ANTHONY CHABOT R GIONAL PARK
RESOURCE ANALYSIS
ANTHONY CHABOT REGIONAL PARK
RESOURCE ANALYSIS
Adopted: November 2, 1982 Resolution No: 1982-11-272
Prepared by:
East Bay Regional Park District 2950 Peralta Oaks Court Oakland, CA 94605 (510) 635-0135
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Ie INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose and roll of the East Bay Regional Park
District 1ft • 0& ... (!II " ... " 19 .. " €I • 0 (It /II " I!II II l1li *' .. " ... 1,1 e iii " ..... G ., fl e G ... 1 B. Master Plan Guidelines/Purpose of Document.e •• eo 2 C. Location and Park Description.. . ••••• 2
Do Park Naming •• 0 " ...... eo •••••• 3
II. HI STORY .. $ lit! • $ II 0 ~ • 0 G e .. " • It 0 e _ lIII • ilI'o • 181 41 • III " • OJ ., III I/') *' • CI •••• $ Q \III .a. $ • ., I) 0 " l1li l1li 6
III. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT
A. Access and Circulation .•• 9 B. Recreational Facilities •• 9 c. Service Facilities •••• 11
D. Utili ties ••.••••••. 0 •• 11 E. Ownership, Easements and Other Legal Agreements •••• 12 F. Adjacent Land Use •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. o ••• 12
IV. NATURAL RESOURCES
Topography and Visual Quality. 13 Hydrology ••••••••••• 13 Geology and Soils. 15 Climate •.••••.•••• 16 Vegetation." " 16 Wildlife ••••• 20
v. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLANo ••••••••.••••••• ~ .•• o •••• 23
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUS IONS ..... 0 ...... 0 •••••••••••••••••• c .. • • • .. .. • 30
VII. REPORT PREPARATION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31
VIII. REFERENCES ... eo •• OCIIIII •••••• " •• 00 ••••••••• c •••••••• eo .... iII.oa.i11 32
IX. APPENDICES
A. List of Plants •• 34 B. List of Animals. 46
i i FOLLOWS PAGE
1. Loca tion Map,...... "" $ 1$11 II 181 .. a e lID ... " • CSi G 61 ..... 1/1 (\II fill • " • 0 '" " 0: 0 • 0 ill " 2
2 • Major Features Naming •••••••••.••••• 0 •••••• 0 •••••• 4
3. Existing Development and Circulation •• oo ••••••••••• 9
4. Geology .• 15
5 Q Ve get a t ion o!lI II &I 0 e III 'lI' • 0 • 10 .. .. 1\11 • " " " • ... • G e II) III qt ~ ., (II .. fit Ii G 0 0 .. • I» .. $ 0 1 7
iii I. INTRODUCTION
Cycling Lake View Trail I
AQ PURPOSE AND ROLE OF THE EAST BAY REGIONAL PARK DISTRICT
The East Bay Regional Park District (referred to as "EBRPD u or the U "District ) is a State mandated special park district for the area of Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. Its headquarters are located in Oakland, Californiao
EBRPD MASTER PLAN Purpose and Role of EBRPD
PURPOSE
The East Bay Regional Park District shall acquire, develop and operate regional parklands in perpetuity for public use and shall conserve these lands for the purpose of making the outdoor environment available for the enj oyment and education of the general public.
ROLE IN THE COMMUNITY
The East Bay Regional Park District will thus become a major participant in improving the quality of life for Alameda and Contra Costa County residents.
ROLE POLICY AND OBJECTIVES
The Board of Directors 5 in order to provide direction for fulfilling the Distric.t' s proper role in the community, establishes the obj ec.tives listed below as those necessary to accomplish the District's purpose.
These obj ectives are intended to provide the public, the Board of Directors and staff of the District, other governmental agencies and the private sector with a clear statement which will be used to guide the District in implementing this Master Plan:
1. To provide a diversified land and water system of regional recreation areas, wilderness, preserves, trails and shorelines and parkland-related services which will provide District residents with opportunities for creative use of outdoor time.
1 2. To acquire, preserve and interpret examples of the natural environment, biologic, geologic, scenic, and outdoor resources which exist wi thin the boundaries District.
3. To cooperate with other public agencies in the acquisition, preservation and management of non-park open space lands.
4. To emphasize balance of both environmental concerns and regional recreation opportunities within the system of parklands operated by the District.
50 To effectively conserve energy by dispersed location of parklands close to the people throughout the District by reasoned management of energy resources available to the District; and by cooperating with other public and private entities in joint efforts to conserve diminishing energy resources. (Page 7)e
B. MASTER PLAN GUIDELINES/PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
1. The Resource Analysis is a part of the planning process required by the East Bay Regional Park District Master Plan (adopted 1973, revised 1980), the maj or policy document of the District. The purpose of the Resource Analysis is to identify features of the parkland which have significant resource value and to provide a tentative plan for vegetation and wildlife management. After the adoption of the Resource Analysis, a Land Use Development Plan and Environmental Impact Report (LUDP/EIR) will be prepared. c. LOCATION AND PARK DESCRIPTION
Anthony Chabot Regional Park ,(ACRP) is a 4, 600-acre parkland located in the hills, east of Oakland and San Leandro, and north of Castro Valley Fig. 1). Residential areas bound ACRP to the south and west ~ undeveloped watershed lands border it on the east, and Redwood Regional Park borders it on the north. The park is primarily open space with grass covered valleys and west-facing hillsideso There is a dense brush and woodland cover in the canyons and moist (east-facing) slopes. Tracts of eucalyptus trees, planted in the early 1900' s, cover parts of the southern end of the Major features are Grass Valley, Ridge and Chabot Ridge, and Lake Chabot. The park is part of a major open space area extending east to the Danville-San Ramon area, south to Highway 580 and north to the Moraga-Lafayette area, encompassing about 70 square-miles.
2 Fig. 1
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Fig. 1 LOCATION MAP Q , f.' '. tlilWi!i!ii11111r!lUIDm ....•"!ldll IIMl I!"13 i d- Access to the park from the west is via Blvd., from the southwest via. Lake Chabot Road, and on the east via Redwood Road. Recreation facilities in the park include the Willow Park Public Golf Course, the Anthony Chabot Family Campground, an equestrian center, anarchery range, a marksmanship range, a motorcycle area, several overnight group camps and the Lake Chabot Marina. The latter is a developed recreation area with marina complex, boat rental, a sightseeing launch, and piers (with access for the handicapped). Associated with the marina are family and group picnic facilities (including an area for the handicapped), turf meadows, horseshoe pits and an exercise course.
Another major recreational activity at ACRP is the use of the extensive trail system hikers, joggers, equestrians and bicyclists. There are 37.5 miles of unpaved service roads, and about 6 miles of paved paths, including the 465-mile Lakeside trail at the marina and the 1 ~5-mile road serving Lost and Hawk Ridge group camps. One trail through the length of the park is designated as the East Bay Skyline National Recreation Trail; it connects the to Red'.70od Park and other EBRPD parklands to the north. East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) trails connect ACRP to the Las Trampas Regional Wilderness. Several miles of narrower, non-vehicular hiking/equestrian trails are located in Grass Canyon and on the northeast shore of Lake Chabot.
D • P ARK NAMING
When first acquired in 1952, the was known as Grass Valley Regional Recreation Area. In 1965, the area immediately around Lake Chabot was by the Park District under a lease agreement with EBMUD. After considerable discussion of the matter, the Park District Board of Directors voted to combine the two properties into a park. It was named Anthony Chabot Regional Park (ACRP), in honor of Anthony Chabot, California pioneer, developer of California's hydraulic mining industry, and builder of the first public water systems in San Francisco and Oakland, including Lake Temescal and Lake Chabot.
Only a few features in ACRP have existing names$ In order to facilftate discussion and identify landmarks, the following existing and proposed names are applied to features in the park (See • 2).
Alder Point: A point of land on the westerly shore of Lake Chabot.
Bass Cove: The northeasterly bay of Lake Chabot.
Bird Canyon: A canyon on the north side of Natural Dam.
Bart Meadow: Group camping area, a former ranch site noted for large eucalyptus trees and named in honor of Alameda County Supervisor Joseph Bart (formerly known as Big Trees Camp)o
3 Chabot "City" Park: A small park operated by the City of San Leandro and called Chabot Park.
Chabot Dam: The dam which forms Lake Chabot 9 named in honor of its designer Anthony Chabot.
Chabot Ridge:* The along the easterly side of Grass Valley.
Cottontail Canyon:* A canyon on the west side of Chabot Ridge.
Cow Hollow:* A grazing pasture located east of Red't<70od Road in the southeastern portion of the Park. * A canyon on the west side of Chabot Ridge. Grass Canyon:* The canyon area of Grass Valley between Stonebridge and Lake Chabot.
Grass Valley: The main valley area of the park northwest of Stonebridge.
Grass Valley Creek: The creek Grass Valley and Grass Canyon.
Half Moon Bay: A bay in the central portion of the northeasterly shoreline of Lake Chabot~
Heron/Egret Rookery:* A peninsula Bass Cove and Half Moon Bay on the northeasterly shoreline of Lake Chabot; named because of the great blue heron and great egret breeding areas on the tops of the eucalyptus trees there.
Hidden Canyon: A canyon on the west side of Chabot Ridge.
Honker Bay: The southeasterly bay of Lake Chabot.
Las Cumbres Ridge: A ridge forming the north shore of Lake Chabot.
Live Oak Island: An island in the west-central portion of Lake ChabotQ
A ridge on the west side of Chabot Ridge.
Madrone Canyon:* A canyon on the west side of Chabot Ridge o
* Denotes proposed name
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o '000 2t>OO 1111111111 II ill II I 1111""111111111 SCALE. IN feeT Marina Bay: The southwesterly bay of Lake Chabot.
Mirador Ridge:'" A ridge on the west side of Chabot Ridge.
Natural Dam:* The saddle between Skyline and Chabot Ridges at the northwest end of the park.
Opossum Cove: A cove at the easterly end of Honker Bay in Lake Chabotc
Pine Point: A point of land on the northerly shore of Lake Chabot near Live Oak Island.
Raccoon Point: A point of land on the southerly shore of Lake Chabot.
San Leandro Creek: The creek draining from the Upper San Leandro Dam into Lake Chabot, through the Willow Park Public Golf Course.
The ridge along the westerly boundary of the park.
Stonebridge: The bridge made of quarried stone crossing Grass Valley Creek.
Treehouse Point:* The west end of Mirador Ridge.
Vulture's View:* A peak on Chabot Ridge near Natural Dam.
* Denotes proposed name
5
II. HISTORY
looking Over Lake Chabot When the first Europeans entered San Francisco Bay in 1769, they found the Upper San Leandro Creek area occupied by a tribelet called the This was apparently a small family group (numbering about 100 individuals) who spoke a dialect known as Bay Miwok (Milliken, 1981). These people were hunters and gatherers; the women gathered acorns, roots, bulbs, seeds and greens, while the men hunted deer, elk, small mammals, migratory waterfowl and fished (Banks, 1982). In 1797, the Mission San Jose was built in the Fremont area. Its records show that between 1801 and 1807, at least 62 Jalquin individuals were brought to the Mission (Milliken, 1981). In 1836~ the missions of California were secularized and the surviving Indians were released.
A search of the records of discovered prehistoric resources revealed only one such site occurs in ACRP (Banks, 1982). This site consists of four groups of bedrock mortars located in the vicinity of the Willow Park Public Golf Course (ibid.). A surface survey of about 500 acres of the park areas where development has occurred or may occur) did not uncover any further prehistoric resources (ibid.).
What is now the southern half of ACRP was granted to Guillermo Castro in 1843, as part of the 27,722-acre Rancho San Lorenzo. The rancho land was used for cattle grazing, to produce hides. Don Castro was a man who liked to gamble; this habit which led to the loss of his property. His debts accumulated and he was forced to sell portions of his property from time to time. An American, Faxen Dean Atherton, had accumulated many of Castro's promissory notes and between 1855 and 1863, had acquired portions of Rancho San Lorenzo. In 1863, however, Atherton sued Castro for non-payment of other notes and asked that rancho lands be sold off to satisfy his claim. This was done, and in 1864, Atherton acquired all of Castro's remaining lands. Castro paid off his remaining debts and left the country still a fairly wealthy man. Atherton subsequently sold the rancho lands to other Americans interested in farming the land. Within what is now ACRP, there were portions of nine such ranches and farms subdivided from Rancho San Lorenzo. But, within a few years, these lands would be reconsolidated into watershed lands to provide a reliable source of water for the Oakland area. A small area northwest of Lake Chabot, in what is now the park, was part of the Rancho San Antonio, granted in 1820 to Luis Maria PeraltaG North of the rancho, were lands which never were part of a Spanish or Mexican land grant. These lands were occupied by Americans and divided into a number of ranches, the largest of which was the Grass Valley Ranch. They were also acquired for watershed purposes in the early 1900's.
