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Survey of Groundwater Composition in Northern Addison County, VT With A SURVEY OF GROUNDWATER COMPOSITION IN NORTHERN ADDISON COUNTY, VERMONT: GEOLOGIC SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION Environmental Studies 360 Spring 2002 Program in Environmental Studies Middlebury College Middlebury, VT 05753 Dr. Peter Ryan, Dr. Stephen Trombulak, and the members of ES 360 (listed in alphabetical order): Lauren Aldrich Ian Ausprey Ben Brower Benjamin Calvi Sarah Groff Caitlin Hicks Katherine Johnston Morley McBride Lee Perlow Molly Yazwinski ii This report was written as part of a research project conducted under the supervision of Dr. Peter Ryan and Dr. Stephen Trombulak for the Middlebury College course entitled "Environmental Science Practicum" (Environmental Studies 360). Copyright of this report and its contents is retained by the Trustees of Middlebury College. Please cite this report as follows: Ryan, P., S. Trombulak, L. Aldrich, I. Ausprey, B. Brower, B. Calvi, S. Groff, C. Hicks, K. Johnston, M. McBride, L. Perlow, and M. Yazwinski. 2002. A survey of groundwater composition in northern Addison County, Vermont: geologic sources of contamination. Environmental Science Practicum research report: Environmental Studies Program, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont. Additional copies of this report can be obtained from the Program in Environmental Studies, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753 (802-443-5710) or by contacting either Dr. Peter Ryan (Department of Geology and Program in Environmental Studies, 802-443-2557, [email protected]) or Dr. Stephen C. Trombulak (Department of Biology and Program in Environmental Studies, 802-443-5439, [email protected]). iii Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Figure 1. Uranium decay series..................................................................................... 2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 4 Study areas .................................................................................................................... 4 Sampling........................................................................................................................4 Figure 2A-F. Study locations ...................................................................................5-10 Analysis....................................................................................................................... 11 Table 1. Concentrations of standards .......................................................................... 12 Table 2. Emission wavelengths and ICP detection levels........................................... 12 Results .............................................................................................................................. 13 Within-site variation.................................................................................................... 13 Chemical signatures of locations................................................................................. 13 Table 3. Bedrock signatures........................................................................................ 13 EPA Primary Standards............................................................................................... 14 Uranium (Table 4 and Figure 3) .................................................................14-15 Lead (Table 5 and Figure 4)........................................................................16-17 Copper (Table 6 and Figure 5)......................................................................... 18 Arsenic (Table 7 and Figure 6)......................................................................... 19 Chromium (Table 8 and Figure 7).................................................................... 20 Selenium (Table 9 and Figure 8) ...................................................................... 21 EPA Secondary Standards........................................................................................... 22 Aluminum (Table 10 and Figure 9) .............................................................22-23 Iron (Table 11 and Figure 10).......................................................................... 24 Zinc (Table 12 and Figure 11).......................................................................... 25 Elements without EPA limits ...................................................................................... 26 Calcium (Table 13 and Figure 12) ........................................................................ 26 Cadmium (Table 14 and Figure 13) ...................................................................... 27 Cobalt (Table 15 and Figure 14)........................................................................... 28 Potassium (Table 16 and Figure 15) ..................................................................... 29 Magnesium (Table 17 and Figure 16) ................................................................... 30 Sodium (Table 18 and Figure 17).......................................................................... 31 Nickel (Table 19 and Figure 18)............................................................................ 32 Phosphorus (Table 20 and Figure 19)................................................................... 33 Silicon (Table 21 and Figure 20)........................................................................... 34 Titanium (Table 222 and Figure 21) ..................................................................... 35 Table 23. Summary table ............................................................................................ 36 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 37 Implications for human health..................................................................................... 37 Uranium and other radionuclides ................................................................................ 37 iv Lead............................................................................................................................. 38 Copper, iron, and aluminum........................................................................................ 39 Geologic interpretations of results .............................................................................. 39 Clarendon Springs Formation .............................................................................. 39 Cheshire Quartzite Formation .............................................................................. 40 Discussion of results for other elements ..................................................................... 40 Implications for a predictive model ............................................................................ 41 Recommendations for future studies........................................................................... 41 Sources of error and uncertainty ................................................................................. 42 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 43 Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................... 43 Literature Cited............................................................................................................... 44 1 Introduction Sources of health risks in water supplies are not always related to human activities. Metals such as arsenic (As), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and uranium (U) can originate from natural sources that include the weathering and dissolution of metal- bearing minerals in rocks and the proximity of groundwater to geologic features such as fractures and faults. For instance, surveys of drinking water in New Hampshire found high arsenic levels in the water of bedrock wells situated in Late-Devonian Concord-type granite. Based on a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 parts per billion (ppb), water from 20% of domestic bedrock wells in New Hampshire would be considered to be unsafe for drinking (Peters et al. 1999). Approximately 50% of Vermont homeowners drink water produced from wells drilled into bedrock (Kim, personal communication) and only rarely do homeowners test their water for metals and radioactive elements. Considering that chronic, long-term exposure to some trace metals can cause cancer and organ damage, chemical analysis of water is important, especially in areas with bedrock types known to contain elevated concentrations of trace metals. In this study, we measured the concentration of 19 elements in well water in northern Addison County, Vermont. Of the 19 elements, six are regulated by EPA primary drinking water standards and three are regulated by secondary standards. The health risks from exposure to contaminants was of particular concern in our research because, unlike municipal water supplies, which must pass federal Safe Drinking Water Standards, management and monitoring of private water supplies is voluntary (Swistock et al. 1993). Although it is difficult to prevent natural contamination of groundwater, there are options available to treat contaminated water once elevated levels have been detected. In Vermont’s Champlain Valley, natural contaminants of particular concern are uranium and its radioactive decay products radon and radium. A study in 2001 by the Vermont Department
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