PANORAMA ARCHITECTURE

By JUSTIN HOFFMAN

Professor Stephen Travis Pope and Amichi Amar

MAT 201C surroundings contradicted those ABSTRACT of paintings, and lighting conditions usually failed to match "Nothing is more precious than as well. To achieve a perfect the view of a landscape that is illusion, new techniques of open on every side. " -Louis- painting were required, but above Antoine de Bougainville (France, all a new environment in which 1972-1811) paintings could be displayed. The painting had to surround observers and envelop them The intersection of mankind and completely, so as to exclude any machine lies in the inherent glimpse of their whereabouts. An nature of the display surface for entire pictorial environment was , computers, cell created for visitors to pass phones, ect. This exponential through." [20] relationship is feverishly pursued with quantifiable results of New interests and activities from connectivity, music, information, viewers have increased the and visual display. With the demands on production and reliance on surface display for construction of said information expression, arrives a environments. Such demands vanity where the user/consumer include a heightened stress on has demanding desires: contrast the communities of hardware ratio, luminance, , speed, development, software resolution, and size. [18] Surface development, and budgetary display vanity stems from a constraints. This investigation relationship for the pursues a catalog of popular user/consumer to immerse within contemporary display their information, interact with technologies in the form of their information, or be their hardware, progressive additions information. to the field of surface design, and the relevance of the expressed "The basic aim of a panorama technologies for contemporary was to reproduce the real world panoramas. so skillfully that spectators could believe what they were seeing was genuine. Although the techniques of trompe l'oeil SOFTWARE painting had been known for centuries, they were never The progress for software sufficient to create a total illusion presenting visuals has evolved of reality. An observer's gaze beyond the pictorial illusion of could always move beyond the painting panoramas, consumers frame, where the actual desire the immersion into panoramic environments. Vacuum Fluorescent Display. [17} Audiences aim to augment their reality, interact, and react for This analysis will focus on the potentially greater understanding hardware technologies of Digital of new, old, and artificial , Liquid Crystal surroundings. Displays, LED displays, and Pass-through display systems. Audience interaction and The progressive desires stressed participation is a key asset to the on surface display create a cadre experience in the game of production issues related to the industry, a commercial physical structure such as image entertainment juggernaut that quality, presentation flexibility, currently eclipses the previous and cost. Based on data centuries leader in entertainment gathered as of June 2009, the revenues, the movie industry. following hardware technologies Interactive technologies and represent the previous standards, augmented reality have made current standards, and likely tremendous strides in these successors in the area of commercial gaming areas with panorama surface display. interactive devices such as Nintendo's Wii remote, Viacomʼs CATHODE RAY TUBE Rock Band interactive musical DISPLAYS controllers, and the current release of the NATAL by The Cathode Ray Tube “has Microsoft. evolved from the triode structure of the Braun tube, which was the first scanning version of the HARDWARE device in the late 1890ʼs.” [18] The Cathode Ray Tube, a light- In the area of hardware emitting display, has been a development within the last highly successful commercial decade, technologists have product, and provided a low price competed within the industry of point for designers of panoramas surface display with the creation based on lowered cost attributed of: Cathode Ray Tube, to mass production in the global Cholesteric Liquid Crystal, Digital economy. Light Processing, Electroluminescent, Field Cathode Ray Tube Displays, Emission Display, TV, abbreviated CRT, “is a vacuum Light-Emitting Diode, Liquid tube containing an electron gun Crystal on Silicon, Organic Light- (a source of electrons) and a Emitting Diode, fluorescent screen, with internal Panel, Surface-Conduction or external means to accelerate Electron-emitter Display, and and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form German manufacturer Loewe of light emitted from the ceased production of CRT fluorescent screen. The image TVs.”[4] These trends lowered may represent electrical manufacturer confidence and waveforms (oscilloscope), increased enthusiasm for thinner pictures (, computer housing for the viewing device monitor), radar targets and and flexibility desired in others.” [4] residential and commercial environments. “The CRT is able to use relatively simple architecture and control electronics to display high- performance video and data in a low-cost and highly manufacturable component.” [18] Ironically the simple architecture and voluminous size that made the CRT an easily manufactured and distributed product also began to create industry trepidation because the breadth of distribution expenses accrued from the magnitude of shipping weight. [4]