As the nearby City of Oakland grew, water needs grew with it, and the wa ter companies needed to look farther afield for reliable sources. Lake Temescal, built in 1868, was Oakland f s first water supply, but before long it was clear that it would not be adequate. Water shortages, dry wells, and other problems got worse over the years~ Mr. Anthony Chabot and his associates, organized as the Contra Costa tvater Company, secured water rights to San Leandro Creek, and began to acquire
6 land in the area of a narrow gorge of the creek. Construction of San Leandro Dam began in 1874& When completed in 1875, it provided the first reliable water source for the growing Oakland area. For 40 years, until San Pablo Dam was constructed, Lake Chabot (as it came to be called) was the mainstay of the East Bay's water supply. Chabot Dam itself is recognized as a "California Historic Civil Engineering Landmark" by the American Society of Civil Engineers and as an ilAmerican vJater Landmark" by the American Water vJorks Association.
By 1890, two years after the death of Anthony Chabot, the Contra Costa Water Company acquired the former lands of Rancho San Lorenzo within the Grass Valley Creek and part of the San Leandro Creek watershed. In 1906, the Contra Costa Water Company and several others were united into the People's Water Company, which immediately began further land purchases in the Grass Valley Creek and San Leandro Creek watershedse People t s Water Company also began large-scale eucalyptus plantings in about 1910. By 1915, nearly all of the Grass Valley area was watershed land. In 1916, the People's Water Company was reorganized as the East Bay Water Company. In 1923, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) was created. In 1928, EBMUD acquired the entire holdings of the East Bay Water Company, including about 40,000 acres of land in the East Bay hills.
Grass Valley was once considered as a possible alignment for a railroad connecting Oakland and Sacramento. A right-of-way across a part of the Grass Valley Ranch was acquired by the Sacramento and Oakland Railroad, and held for many years. It appears that this was one of several possible routes through the East Bay hills. The Sacramento and Oakland was taken over by the Oakland and Antioch ( the Sacramento Northern) and that company finally selected a route through Shepherd Canyon and tunneling the hills. The Grass Valley alignment was never used, but the right of way remained until acquired by EBMUD in 1937.
There are no historic buildings remaining in ACRP. Two buildings are shown on old maps in the Bart Meadow area (Banks, 1982). One building is shown on old maps in the vicinity of Stonebridge (ibid.). There may have been four or more other structures in ACRP in the past (ibid .. ). These may have been located near the MacDonald Gate, near the Brandon/Equestrian Center Trail intersection, at the base of Chabot Ridge by the Grass Valley Trail, and near the Willow Park Public Golf Course (ibid.). These structures were probably associated with residential and agricultural uses of the American homesteaders; they were probably removed when the land was for watershed purposes.
There is one significant historic site located near Chabot Dam but outside ACRP 0 This is an encampment used by the Chinese immigrant laborers who constructed the dam and its associated tunnels. This encampment has been called Yema-po (wild horse ridge) (Miller, 1981) e It appears to have been occupied from the time of the initial dam construction (1874) until the turn of the century (ibid.).
7 When EBMUD acquired the East Bay Water Company holdings, it declared some 15,000 acres of those holdings surplus. Hany citizens were concerned with preserving the hill lands. As a result, in 1934, a new agency, the East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD), was created to acquire and preserve some of the surplus lands as parks and in 1936-39 some 4,000 acres were acquired. The Park District was interested in the Grass Valley land, but the Utility District did not wish to sell, as Lake Chabot was still used as a public water supply. It was not until 1951 that EBMUD Directors agreed to the sale of approximately 3,100 acres of land in Grass Valley. The agreement was completed in 1952 and Grass Valley Regional Recreation Area was created.
In 1962, Lake Chabot was placed on "standby" status by EBMUD. This meant that the water would be used in emergencies. In 1965, the Park District reached agreement with the Utility District for the lease of Lake Chabot 0 The Anthony Chabot Regional Park was created, by combining Lake Chabot with the Grass Valley Regional Recreation Area.
8 III. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT
Marina Picnic Area III. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT
A. ACCESS AND CIRCULATION
Auto Access: ACRP is bordered on part of its western boundary by Skyline Blvd. in Oakland, on the southwest by Lake Chabot Road, and on the east by Redwood Road. Along Redwood Road, there are four parking areas (called staging MacDonald Gate - 20 cars, Bort Headow Gate (formerly Big Trees and before that San Leandro Gate) - 20 cars, Marciel Gate - 40 cars and trailers ~ and Proctor Gate - 15 cars and trailers (Fig. 3). , there is an access road and parking lot associated vJith the clubhouse facilities of the \tJillow Park Public Golf Course. From Lake Chabot there is a large (200-car) staging area the picnic and marina facilities. Along Blvd. there are : Chabot Gate - 20 cars, Chabot Equestrian Center 40 cars, and Park Ridge Gate with on-street parking only. There is one Park District road open to the public within ACRP; this is the 2.3 road from Marciel Gate to the Marksmanship Range and the Chabot Family Campground.
Service Roads and Trails: There are approximately 37.5 miles of service roads used for maintenance, fire protection, and as hiking and equestrian trails. All are unpaved except for the 4.5 mile-long Lakeside and Lake View Trails at Lake Chabot which are designated bicycle trails, and the 1.5 mile-long road serving Lost Ridge and Hawk Ridge Group Camps. In addition to the service roads, there are several miles of hiking and equestrian trails unsuitable for vehicles. These are found in Grass Canyon and the northeast shore of Lake Chabot.
Public Transportation: ACRP is not currently accessible public transportation along Redwood Road. During the summer, AC Transit Route 91 provides bus service to the Lake Chabot Marina as an extention of its regular route. The AC Transit Route 46A stops at the intersection of Keller Avenue and Surrey Lane, about two blocks from the Equestrian Center. The AC Transit Route 56A ends about 4 blocks from Chabot Gate.
B. RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
ACRP contains a diverse series of recreational facilities, which are described below. The location of these facilities are shown in Figure 3.
The Chabot Center, located off Skyline unction of Keller Avenue, is one of two such facilities in District. The land and structures are owned by the District, and by lessees. There are three stables, two arenas and a small picnic area. The facility rents and boards horses, with a boarding capacity of 44 horses and a rental capacity of 30 horses.
Motorcycle Trail Area: This site was developed in 1954, and has received considerable use in the years since that time. It was established at the request of an East Bay motorcycle group, to provide an area where people could legally pursue this activity. In the years
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H'~\NG, ~\DING TIZAIL ••••••• HI\<'N~ TJ ----.. v~EEK G.C. ~p ~p \il Fig. 3 EXISTING DEVELOPMENT & CI,RCUL'A TION o )000 2COO 111111111111111111 il! Ii '''!!II II!!' SCALE IN, fEe.T <. the has been in existence, the Districtts management operations have been restricted to fencing and occasional of the trails. No silt containment structures have been constructed, and erosion control efforts have been ineffective. Marksmanship Range: The Marksmanship Range was developed in 1963 II in cooperation with the Oakland Pistol Club. The club had leased a site in Knowland Park, which was to be phased out. The EBRPD agreed to the location of a range in ACRP. The site occupies about 120 acres (including a buffer area) and is leased to and operated by the Chabot Gun Club, successor to the Oakland Pistol Club. A rangemaster lives at the site. The range is open to the public for supervised target five days a week. It includes rifle, pistol and shotgun ranges, 's residence, snack stand, clubhouse, parking and restrooms. It is one of the few ranges in the East Bay, and is easily the largest 0 It is also one of the few ranges in the western United States capable of accommodating world championship sharpshooting events. Recent modifications and additions to the restrooms and other structures are to provide access to handicapped shooters. The Marksmanship Range is extremely popular with both organized groups and individual shooters. Archery Range: This is a IS-acre site, set in a eucalyptus grove to the north of Marciel Gate. The facility was (at one time) leased to So-Ee-Ba, a Castro Valley-based archery club which has now disbandedo There are both target and field archery ranges, a clubhouse, a supply shed and chemical toilets. The target butts on the field range have fallen into disrepair and some no longer exist. Chabot Family Campground: This developed, public campground was opened in 1971. It is located in eucalyptus forest along Las Cumbres overlooking Lake Chabot. The facilities include running water, restrooms (one iivi th a hot shower), 12 sites with sewage hookups" 2 7 addi tional drive-in campsites, and 34 walk-in Si tes are available on a first-come, first-served basis. The campground has an entrance kiosk at Marciel Gate, off Redwood Road. Group Camps: There are six overnight group camps: Bort Meadow, El Venado, Two Rocks, Lost Ridge, Hawk Ridge and Chabot View. Most are on Lost and Hawk , with the largest at Bort Meadow in Grass Valley. All are set in eucalyptus groves; they have running water and chemical toilets. Hawk Ridge Camp has a large shelter and shares a 2-acre meadow area with Chabot Viev.l Camp. Bort Headow can accommodate up to 600 persons at one time; it has served as the site of Boy Scout jamborees and other similar major gatherings. Picnic Facilities: Several picnic areas once existed along Skyline Blvd. on the western boundary of the park. These received only minimal maintenance after the eucalyptus removal of 1973, and were removed thereafter. Willow Park Public Golf Course~ This 110-acre course was developed in 1964-5 by a Park District sub-lessee (the Park District leases this property .from EBMUD). It occupies the flood plain of San Leandro Creek 10 between Redwood Road and Lake Chabot. Facilities include an 18-hole course, driving range, restaurant and cocktail , pro shop, banquet room, and reservable outdoor wedding area. These facilities are open to the public. Lake Chabot ~1arina: Lake Chabot was first opened to the public in 1966 with a temporary structure for boat rental and snack stand. This was later upgraded to the permanent facilities present today; these include a coffee shop/boat rental/fishing permit stand and a security residence~ The marina contains docks for about 67 boats, including canoes, rowhoa ts, pedal boats, a launch, and boats with electric motors. Gasoline engines are not permitted. Off-road parking for about 200 cars is available. There are family and reservable group picnic sites at the edge of a meadow area. Fishing Docks and Lakeside Trail: Several docks (including one for the handicapped) are located on the east and west shores of Lake Chabot. There is also a three-mile-Iong Lakeside Trail for bicycling and hiking. This trail, as Lake View Trail, continues to the Chabot "City" Park below Chabot Dam. An agreement with EBMUD allows the bike path to cross their lands, including the da.m, on a paved EBMUD service road, and requires the placement of chemical toilets every 1,000 feet along the shoreline portions of the C. SERVICE FACILITIES Operationally, ACRP is two units; Chabot General a.nd Lake Chabot. Chabot General is operated by staff headquartered at the Redwood Park service yard. Lake Chabot is by staff headquartered at a corporation yard on the hill above Lake Chabot. This yard is of a former NIKE missile base; its structures have been converted to District uses, including the District Public Safety Department headquarters and a corporation yard serving the entire southern part of the District. D. Municipal Water: water is available along much of the park's west side. Separate metered lines serve the Equestrian Center, Bort Meadow, and the southern Chabot Ridge portions of the park. The Chabot water system includes a 125,OOO-gallon reservoir to supply Chabot Campground and another reservoir to supply the Marksmanship Range. Individual lines also serve the Chabot Marina, Public Safety Headquarters/South Corporation Yard, and Willow Park Public Golf Course. Electricity and Telephone: Electrical power and telephone service are available at the Marksmanship , Chabot Family , Chabot Marina, the service complex and 'VJillow Park Public Golf Course. One major electric transmission line and one smaller electric utility line cross the park. Lines serving District facilities are underground. Gas: Bottled gas is provided to facilities at the Ma.rksmanship Range, Chabot Marina and the Willow Park Public Golf Course. A supply of natural gas is available at the service complex. 