use of small amounts of soy flour in bread increases water ragi flour. The sensory, nutritional and physical properties were evaluated for the absorption and bread moisture, resulting in increased yield, decreased cost, and formulated bread. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 8, Issue 57, 2016 || Bioinfo Publications || 3110 Development of Composite Flour Bread and its Effect on Physical, Sensory and Nutritional Characteristics Materials and Methods Crumb to crust ratio The present investigation was carried out in Soyabean, flaxseed, and ragi seeds It was determined by separating crust and crumb using sharp blade and weighing were procured from local market. Seeds were cleaned and ground in hammer mill each component as described by[10]. in laboratory. Sugar, maida, shortening, yeast, was procured from local market Parbhani. Moisture content Moisture content of fortified bread was found by weighing 5g sample accurately Table-1 Process parameters for fortified bread and subjecting it at 105°C temperature for 4-6 hrs. Oven dried samples were Independent variables Dependent variables cooled in desiccators and weighed. The resultant loss in weight was calculated as Percentage of soybean, ragi Physical characteristics of bread percent moisture content. [11]. and flax seed flour with wheat -Loaf volume, Specific Volume, flour (15, 20 and 25%). All the Crust Colour, Crumb firmness three flours are mixed in Nutritional composition of bread Crude Fat equal proportion. -Moisture, Crudeprotein, Crude fat, Crude fat was determined by taking 5 g bread sample in thimble and defatted with Crude fibre, Carbohydrate and Ash n-hexane (boiling point 68-720C) in soxhlet apparatus for 8hrs. The resultant T0 – Control content extract was evaporated and crude fat content was calculated as per [11]. T1 – 15% Fortified flour Sensory quality attributes - T2 – 20% Fortified flour Colour and appearance, Texture T3 – 25% Fortified flour and grain, Flavour, Crispiness, Crude protein Taste and Overall acceptability Protein was estimated by Microkjaldhel method using 0.5g of moisture free defatted bread by digesting with concentrated sulphuric acid at 130-140˚C. Then it Formulation and preparation of bread was distilled with 40 per cent sodium hydroxide and liberated ammonia was The breads were prepared in the Bakery pilot Plant of the College of Food trapped in 4 per cent boric acid, using mixed indicator (methyl red : Bromo-ceresol Technology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, using green 1: 5). It was then titrated with 0.1N hydrochloric acid; the percentage straight dough method [8]. The common procedure used for preparation of bread nitrogen was estimated. The protein percent was calculated by multiplying percent is outlined and mentioned in [Fig-1]. The process parameters taken into concern nitrogen with 6.25 [11]. for the dependent and independent variables of the bread are presented in the [Table-1]. Crude Fiber Sieving and Mixing of ingredients along with Soyabean, Ragi, and Flaxseed flour Crude fibre was determined according to [11]. 2 g fat free bread residue was taken with 1% improver and digested with 200 ml boiling sulphuric acid for 30 min. Then it was filtered and washed with hot water or potassium sulphate solution. The residue was returned to digestion flask by washing with hot water, 200 ml boiling sodium hydroxide was added and boiled for 30 min and filtered. The residue was transferred into crucible and washed with 15 ml alcohol and kept for drying at 110°C for 2 hrs. The crucible was cooled in desiccators and weighed. The crucible was ignited in the furnace at 550°C for 30 min. then cooled and weighed. The loss in weight represented the crude fibre. Total ash Total ash was determined according [11]. Sample (5g) was weighed into a crucible and burnt completely at low flame till all the material became smokeless.