Cathode Ray Tube Displays lack flexibility because a rigid screen LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS of and housing volume needed to LCDs host the vacuum tube. “Various attempts to squeeze the Liquid Crystal Displays or LCDs traditional 3-D CRT into two are pervasive amongst computer dimensions or at least reduce the monitors and thread through a depth substantially have been vast array of digital devices in the unsuccessful to date.” [18] home and office. James Fergason and the International This inflexibility based on mere Liquid Crystal Company physical stature has led to the produced a LCD watch, igniting a decrease of demand for burgeoning race of manufacturers commercial innovation and with intense focus to overcome corporate backing with Cathode the obstacle of contrast to Ray Tube Displays. “In 2005 addressable rows. [2] Sony announced that they would stop the production of CRT The architecture of an LCD computer displays. Similiarly, display incorporates a liquid crystal solution between two The regional light source (108) sheets of polarizing material. includes a substrate (100) and a Electricity excites the solution and light-emitting structure (101). The herds the crystals to form substrate 100 includes a patterns. Each crystals opaque transparent material such as or transparent consistency form glass, while the light-emitting displayed numbers and text. [2] structure 101 includes an organic light emitting diode, for example. “The liquid crystal display panel has a plurality of , and each The light-emitting structure 101 is of the pixels has a plurality of disposed on one side of the corresponding color blocks. The substrate 100 to face the liquid regional light source is directly crystal display panel 110. The incident on the liquid crystal light-emitting structure101is display panel, such that the light disposed on one side of the generated thereby is impinging substrate 100 to face the liquid on a reflection layer of the liquid crystal display panel 110. crystal display panel to cause reflection. The allocation of the The light-emitting structure 101 regional light source includes includes a cathode 102, a scattered dots distributed over luminescent layer 104 and an the color blocks corresponding to anode 106. The luminescent the liquid crystal display panel. layer 104 is sandwiched between Alternately, the regional light the cathode 102 and the anode source is allocated at an edge of 106. The material for forming the each of the color blocks, or with cathode 102 includes metal with an arrangement allowing the light good conductivity such as silver to be incident uniformly.” [22] and aluminum. The luminescent layer 104 is made of luminescent organic material. The anode includes a transparent conductive material such as indium oxide (ITO).” [22]

[2]

As seen in this image “ In this embodiment, the regional light source 108 is located on the [19] liquid crystal display panel (110) to directly radiate a light thereon. Liquid Crystal Display researchers overcame the limitations of operating life, contrast ratio, high power consumption and viewing angle limitations.

With these progresses, the LCD replaced CRTs as the popular surface solution for electronic instruments. “However, despite its impressive performance, the conventional color transmissive LCD architecture employs a convoluted electro optical This gas-discharge display path…This complexity has demonstrates an image when a stimulated the search for a more sealed glass envelope is placed intuitively simple approach to in contact to a high-voltage making flat panel displays.”[18] electric field that creates the ionization of the gas, better known as plasma. The glass is a PLASMA DISPLAY hermetically sealed envelope with TECHNOLOGY or PDPs an inert gas mixture: helium, neon, argon, and .[18] “In 1964, researchers at the University of Illinois developed the first ac-driven memory display that they called the ʻplasma display panelʼ. As an emissive display technology, PDPs possess many of the advantages of the CRT, such as wide viewing angle and excellent color.

Furthermore, PDPs are true flat panels, so they do not suffer from [22] the bulkiness of projection or

CRT systems.” [18] While LCDs occupy the majority

of the market for general and personal electronics, Plasma displays have provided visual performance similar to their predecessor the CRT.

LCDʼs and Plasma screens provide the advantage of a relatively low cost and high performance display. Although they are a great viewing resource on the personal usage level, LCDʼs and Plasmas may be a rigid and inconvenient alternative when scaling to the size of a Panorama level. Currently Video Projectors otherwise known as Digital Projectors provide a lower cost and flexible solution for [10] larger scale demonstrations.

The digital offers many

advantages over the Cathode DIGITAL PROJECTOR OR Ray Tube Displays, LCDs, and Plasma Screen Televisions.

Projectors offer flexibility with The Digital Projector “ takes a screen size and small housing video signal and projects the stature. Current expense of corresponding image on a projectors is very competitive using a lens when assigning a ratio for cost to system. All video projectors use a surface area. A projectorʼs beam, very bright light to project the while consistent in the form of the image, and most modern ones signal that emanates from the can correct any curves, housing, has the ability to grow blurriness, and other and keystone based on distance inconsistencies through manual that the device is placed from the settings. Projectors are widely desired viewing surface. used in many schools and other educational settings, connected The varied location of a housing to an interactive white board to of the digital projector to the interactively teach pupils. “[28] viewing area creates a variable

image size and dimension. Overall surface display is decreased when the projector housing is physically close in proximity to the viewing area. Viewing surface increases as the distance increases in relationship with the housing and projected surface location.