11 Sewage: Sewage from the Chabot Family Campground is treated in a small "package" treatment plant near the campground and then pumped to a gravity line under Grovenor Road which conveys it to the Castro Valley Sanitary District (CVSD) system. Sewage from the Chabot Marina and Willow Park Public Golf Course is pumped into the CVSD system through separate lines. The Corp Yard/Public Safety complex feeds into CVSD lines by gravity. Other facilities are served by holding tanks (Marksmanship Range, Equestrian Center) or chemical toilets (Bort Meadow, Archery Range). These are emptied periodically by the District's tanker trucks which transport the waste to the CVSD system. E. mvNERSHIP, EASEMENTS AND OTHER LEGAL AGREEMENTS Of the 4,587 acres comprising ACRP, 3,409 acres are owned in fee by the East Bay Regional Park District. The 1,178 acres around Lake Chabot and Willow Park Public Golf Course are leased from EBMUD for a term ending in 1997. About 132 acres are leased from the South County Community College District for a 20-year term ending in 1996. There are two easements for PG&E' s electric transmission lines and a third for the tunnel which brings water from the Upper San Leandro Reservoir to the Oakland area. The Willow Park Public Golf Course is sub-leased to Renee Viviani for a 25-year term ending in 1989. The rental and boarding stables at the Equestrian Center are leased to Yvonne L. "l'rJhite for a five year term ending in 1983 (there is a provision for a five year extention of this lease). The boarding barn at the Equestrian Center is leased to Yvonne L. ~lliite for a five year term ending in 1986 (there is a provision for a five year extention of this lease). The 220-acre Cow Hollow area has a grazing license to John Hoover for a four year term ending in 1984. The 120-acre Marksmanship Range is leased to the Chabot Gun Club for a 20-year term ending in 1987. F. ADJACENT LAND USE ACRP is bordered on the west primarily by developed private residential subdivisions and three public holdings; the Lake Chabot Municipal Golf Course, Know1and State Park, and Chabot "Cityn Park. The first two are operated by the City of Oakland. The Chabot "City" Park is owned by EBHUD and leased to the City of San Leandro which operates it on a reservation only basis. On the north, the park is bordered by Redwood Regional Park. On the east, the park adjoins watershed lands of EBMUD. On the south, the park oins the developed residential area of Castro Valley. The only area adjacent to the park with for major land use change is to the southwest of Lake Chabot. In this area, there are two large tracts of vacant land. These are in an unincorporated area zoned for agricultural uses by Alameda County. However, the possibility of development of these properties could change the character of the viewshed and result in increased storm runoff and siltation into Lake Chabot. 12 IV. NATURAL RESOURCES Heron/Egret Rookery IV. NATURAL RESOURCES A. TOPOGRAPHY AND VISUAL QUALITY ACRP occupies all of Grass Valley, to or beyond the on the east and (for the most part) to the ridgeline on the west. The terrain ranges from gentle to rugged. Grass Valley and some of the ridgeline uplands are flat or , with steep-sided ravines and a narrow canyon (Grass Canyon) between Stonebridge and Lake Chabot. Elevations range from 235 feet at Lake Chabot to about 1200 feet at Vulture's View. Grass ranges from 500 to 700 feet and the area on Las Cumbres Ridge ranges from 600 to 900 feet. The Chabot Lake is formed by a lis-foot-high dam; it occupies some 315 acres. Urban development is visible at the northern end of Grass Valley, at scattered locations along Skyline Ridge, and on the southern boundary of the park adj acent to Castro Valley ~ On the whole, however, Chabot presents a visual impression of remoteness. Lake Chabot 9 Willow Park Public Golf Course and Grass Valley area users are with a variety of self-contained views across meadows, streams and lake waters~ The visual attention of the ridge area users is often focused to the east across 70 square-miles of watershed and range lands with Mt. Diablo a prominent distant horizon feature. Ridgetop views to the west include panoramas of San Francisco the San Francisco Peninsula beyond, and the extensive urban development around the Bay. B. ACRP lies entirely within the San Leandro Creek watershed, contributing to two major tributary streams, Grass Valley Creek and Redwood Creek. San Leandro Creek is a public water supply watershed. The runoff from most of ACRP flows directly into Lake Chabot which currently serves as an emergency water supply for the EBHUD service area. The local watershed (including only that below Upper San Leandro Reservoir) is 12 square-miles. Lake Chabot is a 315-acre reservoir, one of the five terminal reservoirs of EBMUD' s water distribution system. It was built in 1874-5 by the private Contra Costa Water Company. The darn is earthfill, 1300 feet thick at its base, 50 feet thick at its crest, and rising 120 feet above the streambed. The earthfi11 was washed from the surrounding hillsides using hydraulic mlnlng methods, and compacted by a method called "puddling", in which horses were driven back and forth across the fill, compacting it with their hooves. About 200 horses and up to 800 laborers were used in the project which involved a total of 662,000 cubic yards of earth fill. The dam, originally known as San Leandro Dam, was renamed Chabot Dam in 1928 in honor of Anthony Chabot, its designer. The lake has about 9 miles of shoreline, with an estimated capacity of 4.1 billion gallons of water. In 1965, the Lake Chabot Reservoir and its immediate 13 surroundings were leased by the East Bay Regional Park District and opened to the public for the first time, for boating, and enjoyment of the scenery. Body-contact water-sports are not permitted due to the emergency water supply status of the lake. The lake waters are thermally stratified from about April to November (Britton, Ferreira & Averett, 1974). The warmer surface layer varies, but is about 10 feet deep and is well oxygenated (ibid.). The colder lower layers (below 30 feet) have reduced oxygen levels which approach zero at the greater depths (ibid.). During the winter months, the waters of the lake mix and the temperature and oxygen content of the water is the same from the surface to the bottom (ibid.). The lake waters have a hj.gh amount of total dissolved solids (230 ppm) (ibid.). The water level of the lake fluctuates about 10 feet each year; the high level occurs in the early spring and the low level in the late summer (Vecchiarelli, 1967). The on-site water supply capacity in the Chabot General unit is not known 0 Several exist along Redwood Road and in other draws and ravines. A small drainage west of Bort Meadow contains a sprtng that was used by the Grass Valley Ranch and could be used as a source of water again. The lower end of Grass Valley Creek is a perennial stream. Well capacity is unknown but has been mapped as marginal with yields likely to be less than 5 gallons per minute (Webster, 1972)~ There are two livestock ponds in the Cow Hollow area of the park. The western and southern sides of ACRP oin urban areas, which generate storm runoff containing pollutants typical of urban areas. Storm waters from approximately 12.5 miles of paved road (including Skyline Blvd$' Redwood Road and Lake Chabot Road), are also discharged into the However, most of the runoff from the Grass Valley Creek watershed comes from the vegetated slopes within that watershed e Runoff from the San Leandro Creek watershed comes from Redwood Regional Park, ACRP and from the watershed lands of EBMUD; all of these lands are baSically undeveloped, open space lands. The quality of this runoff also is affected by silt. The major sources of silt include the unpaved portions of Skyline Blvd., unpaved service roads and Motorcycle Hill. Other sources include road cuts along paved roads, hiking trails, riding trails, landslides and other slope failures. The runoff characteristics of the San Leandro Creek watershed are influenced by the presence of the Upper San Leandro Reservoir. This reservoir is one of the terminal storage facilities in EBMUD's system; it receives water from EBMUD' s water supplies in the Sierra Nevada l1ountains. The Upper San Leandro Reservoir is drawn-down during the summer months and is refilled primarily with water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains during the winter months. Thus, local runoff from storms which occur early in the winter months are retained in the Upper San Leandro Reservoir; however, towards the end of the winter and in the spring, this reservoir is full and local runoff is passed through the spillway and flows down the San Leandro Creek to Lake Chabot. Under these circumstances, local flooding may occur along the portion of the creek which flows through the Willow Park Public Golf Course~ This is exacerbated by the lack of sufficient capacity of the bridge which 14 carries the main access road to the clubhouse area of the course~ Floodwaters carry silt which is in the streambed, on the golf course and in Lake Chabot; this silt also acts to exacerbate flooding problems. An additional consideration in this watershed is the plan for EBMUD to construct an additional reservoir between the Upper San Leandro Reservoir and Lake Chabot. This plan would involve part of the area now used for the Willow Park Public Golf Course. C. GEOLOGY AND SOILS The ACRP area consists mainly of sandstone, shale and conglomerate bedrocks, deposited during the Cretaceous period (Robinson, 1956, Radbruch t 1969). Originally classified as a single geologic unit (the Chico formation), these rocks are now divided into three units (Fig. 4); the name "Chico" formation is applied only where the units have not been studied in detail and differentiated (Perkins, 1974). The erosion-resistant Oakland conglomerate and Redwood Canyon sandstone form the ridges of the park, with the more erodable Shepherd Canyon shales underlying Grass Valley. The Cretaceous sediments terminate abruptly against East Chabot Fault. On the west side of Lake Chabot, the extensive bedrock results in a complex mixture of rock types, including serpentine, rhyolite, shale and conglomerate 0 Small areas of recent alluvium, now left as terraces, are located on Skyline, Hawk, Lost and Las Cumbres Ridges. On Chabot Ridge, there is a small area of Pinehurst Shale, which supports a thin soil with native grasses and brush. Younger alluvial fan deposits are mapped in Grass Valley and along San Leandro Creek above Lake Chabot (Helley, Laj oie & Burke, 1972). The nearest active bedrock fault is the Hayward Fault located about 1 mile west of ACRP; this fault is capable of producing a major, earthquake. Soil types in the park are primarily loams. These are thin upland soils of the Gaviota, Los Gatos, Los OS08 and Millsholm series, developed under forest and grassland conditions. All have a low shrink! swell capacity, low or moderate erosion hazard and present few engineering difficulties (Soil Conservation Service, 1981). Grass Valley contains a deep alluvial soil of the Danville series, which may be used for irrigated pasture or hay (ibidG). The flood plain of San Leandro Creek contains rich, deep alluvial loam of the Yolo series (ibid.). At the Lake Chabot Marina and entrance, there is a small area of clay soils from the Altamont Series (ibid.). This is the only heavy clay soil within the park. EXisting soil erosion problems range from moderate to severe; they are primarily associated with human activities, including residential development, road and trail development, and the use of the motorcycle hill area. There are also a number of soil failures, slides, and slumps in various localities within ACRP. These problems contribute to silt deposition in Grass Valley Creek, San Leandro Creek and Lake Chabot. IS Fig .. 4 G OlOGY ~ o;::. > '!IGAI..e.. aN F'ee:t" :& \, Y legend: II i! i: i I 5k~O~TO~!.Wt. ':-:';';';-:':';':';-:::';';';1 ~ U A.. I 4e. .I!U 1_;::::::::::;:;:;::::::~:~::~::... ~"r"\""'w ~ I : : : : : :1 GO~6t\..OMe~\~-A( ~ l-'\l\tlO\'t 'T"(f'e":J. '\..Lc...\...ut>E.~ ~l-'\~l..'- A.2e~ ~ Or OT~e.ft. ¥. T'(Pe~ 1I1111111~~~o-r,~t...... ~ P'\..l'e..HU'2..~T "'H~~e.. IZ."''C'o\..\,\!.. f..AT" C.""A&O'T t>"-M) ---I ~;i~~~~'~.~· --,..... f ~\)&..,. c;. ... , , ' ..~ ; I,r -",- ",.... D. CLIMATE ACRP has a Mediterranean climate; cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The summer heat is moderated by the influence of coastal fogo When warm temperatures in the inland valleys of the State for several days, a local low pressure area is createde This draws the cool coastal fog inland to the ACRP area, where its persistence from late evening until late morning acts to limit the high temperature of the day. In the winter, the daily high temperatures are in the mid-50! s (degrees Fahrenheit), while evening lows are in the mid-30's; frost is rare. In the summer, the daily high temperatures are in the mid-70's, while evening lows are in the low 50's. Winds come predominantly from the west, except during winter storms. Typical summer wind patterns are calm in the morning hours, with breezes of up to 15 to 20 miles per hour occurring in the evenings, and calm returning at night. During the winter, huge cyclonic storms come off the Pacific Ocean. These are generally preceded by one or more days of southerly winds caused by the counterclockwise circulation of the storms. Precipitation occurs almost exclusively as rainfall brought by the winter storms; snow· and hail are rare e About 90 percent of this preCipitation falls between the months of November and March. Total precipitation amounts to between 22 and 24 inches per year (Rantz, 1971). Some of the plants in ACRP are able to supplement this rainfall by condensing moisture out of the summer fog and/ or by absorbing it directly from the air. Air pollution may tend to make local rainfall acidic; however, there is no data to document this. Lake Chabot measures slightly alkaline (PH 8.1), indicating that any such effect is not yet significant. E. VEGETATION Human influence has had a strong effect on the vegetation of ACRP due to the following: 1$ the introduction of large numbers of European grazing mammals (for 200 years)" 2. the extirpation of the tule elk and the extinction of the California grizzly bear, 3. the subsequent removal of grazing mammals from all parts of the park, except Cow Hollow, 4. the suppression of wildfires, 5. the logging of redwood trees, 6. the planting and logging of eucalyptus trees, and 7. the creation of Lake Chabot. lG Fig. 5 VEGETATION • '1:''''. '%DOt!> ~ litz SCAle IN FE:E:T j Legend: ']II11II[ Despite these changes, ACRP retains the character of a natural-area with a variety of plant associations described below. Grassland occupies about 1,200 acres of the Park. Major grassland areas (Fig. 5) are on the slopes of Chabot Ridge, on the upper slopes of Mirador, Hawk, Lost and Las Cumbres Ridges, in Cow Hollow, and on the ridges south of Lake Chabot. The grassland consists primarily of introduced annual , such as wild oats, barleys and bromes. Some areas also contain stands of native grasses, particularly on the rockter sites. Need1egrass, meadow barley and wildrye are the most common natives 0 Native wildflowers in the park are diverse and abundant; species include the California poppy, wyethias, brodiaeas, and mariposa lilies. A great variety of herbs and grasses have been identified from ACRP; these are listed in A. The predominance of non-native grasses results from the introduction of European cattle in the 1700's and their subsequent maintenance at high population levels through two of California's 20-year-long drought cycles. The preferential graz pressure upon California's native perennial bunch-grasses led to their virtual exclusion from the park and to the predominance of annual grasses, especially the European grasses which were accidentally introduced with the cattle. About 200 years after the introduction of cattle, the land was acquired as a regional parkland and large grazing mammals were excluded from it (except for the Cow Hollow area). After mammals were removed (in the mid-1950's), coyote brush began actively to invade the grasslands. Today, Grass Valley could be named "Brush ValleyH. Additionally, extensive plantations of eucalyptus trees were placed in the grassland portions of the park, starting in about 19100 The result has been a substantial reduction in the amount of grassland (perhaps by more than one-half) 0 Brushland occupies about 1,200 acres of the park. Major brushland areas (Fig. 5) are on the northeast-facing of Skyline and Chabot n~~B=u' on the south and west-facing slopes of Chabot, Las Cumbres and Lost Ridges, and in Grass Valley. In northeast-facing slopes and canyon areas, the brushland consists of such species as coffeeberry, thimbleberry, ninebark, rose, ocean spray, osoberry, toyon, currant, blueblossom and blue elderberry. In the drier, south and west-facing sites, the brushland includes stands of coyote brush, sagebrush, and monkeyflower. In certain east-facing slopes, the brushland includes chamise, manzanita, toyons blueblossom, black sage and mountain mahogany. In the Grass Valley area, the brushland consists of almost pure stands of coyote brush. A species list is found in Appendix A. The brushland is subj ect, and adapted to, the periodic occurrence of wildfires. Such fires consume the standing dead branches of the brushy plants, their nutrients to the soil, and creating soil conditions conducive to the germination of the seeds of the brushland plants. Some of these seeds cannot germinate until they have been exposed to the heat and soil conditions associated with these fires. In the years before humans arrived in California, these fires occurred spontaneously or as a of lightning. liThen the 17 prehistoric humans arrived, they developed various hunting and gathering practices involving the deliberate setting of fires in the brushland and other vegetative associations. The early Spanish cattle-herders continued some of these practices; however, in the past 50 to 100 years, humans have actively suppressed wildfires" The result has been an accumulation of standing, dead branches which (in some older stands of brushlands) would result in wildfires of a much greater intensity than would occur under a more regular periodic regime. The mixed-evergreen forest occupies about 1,200 acres of the park .. Major areas (Figure 5) are in the Grass, Deer and Madrone Canyons, on the east-facing draws of Skyline and Chabot Ridges, and on the south and west sides of Lake Chabot. The trees in this forest are coast live oak, bay, and madrone, with maple and buckeye present in smaller numbers. Under the trees there is a rich shrub and herb layer, including poison oak, blackberry, hazelnut, and numerous other shrubs. Common herbs include Solomon's seal, fairy bells, woodland star, alum root, angelica and several species of ferns, including sword fern and wood fern. In the east-facing draws at the north end of Chabot Ridge, there are about 50 acres where this community includes the coast redwood tree. A species list is found in Appendix A. This association has not experienced a great degree of disturbance from human activities, with the exception of the logging operations, which harvested virtually all the virgin redwoods in the park during the 1850' s. This community has a high wildlife habitat value because it provides forage, cover and breeding sites for a variety of native wildlife. Eucalyptus plantations occupy about 500 acres of the park. Major areas (Fig. 5) are on Chabot, Mirador, Hawk, Lost and Las Cumbres Ridges. This community consists of blue gum and red gum eucalyptus trees, with an understory of shrubs and native evergreen trees which is similar to that found in the mixed-evergreen forest. These trees were planted as part of a lumbering scheme that developed in the first part of the 1900's. Much of the land around Lake Chabot was owned at that time by the People's Water Company 0 The individuals controlling this company also controlled land development companies. A lumber scheme was developed by these individuals; it was believed that eucalyptus could fill a of suitable hardwood in California, and thousands of acres were planted to eucalyptus, chiefly blue gum. In the Lake Chabot area, as in much of the East Bay, this planting took place around 1910. About 600 acres in what is now the park, were planted with eucalyptus. The tree line today still clearly follows old property boundaries (FigQ 5)0 Within a few years of the planting, however, further research into the Australian forestry revealed that blue gum is not a suitable species for commercial lumber production, and the groves in Cali-fornia were either removed or, as in ACRP, abandoned. In December 1972, the East Bay area experienced a prolonged freeze, an recurring phenomenon in the area. The low temperatures caused extensive damage to many tropical and subtropical plants in the area, including eucalyptus. In ACRP, the trees in the lower elevations 18 and on slopes with a southerly exposure, were not seriously damaged. Nevertheless, the damage was sufficient for concern among fire officials. This led to the establishment, in the summer of 1973, of a fuelbreak along much of the western edge of the park. This was followed by a logging program in areas of ACRP. About 100 acres were reconverted to grassland/brushland in this process. Thus, the eucalyptus forest area of ACRP occupies about 500 acres today. This is one of the acreages of eucalyptus trees in California. The eucalyptus trees may also have been logged for pulpwood or other purposes prior to the establishment of the park& The eucalyptus trees produce a large volume of litter on the forest floor, including leaves, branches and long shreds of bark. This material is not rapidly decomposed because of the dry climate !II and because the non-native eucalyptus plant material is not as susceptible to native decomposers as the native material. The result has been accumulations of plant litter of up to 40 tons per acre (Fenwick, 1980)~ Under such circumstances, a wildfire would be severe and uncontrollable (ibid.). Riparian Woodland occupies the streambank areas of Grass Valley Creek. It includes arroyo, yellow and red willow, white alder, black cottonwood and an understory of shrubs, including poison oak, blackberry, ninebark, creek dogwood, twinberry and blue elderberry. A maj or 'l:vil1ow grove occurs at the lower end of Willow Park Public Golf Course, near Lake Chabot. Riparian trees also occur San Leandro Creek wi thin the golf course a.rea, including willav], white alder, b lack cottonwood and sycamore. Aquatic and emergent vegetation occurs more or less regularly around the shoreline of Lake Chabot. Cattails are the most common emergent , along with bulrushes and sedges. Several aquatic species of knotweed (Polygonum) occur in slightly deeper water. Algae, blue-green algae occur throughout the lake in some numbers& plants, Potamogeton and. Myriophyllum, are of particular concern, as they have infested two areas of Lake Chabot, including the marina area where it can restrict boat passage. Recent dredging operations have eliminated the shallow water conditions conducive to these plants in the marina area. Exotic vegetation plantings include cultivars around old homesites and the conifer tree done by the Park District. Four homesites occurred in what is now the park: the Fontes Ranch site along Redwood Road near Pinehurst Road, Grass Valley Ranch headquarters at what is now Bort Meadow, another homesite near Stonebridge and the Cahill homesite near the present Willow Park Public Golf Club. All of these sites include fruit, locust, walnut, and acacia trees. Several huge eucalyptus occur at Bort Meadow. Over the years, several stands of 110nterey pine and other conifers have been planted around Lake Chabot and in Grass Valley by EBRPD as called for in the 1965 LUDP. These have generally been small groves or scattered individuals. In 1974, two redwood groves were planted in 19 former eucalyptus areas, one at the northern end of the fue1break area at the western boundary of the park, and a second in Grass Valley extending northward about ~ mile from the Stonebridge area. There are four occur or may occur in Chabot Park. The first (Dirca occidentalis) which occurs in Deer Canyon, in Bird Canyon, and may occur on the western sides of Grass Valley and Grass Canyon. The second is the Diablo rock-rose (Helianthella castanea) which may occur on grassy hillsides along Chabot Ridge. The third is the fare-well-to-spring (Clarkia rubicunda rubicunda) which occurs on the hillside below the equestrian center and alongSide Redwood Road. The fourth is the Oakland star tulip (Calochortus umbellatus) which occurs on Chabot Ridge above Bort Meadow. These plants have been listed by the California Native Plant Society in its Inventory .£f Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants (Smith, etal., 1980) • These plants have not yet received official protection under either State or Federal law. F $ vHLDLIFE The diversity and extensive intermixing of vegetative communities provides a productive wildlife habitat¢ Water is reliably available at Lake Chabot, as well as along portions of Grass Valley and San Leandro Creeks, (other water sources are more seasonal). The eastern slope of the north end of Chabot contains numerous springs. The mixed-evergreen forest and eucalyptus groves support the greatest number of animals, because of the many food sources (native plants under the eucalyptus and virtually all in the mixed-evergreen and good cover. The brushland contains some species unique to it, and the grasslands are important as habitat for rodents and their predators, such as hawks and owls. The mammals found in the park include raccoon, long-tailed weasel, California ground squirrel, pocket gopher, deer mouse, black-tailed jackrabbit and black-tailed deer. Both domestic dogs and cats are found roaming free in the park. Domestic horses are kept in the District's equestrian center and are often brought to the park from nearby privately-operated stables or by trailer. A more complete species list is found in Appendix B. Domestic cats appear to have become feral throughout much of the park. There appears to be a number of these animals living in the vicinity of the Chabot Family Campground on Las Cumbres Ridge where they apparently obtain food from the campers. These animals can inflict serious injury with their teeth and claws, if handled by park users. They are also capable of transmitting diseases such as rabies and plague to humans, and feline distemper to the pets of park users and park neighbors. The domestic dogs which have been observed roaming in the park appear to be pets from the adj acent neighborhoods. Although these animals may not have gone feral, they harrass and occasionally may kill wildlife in the park. The horses in the park appear to be under close human control at all timesu No hunting for maromals is permitted in the park. 20 The birds include a variety of raptors such as red-tailed hawk, sparrow hawk, and golden eagle. There are several bird species associated with aquatic habitats, including canvasback duck, mallard duck, American coot, osprey, great blue heron and great egret. Among the songbirds in the are the horned lark, scrub jay, chestnut-backed chickadee, bushtit, northern mockingbird, American robin, song sparrow, western meadowlark, and American goldfinch. Many migratory birds also use the park, including the ducks, barn swallow, cedar waxwing, solitary vireo, MacGillivray's warbler and purple finch. At Lake Chabot there are a number of domestic ducks and geese which are present on Oak Island and in Marina Cove. A more complete species list is found in Appendix B. The domestic ducks and geese found on Lake Chabot appear to obtain much of their food from park users in the Marina area. These animals are causing damage to the styrofoam floats which support the docks at the marina. Domestic geese are capable of painful wounds with their beaks and claws, if handled by park users. Both domestic ducks and geese are capable of harboring avian cholera, which could be transmitted to wild migratory waterfowl using Lake Chabot. The eucalyptus trees located on a peninsula into the Bass Cove portion of Lake Chabot offer a breeding area for colonies of great blue herons. These large and attractive birds are desirable and to observe. Public access to the Heron Rookery area has been restricted, to assure continued breeding success; however, anecdotal observations of similar rookeries in the San Francisco Bay Area suggest that total restriction of nearby human uses is not necessary to assure breeding success. No bird hunting is permitted in the park. The reptiles and amphibians include species such as the western fence lizard, northern alligator lizard, gopher snake, striped racer snake, Pacific rattlesnake, Pacific , red-legged frog, and western pond turtle. A more complete species list is found in Appendix B. The Pacific rattlesnake is a poisonous animal, however, there have been no incidents of park users suffering from their bites within recent years. Although frog catching is permissible under State fishing , the District's night curfew regulations effectively prohibit it. The insects and invertebrates of the are diverse and abundant. There has been no systematic attempt to surveyor identify them. There is a potential for certain corr~on insects to conflict with park users. Ants, yellow jackets and bees can be annoying if present in campground and picnic areas. Most such areas in ACRP are in areas with eucalyptus trees which do not offer the hollow tree habitat favored by hive-forming bees. The tree-hole nesting mosquito is found in the mixed-evergreen forests of ACRP. This animal is capable of transmitting a parasite of dogs called heartworm. There is no effective pest control method for the tree-hole nesting mosquito (Dr. D. Sanders, 1982, communication). 