An attribute for tailoring this process to the desired beam of a digital projector can surroundings is the keystone create awkward looking surface effect. The keystone effect “is displays that distract the viewer caused by attempting to project from the underlying content. an image onto a surface at an angle, as with a projector not Adjustment of the keystone quite centered onto the screen it correction, while helpful in is projecting on. It is a distortion achieving improved appearance, of the image dimensions, making often provides results that are not it look like a trapezoid, the shape optimal for professional display. of an architectural keystone; As the directions state: to receive hence the name of the feature. In optimal results the projector is the typical case of a projector best housed in a position facing sitting on a table, and looking the center of the screen. In order upwards to the screen, the image to maintain an unobstructed is larger at the top than on the surface, the projector cannot be bottom. Some areas of the displayed at eye level height screen may not be focused amongst the viewing audience. correctly as the projector lens is focused at the average distance The beam in this position will be only.” [28] truncated by individuals obstructing the content. Keystone modification is an attribute that varies amongst projectors. Variable appearance results demonstrate an issue with projection, and “the problem arises from screen projectors that donʼt have the depth of focus necessary to keep all lines (from top to bottom) focused at the [22] same time. The problem can be solved by: Move the projector to In order to accommodate a the center of the screen, if this panorama viewing audience, the does not interrupt vision; Tilt the edifice of the panorama needs screen in a small angle; Use customization based on the some type of software on the specific dimensions: multiple projector (or computer controlling projectors beam, distance the projector).” [28] between the projector and

viewing area, raised floor to This method of image correction, project from underneath an while helpful, demonstrates an audience, mounted housing underlying disadvantage to digital above an audience, or additional projection environments. The distance in the rear of the panorama walls for rear avenue for raising and advancing projection display. This is a luxury the flexibility of surface display for panorama environment devices. builders, and promotes many considerations for individuals The most common variants of attempting to create a panorama progressive LED technologies are environment. the field-emission related technology or SED LED (surface- conduction electron-emitter display) and polymer related LED DISPLAYS (Organic Light Emitting Diodes). While the Field- An LED or light emitting diode Emission SED is intriguing based display is a resource well known on display capabilities similar to a in the vernacular of cost effective CRT television, they have lost purposing of contemporary significant confidence from the lighting. Progress with the LED investment community. technological components of LEDʼs has elevated its stature in The majority of attention in the the debate of contemporary LED community is dedicated to surface displays for motion Organic Light Emitting Diodes content. Currently there are two “regarded by many as the next forms of LEDs, discrete LEDs generation of lighting and display and surface mounted device technology, but it is the display panels. market which tends to get more publicity. OLEDs are capable of Surface mount device panels high resolution patterning, represent a paradigm similar to producing high contrast displays the LCD panel where there is a of good color gamut, extremely thin layer of silicon backing in the wide viewing angle and low rear of the component. Surface power consumption. Their rapid mounted LEDs currently provide response – atleast a thousand better reliability for picture and times faster than liquid crystal video content amongst LEDs. displays (LCDs) – is a major factor in their likely replacement Discrete are the more desirable of LCDs in applications such as variation of Light Emitting Diodes television and cell phones.”[13] for investors peering into the future. Discrete LEDs are capable of illuminating individually without dependency POLYMER-LED, ORGANIC to arrays of LEDs or a surface ELECTRO LUMINESCENCE mounting. This autonomous (OEL), OR ORGANIC LED nature of the LED opens the “Organic and polymer light a superior viewing angle. emitting diodes (LEDs) have Second, P-OLEDs used in high- been investigated for a number of resolution RGB displays are now years for possible use in demonstrating impressive backlighting and display display performance including applications. Recent advances in high brightness capabilities (> 10,000 Cd/m2), long operating both small molecule and polymer lifetime (>1,000,000 hours at based LED technology have led 100 Cd/m2 for some colors), to dramatic increases in device wide color gamut (RBG), low DC lifetime, which have paved the voltage operation, video- way for their commercialization. enabling switching speeds, and Attention has also been paid to power efficiency on par with addressing issues of high inorganic lighting technologies.“ information content display based [24] on such LEDs.” (Organic Smart Pixels, Dodabalapur).