21 The aquatic animals of the park are found in Lake Chabot; however, there are some species in Grass Valley and San Leandro Creekse Among the planktonic anima,ls are species of the rotifers, copepods and cladocerans. Among the gamefish present are rainbow trout, catfish, largemouth bass, bluegill, black crappie, and carp. Notable among these, are landlocked native steelhead, which have not hybredized with the hatchery trout planted in the lake. These unusual fish live in the Upper San Leandro Reservoir and spawn in Redwood and other local Creeks. During periods of high rainfall, some individuals are believed to be washed over the spillway and down to Lake Chabot. Among the non-game fish are golden shiner, goldfish, and Mississippi silverside. A more complete species list is found in Appendix B. The fishery in Lake Chabot is a managed one. Annual fish population surveys are performed in conjunction with the California Department of Fish and Game. These surveys identify the species present, their relative abundance, reproductive success, age, size, and health. Between 80,000 and 100,000 catchable-sized trout and catfish are planted in the lake each year. The planting is done at two or three-week intervals throughout the year, unless the surface water temperature becomes too high. Marina Bay has been dredged to a bottom configuration which is suitable for fish spawning, and is prohibited there. Additionally, there are 70 "fish hotel" structures sunk in various localities in the lake. These structures are made of rubber tires; they provide both spawning and escape habitat for fish. The result is a popular fishing area which is becoming known among anglers for very large-sized black bass. Creel census data indicates a success rate of 0.9 fish per hour in 1978 and 0*64 fish per hour in 1979. This is significantly higher than the statewide average of 0.45 fish per hour. There probably is one jeopardized animal in the park. The park is within the range of the Alameda striped racer snake (Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus). This animal is as "rare" under the California Endangered Species Act. This snake has been noted most often in brushland areas which have rocky and grassy openings. The only study of this animal, which included diet items, indicated that western fence lizards were a primary food. There are several hundred acres within ACRP which appear to offer suitable habitat for this animal. There is no information about whether this habitat is occupied by the Alameda striped racer. 22 v. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN Fishing at Lake Chabot v. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN This Resource Analysis is being prepared concurrent with a reV1S10n to the Land Use-Development Plan (LUDP). The latter document will contain a detailed Natural Resources Management Plan. Therefore, the discussion below will outline certain selected natural resource management problems faced in ACRP and discuss some of the alternative management options available to resolve them. This discussion is meant to result in thoughtful and informed to the and Design Department about which of the management options are most appropriate. Such input will be used to guide the preparation of the detailed Natural Resources Management Plan contai.ned in the LUDP. 1. Problem: Significant accumulations of dead plant material in the park's brushland and eucalyptus plantation areas. Management Options a. Do nothing: Under this option, dead fuel will continue to accumulate. Fires which occur in either the brushland or eucalyptus forest areas, will probably become Severe and uncontrollable. This would have the potential to damage nearby residential areas and to spread into adj acent open space lands, including those owned by EBMUD for watershed, and Knowland State Park, which is operated by the City of Oakland. Such a course could make the EBRPD liable for the cost of fighting the fires and repairing damage to adjacent lands. b. Mechanical and hand labor debris removal: Under this option, the accumulations of fuel would be removed using hand labor and/or heavy equipment and possibly chemical herbicide applications. Hand-clearing in brushland areas involves the use of modified chainsaws to cut the standing dead brush, and manual labor to carry the material away. Heavy, tracked equipment can be used to break off the dead brush instead of chainsaws. Alternately, herbicides may be used to kill all of the brush the year prior to mechanical or hand removal, and thereby ease the work of removal. In the eucalyptus forest areas, chainsaws or heavy equipment would be used to cut up the larger debris and hand labor and heavy equipment would be needed to carry the debris out. of the removal method, there would be several hundred tons of woody debris to be disposed of. Disposal include and burning, lopping and scattering on site, removal to a landfill site and chippinge If the debris were chipped, it could then be dried and used as a fuel, spread along trails and on erosion areas as a mulch, or composte.d (perhaps in combination with the sewage sludge disposal operation of a cooperating sewage treatment plant). Such a course would commit the EBRPD to a substantial increase in staff and equipment for ACRP. 23 c. Use of fire: Under this option, brushland and eucalyptus forest areas would be divided into units designed to facilitate the containment of a fire within the uni.t. Brush and trees would be removed to establish fuel breaks between these units. To establish and maintain fuel breaks, hand-clearing, mechanical clearing, herbicides and/or prescribed fire methods could be used. In the case of the eucalyptus forests, timber operators who are interested in the harvest of firewood, have been, and might again, be licensed to remove the trees in designated fuel break areas. Once fuel breaks are established, fires would be set in accordance with the prescription of experienced fire ecologists. One fuel break was established along Skyline Ridge in 1973, however, it has not been effectively maintained. In 1982, the Blue Ribbon Fire Prevention Committee recommended the extension of this fuel break as a variable-width break from its northerly terminus north to Redwood Roade Prescribed fires would burn the accumulation of fuel in place under fire conditions calculated to avoid killing mature trees. In the eucalyptus forest, the same area might have to be burned for two or three successive years to reduce the fuel loads from the existing levels of up to 40 tons per acre down to desirable levels of 3 to 5 tons per acre. The frequency of subsequent maintenance fires would have to be determined by measurements in the field, but it is likely that there would be several years between burns. In brushland areas, after the establishment of fuel breaks, fires would be set in accordance with the prescription of experienced fire ecologists. It is likely that sufficient fuel reduction could be accomplished with a burn and that maintenance burns would be needed at intervals of about 15 to 20 years. Such a course would require the EBRPD to either hire an outside prescribed fire crew or to train a unit of the District's volunteer firefighters to do this work. If District crews are used, a commitment of the time of these individuals away from their other responsibilities would be needed. This time would be required on a short-notice, all-day basis, because of the need to wait for the prescribed weather conditions and to remain at the burn site until the "mop-up" of the fire is complete. 2. Problem: Brush encroachment into grassland areas. Management Options a. Do nothing: Under this option, the extent of the grassland areas would continue to decrease, continuing to change the visual character of ACRP, reducing the accessibility of much of the park and contributing to 1 (above). Such a course v1ill increase the costs of the management options for problem 1. 24 b. Mechanical and hand labor The brush encroachment consists almost exclusively brush. Hand labor clearing would involve the use of modified chainsaws and hand removal as discussed above. Past experience indicates that crushing (using heavy, tracked equipment) will effect a 90 percent reduction in brush cover, while the crushed woody debris decomposes with 2 to 3 yearse This would mean that relatively level areas (e.g. Grass Valley) could be restored to a grassland condition with a single treatment, using heavy equipment. Subsequent maintenance treatment frequency would have to be determined by measurements in the field; however, the interval is likely to be between 5 and 10 years.. If large grazing mammals were reintroduced to the treated area, maintenance treatments may not be necessary. Such a course would require either a substantial committment of staff time or a commitment for the use of heavy, tracked equipment for several days, depending on the extent of the area to be treated. If large grazing mammals were reintroduced, additional and water source development would be required. c. Use of presc.ribed fire: Under this option, the grassland restoration areas would be divided into units designed to facilitate the containment of a fire within the unit. Mechanical and/or hand brush removal would be used to establish fuel breaks. Once fuel breaks are established, fires would be set in accordance with the prescription of experienc.ed fire ecologists. in similar brush encroachment areas indicates that a 40 percent reduction in brush cover would be achieved after the first year of burning. Therefore, the grassland restoration areas probably would be burned for two successive years. The frequency of subsequent maintenance burns would have to be determined by measurements in the field, but probably would be between 5 and 10 years. If large grazing mammals were reintroduced to the treated area, maintenance treatments may not be necessary. Such a course would require the EBRPD either to hire an outside prescribed-fire crew, or to train a special unit of the District's volunteer firefighters to do this work. If District crews are used, a commitment of the time of these individuals away from their other responsibilities would be needed. This time would be required on a short-notice, all-day basis, because of the need to wait for the prescribed weather conditions and to remain at the burn site until the "mop-up" of the fire is complete. d. Use of chemical herbicides: Under this option, herbicides would be applied to the grassland restoration areas, killing all broadleaved vegetation. If no mechanical or hand removal of dead woody material were done, it is likely that standing dead material would remain for several years. Depending on the density of this material, the fire hazard in the treated area could be increased during the time that standing dead material is present. 25 3. Problem: Substantial erosion is occurring along the trails and maintenance roads. Management options a. Do nothing: Under this option, erosion would continue. During years of heavier than normal rainfall, trails and roads would be damaged, reducing their utility, or cutting off use entirely. This could reduce the ability of District personnel to to emergency situations in the park, restrict and equestrian uses, and would contribute to siltation in the watercourses and in Lake Chabot. This threatens the fishery there and may periodic silt removal in the affected water bodies. Such a course would cause District maintenance costs to vary significantly from year to year, depending on the severity of the winter rainfall b. Close some trails: Under this option, a number of trails in the park would be closed, their culverts and cross drains would be removed, and vegetation would be reestablished. There are two trails in Grass Valley on opposite sides of the creek from Bart Meadow to Stonebridge. One of these trails could be closed without reducing the District's ability to reach portions of the park for emergency or maintenance purposes. Other trail closures would reduce such accessibility. In any attempt to reroute or close a trail, physical barriers and will be needed to discourage continued use of them by the public; such efforts have, in the past, been unsuccessful. Such a course would require a commitment of labor and equipment which would vary with the amount of trail to be closed. c. Establish and maintain culverts and water bars: Under this option, much of the existing road and trail system would be modified by the placement of culverts and water bars, to intercept runoff water at intervals frequent enough to prevent erosion and direct it into established water courses or to energy dissipation structures and then to overland flow. Although this work is theoretically part of normal trail maintenance efforts, it is, in fact, not being accomplished consistently throughout the existing trail system. This course would require an ongoing commitment by District maintenance staff both for training in the proper methods of erosion control and for the extra effort needed in routine maintenance, to be sure that water bars, culverts and erosion control structures are established and remain effective. 4. Problem: Substantial erosion is occurring in the Motorcycle Hill area. Management Options a. Do nothing: Under this option, erosion would continue on the trails in this area until bedrock is reached. In some areas, this erosion will result in conditions which make trails unusable. Silt carried in the runoff waters will affect water courses and Lake Chabot. This threatens the fishery there, and may periodic silt removal operations in the affected water bodies. Such a course would threaten the District's existing commitment to provide recreation opportunities for off-road motorcycles and fishing. b $ Restrict access and types of motorcycle use: Some of the more severe erosion damage in the Motorcycle Hill area is partially caused by illegal use by four-wheel drive vehicles and the use of "knobby" motorcycle tires.. These uses could be restricted. This would require the construction of roadside guardrails in places where four-wheel drive vehicles now gain access. It also would require clear posting of the prohibition against "knobby" tires and a continuing inspection of arriving vehicles to assure compliance. This would require certain capital improvements and the commitment of at least two person days per month of District Public Safety Officer time (on weekends) to be in the Motorcycle Hill area and to enforce the prohibition against "knobby" tires. This could be combined with other enforcement work by checking vehicle registrations and spark arrestors. c. Establish siltation basins: This option vlould require the construction of a series of dams in the drainages below the Motorcycle Hill area to remove the silt from runoff waters. It also would require regular removal of silt from these basins to assure their continued effectiveness. This would require a commitment of several thousand dollars for dam and access road construction and an ongoing commitment to remove silt from the new basins. dG Formalize and reconstruct trails with erosion controls: Under this option~ a specific trail layout would be planned, the designated trails would be reconstructed with appropriate water bars and erosion control structures. This course would require a commitment of staff time to design a trail layout, of roads and trails crew time to construct the trails, and an ongoing cOTI®itment of park crew time to maintain the trails and their erosion control structures. e. Close and restore portions of Motorcycle Hill: Under this option, certain portions of the Motorcycle Hill area would be permanently closed and the deep erosion areas there would be stabilized and revegetated. Specific areas for closure are 27 the south-facing slopes which have a deep soil profile and which have erosion features on them that are more than 6 feet deep without reaching bedrock~ This course would require a capital improvement commitment to construct effective fencing and , as well as an ongoing maintenance commitment to keep these in good repair. 5. Problem: Numerous free-roaming and feral .domestic cats, dogs, ducks and geese in the park. a. Do nothing: Under this option~ there would continue to be numerous free-roaming domestic animals. This course could result in District liability for injury or disease suffered by park users who have contact with these animals. b. Introduce predators: Under this option, bobcats would be captured and released near areas where feral cat populations are present regularly (i. e. near the Chabot Family Campground). Although bobcats can and do kill domestic cats, there is no assurance that a bobcat which had been released near a population of feral cats would either choose to prey upon the feral cats or remain in the area. This course would a limited amount of staff time for the trapping and release; this effort will require special permission and supervision from the California Department of Fish and Game. Dogs, ducks and geese are susceptible to predation primarily when they are juveniles, it is doubtful that the introduction of any predatory animal would be effective in controlling these animals. c. Trap and removal: Under this option, the feral cats, dogs, ducks and geese would be trapped and removed to the County animal control center. This course of action would require the acquisition of "live traps" suitable for each species and the ongoing commitment of staff time necessary to set and check the traps and to transport the animals to the animal control center. d. Dispatch animals on site: Under this option, qualified District personnel would shoot feral cats, dogs, ducks and geeseo At present, the only District employees authorized to possess weapons on District lands are the sworn officers of the Public Safety Department G However, the Board of the EBRPD could modify its ordinances to permit the possession of weapons by other authorized District staff (e. g. the Board could authorize its wildlife management specialist to possess weapons for this purpose). e. Use poison bait: Under this option, poison baits would be placed in areas frequented by feral cats, dogs, ducks and geese. This course would require an ongoing commitment of District staff time to place baits and possibly to dispose of dead animals found in the use areas. 6. Problem: There are no clear or policies regarding the establishment or management of non-native j.n ACRP. Management Options a. Do nothing. Under this option, District staff would not have clear direction with respect to the establishment of ne~v tree On one hand, the LUDP calls for significant afforestation (i.e., the planting of trees where none occur naturally). On the other hand, the District's Management Principles and Policies the of the use of unon-indigenous" plant material by the zone manager, landscape architect, and the land management specialist. Similarly, maintenance and/or use for the production of forest products of existing plantations would be a matter of some controversYe The existing LUDP shows much of the park as a forested area, thereby recognizing the existing plantations. However, the Vegetation Management Principles and Policies effectively require the removal of the plantations as a long-range goal. This would not require a significant commitment of District labor or equipment; as staff would continue to ignore plantations and establish new ones only sporadically. b. Maintain and expand plantations: Under this option, there would be significant new plantations of "non-indigenous" trees in many areas of ACRP, and would be designed to maintain existing plantations in a forested condition. This is the "de-facto" policy of the existing LUDP. This course would require either the commitment of additional District labor and equipment to ACRP, or the establishment of a license agreement with a private timber c. Follow existing vegetation policies: Under this no new non-indigenous plantations would be established, and plantations would be managed to reestablish the "indigenoustv vegetation (primarily grassland) 0 For Monterey pine and other of trees which do not stump-sprout or reproduce from seed, policy would be one of allowing the trees to mature and die. For eucalyptus trees which stump-sprout and reproduce from seed, management policies would have to include active removal operations. This course would require either the commitment of additional District labor and equipment to ACRP, or the establishment of a license agreement with a private timber operator. 29 VI. SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Grass Valley Creek Waterfall VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Anthony Chabot Park includes almost the entire Grass Valley Creek watershed and offers diverse topographic features from relatively level creek bottoms to canyons and lofty ridges. This provides a variety of self-contained views, as well as distant vistas across undeveloped lands to the east and a major urban complex to the west. The park includes two creeks and the 315-acre Lake Chabot, a man-made reservoir. The creeks are subject to localized flooding. The water quality in the reservoir is affected by the nutrients and minerals carried by sediment in the runoff water and by summertime thermal stratification. The park is underlain by sandstone, shale and conglomerate rocks with several inactive faults. Soils are primarily loams of moderate fertility and erodability. Human activity has stimulated significant erosion problems within the park, especially as a result of road and trail construction, equestrian use and the use of Motorcycle Hill. The climate is one of cool, rainy winters and balmy, dry summers. The vegetation has been substantially altered by human influence, yet it offers a variety of plant associations which retain a wildland character and support a variety of wildlife. There are extensive areas of brushlands and eucalyptus plantations which have not been burned in 20 to 30 years and have substantial accumulations of fuel which could result in a serious and uncontrollable wildfire~ There are domestic animals loose in the park which could cause significant lems for park users. There is a heron and egret rookery of significant local importance. There is a major sport fishery in Lake Chabot. There may be several jeopardized plants and at least one jeopardized animal in the park. Anthony Chabot Regional Park is an area with natural resources located immediately adjacent to the major population centers of western Alameda County. Thus, it offers an important variety of recreation opportunities which are well used and popular. Past human activity has left conditions within the park which, without corrective management efforts, could result in a disastrous wildfire, and continued erosion and siltation problems which could threaten popular park uses. 30 VII. REPORT PREPARATION Lake Chabot VIII. REFERENCES Bort Meadow VIII. REFERENCES Banks, P.M., 1982, An Investigation of the Cultural Resources Within the Anthony Chabot Regional Park. East Bay Regional Park District, Oakland, Ca. Britton, L.J., R.F. Ferreira and R.C. Averett, 1974, LimnologicalData from Selected Lakes in the San Francisco Bay Region, Ca. Basic Data Contribution #70, USGS~ San Francisco. Fenwick, R.. , 1980 Proposed Fire Management Plan for the Lake Chabot Eucalyptus Plantation. Unpublished report to the EBRPD, Oakland, Ca. Helley~ E.J., K.R. Lajoi and D.B. Burke, 1972, __--=:._ Map of Late Cenozoic Deposits Alameda County, Ca. Contribution #48, USGS, San Francisco. Miller, G.R., 1981, Preliminary Report of Excavations at Yema-Po (LA-Ala-432H). Mimeo, 50 pgs. Milliken, R., 1981, The Protohistoric Inhabitants of the Richmond Area. Planning Department, City of Richmond, Ca. --- Perkins, M.E", 1974, "Geology and Petrology of the East Bay Outlier of the Late Mesozoic Great Valley Sequence, Alameda County, Ca." Unpublished M.S. Thesis, U.C. Berkeley. Radbruch, D.H., 1969, "Aerial and Engineering Geology of the Oakland East Quadrangle 9 Ca. II in Quadrangle Maps of the United States. USGS Wash., D.C~ Robinson, G.D., 1956, "Geology of the Hayward Quadrangle, Ca." in Geologic Quadrangle Maps of the States. USGS vJash., D. c. Soil Conservation Service, 1981, Survey £f Western Alameda County, Ca. USDA, GPO, Washington, Smith, J.P., R.J. Cole, J.O. Sawyer, Jr., and W.R. Powell edse, 1980 Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California, CalifornialNative Plant Society (Spe Pub. #1 - 2nd ed), Berkeley, Ca. (revised 1981 and 1982). Stebbins, R.C., 1975, "Use of Habitats in the East Bay Regional Parks by Free-Living Vertebrate Animals" in Vegetation Management Principles and Policies. EBRPD, Oakland, Ca. 32 Vecchiarelli, C.E., 1967, The Fishery and Some General Liminological Aspects of a Steep-Sided Reservoir Lake (Lake Chabot, Alameda County, California). Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Cal. State Hayward. Webster, DeA., 1972, Map Showing Ranges in Probable Maximum Well _____ from Water-Bearing Rocks in the San Francisco Bay Region, Basic Data Contribution #50, USGS, San Francisco. 33 IX. APPENDICES , ~ .... .- ~ .. ~ T;... ' ''f\I'': .-~;':.