OLED technology is advantageous based on the aspect that there is no backlight needed for the image to function and “simple printing process”.[16] The lack of backlight creates avenues where the product may be flexible, transparent, and mold [21] to desired parameters. “You can never be too thin and you never can be too light, and the technology that we are looking at give you a very lightweight display. A very bright display, but also gives you a thin display that should cost less to manufacture because this technology is much less complicated than existing LCD technology or plasma technology.” [23]

[21] While long developed as a “LEP materials offer several key protypical display surface, the advantages. LEP materials are OLED has been utilized in cell themselves light-emitting and phones, PDAs and digital thus do not require a costly cameras since 2004 from Kodak backlight or suffer from LCD and Sony. In October 2007, filter losses. This aspect alone Sony launched the XEL-1, an 11- means they require less power, inch OLED Digital TV with an are thin, light-weight and offer contrast ratio of 100,000,000:1. Amazon lists this product at a price of $2,500 with a 36” expected in 2011.[26]

PASS THROUGH DISPLAYS

[6] Displays that have appropriated immaterial properties have been The fog screen “harvests documented and viewed since humidity in the air by condensing the Ornamental Fountain of the it into water, which is then broken 19th Century. While performing into fog…The basic principle is water displays are more recently the use of a large non-turbulent recognized from Water Dome, airflow to protect a flow of, for Aquatique Show, and Disney example dry fog particles inside it Fantasmic. [6] from turbulence. The outer airflow may get slightly turbulent, but the inner fog layer remains thin and crisp, enabling high- quality projections and the walk- through possibility. Ordinary tap water is broken into fine fog droplets and trapped inside this non-turbulent airflow. Even though the fog is made of water, it appears dry to the touch, just [6] like air.” [6]

Fog Screen

“FogScreen is just that, a 2D projection screen, but not a common opaque screen like hundreds of others in the market, rather an immaterial screen. The word immaterial in relation to [6] display systems refers to those that create that sense of imagery Results of the fog screen are floating in mid-air, usually created most vivid when the air flow of the using water, smoke or fog.”[9] fog are less turbulent (tightly passed and quickly emitted by the device). Such attributes are being enlisted by the around $19,000.[24] Additional Heliodisplay. expenses can be attributed to the space needed to house the Helio- (capabilities to supply water to the fog screen, custom The Heliodisplay utilizes similar construction for mounting the technology to the in housing, lighting). Secondary respect to the production of a dry considerations to the fog screen to the touch water particle for are: imperfect fidelity, sound viewable purposes. The distortion from housing of the Heliodisplay presents an image projector and fog emitting device, with less fidelity because of a segmented and variable visual compact surface area for viewing content, large overhead device to (28 inches and 30 inches). [9] house fog emitter, and affected by wind and bright lights. For panorama architecture and for presentation elegance, the CONCLUSION Helio-display provides a more advantageous directional Based on the information emittance of the water particles provided and researched, the and housing location. The Organic LED Displays offer the housing of the Heliodisplay is most possibility for future floor bound and water particles panorama displays. As the rise rather than descend. For display technology creates a future panorama displays this manufacturing infrastructure, provides an opportunity to create similar to LCDs and CRTs, the a screen emitter that is economic and exhibition embedded in the floor, leaving possibilities will gain a larger the housing out of the audience. consciousness of the viewer. Pass-through displays, while While presenting attributes providing significant promise with unique to the display category, a possibility for floor embedded the Fog screen and Helio-display housing and walk through provide numerous complications screens, lack many of the more for creating panorama significant attributes needed in environments. Initial expense the vanity of screen presentation: from the purchase of multiple fog gamut, resolution, and overall screens or a singular modification fidelity. The expense of entry and in the form of panorama the issues outlined above should environment greatly eclipses provide caution to individuals current projector and surface looking to create a panorama with expenses. Currently pricing for the Pass-through displays an individual Helio-display is currently manufactured.

Projectors are the current choice for overall relevance in the consumer marketplace, flexible image placement, and quality of image. If care is taken in the construction and choices for the environment, projectors can provide a very good solution for the creation of a panorama environment.

Lastly, one must truly consider the content of the image they will be displaying in a panorama environment. With the knowledge gained from understanding the different displays, different presentation styles may benefit the overall appearance of the panorama being displayed.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I appreciate all the help and assistance that I received in researching this topic, some of the information, technical specifications, and locations to unlock further details were definitely obfuscated, needing the expertise and direction of the following organizations and individuals: Steven Travis-Pope, Markos Novak, Marc Sims, Tobias Holler and the individuals of the Fog Lab, Amichi Amar, Jo- Anne Kuchera Morin, George LeGrady, and the online community.

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