~ .. , '~. .". . Scout Jamboree IX. APPENDICES APPENDIX A LIST OF PLANTS The is a representative species list of the plants of Chabot Park. It was compiled from lists made by the following individuals: K. , EBRPD - phytoplankton M. Ely, EBRPD - vascular plants N. Havlik, EBRPD - vascular plants J. Stratford, EBRPD - vascular plants C. Vecchiarelli (1967) - aquatic plants The compilation and augmentation of these lists was done T. H. Lindemeyer. C Common o Occasional R Rare 34 FERNS AND HORSETAILS maidenhair (0) Adiantum jordani lady fern (0) Athyrium fiIiX~emina sitchense mosquito fern (0) AzalIa filiculoides wood fern (C) Dryopteris arguta rush (0) Equisetum hyemale horsetail (0) E. telmateria common horsetail (0) Eo arvense coffee fern (0) Pellaea andromedaefolia bird's foot fern (R) Po goldback fern (C) Pityrogramma traingularis polypody (C) Polypodium californicum licorice fern (0) P. glycyrrhiza sword fern (C) Polystichum munitum bracken (C) Pteridium aquilinum pubescens chain fern (0) Woodwardia fimbriata GRASSES AND RUSHES redtop (0) alba ~--- bent grass (R) avenacea leafy bent grass (C) A. diegoensis Pacific bent grass (0) A. pacifica Hall's bent grass (0) colonial bent grass (0) hairgrass (C) Aira caryophyllea sweet vernal grass (0) Anthoxanthum odoratum slender wild oat grass eC) Avena barbata wild oat grass (C) A. fatua rattlesnake grass (0) Briza maxima quaking grass (C) B. minor California bromegrass (C) Bromus carinatus ripgut grass (C) B. diandrus large mountain bromegrass (e) Bo marginatus soft chess grass (C) B. mollis coastal bromegrass (R) B. pseudolaevipes foxtail chess grass (C) B. rubens purple bromegrass (C) B. stamineus sedges (0) Ca. rex .§.E..E. pampas grass (0) Cortaderia sel10ana Bermuda grass (0) eynodon dactylon dogtail (0) Cynosurus echinatus tall nut-grass (R) Cyperus eragrostis orchard grass (0) Dactylis glomerata California oatgrass (e) Da.nthonia californica annual hairgrass (0) Deschampsia danthonioides slender hairgrass (0) Deschampsia elongata smooth crabgrass (0) Digitaria ischaemum (0) Q. sanguinalis salt grass (R) Distichlis spicata barnyard grass (0) Echinochloa crusgalli western rye-grass (C) Elymus glaucus 35 alkali rye-grass (C) E. triticoides lovegrass (0) Eragrostis orcuttiana meadow fescue (C) Festuca arundinacea California fescue (C) F. californica six-weeks fescue (C) F. dertonensis Elmer's fescue (R) F. elmeri western six-weeks fescue (C) F. megalura small fescue (C) F. microstachys rattail fescue (C) F. myuros red fescue (0) • rubra nit grass (C) Gastridium ventricosum velvet grass (C) Holeus lanatus meadow barley (0) Horedeum brachyantherum Mediterranean barley (C) H. geniculatum foxtail barley (R) H. jubatum wall barley (C) Ho leporinum common barley (R) !!.. vulgare Baltic rush (0) Juncus balticus toad rush (C) J. bufonius Pacific rush (0) J effusus pacificus spreading rush (C) • patens brown-headed rush (0) J~ phaeocephalus panieulatus slender rush (C) J. tenuis congestus iris-leaved rush (0) ;!. xiphioides Junegrass (0) Koeleria cristata Italian ryegrass (C) Lolium multiflorum English ryegrass (0) L. perenne wood rush (R) Luzula subsessilis California melic grass (0) Melica californica small-flowered melica (0) !!. imperfecta Torrey's melic grass (0) M. torreyanna smilo (0) Oryzopsis mileacea witchgrass (0) Panicum capillare ~~~~~~ knotgrass (C) Paspalum distichum Kikuyu grass (0) Pennisetum clandestinum fountain grass (0) P. setaceum Mediterranean canary-grass (0) Phalaris minor canary-grass (0) R.. paradoxa Harding grass (0) !. tuberosa stenoptera annual bluegrass (C) Poa annua Bolander's bluegrass (0) P. bolanderi pine bluegrass (0) P. scabrella ------rabbitgrass (C) Polypogon monspeliensis tules (C) Scirpus .§..E.E... squirreltail (0) Sitanion jubatum Johnson grass (0) Sorghum halepense small-flowered needlegrass (0) Stipa lepida nodding needlegrass (0) ~. pulchra trisetum (0) Trisetum cernuum canescens wheat (R) Triticum aestivurn soft-flag cattail (0) Typha latifolia 36 HERBS California mountain yarrow (0) Achillea borealis ------yarrow (0) A~ millefolium baneberry (R) ACtaea rubra arguta western dandelion (0) Agoseris grandiflora dew cup (0) Alchemilla occidentalis low amaranth (0) Amaranthus deflexus fiddleneck (0) Amsinckia intermedia scarlet pimpernel (C) Anagallis arvensis everlasting (0) Anaphalis margaritacea (0) Angelica tomentosa mayweed (C) Anthernis cotula bur-chervil (C) Anthriscus scandicina snapdragon (0) Antirrhinum vexil1o-calyculatum dogbane (0) Apocynum pumilum columbine (R) Aquilegia formosa ~~~~ elk clover (0) Aralia californica milkweed (C) Asclepias fascicularis common California aster (0) Aster chilen8is broad-leaved aster (0) A~ radulinus Gambell's dwarf locoweed (0) Astragalus ~~~~~~ dwarf athysanus (0) Athysanus ..11--____ redscale (0) Atriplex rosea winter cress (C) Barbarea orthoceras bellardia (0) Bellardia trixago English daisy (0) Bellis perennis field mustard (0) Brassica campestris Mediterranean mustard (e) Be geniculata charlock (0) B. kaber pinnatifida black mustard (0) 1?,.. nigra harvest brodiaea (0) Brodiaea elegans IturielYs spear (0) B. laxa wild hyacinth (C) Ie puiChella red maids (0) Calandrinia ciliata globe lily (0) Calochortus albus ----- yellow mariposa (0) c. 1utea Oakland (R) C. umbellatus shepherd's purse (R) Capsella bursa-pastoris bitter cress (C) Cardamine oligosperma Italian thistle (C) Carduus pycnocepha1a Lay&Collie's Indian (0) Castilleja affinis woolly Indian paint-brush (0) C. f01io108a Wright's Indian paint-brush (0) Q. wightii tocalote (0) Centaurea melitensis Barnaby's thistle (e) C. solstitialis mouse ear chickweed (e) Cerastium visco sum soap plant (e) Chlorogalum pomeridianum chicory (0) Cichorium intybus water hemlock (C) Cicuta douglasii Indian thistle (0) Cirsium brevistylum western thistle (0) c. occidentale bull thistle (C) c. vulgare 37 lovely clarkia (0) Clarkia concinna four-spotted godetia (0) ~o purpurea quadrivulnera fare-well-to-spring (0) C. rubicunda rubincunda elegant clarkia (0) ~. unguiculata Chinese houses (0) Collinsia heterophylla hemlock (C) Conium macula tum field bindweed (0) Convolvulus arvensis western morning glory (0) C. occidentalis hill morning glory (0) C G subacaulis South American conyza (C) Conyza bonariensis horseweed (C) c. canadensis California corethrogyne (0) Corethrogyne californica wartcress (R) Coronopus didymus Australian cotula (C) Cotula australis brass-buttons (R) f. coronopifolia coralroot (0) Corallorhiza striata Italian hawksbeard (R) Crepis bursifolia artichoke thistle (R) Cynara cardunculus hound's tongue (0) Cynoglossum grande white forget-me-not (0) Cryptantha torreyana rattlesnake weed (0) Daccus pusillus red larkspur (0) Delphinium nudicaule blue larkspur (R) D. patens toothwort (C) Dentaria californica bleeding heart (R) Dicentra formosa foxglove (0) Digitalis purpurea fuller's teasel (0) Dipsacus fullonum fairy bells (C) Disporum hookeri shooting star (0) Dodecatheon hendersonii bur head (R) Echinodorus berteroi ------northern willow-herb (0) Epilobium adenocaulon willow-herb (0) !. paniculatum cut-leaved fireweed (0) Erechtites arguta toothed fireweed (0) E. prenathoides turkey mullein (C) Eremocarpus setigerus California buckwheat (0) Eriogonum fasciculatum foliolosum naked-stem buckwheat (C) E. nudum long-beaked filaree (C) Erodium botrys white-stemmed filaree (C) E. cicutarium red-stemmed filaree (C) E. moschatum California poppy (C) Eschscholtzia californica caper spurge (0) Euphorbia lathyris Montevideo spurge (0) !. spathulata narrow-leaved filago (C) Filago gallica fennel (C) Foeniculum vulgare strawberry (C) Fragaria californica checker lily (0) Fritillaria lanceolata goose grass (C) Galium aparine California bedstraw (0) G. californicum wall bedstraw (C) G murale climbing bedstraw (C) • nuttallii cut-leaved geranium (C) Geranium dissectum dove's-foot geranium (C) G. molle 38 California gilia (C) Gilla achilleaefolia blue field gilia (0) Go capitata California cudweed (0) Gnaphalium californicum cotton-batting plant (0) G. chilense weedy cudweed (C) G. luteo-album white everlasting (0) G. microcephalum purple cudweed (0) G. purpureum pink everlasting (C) G. ramosissimum gum (0) Grindelia camporum rein orchid (R) Habenaria unalascensis hawkweed (0) Heiraceum albiflorum ----- sneezeweed (0) Helenium puberulum Diablo rock-rose (R) Helianthella castanea coast tarweed (R) Hemizonia corymbosa cow parsnip (C) Heracleum lana tum alum root (C) Heuchera micrantha pacifica Klamath weed (R) Hypericum perforatum smooth cat's-ear (C) Hypochoeris glabra hairy cat's-ear (e) H. radicata Douglas iris (R) Iris douglasiana willow lettuce (e) Lactuca saligna prickly lettuce(e) L. serriola prickly lettuce (R) ~. integrata wild lettuce 9cO L. virosa common hare leaf (R) Lagophylla ramosissima henbit (0) Lamimum amplexicaule Eurasian pea (0) Lathyrus cicera everlasting pea (R) L. latifolius Pacific pea (0) L. vestitus Bolander's pea (0) 1. v. bolanderi cretian lavetera (0) Lavatera cretica tidy tips (0) Layia platyglosea duckweed (0) Lemna gibba shining pepper-grass (0) Lepidium nitidum sharp-podded pepper-grass (C) L. strictum linanthus (0) Linanthus androsaceus blue toad-flax (R) Linaria canadensis texana large-flowered flax (0) Linum grandiflorum garden lippa (0) Lippia nodiflorum rosea woodland star (0) Lithophragma affine hill star (0) .!:.. heterophylla sweet alyssum (0) LObularia maritima wooly-fruited lomatium (R) Lomatium dasycarpum wild parsnip (0) L. utriculatum birds-foot trefoil (0) Lotus corniculatus short-padded hosackia (R) L humistratus small-flowered hosackia (e) • micranthus Spanish clover (0) L. purshianus chile hosackia (0) 1:. subpinnatus Lindley's lupine (0) Lupinus bicolor dense-flowered platycarpos (R) L. densiflorus aureus summer lupine (C) L. formosis broad-leaved lupine (0) L. latifolius 39 small-flowered lupine (0) L. micranthus Douglas' lupine (R) L. nanus succulent lupine (0) L. succulentus mullein-pink (R) Lychnis coronaria loosestrife (0) Lythrum hyssopifolia common madia (0) Madia elegans gumweed (C) !:!. gracilis coast tarweed (C) M. sativa bull mallow (C) Malva nicaeensis cheeseweed (0) ~ parviflora medick (0) Medicago arabica bur-clover (R) M. hispida Indian sweet-clover (0) Melilotus indicus hottentot-fig (0) Mesembryanthemum edule Lindley's microseris (0) Microseris lindleyi scarlet monkeyflower (0) M. cardinalis monkeyflower (0) Mimulus guttatus miner's lettuce (C) Montia perfoliata forget-rne-not (C) Myosotis sylvatica vlater cress (0) Nasturtium officinale skunkweed (C) Navarretia squarrosa variable-leaved nemophila (0) !. heterophylla baby blue eyes (R) Nemophila ______oenanthe (0) Oenanthe sarmentosa sun cups (C) Oenothera ovata narrow-leaved owl's-clover (0) Orthocarpus attenuatus owl's-clover (0) 0 0 densiflorus butter-and-eggs (0) o. erianthus common owl's clover (0) o. dwarf owl's clover (C) (C) wood-sorrel (C) Bermuda-buttercup (0) _" pres-caprae hairy wood-sorrel (0) O~ pilosa Indian warrior (0) Pedicularis densiflora (0) Perideridia gairdneri (0) Phacelia californica common P. distans fiesta flower Pholistoma auritum phlox (0) Phlox gracilis ox-tongue (C) Picris echioides popcorn flower (0) Plagiobotrys nothofulvus cut-leaved plantain (R) Plantago coronopus California plantain (0) P. hookeriana californica English plantain (C) P. lanceolata common plantain (0) R.. major cream cups (0) Platystemon californicus thyme-like pogogyne (0) Pogogyne serpylloides California polycarp (R) Polycarpon tetraphyl1um common knotweed (C) Polygonum aviculare pondweed (C) Potamogeton ~. (0) Potent ilIa glandulosa 40 selfheal (0) Prunella vulgaris slender wooly-heads (C) Psilocarphus tenellus California tea (0) Psoralea physodes Bodega diphylla (0) Pterostegia drimarioides California chicory (0) Rafinesquia californica California buttercup (C) Ranunculus californicus Bloomer's buttercup (0) R. bloomeri pubescent-fruited buttercup (C) B:.. hebecarpus prickle-fruited buttercup (0) R. muricatus wild radish (C) Raphanus sativus sheep sorrel (C) Rumex acetosella clustered dock (C) conglomeratus dock (C) R. crispus golden dock (R) R. persicarioides fiddle dock (C) R. pulcher willow dock (R) salicifolius arrowhead (0) Sagittaria latifolia sticky pearlwort (0) Sagina apetala barbata yellow mats (R) Sanicula arctopoides purple sanicle (0) ~o bipinnatifida Pacific sanicle (C) S. crassicaulis coast sanicle (R) s. laciniata yerba buena (0) Satureja douglasii saxifrage (0) Saxifraga californica shepherd's needle (0) Scandix pecten-veneris stonecrop (0) Sedum spanthulifolium figwort (C) Scrophularia californica California butterweed (0) Senecio aronicoides (0) S. mikanoides common groundsel (C) S. vulgaris field madder (0) Sherardia arvensis checker (0) Sidalcea malvaeflora California Indian (R) Silene californica common catchfly (C) s. gallica milk thistle (C) Silybum marianum hedge mustard (C) Sisymbrium officinale blue-eyed grass (C) Sisyrinchium bellum western Solomon's seal (R) Smilacina racemosa amplexicaulis Nuttall's Solomon's seal (0) S. stellata ses8ilifo1ia small-flowered nightshade (0) Solanum nodiflorum California goldenrod (0) Solidago californica common saliva (0) Soliva sessilis prickly sow-thistle (C) Sonchus asper common sow-thistle (C) s. oleraceus spurrey (R) Spergula arvensis Bocconews sand spurry (R) Spergularia bocconii purple sand spurry (C) s. rubra hedge-nettle (C) Stachys rigida quercetorum common chickweed (C) Stellaria media tall stephanomeria (0) Stephanomeria virgata wind poppy (R) Stylomecon heterophylla common dandelion (C) Taraxacum officinale Kellog's tuschia (0) Tauschia kelloggii 41 fringe-cups (0) Tellima grandiflora meadow rue (0) Thalictrum polycarpum California mustard (0) Thelypodium lasiophyllum pod (R) Thysanocarpus curvipes pigmy-weed (R) Tillaea aquatica slender pigmy-weed (0) T. erect a European pigmy-weed (C) T. muscosa knotted hedge-parsley (C) Torilis nodosa oyster plant (0) Tragopogon porrifolius star flmeJer (0) Trientalis latifolia rancheria clover (0) Trifolium albopurpureum pale sack clover (0) T. amplectens bearded clover (0) T. barbigerum Pinole clover (R) T. bifidum Hall's clover (C) T. l. decipiens tree clover (0) T. ciliolatum shamrock (C) T. dubium yellow sour clover (0) T. fucatum pin-point clover (0) T. gracilentum Alsatian clover (0) T. hybridum French clover (0) T. incarnatum double-headed clover (R) T. macraei small-·headed clover (0) T microcephalum Valparaiso clover (0) • microdon few-flowered clover (R) T oliganthum red clover (0) pratense white clover (0) • ripens European clover (0) T. subterraneum tomcat clover (C) T. tridentatum arrowgrass (0) Triglochin maritima 'wakerobin (0) Trillium chloropetalum giganteum stinging nettle (C) Urtica holosericea dwarf nettle (R) Us urens common mullein (0) Verbascum thapsus vervain (0) Verbena lasiostachys speedwell (0) Veronica persica Oregon vetch (0) Vicia americana common vetch (0) y. angustifollia---- giant vetch (0) y. gigantea spring vetch (R) V. sativa Johnny jump-up (0) Viola peduculata narrow-leaved mule-ears (C) Wyethia angustifolia mule-ears (0) .!i. glabra, white-rayed mule-ears (C) w. helenioides spiney clotbur (0) Xanthium spino sum star lily (0) Zygadenus fremontii California acaena (0) Acaena californica chamise (0) Adenostoma fasciculatum serviceberry (0) Amelanchier pallida manzanita (C) Arctostaphylos crustacea 42 California sagebrush (C) Artemisia californica v~.~.~'wv sagebrush (C) !. douglasiana Douglas' baccharis (0) Buccharis douglasii coyote brush (0) ~8 pilularis pilularis chaparral broom (C) ~. pilularis consanguinea Jim brush (C) Ceanothus sorediateus mountain mahogany (R) Cercocarpus betuloides western's bower (0) Clematis ligusticifolia hazelnut (C) Cory Ius cornuta californica hazel (0) C. cotoneaster (C) Cotoneaster pannosa canyon dodder (0) Cuscuta subinclusa French broom (C) Cytisus monspessulans Scotch broom (0) Cytisus scoparius western leatherwood (R) Dirca occidentalis golden yarrow (C) Eriophyllum confertiflorum ivy (0) Glecoma hederacea English ivy (0) Redra helix tayon (C) Heteromeles arbutifolia ocean spray (C) Holodiscus discolor honeysuckle (0) L. hispidula vacillans (0) Lonicera involucrata ledebourii deerweed (C) Lotus scoparius silver lupine (C) Lupinus albifrons (0) Mahonia pinnata California man-root (C) Marah fabaceus coast man-root (0) Me oreganus horehound (0) Marrubium vulgare orange bush monkey-flower (C) Mimulus aurantiacus coyote mint (C) Monardella villosa bayberry (0) Myrica californica osoberry (0) Osmaronia cerasiformis mistletoe (0) Phoradendron flavescens macrophyllum ninebark (C) Physocarpus capitatus bitter cherry (0) Prunus emarginata coffeeberry (C) Rhamnus californica redberry (R) R. crocea illicifolia hillside gooseberry (0) Ribes californicum straggley gooseberry (0) R. divaracatum current (0) R. malvacem canyon gooseberry (0) R. menziesii leptosmum winter current (C) R. sanguineum glutinosum California rose (0) R. californica thimbleberry (0) !. parviflorus wood rose (0) Rosa gymnocarpa Himalaya-berry (0) R. procerus California blackberry (C) Rubus vitifolius willow (R) Salix hindsiana black sage (0) Salvia mellifera nightshade ee) Solanum umbelliferum Spanish broom (0) Spartium junceum creeping snowberry (C) s. mollis common snowberry (C) Symphoricarpos rivularis oak (C) Toxicodendron diversiloba 43 huckleberry (0) Vaccinium ova tum periwinkle (0) Vinca major California grape (0) Vitis californica California fuchsia (C) Zauschneria californica TREES acacia (0) Acacia decurrens blackwood acacia (0) !. melanoxylon b (C) Acer macrophyllum box elder (0) A. negundo californicum buckeye (C) Aesculus californica tree-of-heaven (0) Ailanthus altissima white alder (0) Alnus rhombifolia madrone (C) Arbutus menziesii Monterey cypress (0) Cupressus macrocarpa blue gum (C) Eucalyptus globulus red gum (C) Eo rostrata yellow gum (R) E. viminalis black walnut (0) Juglans nigra Monterey pine (0) Pinus radiata sycamore (0) Platanus sweet cherry (C) Prunus --- black cottonwood (0) Populus trichocarpa coast live oak (C) Quercus agrifolia canyon oak (0) Q. chrysolepis oracle oak (R) Q. morehus interior live oak (0) g:. wislizenii locust (0) Robinia pseudo-acacia coast redwood (0) Sequoia sempervirens arroyo willow (R) Salix lasiolepis red willow (0) ~. laevigata yellow willow (0) s. lasiandra blue elderberry (C) Sambucus caerulea desert elderberry (0) s. mexicana bay (C) Umbellularia californica 44 ALGAE phytokplankton Anabaena ~. Anacystis ~. Aphanizomenun Asterionel1a ~. Ceratium spp. Coelastrum Cosmarium spp. Dictyosphaerium spp. Elakathothrix Fragilaria ~. Melosira Oocystis spp. Pandorina ~. Pediastrum ..§.E.E.. Scenedesmus ~. Staurastrum ~. Stephanodiscus ~. Tribunema spp. Zygnema spp. 45 APPENDIX B LIST OF ANIMALS This list was compiled from lists prepared by the following individuals: K. Burger, EBRPD aquatic animals H. Cogs"""rell, EBRPD - birds and mammals N. Havlik, EBRPD terrestrial vertebrates and birds R. Stebbins, (1975) - terrestrial vertebrates and birds C. Vecchiarelli, (1967) - aquatic animals The compilation and augmentation of these lists was done by T. H. Lindenmeyer. Species Abundance C = Common o Occasional R Rare Species Occurrence r = resident m = migratory v ;:;:: visitor 46 BIRDS Cooper's hawk (O,m) Accipter cooperll sharp-shinned hawk (O,m) A. striatus saw-\l7het owl (0, r) Aegolius acadicus white-throated swift (R,v) Aeronautes saxatalis redwing blackbird (C,r) Agelaius phoeniceus tricolored blackbird (C,r) A. tricolor rufous-crowned sparrow (O,r) Atmophila ruficeps wood duck (R,m) Aix sponsa grasshopper sparrow (R,v) Ammodramus savannarum pintail (O,m) Anas acuta green winged teal (R,m) A. carolinensis cinnamon teal (O,m) !. cyanoptera mallard (C,r) !. platyrhynchos domestic duck (C,r) !. 3?E... gladwall (O,m) !. strepera white-fronted goose (O,m) Anser albifrons domestic goose (O,r) A. anser water pipit (C,m) Anthus spinoletta scrub jay (C, r) Aphelocoma coerulescens golden eagle (O,v) Aquila chrysaetos great blue heron (C,r) Ardea herodias lesser scaup (R~m) Aythya affinis redhead (O,m) A. americana ring-necked duck (O,m) A. collaris canvasback (R,m) A. valisineria cedar waxwing (C,m) Bombycil1a cedrorum Canada goose (O,m) Branta canadensis cackling Canada goose (R,m) B. c. minima common goldeneye (R,m) ~. clangula American bittern (O,r) Botaurus lentiginosus great horned owl (C,r) Bubo virginianus bufflehead (R,m) BUCephala albeola red-tailed hawk (C,r) Buteo jamaicensis red-shouldered hawk (R,v) B~ lineatus green-backed heron (O,r) Butorides virescens Anna's hummingbird (C,r) Calypte anna common (O,v) Capella gaIIinago great egret (O,v) Casmerodius albus Lawrence's goldfinch (O,m) Cardvelis lawrencei lesser goldfinch (C,r) .f. psaltria American goldfinch (C,r) C. tristis house finch (C,r) Carpodacus mexicanus purple finch (C,r) f. purpureus turkey vulture (C,r) Cathartes hermit thrush (C,m) Catharus guttatus Swainson' s thrush (O~m) c. ustulatus brown creeper (C,m) Certhia familiaris vaux's swift (R,m) Chaetura vauxi wrentit (C,r) Chamaea fasciata killdeer (O,r) Charadris vocifercus lark sparrow (C,v) Chondestes grammacus northern harrier (R,v) Circus cyaneus 47 J..-______long-billed marsh wren (O,r) Cistothorus northern flicker (O,m) Colaptes auratus band-tailed pigeon (C,r) Columba fasciata feral domestic pigeon (O,r) -C. --liva olive-sided flycatcher (O,r) Contopus borealis western wood pewee (C,m) c. sordidulus American crow (O,v) Corvus brachyrhynchos Steller's jay (C,r) Cyanocitta stelleri hermit warbler (C,m) Denclroica occidentalis black-throated warbler (R,v) Q.. nigrescens yellow warbler (C,m) Q.. petechia Townsend's warbler (C,m) D. townsendi black-shouldered kite (O,r) Elanus leucurus western flycatcher (C,m) Empidonax difficilis horned lark (C,r) Eremophila alpestris Brewer's blackbird (C,r) Euphagus cyanocephalus American coot (C,r) Fulica americana American kestrel (C,r) Falco sparverius merlin (O,v) F. columbarius common loon (O,m) Gavia immer yellowthroat (O,r) Geothlypis trichas cliff swallow (C,m) Hirundo pyrrhonota barn swallow (C,m) H. rustica Caspian tern (O,v) Hydroprogne caspia northern oriole (C,m) Icterus bullockii tree swallow (C,m) Iridoprocne bicolor varied thrush (R,m) Ixoreus naevius dark-eyed junco (C,r) Junco hyemalis loggerhead shrike (O,r) Lanius ludovicianus herring gull (O,v) Larus argentatus California gull (C,v) L. californicus ring-billed gull (O,v) L. delawarensis glaucous-winged gull (O,v) L. glaucescens western gull (C,v) L. occidentalis Bonapart's gull (O,v) ~. Ehiladelphia snowy egret (O,v) Leucophoyx thula hooded merganser (O,m) Lophodytes cucullatus California quail (C,r) Lophortyx californicus belted (O,r) Megaceryle alcyon acorn woodpecker (O,v) Melanerpes formicivorus Lincoln's sparrow (C,m) Melospiza lincolnii song sparrow (C,r) Me melodia common merganser (O,m) Mergus merganser northern mockingbird (O,r) Mimus polyglottos black & white warbler (R,v) Mniotita varia brown-headed cowbird (C,m) Molothrus ater Townsend's solitaire (O,r) Myadestes tOWnsendi ash-throated flycatcher (C,m) Myiarchus cinerascens black-crowned night heron (R,v) Nycticorax nycticorax MacGillivray's warbler (O,m) Oporornis tolmiei screech owl (R,r) Otus asio ruddy duck (O,m) Oxyura jamaicensis osprey (R,v) Pandion haliaetus plain titmouse (C,r) Parus inornatus 48 chestnut-backed chickadee (C,r) P. rufescens house sparrow (O,r) Passer domesticus savanna sparrow (C,m) Passerculus sandwichensis fox sparrow (C,m) Passerella iliaca Lazuli bunting (0 Passerina amoena double-crested comorant (C, Phalacrocorax auritus common poor-will (O,v) Phalaenoptilus nuttallii ring-necked pheasant (O,r) Phasianus colchicus black-headed grosbeak (C,m) Pheucticus melanocephalus pied-billed (C,v) Podilymbus podiceps downy woodpecker (C,r) Picoides pubescens Nuttall's woodpecker (C,r) P. nuttallii hairy woodpecker (R,v) P. villosus rufous-sided towhee (C,r) Pipilo erythrophthalmus brown towhee (C,r) P. fuscus western tanager (O,m) Piranga ludoviciana blue-grey gnatcatcher (O,r) Polioptila caerulea sora (R,r) Porzana carolina bushtit (C,r) Psaltriparus minimus Virginia rail (C,r) Rallus limicola ruby-crowned kinglet (C,m) Regulus calendula golden-crowned (R,m) !. satrapa black phoebe (C,r) Sayornis nigricans say's phoebe (R,m) E..o saya rufous hummingbird (C,v) Selasphorus rufus Allen's hummingbird (C,m) S .. sasin western bluebird (O,v) 8ialia mexicana red-breasted nuthatch (R,m) Sitta canadensis white-breasted nuthatch (R,m) s. carolinensis red-breasted sapsucker (R,m) Sphyrapicus ruber pine siskin (O,m) Spinus pinus northern rough-winged swallow (C,m) Stedgidopteryx serripennis calliope hummingbird (R,v) Stellula calliope Forster's tern (O,m) Sterna forsteri western meadowlark (C,r) Sturnella neglecta European starling (C,r) Sturnus vulgaris violet-green swallow (O,m) Tachycineta thalassina Bewick's wren (C,r) Thryomanes bewickii yellowlegs (O,v) Totanus melanolecus California thrasher (C,r) Toxostoma redivivium house wren (C,m) Troglodytes aedon winter wren (C,m) Ie troglodytes American robin (C,r) Turdus migratorius western kingbird (O,v) Tyrannus verticalis common barn owl (C,r) Tyto alba orange-crowned warbler (C,m) Vermivora celata Nashville warbler (C,v) y. ruficapilla Hutton's vireo (C,r) Vireo huttoni warbling vireo (C,m) y., gilvus solitary vireo (C,v) V. solitarius Wilson's warbler (C,m) Wilsonia pusilla mourning dove (C,r) Zenaida macroura golden-crowned sparrow (C,m) Zonotrichia atricapilla white-crowned sparrow (C~r) z. leucophrys 49 M.AM:M_A.L S ringtail (O,r) Bassariscus astutus feral dog (C,v) Canis familiaris coyote (C,r) C. latrans opossum (O,r) Didelphis marsupialis feral cat (C,r) Felis domestica bats (C,v) Lasiurus ~ black-tailed jackrabbit (C,r) Lepus californicus striped skunk (C,r) Mephitis mephitis California vole (C,r) Microtis californicus house mouse (O,r) Mus musculus longtail weasel (O,r) MuStela frenata bats (C,r) Myotus spp. dusky-footed woodrat CO,r) Neotoma fuscipes black-tailed deer (C,r) Odocoileus hemionus columbianus brush mouse (C,r) Peromyscus boyle! deer mouse (C,r) P. maniculatus pinon mouse (O,r) P. true! California pocket mouse (O,r) Perognathus californicus raccoon (C,r) Procyon lotor black rat (0, r) Rattus rattus Norway rat (R,v) Rattus norvegicus western harvest mouse (C,r) Reithrodontomys megalotis California mole (C,r) Scapanus latimanus eastern fox squirrel (O,r) Sciurus niger ornate shre't-J (0, r) Sorex ornatus California ground (R,r) Spermophilus beecheyi spotted skunk (O,r) Spilogale putorius desert cottontail (C,r) Syvilagus auduboni brush rabbit (C,r) S. bachmanii valley pocket gopher (C,r) Thomomys bottae gray fox (R,r) Urocyon cinereoargenteus red fox (R,r) Vulpes fulva 50 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS aboreal salamander (O,r) Aneides lugubris California slender salamander (C,r) Batrachoseps attenuatus western toad (C,r) Bufo boreas rubber boa (O,r) Charina bottae western pond turtle (O,r) Clemmys ----- racer (O,r) Coluber ------sharp-tailed snake (O,r) Contia --- western rattlesnake (O,r) Crotalus snake (O,r) Diadophis---- punctatus ensatina (O,r) Ensatina eschscholtzi western skink (O,r) Eumeces skiltonianus northern lizard (C,r) Gerrhonatus coeruleus southern alligator lizard (C,r G. multicarinatus Pacific tree (C,r) Hyla regilla common (O,r) Lampropeltis getulus Alameda striped racer (R,r) Masticophis lateral is eurysanthus gopher snake (C,r) Pituophis catenifer red-legged (O,r) Rana aurora foothill yellow-legged frog (O,r) R. b-oylei (O,r) R. catesbeiana western fence lizard (C,r) Sceloporus occidentalis western black-headed snake (O,r) Tantilla planiceps rough-skinned newt (O,r) Taricha granulosa California newt (O,r) T. torosa aquatic garter snake (O,r) Thamnophis couchi terrestrial snake (C,r) T. elegans FISH (O,r) Carassius auratus Sacramento sucker (O,r) Catostomus occidentalis prickly sculpin (O,r) Cottus -"'-- rifle sculpin (O,r) .f.. gulosus carp (O,r) Cyprinus mosquito fish (O,r) Gambusia --::-:::-"':-- stickleback (O,r) California roach (O,r) Hesperolencus --"-_____ white catfish (O,r) Ictalurus catus channel catfish (C,r) I. punctatus green sunfish (O,r) Lepomis cyanellus bluegill (O,r) L. macrochirus Mississippi silverside (O,r) Menidia audens largemouth bass (C,r) Micropterus salmoides golden shiner (O,r) Notemigonus crysoleucas black crappie (C,r) Pomoxis nigromaculatus rainbow trout (C,m) Salma gairdneri 51 ZOOPLANKTON zooplankton (C,r) Asplanchna ~o Bosmina .§.E£.. Ceriodaphnia ~G Cyclops Daphnia ~. Diaptomus spp. Ergasilus ~. Kel1icottia ~. Keratella ~. Polyartha 52 j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j